Business Dynamics Vietnam

Business Dynamics: Vietnam
Euromonitor International
May 2023
BUSINESS DYNAMICS: VIETNAM Passport i
LIST OF CONTENTS AND TABLES

HEADLINES ................................................................................................................................. 1
OPERATIONAL AND REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT .............................................................. 1
Vietnam struggles in the Monetary Freedom and Investment Freedom pillars ......................... 1
FINANCING AND INVESTMENT ................................................................................................. 1
Vietnam remains an attractive destination for foreign investment ............................................. 2
SKILLS AND LABOUR ................................................................................................................. 2
Vietnamese government attempting to tackle lack of skilled labour problem ............................ 2
TRADE AND INFRASTRUCTURE ............................................................................................... 2
Vietnam emerges as A tech and electronics export hub ........................................................... 2
DIGITALISATION AND INNOVATION ......................................................................................... 3
Vietnam ranks 62nd in Network Readiness Index .................................................................... 3
OPERATIONAL AND REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT .............................................................. 3
Chart 1 Operational and Legal Environment Key Indicators ..................................... 3
Chart 2 Index of Economic Freedom Ranking by Pillar in Vietnam and
Regional Comparison 2022 .......................................................................... 4
Chart 3 Index of Economic Freedom Ranking 2017-2022 ........................................ 4
Chart 4 Index of Economic Freedom: Judicial Effectiveness Pillar Rank in
Vietnam and Regional Comparison 2017-2022 ........................................... 5
Chart 5 Index of Economic Freedom: Government Integrity Pillar Rank in
Vietnam and Regional Comparison 2017-2022 ........................................... 6
Chart 6 Corruption Perceptions Ranking: Vietnam and Regional Comparison
2017-2022 .................................................................................................... 6
FINANCING AND INVESTMENT ................................................................................................. 7
Chart 7 Key Financial and Investment Indicators ...................................................... 7
Chart 8 Index of Economic Freedom: Property Rights Pillar Rank in Vietnam
and Regional Comparison 2017-2022.......................................................... 7
Chart 9 Bank Claims on the Private Sector as % of GDP 2017-2022 ....................... 8
Chart 10 Bank Nonperforming Loans to Total Gross Loans 2017-2022 ..................... 8
SKILLS AND LABOUR ................................................................................................................. 9
Chart 11 Key Skills and Labour Indicators .................................................................. 9
Chart 12 Population Aged 15+ with Higher Education 2017-2022 .............................. 9
Chart 13 Education Indicators 2022 .......................................................................... 10
Chart 14 Number of University Graduates by Programme 2022 ............................... 10
Chart 15 Employment by Age 2022 .......................................................................... 11
Chart 16 Employment by Gender 2022 ..................................................................... 11
Chart 17 Youth Unemployment Rate 2017-2022 ...................................................... 12
Chart 18 Labour Structure Change 2017-2022 ......................................................... 12
Chart 19 Labour Structure Comparison 2022 ........................................................... 13
Chart 20 Self Employed as % of Total Employed Population 2022........................... 13
Chart 21 Index of Economic Freedom: Labour Pillar Rank in Vietnam and
Regional Comparison 2017-2022............................................................... 14
Chart 22 Wage per Hour in Manufacturing Sector 2017-2022 .................................. 14
Chart 23 Labour Market Regulations in Vietnam and Regional Comparison
2022 ........................................................................................................... 15
TRADE AND INFRASTRUCTURE ............................................................................................. 15
© Euromonitor International
BUSINESS DYNAMICS: VIETNAM Passport ii
Chart 24 Key Infrastructure Indicators ...................................................................... 15

Chart 25 Index of Economic Freedom: Trade Freedom Pillar Rank in Vietnam
and Regional Comparison 2017-2022........................................................ 16
Chart 26 The Top Four Largest Vietnam’s Export Categories 2017-2022 ................ 16
Chart 27 Turnover of Transport and Storage Industry by Category in Vietnam
2022 ........................................................................................................... 17
Chart 28 Transportation Mode Indicators in Vietnam and Regional Comparison...... 17
Chart 29 Road Infrastructure 2022............................................................................ 18
DIGITALISATION AND INNOVATION ....................................................................................... 18
Chart 30 Innovation and Digitalisation Key Indicators ............................................... 18
Chart 31 Network Readiness Ranking by Pillar in Vietnam and Regional
Comparison 2022 ....................................................................................... 19
Chart 32 Network Readiness Ranking for Vietnam and Regional Comparison
2019-2022 .................................................................................................. 19
Chart 33 Network Readiness Ranking: Technology Pillar for Vietnam and
Regional Comparison 2019-2022............................................................... 20
Chart 34 Intellectual Property: Vietnam Compared to Selected Regional Peers
2022 ........................................................................................................... 21
APPENDIX A .............................................................................................................................. 21
The 2022 Index of Economic Freedom ................................................................................... 21
APPENDIX B .............................................................................................................................. 22
The Network Readiness Index (NRI) 2022 ............................................................................. 22
BUSINESS DYNAMICS: VIETNAM Passport 1
BUSINESS DYNAMICS: VIETNAM

In 2022, Vietnam's business environment enjoyed a large working-age population and political
stability. Vietnam is emerging as a tech and electronics export hub, with machinery and
electronics accounting for a significant portion of its GDP. However, challenges remain, such as
high corruption, lack of skilled workforce and lagging digitalisation. The Vietnamese government
is, however, tackling the problems with infrastructure and upskilling programmes.
HEADLINES
▪ Vietnam ranked 84th out of 184 countries in the Index of Economic Freedom (IEF) ranking
2022, struggling with Monetary Freedom and Investment Freedom pillars
▪ Over 2017-2022, Vietnam’s stock market index grew by 0.8%, reaching 282nd position; in
2022, there were 402 domestic companies listed in the country
▪ As of 2022, the central bank policy rate in Vietnam stood at 4.5%, lower than the regional
average, preventing more effective access to financing for businesses
▪ The unemployment rate in Vietnam stood at 2.3% in 2022, while the country’s position in the
Labour pillar (IEF) worsened during the year, dropping to 115th position in 2022
▪ The country stands 56th in the Trade Freedom pillar (IEF), suggesting rather low trade
limitations, including low tariffs and non-tariff barriers
▪ Vietnam ranked 62nd in the Network Readiness ranking 2022, indicating high potential for
digital innovations
OPERATIONAL AND REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT
Vietnam struggles in the Monetary Freedom and Investment Freedom

pillars
As of 2022, Vietnam finds itself in the middle of the Index of Economic Freedom Ranking, with
the lowest scores being recorded in the Monetary Freedom and Investment Freedom pillars.
The country has been grappling with issues such as rampant corruption, a weaker rule of law,
and confusing tax regulations. Notably, in 2023, the Vietnamese government has announced
several policies to aid the recovery of foreign direct invested enterprises and attract further
investment capital. One such policy is the new Law on Insurance Business, which promises
more effective financial management based on individual enterprise risks. The law also
simplifies administrative procedures and creates more favourable conditions for designing and
creating insurance products. Additionally, the revised Law on Intellectual Property aims to
streamline the registration process for IP rights and protect FDI enterprises' IP rights while
preventing counterfeit goods from infiltrating the market. Moreover, the Ministry of Transport is
developing a legal assistance plan for small and medium-sized enterprises, including FDI
enterprises. While Vietnam's operational and regulatory environment still has room for
improvement, these new policies are promising steps towards attracting foreign investment and
fostering growth.
FINANCING AND INVESTMENT
Vietnam remains an attractive destination for foreign investment

Vietnam's combination of cost-effective labour, rapid economic growth, ongoing economic
reforms, and political stability continue to make it an attractive destination for foreign investment.
Vietnam recorded the fastest GDP growth rate over the past 25 years in 2022. To explain
Vietnam's strong economic performance, experts have pointed to two main factors: robust
export performance driven by foreign-invested firms, which account for 74% of Vietnam's total
exports, and improved FDI disbursement.
In 2021, Vietnam received USD15.7 billion in FDI, which accounted for 5.4% of the country’s
total GDP that year. Vietnam’s FDI intensity was higher than the regional average of 1.8% of
GDP, indicating plentiful investment opportunities in the country and flexible business
regulations for foreign investors. In fact, FDI intensity in Vietnam was rather high by global
standards as well. In 2022, several multinational tech companies such as Samsung, LG,
Foxconn, and Lego announced investments in Vietnam, with many of them shifting their supply
chains and moving production to the country. Notably, Samsung launched its R&D centre in
Hanoi in December 2022, which is regarded as a strategic hub in Southeast Asia and globally.
The facility is the largest research centre in Southeast Asia developed by a foreign company,
focusing on developing Vietnamese talent in areas such as AI, IoT, Big Data, and 5G. These
developments are expected to further bolster Vietnam's appeal as a destination for foreign
investment.
SKILLS AND LABOUR
Vietnamese government attempting to tackle lack of skilled labour

problem
Vietnam’s ranking in the Labour Freedom pillar (IEF) worsened from 79th position in 2017 to
115th in 2022 pointing to deteriorating labour market regulations. The main challenges include
high redundancy costs, rigid worker rights, an extensive informal sector, and a lack of qualified
workers. The country sees rising demand for highly skilled labour and even with a 9.4%
increase in the number of science graduates over 2017-2022, Vietnam still faces increasing
skills shortages. Recognising the need for upskilling, the Vietnamese government has included
this goal in its Social and Economic Development Strategy 2021-2030 and has partnered with
developed countries to improve its labour force competitiveness. For example, Vietnam has a
bilateral education cooperation agreement with Australia, which brings several Australian
education programmes to Vietnam, including RMIT University, Swinburne University, the
University of Technology Sydney (UTS), the University of Western Sydney, and Monash
University. Additionally, the Programme Reform of TVET in Vietnam, in partnership with the
German Ministry of Labour, supports high-quality colleges that provide modern training
programmes and foster digital transformation. These initiatives are expected to play a crucial
role in improving Vietnam's labour market and promoting economic growth in the long run.
TRADE AND INFRASTRUCTURE
Vietnam emerges as A tech and electronics export hub

Vietnam's exports are a critical component of the country's GDP, primarily driven by
machinery and electronic equipment, accounting for 0.5% of the country's total exports in 2022.
North America continues to be Vietnam's top export partner, with 32.4% of total exports in 2022.
Notably, electronics and technology giants such as LG Electronics, Panasonic, and Toshiba
have manufacturing plants in Vietnam. Additionally, since the beginning of the US-China trade
war in 2018, Samsung moved its primary Southeast Asia operations to Vietnam, further
strengthening the country's position as a tech and electronics manufacturer and exporter.
The transportation and storage industry plays a crucial role in Vietnam's economic growth. In
2022, the industry's turnover reached USD21.6 billion, with water transport leading the growth.
Road freight traffic expanded by 3.2% in 2022, and from 2017 to 2022 Vietnam's road freight
traffic grew by 21.3% to 77.0 billion net tonne-kilometres. During the same period, the country
expanded its national highways by 8.2%, with road density in Vietnam in line with the wider
region. The Road Network Development Plan for 2021-2030, approved by Vietnam's Prime
Minister in 2021, aims to develop over 5,000km of expressways by 2030, up from 3,841km in
2021. Additionally, the country plans to develop 172 national highways, 3,034km of coastal
roads, and three urban beltways in Hanoi with a total length of 425km, and two in Ho Chi Minh
City with a total length of 295km.
DIGITALISATION AND INNOVATION
Vietnam ranks 62nd in Network Readiness Index

Vietnam ranked 62nd out of 131 countries globally in the 2022 Network Readiness Index
(NRI). The country recorded its best performance in the Impact and Technology pillars of the
NRI, ranking 41st and 50th, respectively. A solid performance in the Impact pillar demonstrates
the strong economic, social, and human impact of participation in the network economy, while a
high position in the Technology pillar indicates a high level of technology that is an essential
condition for a country’s participation in the global economy. Additionally, the Global Innovation
Index published in 2022 by the World Intellectual Property Organization placed Vietnam at 48th
position among 132 globally ranked countries.
Vietnam has approved a National Digital Transformation programme that aims to accelerate
the country's digital transformation through increased awareness, enterprise strategies, and
incentives to promote business digitalisation. The programme’s goals for 2025 include an
increase in online work records at ministerial and provincial levels, a rising share of online
banking operations and digital bank accounts, and a 7% increase in labour productivity.
Furthermore, the government aims to derive 20% of the country's economy from the digital
sector by 2025 and 30% by 2030.
OPERATIONAL AND REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT

Chart 1 Operational and Legal Environment Key Indicators
Source: Euromonitor International from The Heritage Foundation, Transparency International, World Bank,
Institute for Economics and Peace
Note: Index of Economic Freedom ranks a country out of 184; Corruption Perceptions Index ranks 180
countries with the worst-performing country ranked at the bottom; Global Terrorism Index ranks 163
countries with the highest-risk country ranked first.
Chart 2 Index of Economic Freedom Ranking by Pillar in Vietnam and Regional

Comparison 2022
Source: Euromonitor International from The Heritage Foundation

Note: The Index of Economic Freedom ranks a country out of 184 economies, see Appendix A.
Chart 3 Index of Economic Freedom Ranking 2017-2022

Note: The Index of Economic Freedom ranks a country out of 184 economies, see Appendix A.
Chart 4 Index of Economic Freedom: Judicial Effectiveness Pillar Rank in Vietnam and
Regional Comparison 2017-2022

Note: Judicial Effectiveness Pillar (The Index of Economic Freedom) measures Judicial independence, quality
of the judicial process, and Favouritism in decisions of government officials; ranks a country out of 184
economies, see Appendix A.
Chart 5 Index of Economic Freedom: Government Integrity Pillar Rank in Vietnam and

Note: Government Integrity Pillar (The Index of Economic Freedom) measures public trust in politicians,
Irregular payments and bribes, Transparency of government policy making, etc; ranks a country out of
184 economies, see Appendix A.
Chart 6 Corruption Perceptions Ranking: Vietnam and Regional Comparison 2017-2022
Source: Euromonitor International from Transparency International

Note: Corruption Perceptions Index ranks 180 countries with the worst-performing country ranked at the
bottom.
FINANCING AND INVESTMENT

Chart 7 Key Financial and Investment Indicators
Source: Euromonitor International from International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Financial Statistics
Note: Commercial Bank Availability measures branches per 100,000 adults.
Chart 8 Index of Economic Freedom: Property Rights Pillar Rank in Vietnam and

Note: Property Rights Pillar (The Index of Economic Freedom) measures the property rights component that
assesses the extent to which a country’s legal framework allows individuals to acquire, hold, and utilise
private property, secured by clear laws that the government enforces effectively in 184 countries
globally, see Appendix A.
Chart 9 Bank Claims on the Private Sector as % of GDP 2017-2022
Source: Euromonitor International from International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Financial Statistics
Chart 10 Bank Nonperforming Loans to Total Gross Loans 2017-2022
Source: Euromonitor International from World Bank
SKILLS AND LABOUR

Chart 11 Key Skills and Labour Indicators
Source: Euromonitor International from UNESCO/national statistics/UN, International Labour Organization (ILO),
UNDP, Euromonitor International from World Economic Forum
Chart 12 Population Aged 15+ with Higher Education 2017-2022
Source: Euromonitor International from national statistics/UN
Chart 13 Education Indicators 2022
Source: Euromonitor International from UNESCO/Eurostat/OECD/national statistics
Chart 14 Number of University Graduates by Programme 2022
Source: Euromonitor International from national statistics/Eurostat/UNESCO/OECD
Chart 15 Employment by Age 2022
Source: Euromonitor International from International Labour Organization (ILO)/Eurostat/national statistics
Chart 16 Employment by Gender 2022
Chart 17 Youth Unemployment Rate 2017-2022
Chart 18 Labour Structure Change 2017-2022
Chart 19 Labour Structure Comparison 2022
Chart 20 Self Employed as % of Total Employed Population 2022
Chart 21 Index of Economic Freedom: Labour Pillar Rank in Vietnam and Regional
Comparison 2017-2022

Note: Labour Pillar (The Index of Economic Freedom) measures various aspects of the legal and regulatory
framework of a country’s labour market, including regulations concerning minimum wages, laws
inhibiting layoffs among 184 countries globally, see Appendix A.
Chart 22 Wage per Hour in Manufacturing Sector 2017-2022
Chart 23 Labour Market Regulations in Vietnam and Regional Comparison 2022
Source: Euromonitor International from World Bank/International Labour Organization (ILO)/UN
TRADE AND INFRASTRUCTURE

Chart 24 Key Infrastructure Indicators
Source: Euromonitor International from International Road Federation (IRF)/International Union of Railways
(IUC)/UN/Eurostat/national statistics/World Bank
Note: Trade Freedom Pilar (Index of Economic Freedom) ranks 184 countries globally, Freight traffic volume
measured in million tonne-kilometres.
Chart 25 Index of Economic Freedom: Trade Freedom Pillar Rank in Vietnam and

Note: Trade Freedom (The Index of Economic Freedom) is a composite measure of the absence of tariff and
non-tariff barriers that affect imports and exports of goods and services; it ranks a country out of 184
economies, see Appendix A.
Chart 26 The Top Four Largest Vietnam’s Export Categories 2017-2022
Source: Euromonitor International from trade sources/national statistics
Chart 27 Turnover of Transport and Storage Industry by Category in Vietnam 2022
Source: Euromonitor International from trade sources/national statistics

Note: Production is in USD million.
Chart 28 Transportation Mode Indicators in Vietnam and Regional Comparison
Source: Euromonitor International from International Road Federation (IRF)/International Union of Railways
(IUC)/ Eurostat/national statistics/UNCTAD
Chart 29 Road Infrastructure 2022
Source: Euromonitor International from International Road Federation (IRF)/Eurostat/national statistics
DIGITALISATION AND INNOVATION

Chart 30 Innovation and Digitalisation Key Indicators
Source: Euromonitor International from Portulans Institute/UNESCO/Eurostat/UNCTAD/International

Telecommunications Union/national statistics
Note: Network Readiness Index 2022 ranks a total of 131 economies, see Appendix B.
Chart 31 Network Readiness Ranking by Pillar in Vietnam and Regional Comparison

2022
Source: Euromonitor International from Portulans Institute

Chart 32 Network Readiness Ranking for Vietnam and Regional Comparison 2019-2022

Chart 33 Network Readiness Ranking: Technology Pillar for Vietnam and Regional
Comparison 2019-2022

Note: Technology Pillar (Network Readiness Ranking) measures the level of technology that is a sine qua non
for a country’s participation in the global economy out of 131 economies, see Appendix B.
Chart 34 Intellectual Property: Vietnam Compared to Selected Regional Peers 2022
Source: Euromonitor International from World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)/OECD/USPTO/EPO
APPENDIX A
The 2022 Index of Economic Freedom

The 2022 Index of Economic Freedom is based on 10 quantitative and qualitative factors,
grouped into four broad categories of economic freedom: each of the 10 economic freedoms
(referred to as pillars in this report) within these categories is graded on a scale of 0-100, where
a higher score shows better economic freedom.
▪ Property Rights Ranking - The property rights component is an assessment of the ability of
individuals to accumulate private property, secured by clear laws that are fully enforced by the
state. It measures the degree to which a country’s laws protect private property rights and the
degree to which its government enforces those laws. It also assesses the likelihood that
private property will be expropriated and analyses the independence of the judiciary, the
existence of corruption within the judiciary, and the ability of individuals and businesses to
enforce contracts.
▪ Government Integrity Ranking for this component is derived primarily from Transparency
International’s Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) for 2011, which measures the level of
corruption in 180 countries. Ranking is obtained from the index reflecting better score in a
higher position.
▪ Judicial Effectiveness Ranking - Judicial effectiveness requires efficient and fair judicial
systems to ensure that laws are fully respected, with appropriate legal actions taken against
violations. The score is derived from judicial independence, quality of the judicial process and
likelihood of obtaining favourable judicial decisions.
▪ Government Spending Ranking - This component considers the level of government
expenditure as a percentage of GDP. The ideal level will vary from country to country,
depending on factors ranging from culture to geography to level of development.
▪ Fiscal Health Ranking - Widening deficits and a growing debt burden, both of which are
caused by poor government budget management, lead to the erosion of a country’s overall
fiscal health. Deteriorating fiscal health, in turn, is associated with macroeconomic instability
and economic uncertainty.
▪ Tax Burden Ranking - Fiscal freedom is a measure of the tax burden imposed by government.
It includes direct taxes, in terms of the top marginal tax rates on individual and corporate
incomes, and overall taxes, including all forms of direct and indirect taxation at all levels of
government, as a percentage of GDP. Thus, the fiscal freedom component is composed of
the top marginal tax rate on individual income, the top marginal tax rate on corporate income,
and the total tax burden as a percentage of GDP.
▪ Business Freedom Ranking is an overall indicator of the efficiency of government regulation
of business. The quantitative score is derived from an array of measurements of the difficulty
of starting, operating, and closing a business.
▪ Labour Freedom Ranking is a quantitative measure that considers various aspects of the
legal and regulatory framework of a country’s labour market, including regulations concerning
minimum wages, laws inhibiting layoffs, severance requirements, and measurable regulatory
constraints on hiring and hours worked.
▪ Monetary Freedom Ranking combines a measure of price stability with an assessment of
price controls. Both inflation and price controls distort market activity. Price stability without
microeconomic intervention is the ideal state for the free market.
▪ Trade Freedom Ranking is a composite measure of the absence of tariff and non-tariff
barriers that affect imports and exports of goods and services. The trade freedom score is
based on two inputs: the trade-weighted average tariff rate and non-tariff barriers (NTBs).
▪ Investment Freedom Ranking - In an economically free country, there would be no constraints
on the flow of investment capital. Individuals and firms would be allowed to move their
resources into and out of specific activities, both internally and across the country’s borders,
without restriction.
▪ Financial Freedom Ranking is a measure of banking efficiency as well as a measure of
independence from government control and interference in the financial sector. State
ownership of banks and other financial institutions such as insurers and capital markets
reduces competition and generally lowers the level of available services. The Index scores an
economy’s financial freedom by looking into the following five broad areas: the extent of
government regulation of financial services; the degree of state intervention in banks and
other financial firms through direct and indirect ownership; the extent of financial and capital
market development; government influence on the allocation of credit; and openness to
foreign competition.
APPENDIX B
The Network Readiness Index (NRI) 2022

Network Readiness Ranking (NRR) is obtained from the Network Readiness Index (NRI). A
high ranking reflects a high score in the index. The Network Readiness Index (NRI) provides a
methodological framework that identifies the factors enabling national economies to fully benefit
from information and communication technology (ICT) advances while highlighting the joint
responsibility of all social actors, namely individuals, businesses and governments. The index is
split into four main pillars:
▪ Technology Pillar Ranking seeks to assess the level of technology that is a sine qua non for a
country’s participation in the global economy. It consists of three sub-pillars: Access, Content
and Future Technologies.
▪ People Pillar Ranking seeks to assess the availability and level of technology in a country and
if its population and organisations have the access, resources, and skills to use it
productively. This pillar is therefore concerned with the application of ICT by people at three
levels of analysis: individuals, businesses and governments.
▪ Governance Pillar Ranking measures levels of trust, regulation and inclusion between market
participants. Trust analyses how safe individuals and firms are in the context of the network
economy. This does not only relate to actual crime and security, but also to perceptions of
safety and privacy. Regulation measures the extent to which the government promotes
participation in the network economy through regulation. Inclusion refers to digital divides
within countries where governance can address issues such as inequality based on gender,
disabilities and socioeconomic status.
▪ Impact Pillar Ranking seeks to assess the economic, social and human impact of participation
in the network economy. It consists of Economy, Quality of Life and Sustainable Development
Goals (SDG) Contribution sub-pillars.

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Business Dynamics: Vietnam

LIST OF CONTENTS AND TABLES

Chart 24 Key Infrastructure Indicators ...................................................................... 15

BUSINESS DYNAMICS: VIETNAM

OPERATIONAL AND REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT

Vietnam struggles in the Monetary Freedom and Investment Freedom

FINANCING AND INVESTMENT

Vietnam remains an attractive destination for foreign investment

SKILLS AND LABOUR

Vietnamese government attempting to tackle lack of skilled labour

TRADE AND INFRASTRUCTURE

Vietnam emerges as A tech and electronics export hub

DIGITALISATION AND INNOVATION

Vietnam ranks 62nd in Network Readiness Index

OPERATIONAL AND REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT

Chart 2 Index of Economic Freedom Ranking by Pillar in Vietnam and Regional

Source: Euromonitor International from The Heritage Foundation

Chart 3 Index of Economic Freedom Ranking 2017-2022

Source: Euromonitor International from The Heritage Foundation

Source: Euromonitor International from The Heritage Foundation

Source: Euromonitor International from The Heritage Foundation

Chart 6 Corruption Perceptions Ranking: Vietnam and Regional Comparison 2017-2022

Source: Euromonitor International from Transparency International

FINANCING AND INVESTMENT

Source: Euromonitor International from The Heritage Foundation

Chart 9 Bank Claims on the Private Sector as % of GDP 2017-2022

Chart 10 Bank Nonperforming Loans to Total Gross Loans 2017-2022

Source: Euromonitor International from World Bank

SKILLS AND LABOUR

Chart 12 Population Aged 15+ with Higher Education 2017-2022

Source: Euromonitor International from national statistics/UN

Chart 13 Education Indicators 2022

Source: Euromonitor International from UNESCO/Eurostat/OECD/national statistics

Chart 14 Number of University Graduates by Programme 2022

Source: Euromonitor International from national statistics/Eurostat/UNESCO/OECD

Chart 15 Employment by Age 2022

Source: Euromonitor International from International Labour Organization (ILO)/Eurostat/national statistics

Chart 16 Employment by Gender 2022

Source: Euromonitor International from International Labour Organization (ILO)/Eurostat/national statistics

Chart 17 Youth Unemployment Rate 2017-2022

Source: Euromonitor International from International Labour Organization (ILO)/Eurostat/national statistics

Chart 18 Labour Structure Change 2017-2022

Source: Euromonitor International from International Labour Organization (ILO)/Eurostat/national statistics

Chart 19 Labour Structure Comparison 2022

Source: Euromonitor International from International Labour Organization (ILO)/Eurostat/national statistics

Chart 20 Self Employed as % of Total Employed Population 2022

Source: Euromonitor International from International Labour Organization (ILO)/Eurostat/national statistics

Source: Euromonitor International from The Heritage Foundation

Chart 22 Wage per Hour in Manufacturing Sector 2017-2022

Source: Euromonitor International from International Labour Organization (ILO)/Eurostat/national statistics

Chart 23 Labour Market Regulations in Vietnam and Regional Comparison 2022

Source: Euromonitor International from World Bank/International Labour Organization (ILO)/UN

TRADE AND INFRASTRUCTURE

Source: Euromonitor International from The Heritage Foundation

Chart 26 The Top Four Largest Vietnam’s Export Categories 2017-2022

Source: Euromonitor International from trade sources/national statistics

Chart 27 Turnover of Transport and Storage Industry by Category in Vietnam 2022

Source: Euromonitor International from trade sources/national statistics

Chart 28 Transportation Mode Indicators in Vietnam and Regional Comparison

Chart 29 Road Infrastructure 2022

Source: Euromonitor International from International Road Federation (IRF)/Eurostat/national statistics

DIGITALISATION AND INNOVATION

Source: Euromonitor International from Portulans Institute/UNESCO/Eurostat/UNCTAD/International