434 Beh Question 1.2 on SB 3 1.2 Differentiate between primary fuels and secondary fuels and provide an example of each. Primary Fuels Secondary Fuels | Fuels that canbe usedin | Fuels that are obtained from | | the same form as they are | primary fuels through various | | found in nature are called processes are called primary fuels. secondary fuels. | Example: natural gas Example: petrol (obtained from petroleum) 8 — Cherristry — Chapter 3Question 1.4 on SB 4 1.4 Define calorific value. Explain how it is related to the efficiency of a fuel. The calorific value of a fuel is the amount of energy released per kg of the fuel burned in the air. The efficiency of a fuel is measured oa using its calorific value. The fuel with a higher calorific value is more — efficient as it produces more heat energy. f,Question 1.5 on SB 4 1.5 Answer the question below based on the information given in the table, “O- which shows the calorific values of different fuels in standard units. Fuel Calorific Value (kJ/kg) Coal 25,000 = Hydrogen _ 1,50,000 . { LPG 55,000 ~~ ‘LPG stoves take less time to cook food than coal stoves for the same amount of fuel consumed.’ Give reasons to justify this statement. LPG stoves take less time to cook food than coal stoves even if the same amount of fuel is consumed by both because LPG has a higherQuestion 1.5 on SB 4 1.5 Answer the question below based on the information given in the table, . which shows the calorific values of different fuels in standard units. [ Fuel | Calorific Value (kJ/kg) Coal 25,000 Hydrogen 1,50,000° LPG 55,000 ‘LPG stoves take less time to cook food than coal stoves for the same amount of fuel consumed.’ Give reasons to justify this statement. calorific value than coal. The fuel with a higher calorific value produces more heat energy and, hence, cooks food fasterQuestion 1.7 on SB 4 1.7 Is any tue! really ideal? Give reasons for your answer S ideal because no fue! can have al! the characterist_ Question 2.1 on SB 6 2.1 What are fossil fuels? Why are they considered exhaustible resources? Fossil fuels are the energy sources that are obtained from the remains of plants and animals that have been Preserved in rocks for millions of years, Thesé fuels are considered exhaustible resources because § they are finite in supply and will eventually run out on excessive use. - aa nd = oe * 2a ‘ a oe i *Question 2.2 on SB 6 2.2 Explain the process of formation of coal. The process of coal formation started over 300 million years ago, when the earth had many thick forests in low-lying wetlands. Natural disasters such as floods covered these forests with soil. As more and more soil piled up on top of the dead forests, it increased the pressure on and the temperature of the buried vegetation. The high pressure and temperature slowly transformed the dead vegetation into coal over time.Cae Question 2.3 on SB 6 2.3 Explain why the process of formation of coal is called carbonisation. The process of formation of coal is called carbonisation because, during this process, the dead vegetation is transformed into coal, which mainly consists of carbon.Question 2.5 on SB 6 2.5 Explain how fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum are extracted. Coal is formed over millions of years from dead vegetation buried under layers of soil at high temperatures and pressure. These layers of soil are drilled through to extract coal via the process of coal mining. Petroleum is formed over millions of years from marine organisms buried under layers of sand and silt at high temperatures and pressure. Drilling rigs are used to extract petroleum by drilling through sand, silt, and rocks beneath the ocean.Basideyd — ARvuyD- 95500 id (AeA Aew Jamsue sno, “iamsue ajdures'e si siy{) ‘weajs sonpold 0} sjuejd Jamod ul . ‘ssajlog pue ‘saAojs Bulyooo ‘saoeuiny ul - pasn si jeod Aq paonpoid jeay ay "}209 JO Sasn om) Aue \srq Z’E 6 gS UO Ze UOHSENH Oeag@ «r(°° panunuog) PaI/ED PIN YOB|q YOIU) B WO} O} BSUaPUOD Sued aar jO 2wos aJ3yM ‘ayem yBnoly) passed si paonpaid ur Ul DUIYaG Ya} S$! 8x09 payjeo pijos B pue ‘inoder aouasge ay} ul ainjesadway yBbiy e ie paieay MOjeg PauONUeW ae ssao0ld Siy) u! par ‘ssad0ld Sil] UI PaUIelgo SsioNpoid ay) awe @ jO diay Sy) YIIM [209 JO UONE||SIP AANDNIISEp JO SSadoid ayy 6 gS UO EE UONSANHQuestion 3.3 on SB 9 3.3 Explain the process of destructive distillation of coal with the help of a diagram. Name the products obtained in this process. 4. The ammonia gas in the vapour dissolves in the water to form ammoniacal liquor. . The remaining insoluble gases rise and are collected separately as coal gas. So, the final products obtained in this process are coke, coal tar, ammoniacal liquor, and coal gas. im Class 8 Chemistry Chapter3 fH caLQuestion 3.6 on SB 9 3.6 Write two properties of each of the following: (a) Coke (b) Coal gas Two properties of coke are as follows: * Itis a tough, porous, and black solid. * It is the purest form of coal, with high carbon content (98%). Two properties of coal gas are as follows: * Itis a mixture of hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, and many other gases. + The gases present in coal gas are combustible. cRLIS- 22Question 4.1 on SB 13 4.1 What is fractional distillation? Describe the steps involved in the fractional distillation of petroleum. Fractional distillation is a process used to separate a mixture of different liquids with different boiling points. The steps involved in the fractional distillation of petroleum are listed below. 1. Crude oil is heated in a furnace at a temperature of about 400°C to evaporate into vapour. 2. This vapour enters the fractionating column and rises through it. (Continued .. .)Question 4.1 on SB 13 4.1 What is fractional distillation? Describe the steps involved in the fractional distillation of petroleum. 3. As the vapour rises, it cools down and condenses at different temperatures on the trays. Fractions with higher boiling points are collected from lower levels in the column, and fractions with lower boiling points are collected from upper levels of the column. emustry ~ Chapter 3Question 4.3 on SB 13 4.3 How can you separate a liquid mixture that contains the components © X, Y, and Z with boiling points of 40°C, 50°C, and 65°C, respectively? Fractional distillation can be used to separate a liquid mixture of X, Y, and Z with boiling points of 40°C, 50°C, and 65°C, respectively. In fractional distillation, the mixture is first heated in afurnaceto evaporate into vapour, which enters a fractionating column. As the vapour rises, it cools and condenses at different temperatures on the trays. (Continued...Question 4.3 on SB 13 4.3 How can you separate a liquid mixture that contains the components ©) X, Y, and Z with boiling points of 40°C, 50°C, and 65°C, respectively? The fraction (Component Z) with a higher boiling point (65°C) condenses on a tray in the lower levels of the column, whereas the fraction (Component X) with a lower boiling point (40°C) condenses on a tray in the upper levels of the column. The fraction (Component Y) with an intermediate boiling point (50°C) condenses on a tray in the middle of the column. These fractions are then collected from the trays. 7Cy | Question 4.4 on SB 13 4.4 Explain why natural gas is considered a cleaner fuel. Natural gas is considered a cleaner fuel because it produces fewer pollutants and greenhouse gases when burned.Question 4.5 on SB 13 4.5 List two uses of natural gas. Two uses of natural gas are as follows: + Natural gas is used to make ammonia, which is then used to make fertilisers for crops. = °- Itis used asa fuel (CNG) for vehicles. (This is a sample answer. Your~=swer may vary.)Question 4.6 on SB 13 ¢ Detrochemecais Lis! any two of their usesQuestion 4.6 on SB 13 4.6 Define petrochemicals, List any two of their uses, Petrochemicals are chemical products ‘made attri petroleum or natural gas. le a Two uses of petrochemicals are as ‘follows: * They are used in industries for manufacturing tyres and paper. * They are used for m nufacturing plastic products. (This is a Sample answer. Your answer may vary.)Question 5.1 on SB 15 5.1 Give three reasons why it is important for us to reduce our consumption of fossil fuels. It is important for us to reduce our consumption of fossil fuels due to the following reasons: Fossil fuels are exhaustible resources and will not last forever. The burning of fossil fuels emits greenhouse gases, which cause climate change and global warming. Pollutants released by the burning of fossil fuels can cause respiratory diseases, such as asthma and bronchitis. (This is a sample answer. Your an~~er may vary.) Class 8 ~ Chemistry ~ Chapter 3Question 5.2 on SB 15 5.2 Nisha wrote an essay on the oil and petroleum industries. In her essay, she recommended dumping the crude oil generated by industries in rivers or oceans. Do you agree with Nisha? Justify your answer. | do not agree with Nisha because dumping the crude oil generated by industries in rivers or oceans can harm marine life and other organisms. This can lead to an imbalance in the ecosystem due to the loss of organisms. Class 8 = Chemistry ~ Chapter 3Question 5.3 on SB 15 5.3 Name any two alternative sources of energy. Two alternative sources of energy are sunlight and wind. ‘Glass 8 ~ Chemistry — Chapter 3438 BSG Question 5.4 on SB 15 5.4 Explain how switching off electrical devices when not in use will help -- in conserving coal. Switching off electrical devices when they are not in use will help in conserving coal by saving electricity, which will reduce the need for burning coal to generate electricity. By adopting this habit, we can all| “contribute to conserving coal and protecting the environment.Question 5.5 on SB 15 5.5 List any three effective lifestyle changes that can be adopted to conserve energy. Three effective lifestyle changes that can be adopted to conserve energy are as follows: * Switching off electrical devices when not in use * Switching off the engines of vehicles at traffic stops + Reducing the use of plastic (This is a sample answer. Your answerexample of each. Additional Question 6.1 on SB 17 6.1 Differentiate between solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels and provide an Solid Fuels Liquid Fuels Gaseous Fuels These fuels are present in a solid state at room temperature. These fuels are present in a liquid state at room temperature. These fuels are present in a gaseous state at room temperature. Example: wood Example: petrol Example: liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) |Additional Question 6.2 on SB 17 6.2 The calorific values of two fuels are 4,000 kJ/kg and 5,000 kJ/kg. Based on their calorific values, which of them is more efficient and why? The fuel with a higher calorific value, which is 5,000 kd/kg, is more efficient as it produces more heat energy.Additional Question 6.3 on SB 17 6.3 A gas burns spontaneously in the air. Why is it not considered an “Qo. ideal fuel? A gas that burns spontaneously in the air is not considered an ideal fuel because it can be dangerous to handle and store. Such a gas can also burn too quickly, making it difficult to control its combustion process, which can lead to accidents or inefficient use of the fuel.Additional Question 6.7 on SB 17 6.7 Can we use crude oil or petroleum directly as a fuel? Justify your answer. Crude oil or petroleum cannot be used directly as a fuel because it is a complex mixture of various fractions that need to be refined before they can be used as fuels.resources. Additional Question 6.8 on SB 17 6.8 Differentiate between exhaustible resources and inexhaustible Exhaustible Resources Inexhaustible Resources Exhaustible resources are those resources that are finite ~~. | in supply and will eventually run out On excessive use. |Inexhaustible resources are those resources that are infinite in supply and will not deplete even when used excessively. Examples: coal and natural gas Examples: wind and waterAdditional Question 6.9 on SB 17 6.9 Reducing the use of plastic can help conserve fossil fuels. Explain. . Reducing the use of plastic can help conserve fossil fuels because plastic is a petrochemical, i.e. it is made from petroleum and natural gas. Reducing the use of plastic can reduce the demand for petroleum and natural gas and, hence, help converse fossil fuels.Additional Question 6.10 on SB 17 6.10 What is solar energy? How is it obtained? Solar energy is the energy obtained from the sun. It is captured with the help of solar panels, which consist of many solar cells.Pie - Bee Additional Question 6.11 on SB 17 6.11 Explain the role of technology in developing cleaner and more sustainable alternatives to coal and petroleum. What are some examples of such innovations? Technology is being used to create cleaner and more sustainable sources of energy that do not harm the environment. Scientists and engineers are working hard to find new ways to generate energy without using coal or petroleum. They have come up with innovative solutions such as solar panels, which convert sunlight into electricity; wind turbines, which generate electricity from the wind; and hydropower plants, which use falling or flowing water to produce electricity. (ContinuedAdditional Question 6.11 on SB 17 6.11 Explain the role of technology in developing cleaner and more sustainable alternatives to coal and petroleum. What are some examples of such innovations? These technologies are cleaner and do not harm the environment as much as coal and petroleum, making them better options for the future.Additional Question 6.12 on SB 17 6.12 During a fuel shortage, what measures can a country take to save energy and decrease its reliance on fossil fuels? During a fuel shortage, a country can save energy and reduce its reliance on fossil fuels by taking the following measures: Encouraging people to reduce their energy consumption through measures such as using public transportation, carpooling, turning off lights when not in use, and using energy-efficient appliances Promoting the use of inexhaustible energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, and hyde! power .