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Example :

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Example :

Answer :

𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 (𝐃)
𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞 (𝐓)

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Dr. Yehia Ebrahim
1 𝐾𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 1000 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 10 5
= = = 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 60 × 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐 36 18

Example :
A train moves at 20 M/Sec. → 20 × 3.6 = 72 Km/Hr
A train moves at 90 M/Sec. → 90 ÷ 3.6 = 25 Km/Sec.
Problem :

Solution :
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

Solution :
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..…
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Solution :
-

𝑑1 20 𝑑2 20 𝑑3 20
𝑉1 = = 𝑉 = = 𝑉3 = =
𝑡1 1 2
𝑡2 1 𝑡3 1

𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 𝑉3

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Problems :

Solution :
𝑫 𝑫 𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝑻= 𝑻= = 𝟐. 𝟓𝒉𝒓
𝑻 𝑽 𝟏𝟎𝟎

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 𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞

𝐷
𝑉=
𝑇

Problems :

Solution :
𝑫 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑽= =
𝑻 𝟏𝟎
𝑫 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑽= =
𝑻 𝟖𝟎
𝑫 𝟏𝟎𝟎+𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑽= =
𝑻 𝟏𝟎+𝟖𝟎

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Solution :
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟖𝟒+𝟓𝟔+𝟐𝟖
=
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝟏𝟐+𝟖+𝟒

Solution :
𝑫 𝟏𝟔𝟖
=
𝑻 𝟐𝟒

Note :

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Note :

The observer is at rest

The observer is moving in the

opposite direction of moving
object .

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 The observer is moving
in the same direction
at different speed

The observer is moving

in the same direction
at same speed

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 Covered Time (t) needed Speed
to cover this
Number of trial distance (d) in distance in V = d/t (m/s)
second
meter

1 10 5 0.08

2 0.6 10 0.08

3 0.8 15 0.08

4 40 20 0.08

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 Note :

Problems :

Solution :

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 𝑫 𝟐𝟎 𝟒𝟎
= =
𝑻 𝟏 𝟏

Solution :
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟓𝟎
=
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝟓

20
2
50−20
5−4

Note :
• the RELATION (DISTANCE – TIME ) GRAPH FOR AN
OBJECT MOVES AT NON – UNIFORM SPEED IS
REPRESENTED AS CURVED LINE PASSING BY ORIGIN POINT .

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 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝 (∆ 𝐕)
Acceleration (a) =
𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐜𝐜𝐮𝐫 ( ∆𝐓 )

Or
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝 (𝑽𝟐 )−𝐈𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝 (𝑽𝟏 )
Acceleration (a) =
𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞 (∆𝐓)

𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟏 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓
= 𝒔𝒆𝒄
= × = = 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓/𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐

Problem :
-

Solution :

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 (𝑽𝟐 )−(𝑽𝟏 ) 𝟐𝟎−𝟖
= =
(∆𝑻) 𝟑

Solution :
(𝑽𝟐 )−(𝑽𝟏 ) 𝟔𝟎−𝟎
=
(∆𝑻) 𝟓

(𝑽𝟐 )−(𝑽𝟏 ) 𝟖𝟎−𝟎

=
(∆𝑻) 𝟏𝟎

In the above figure :

𝟐𝟎−𝟏𝟎
(Acc.) of car (b) = = 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐
𝟐

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 Types of uniform acceleration

𝟒𝟎−𝟎
𝟐𝟎

𝟎−𝟒𝟎
𝟐𝟎

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Problems :

Solution :

(𝑽𝟏 )−(𝑽𝟐 ) 𝟐𝟎−𝟎

=
(∆𝑻) 𝟓

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 Note :
The radius, area and density are other .Example of scalars physical
quantities . Length and time are scalars physical quantities. QUANTITIES.

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Dr. Yehia Ebrahim
Example

Example

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Note :
The distance = The displacement when the body moves in straight line
in one direction . So,
- The distance covered from (A) to (B) = 50 m
- The displacement covered from (A) to (B) = 50 m In direct AB

Amount of displacement :

Note :
- The two equal displacement must have the same direction
and magnitude .
- The direction is determined from starting point toward final point .

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 =

√(𝐴𝑀)2 + (𝐷𝑀)2

𝟏
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐

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 𝟏
𝟒
𝟏 𝟏
𝟒 𝟒
√(𝐴𝑀)2 + (𝐵𝑀)2

Problems

𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 𝟒
Solution :

𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐

𝟏
𝟒
𝟏
𝟒

√(𝑨𝑴)𝟐 + (𝑩𝑴)𝟐 √(𝟕)𝟐 + (𝟕)𝟐 9.9 m. in the northern west direction.

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We conclude that in distance :

𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐷 120

𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝑇 60

We conclude that in Displacement :

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 𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞
𝑫 𝟔𝟎
𝑻 𝟔𝟎

Notes :

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Dr. Yehia Ebrahim
Dr. Yehia Ebrahim
 Laws of light reflection :
First law :

Second law :

The relation between angle of incidence and angle of reflection :

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The properties of the image formed by a plane mirror are :

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Types of spherical mirror :

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1 – Centre of mirror curvature (C) :

Notes :

2 – Pole of the mirror (P) .

3 – : Radius of mirror curvature (r) :

4 – Principal axis of the mirror (CP) :

Note :

5 – Secondary axis of the mirror :

Note :

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6 – Focus of the mirror (F) :

Notes :

7 – Focal length of the mirror (f) :

Note :

F=½r

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 The relations between the radius, diameter of mirror curvature
and its focal length :
Radius of mirror = 2 x Focal length (f)

Note :
RADIOUS OF CURVATURE (R) = ½ DIAMETER
FOCAL LENGTH (F) = ¼ DIAMETER

The focus of the concave mirror :

Conclusions :

Focal length (f) = ½ x radius of mirror curvature (r)

1 – Parallel to the principal axis.

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 2 – Passes through the focus (F).

3 – Passes through the center of curvature (C).

1-

2-

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Dr. Yehia Ebrahim
For illustration only :

Note :

Uses of concave mirrors :

The properties of the formed image by the convex mirror :

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 Focus of the concave mirror
1. It is a real focus.
2. It is the point of collection of
The reflected light rays.
3. It is located in front of the
concave mirror.
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Focus of the convex mirror
1. It is a virtual focus.
2. It is the point of collection of
the extensions of the reflected
light rays.
3. It is located in the back of
the convex mirror.
 The real image
1. It can be received on a
screen.
2. It is formed as a result of
the
intersection of the reflected
light rays.
3. It is formed in front of the
mirror.
4. It is always inverted.
5. It is formed in the case of
using of :
• Concave mirror.
[It is diminished, magnified or
equal to the object according
to the position of the object
from the mirror] .
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The virtual image
1. It cannot be received on a screen.
2. It is formed as a result of the
intersection of the extensions of the
reflected light rays.
3. It is formed behind the mirror.
4. It is always erect.
5. It is formed in the case of using of :
• Concave mirror.
[When the object is at a distance less
than the focal length and it is magnified).
• Convex mirror.
[When the object is at any distance of the
mirror and it is diminished).
• Plane mirror.
[When the object is at any distance of the
mirror and it is equal to the object].
Uses of lenses :

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Dr. Yehia Ebrahim
1 – The center of curvature of the lens face (C) :

2 – The optical center of the lens (P) :

3 – The radius of curvature of the face of the lens (r):

4 – The principal axis :

5 – The secondary axis :

6 – The focus of the lens (F) (principal focus):

7 – The focal length of the lens (f) :

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Materials :

Steps :

Observation :

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Conclusion :

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The cases of the formation of the images by the convex lens (converging lens) :

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Dr. Yehia Ebrahim
The properties of the formed image by the concave lens :

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 For illustration
How does the vision occur ?

• The diameter of the eyeball is the distance between the optical center of the
lens and the retina.
• To see clearly, the image must be formed exactly on the retina.
• The normal person can see clearly :
- near objects at a distance not less than 25 cm) .
- far objects (at a distance not more than 6 m) .
Vision defects occur.
Because the eye cornea is not always convex or the eye is not
always spherical.

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 1 – Short-sightedness 2 – Long-sightedness

Short-sightedness : Long-sightedness :

Reasons : Reasons :

- This leads to : - This leads to :

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Correction : Correction :

Cataract (science integration (Medicine) :

Cataract :
It is a disease that causes a difficulty of vision as a result of the
darkness of the eye lens.

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Land areas measurement :

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Dr. Yehia Ebrahim
 Galaxies clusters

Galaxies clusters
:

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- In Milky Way galaxy :

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 What happens if ...
The gravity between the planets and the Sun is vanished ?

Measuring the distances between the celestial bodies in the universe :

For illustration :

Expansion of the universe

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Tools :

Steps :

Observation :

Conclusion :

Expansion of the universe :

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The Big Bang theory assumed that :

1 –: Through Big bang :

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2 – Within minutes After the Explosion :

3 – After about 1000 Million Years :

4 - After about 2000 : 3000 million years :

5 – After about 3000 million :

6 – After about 5000 million years :

7 – After about 10000 million years :

8 – After about 12000 million years :

9 – After about 15000 million :

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We will study the most important theories about the evolution of the
solar system, which are :

Rings of Saturn planet

The three phases of nebular theory :

*First The contraction of nebula (gaseous sphere):

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Second Formation of the gaseous rings :

Third Formation of the solar system :

Assumptions of the crossing star theory :

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The following is an attempt to interpret this phenomenon :

Assumptions of modern theory (Fred Hoyle) :

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 A star was rotating near the Sun.
2- The star exploded due to huge nuclear reactions.

The important instruments to study the outer space :

Importance of solar telescope :

How does the solar telescope work .. ?

Internal structure of Solar telescope

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 Solar telescope

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Dr. Yehia Ebrahim
The Cells of multicellular living organisms are two types which are :

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General structure of chromosomes :

Chromosomes
Centromere

Chemical structure of chromosomes:

We can summarize the previous explanation :

The cell Nucleus chromosomes

DNA

For illustration :

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 Organism Human Rabbit Mosquito Maize Onion
46 44 6 20 16

No. of
chromosomes

A – Somatic cells and reproductive cells

B – Gametes [ male gametes (sperms) and female gametes (ova) ]

Importance of chromosomes

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Site of occurrence :

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It plays an important role in :

For illustration only

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At the end of phases :

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At the end of this phase

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Site of occurrence :

• Before starting meiosis, the cell passes through interphase.

- Meiotic division takes place in two stages :
1 – First meiotic division
2 – Second meiotic division

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At the end of this phase:

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Dr. Yehia Ebrahim
Importance of the crossing over phenomenon :

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 Points of comparison Reproductive cell Gamete

No. of chromosomes Diploid number (2N) Haploid number (N)

Kind of division Meiotic cell division Gamete isn't divided.

(Meiosis)
The production of The occurrence of the
Importance gametes. sexual reproduction
process.
Examples - Testes and ovaries - Sperm and ovum in
OR cells in humans . humans and animals
The location - Anthers and ovaries - Pollen grain and
cells in plants. ovum in plants.

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 Points of Mitosis Meiosis
comparison
It occurs in somatic It occurs in
Site of occurrence cells except neural cells reproductive cells.
and red blood cells.
- Growth of living Formation of gametes
organisms . In males :
- Compensation of sperms or pollen grains.
Importance damaged cells . In females :
- Completing the ova or ovules.
asexual reproduction
process.
Two somatic cells, each Four gamete cells,
cell contains the same each gamete contains
Resulting cells number of haploid number of
chromosomes (2N) of chromosomes (N) of
the parent somatic cell the parent
reproductive cell.
One stage including four Two stages :
phases which are : - First meiotic division.
Stages of division - Prophase - Second meiotic division.
- Metaphase . [Each stage includes
- Anaphase . four phases).
- Telophase .

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 Points of Somatic cell
comparison
No. of Diploid number (2N)
chromosomes
Meiotic cell division
kind of division (Neural cells and red
blood cells are
(Meiosis) not divided)
- Two somatic cells are
resulted from the division
of a somatic cell.
No. of resulting - Each resulted cell
cells contains the same number
of chromosomes of
the parent somatic cell.
All body cells (except
reproductive
Examples cells) like :
Or - (Liver, skin, kidney,...) in
The location humans and animals
- (Roots, stem, leaves,...) in
plants.
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Reproductive cell
Diploid number (2N)
Mitotic cell division
(Mitosis)
- Four gamete cells are
resulted from the
division of a reproductive
cell.
- Each resulted gamete
contains haploid number
of chromosomes of the
parent reproductive cell.
- Testes and ovaries
cells in humans and
animals.
- Anthers and ovaries
cells in plants.
tumor Nanotechnology in Cancer Treatment

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Dr. Yehia Ebrahim
Reproduction process :

* Importance of reproduction :

Frist : Asexual Reproduction

Second : Sexual Reproduction

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Properties of Asexual Reproduction :

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 Amoeb
a
Reproduction by binary fission :

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Reproduction by budding

Reproduction Hydra sponges

Yeast fungus

Application :

When Starfish loses one of it’s arms ,so

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Reproduction

Application Mushroom fungus

Reproduction by
sporogony
(spore propagation) in
bread mold fungus.

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 Each potato tuber
can form a new
plant

• It occurs in :

• Properties of sexual reproduction :

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• It depends on two main processes :

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 Sperms surround
the ovum before
fertilization

The stages of zygote

division

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 Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction

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