John Mark E.

Jandayan ME325 ME Elective 1

ME-3B March 16, 2024

Topic 1: Status and Prospects of Photovoltaic Technology

A major factor in the shift to more sustainable energy sources in the future is photovoltaic
(PV) technology, which directly transforms sunlight into electricity and has made incredible
strides in recent years. Concerns about climate change and the depletion of fossil fuels are
driving up demand for clean, renewable energy sources like solar photovoltaics on a global scale.
The current state of PV technology is quite promising. Continued research and development has
resulted in increased efficiency and lower costs, making solar panels more inexpensive and
accessible. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), global solar PV capacity has
increased dramatically, reaching over 600 gigawatts (GW) by the end of 2019, with even faster
development anticipated in the next decades.

One of the most promising areas for PV technology is the development of new and
innovative materials and manufacturing processes. Researchers are investigating a variety of
technologies, including thin-film solar cells, crystalline silicon, and multi-junction solar cells,
which have the potential to reach higher efficiencies and reduced production costs. As shown in
the graph on my classmate's report, Germany had the most solar contribution, which is promising
given its position in Northern Europe with relatively low sunshine levels equivalent to Alaska.
This displays the solar potential in sunny places. In 2022, crystalline silicon remains the leading
PV technology, with ongoing development generating greater efficiency cells and modules.
These improved designs leverage advanced materials, light-trapping techniques, and optimized
manufacturing processes to boost energy conversion rates and lower costs.

Installing solar cells in building materials such as solar roof shingles may enhance the use
of solar electricity in cities. Improving battery technologies such as the flow batteries looks
potential for storing solar energy when the sun isn't shining and putting more solar on the grid.
However, problems remain, including as significantly lowering costs, improving battery storage,
and building regulations and infrastructure to allow large-scale solar deployment. Despite
challenges, with continuous study and collaboration among scientists, governments, and
business, solar power has the potential to become a major global energy source, reducing
reliance on fossil fuels and contributing to climate change mitigation efforts.