Nguyen de Thay Thn Grammar tte Engh Language Chapter! Grammatical Unts CHAPTER I: GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION OF SENTENCE CONSTITUENTS 2.44. THE SUBJECT AND PREDICATE AS you can see, every statement (leaving aside the other sentence forms for the moment) can be divided {no "Wo parts the person or thing that is being spoken about - the topic ofthe sentence - and the things {hal are said about himvherthemi, ee. In rational terms, these are called subject and predicate. These labels are useful since they reflect the fact that one of the two defining characteristics of the sentence is the message or information content. The ‘subject is the topic, or what is being spoken about; the predicate 'S whatis"predicatee” (or said to be true) about the subject. Usually the subject and predicate occur in that Order in a statement SUBJECT PREDICATE John loves Mary. The cat chased a mouse. A stitch in time saves nine. James Smith plays the piano beautifully Captain Cook discovered Australia in 176 ‘The people | like best ever forget my birthday. Imet her down the street yesterday, it can bea As these examples show, the subject is not necessarily a single word (a noun of @ pronoun) noun phrase (NP), or even a clause. Clearly, in the sentence John foves Mary above, John is the one who is the focus of attention, but equally Clearly Mary has an important role in the message, as the one who is the object of John's loving. "Loves is Significant as the word which expresses the relation between the two; it is of course the verb, the word which carries the tense. In most statements, the verb is the first word (or word group) in the predicate. Thus, the most important factor in expressing the predicate is the verb; and the verb must “agree” with the subject, 0 the subject dictates the form of the verb. In other words, the predicate is a part of the sentence controlled by the subject. The distinction between the subject and predicate is a primary one in traditional grammars We have said above that the subject can be expressed by means of a single word - @ noun or pronoun - or @ noun phrase, or even a clause, Some more examples are necessary for you to grasp this: A single word: Man is an emotional creature. Men do not know how to suffer; women do, A phrase: Leaming English enables many people to makesome social advancement. What to do with the money drove him mad Lngusserony tots ' Proms ee 0 S'~S“Ss TT‘chapter: Grammatical Unis Grammar of he Engish Language Acclause Note: My father it a cigarette room. The young girl with long hair walked confidently across the 1 That coffee grows in Brazil is famous 10 all Whether he gets the money doesn't matter to me. What we are learning seems to be difficult Wy the minister commited suicide made the frst headline on mar today. y newspapers (a) Empty subject We often use itin sentences fefering tothe ime, the wheather, temperature or distance. When used in this way, itis sometimes called an empty subject because it carries no real information. It is present because every English sentences has to contain a subject (and s verb): Its 3 o'clock. I's Thursday. Its November 23rd. Time: Its time for us to leave. Weather. Its hot. It's raining. Temperature: It's 37°C. Distance: Its 5 km from here to the university. The tides: Us high tide at 11° 44 Environment: Its noisy in here Present situation: Isn't it awful! With since: Ws three years since we lest met with says: It says here there was a big competttion in AJC. With take: Wakes 20 minutes to get to work (b) Preparatory subject ‘Sometimes sentences beginning with it continue with an infinitive, a gerund or a noun clause. Itis possible to begin such sentences with an infinitive or gerund, but we generally prefer it. The true subject is the infinitive, gerund or noun clause, and it is preparatory to the subject. Examples are. ng a It's pleasant to lle in the sun. Its pleasant lying n the sun, I's @ shame that Tom isn't here, 2 Prema‘Grammar ofthe Engish Language Chapter! Grammatical Units doesn't matter when we arrive ‘When the subject of the sentence is indefinite (a book, books, some books), i is often placed after the oe a the sentence begins withthe intoductory particle THERE. The word THERE (formly the ee JERE) has no stress and is usually pronounced with the neutral vowel [62] instead of (e9]. I meaning, which is shown by the possibilty of combining iin the sentence withthe adverb of Place HERE and THERE: There is a book there. Sentences withthe inoductory THERE may serve to assert OF deny the existence of something. In sentences with the introductory THERE, the predicate verb is usually the ‘verb to be; occasionally some other verbs are found, such as: to liveto occur, to come, to happen which, Similarly to. the verb to be, indicate to exist or to have the meaning of to come into existence: Eg.: There is a book on the table (There - an introductory particle, is - a simple predicate, a hook - the subject, on the {able - an adverbial modifier of place). There was a violent storm lastnight. There are some mistakes in her dictation, There came a knock on the door. There lived an old man in that new house. There have occurredmany great changes since we last met, Note: Negative constructions are formed as followed al There are not any mistakes inher dictation, (There aren't any...) I There are no mistakes in her dictation, ci There isn't a single mistake in her dictation, (c) agent Inthe active, the subject expresses the agent, ie, the "doer’- the person or thing that performs the action indicated by the verb, whereas in the passive the agent stands after by (see also passive voic The boy broke the window ‘The window was broken by the boy. 2.2, THE OBJECT ‘As mentioned above, in John loves Mary, Mary has an important role in the message - the one who is the object of John's loving, The object is the person oF thing toward which the subject directs the process ‘spoken of in the verb. An object is normally a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase or even clause; it usually goes after the verti the active It can become the subject of a verb in the passive’ She hit me. ‘Mary threw the bat! Mary Jikes to eat ie cream Mary bought some ice cream Mary bought whatever we wanted Michael Swan and Catherine Walter wrote the Cambridge English Course pate Mas 3 Preegt8te, a) i The Cambridge English Course was written by M. Swan and C. Walter. \ Objects can be divided into two types: direct objects and indirect objects. A direct object refers to the Person or thing affected by the action of the verb. It comes immediately after a transitive verb He kicked the dog. The dog bit him. ‘An indirect object usually refers to the person who "benefits" from the action expressed in the verb: Mary threw me the ball My man bought me some flowers. Indirect object can stand either after the verb or after the direct object with a preposition in between: brought him a cup of tea brought a cup of tea for him. She gave John some pocket money. ‘She gave some pocket money to John. Certain verbs must have (0 or for with the indirect object. The fo or for phrase usually comes after the direct object. Some of the most common of these verbs are: ‘admit ‘She admitted her mistakes to her mother. communicate The dean communicated the decision to the student. announce: The judges announced the winner tothe crowd, dedicate ‘The football team dedicated the game to their injured teammate describe: ‘The tourist described the beautiful view to (for) us. entrust ‘They entrusted their money to ther bestfriend explain: ‘The professor explained the problem to (fo) him. indicate: ‘The guide indicated the way to me. introduce: ‘Albert will introduce you to his fiends. ‘mention: CCharlote forgot to mention her accident to her husband outine The director outlined the word to (fo) us. presenbe The doctor prescribed medicine for the patient. ree isE910 Lenpace rat) Grammatical ite ae The chairman proposed a new plan to the committee recommend My friends have recommended this restaurant to me. repeat: "will repeat the problem to (for) you one more time mee ‘The new members of the team reported to the coach today stun My brother returned the book to me, suggest, The doctor suggested a vacation to him Thi i Propositional objects are objecs in English which always takeneed prepositons to form a complex Unit Such as: to wait fr. to look ato approve of. ‘She waited for him for years. They look at the board attentively. All the members approved of the new agreement ‘Just like the subject, the object can be express by means of a single word ( a noun, a noun phrase. or even a clause. asingle word: John knows Barbara. Phuong hates coffee. He never drinks coffee phrase, ‘She doesn't know what fo do with the money. He lives a humble ie, Young children ike climbing trees. Last weekend John bought a second-hand TV He loves girls with [ong hair and brown eyes. clause: Nobody understands why the minister commited suicide, He suggested that we should dissolve the business, They didn't know whether the crowd had been dismissed. 2. 3, THE COMPLEMENT ‘The complement can be defined as a sentence element that gives further information about the subject or the object: in other words, the complement completes the meaning of subject or the object, and therefore, reset aes 2 aeaptert Grammatical Units Grammar of the Engish Language ae there are two types of complement: subject complement (Cxuy,) and object complement (Cou). The subject complement can be expressed by a word, a phrase or a clause Examples of subject complements are: He is the chairman, A pig is not a flying animal, She seems an honest person. We were to start our journey on July 5th, The students always act dumb, His brother grew happier gradually ur duty is that we must finish the problem. The object complement can be expressed by a word, a phrase ora clause. Examples of object complements are: They made Sam the chairman. They have proved me wrong. He called me names, He made her so happy. ‘You push the door open. He likes his coffee strong. She wants all of us fo. g0. | ound what he said to mean nothing, I named my son what my father named me. We found her in tears. | saw her running down the fil He couldn't make his voice heard, Note: ‘Another term forthe subject complement (Cus that folows a ink: verb such as "to bo" ls predicative Eg He is a doctor She got tired. 2. 4, The ATTRIBUTIVE [e'tribjutiv] : Thude ngho rg Mats 6 PretoGrammar ct Engh Language (chapter Grammatical Unis a ee fs tee the term “attributive" to refer to an adjective coming before a noun in a phrase coming directly aft istinclion with predicative - a term used to refers to the position of an adjective nun an fer be and be-like verbs. Thus, in an old picture or he is an old man, old 1s called an ca 5 ve, whereas in he is old or he seems old, old is referred to as a predicative adjective , the attributive adjective modifies the meaning of the noun it precedes while the predicative adject lective has the function of a complement in the sentence, and modifies the meaning to the subject Ho Wever, here, we will use the term “attributive” in a broader sense, syntactically referring to @ word, a Phrase or even a clause that functions Ike an attbutive adjective, Le., modifying the meaning of @ ‘Roun in the sentence, regardless ofits position Thus, the atributive can be expressed by means ofa word, a phrase, and a clause. Examples of attibutves can be: Aword twas a nationwide campaign He is a government employee. He works in the state sector. Aphrase: Could you tell me the way how to tackle the problem. ‘The gitl with long black hair is my classmate. clause. The man who is standing there is my brother. 2.5, The ADJUNCT / ADVERBIAL. “The adverb suggests the idea of adding to the meaning of a verb, They tell us something about the action inva sentence by modifying a verb, ie., by teling how, when, where, etc., something happens or is done: ‘She must have played the violin beautifully. ‘Adverbs are single words Nevertheless, many phrases and clauses can perform a similar function of the ‘adverb in the sentence, that is, adding some extra, circumstantial information about the action expressed by the vero. The term “adverbial” is used to describe any single words (adverbs), phrases or clauses that function as the adverb in the sentence. These phrases and clauses are called adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses respectively, Examples. She sang softly. She sang in a soft voice. She sang so softly that some people started to cry. 'As shown above, the adverbial can be expressed by a word (an adverb), a phrase or a clause. Examples canbe Lngot ay Mats 1 PromsChapter! Grammatca! Units Grammar oe Engish Language By a word: We work hard. They badly need a more effective banking system. Byaphrase: The cat ran under the bed. The students met to prepare forthe Students’ Day ceremony. Bya clause: — Whenever she has a cold, she eats only fruit We did not come home until the rain started. I couldn't feel anger against her because | liked her too much Adverbial clauses: In a complex sentence, the adverbial clause is subordinate to the main clause. Like adverbs, they answer the questions When? Where? How? Why? etc. (When?) Tell him as soon as he arrives. (Where?) You can sit where you lke (How?) He spoke as if he meant business (Why?) He went to bed because he felt il. Adverbial clauses can be classified into: (1) Adverbial clauses of comparison are introduced by as... 2s, -erthan, ete He's as quick at answering questions as his sister (is) (2) Adverbial clauses of concession introduce an element of contrast into a sentence and are sometimes called contrast clauses. They ate introduced by conjunctions lke although, even if while, however (much) and no matter how. We intend to go to india even if airfares go up again between now and the summer. (8) Adverbial clauses of manner answer the question How? and are introduced by conjunctions like as, in the way, and as it: Type this again as I showed you a moment ago. (4) Adverbial clauses of place answer the question Where? and are introduced by conjunctions like where, wherever, and anywhere: You can camp where you like (6) Adverbial clauses of purpose answer the questions What for? and For what purpose? and are introduced by conjunctions lke so that, in order that, in case, lest and for fear (that) npc ey Mas 4 ooSra 0 Eng congue Chater Grommates! nts We artived early so that can get a (6) Adverbial clause: ' Of reason answer th the question Why? in tke as, because, seving (tha and, q Why? and are introduced by conjunctions 900d view of the process AS there was very itle support (7) Adverbiay it o SSNS of 0 dont caneasoines ato radiond by that after, for example, so + Hective to answer e.g, How (quick)? the strike was not successful His reactions are so quick that no one can match him, 8) Adv i (8) Adverbil clauses of time broadly answer the ‘question When? and are introduced by conjunctions like when, after, as soon as and since’ ‘You didn't look very well when you got up this morning (®) Adverbial clauses of condition are introduced by conjunctions Ike i, event only i, provided, untess. We can go camping with Bill provided we bring our own equipment {Lucy can't attend the meeting unless she finds a baby-sitter Question for review: Question 1: What is subject? state types of subject. Give example for illustration Question 2; What is object? state types of object. Give example for ilustration? Question 3: What is complement? state types of complement? Give example for ilustration Question 4: What is atributive? Give example frilstration. Question 5: What is adjunctiadverb? State types of adjunct. Give example for ilustration, Question 6: What is adverbial clause? State types of adverbial clause. Give example fr illstraion Question 7: What is the dlfference between complement and attribute in the English language? nasser Mots 2 cae