¬ČÿĆÿ¦ð÷¥­¦¼øÜÔ}¥¬vƯą¹ÆÏUÈČ·Ć÷¥

1
ôiÊæSàÈð·?
Ëæ«
N@Xî̧îíâsïš?æÎà¼àSâgàKàÇô^âgàn
ÎÊæ¿Èá¿@î°·?
Î ƽƾǠdzơ-ǝȂƦLJƗDzǯǺǷƪƦLjdzơǵȂȇǁƾǐƫ

ƽơƾąǟƎƛ
ňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơ

 ̤@Hl¸?»@½´—A
śȇǂǐŭơśȇȂǤǴdzơȁśŦǂƬŭơƨȈǠŦdžȈƟǁƤƟƢǻȁňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơ
ňȂǻƢǬdzơƮƸƦdzơȁƨȈǫȂǬūơƨŦǂƬdzơĿƾǸƬǠǷǎǐƼƬǷ
ƨdzȁƾdzơdžǴůȁŅƢǠdzơǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơǶǯƢŰǵƢǷƗǵƢŰ
ƤȇǁƾƬdzơȁƨȈǸǼƬdzơDŽǯǂŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƧƽƢŭǂǓƢŰ
˹˹˻ ˹˺˹˼́˾˹˻̂˽–˹˺˻̀˾˻̀˹̂˹
ayman@aymanassibai-legaltrans.com
www.aymanassibai-legaltrans.com

ÎÊ¿È¿@°·?N@X¸ísš?
˺ LEGAL TERMINOLOGY
 ¬ČÿĆÿ¦ð÷¥­¦¼øÜÔ}¥¬vƯą¹ÆÏUÈČ·Ć÷¥
2 ˺

 η@WÞ@Gg»Ú?
Writ of Certiorari
ȁƗȄǴǟƗƨǸǰŰńƛȃȂǟƾdzơƨdzƢƷƛǾƥƾǐǬȇȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơȁƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǠǧơǂŭơǹȂǻƢǫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷƾƷƗ
ƧŚƻȋơǂNjƢƦƬdzƨȈƟƢǼŪơƨǸǰƄơńƛǪȈǬƸƬdzơƨdzƢƷƜƥǂǷȋơȁƗȃȂǟƾdzơǂǜǼƥDzȈǏƗǍƢǐƬƻơƢŮƨǸǰŰ
ȃȂǟƾdzơǂǜǻĿƢȀƬǸȀǷ
ĿǥǂǠȇƢǷȂǿȁœǼƳȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǪȈƦǘƫȁƗƨȈƦǼƳȋơǶǯƢƄơńƛǝơŗdzơƨdzƢƷƛƧǂǰǧƨdzƢƷȍơǀƼƬƫƾǫȁ
Conflict of LawśǻơȂǬdzơǝǃƢǼƬƥǍƢŬơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƧǂNjƢƦŭȆLJƢLJȋơƾǧơǂdzơƾǠƫȁƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơĿƆơǁƢnjƬǻơǂưǯȋơȆǿƨǬȇǂǘdzơǽǀǿ ŐƬǠƫȁ
DžƢǸƬdzƢƥ ƨƸǴǐŭơ ƤƷƢǏ ǎƼnjdzơ ǵƾǬƬȇ ƢǿƢǔƬǬŠȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƨƥƢǫǂdzơ Ŀ Ƣǿǁȁƾdz ƢȈǴǠdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ
ȄǸLjȇȁ-ǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơƨǸǰŰǵƢǷƗƨȈǔǬdzơǂLjƻȅǀdzơǎƼnjdzơȂǿǹȂǰȇƢǷƧƽƢǟȁ-ƢȈǴǠdzơƨǸǰƸǸǴdz
ǾȈǴǟƨǟȂǧǂŭơ ǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơȁƗǎƼnjdzơȄǸLjȇȁ Petitioner ǶǴǜƬŭơȁƗ džǸƬǴŭƢƥǎƼnjdzơơǀǿ
RespondentǾȈǴǟȄǟƾŭƢƥȃȂǟƾdzơ

ÑÍÂËÂB³ºA xËvúA
Ȕ ȓ ȅǫȓ˅̶˽˅˾˗ˬǪȄ˰̋ˈˑ̜́ǪǴǪːߟ߾Ǫࠄ̊
ࠃǪȔ˅‫֠˅̦د‬Ȉ̸̉߱Ǫߦ˅˨Դ˲̪ˆ˒ Ȕ ¶{Ǯ˅̙̋Ǫ˲߼Ǫḙ̸̏˅̜̬̪ ȚȚșǭdz˅̪
|¶“|||”ː˾˕߿Ǫːߟ߾Ǫ

xËvˆA AhÇI ÑÌjvA |³ÃºA Ñ¿·Š ÁB·YC ľ

ߦ˅ǿ˨ҟǪːǿߟࠌࠄǿ̊̈ǿ̰
Ȕ ˕؈ȇ˅ǿ‫̙ز‬ˑˈܱ̤Ǫ̣ʿ˅˸߼Ǫdzȇ˰˨߆̴̙̀Ȅ̸̢߾ǪǤ‫̤ޏ‬Ǫː̾‫ݓ‬Ƕ̸֚˿̝̰̤Ǫːߟࠌߝ˧¶
ȓ
ȁ˅ǿ̭̄߆Ȉ̸ǿ̉߱Ǫǽ̸ǿ̸̪̀ࠄǿ̊˅ǿ̵˲̭̇‫ޠ‬ǿ̝˒ȅǫ˅ǿ‫̧̊ز‬۸ǿ̋˕ ̻ȇǙː̾ˣ߬Ǫ̳˱‫ؙ‬Ƿ˅˸߼ǪȈ̸̉߱Ǫ˲̭̇ǭdz˅̊Ǫ˰̰
Ȕ ̉
ȓ ߼Ǫ
Ȕ ȓ ܱ̤Ǫߦˆ˸
|¶˿̜˅̰̤Ǫߝ߬Ǫ˅‫̦ز‬Ǫǵ˅˺ǫ
ƨƸǨǐºdzơǶºǫǁ-ÏƔDŽŪơǶǫǁ-ÏÐřǧƤƬǰǷ-ÎÖÔÏÍÑÎÖƨLjǴŪơƺȇǁƢƫ-ǩÐÑƨººǼLjdz-ÎÔǶǫǁǺǠǘdzơ@
>ǺǠǘdzơơǀǿǒǧǁĻ-ÔÏÑ

ÎÊ¿È¿@°·?N@X¸ísš?
˻ LEGAL TERMINOLOGY
 ¬ČÿĆÿ¦ð÷¥­¦¼øÜÔ}¥¬vƯą¹ÆÏUÈČ·Ć÷¥
3 ˻

 u@sL_?¾c£–ÎʸÃA¾c£
Incompetency
ƩƢǧǂǐºƬdzơƧǂºNjƢƦǷƨºȈǴǿȌdzƾǫƢǨdzơǎƼnjǴdzǃȂŸȏǾǻƗ ǽơƽƚǷȁ ňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩƢƸǴǘǐǷƾƷƗ
ƢȀȈǧƶǼŻȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơǺLjdzơǢǴƦȇŃƮȈƷžǺLjdzơƤƦLjƥǹȂǰȇƾǫƨȈǴǿȋơƾǫƢǨdzơǎƼnjdzơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨdzƢƷǎƼnjdzơƔơǂƬǟơńƛǞƳơǁƨȈǴǿȋơƾǬǧǹȂǰȇȁƗƧƽǂǨǼŭơǾƫƽơǁƜƥǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷǎƼnjdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǾǨLjdzơȁƗǾƬǠdzơȁƗǹȂǼŪơǺǷ
:ÅiB³A ÅËÂB³ºA Ÿ (Incompetency) \»ðv¾
ǾºǷƢȀǷȁǾǻȂƠNjƧǂNjƢƦǷǎƼnjdzơǾǠǷǵǂŹȅǀdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǴǿȋơǵơƾǠǻơƢđƾǐǬȇǭǁȂȇȂȈǻƨȇȏȁĿ
ƨȈǴǬǠdzơȃȂǬdzơǦǠǓȁƗǾƬǟȁƗǹȂǼƳǺǷǾƥƢŭơǂǜǻǾLjǨǼƥ
ǾǏƢǐƬƻơǩƢǘǻǺǟƢȀƳȁǂŬƆơǂǜǻƨǼȈǠǷƨȈǔǫƨȇƙǂdzȆǓƢǬdzơƨȈǴǿƗǵƾǟƢđƾǐǬȈǧƢLjǻǂǧĿƢǷƗ
ƨdzƘLjŭơǽǀǿǍȂǐşǭǁȂȇȂȈǻƨȇȏȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƫĿƧƽǁơȂdzơǍȂǐǼdzơǞǷƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈƥǂǠdzơśǻơȂǬdzơǪǨƬƫȁ

ÑÍÂËÂB³ºA xËvúA
̭
|Ȃǵ̸̸̻̾ː̻ҟ̸ˈ‫߼˰م‬Ǫḙ̸̏ ˅̝̤Ǫ̬̪ȚțșȚȚțǭdz˅߼Ǫ
Representation of infant, incompetent person, or conservatee. Unless the court appoints a guardian
ad litem, an infant shall appear by the guardian of his property or, if there is no such guardian, by a
parent having legal custody, or, if there is no such parent, by another person or agency having legal
custody, or, if the infant is married, by an adult spouse residing with the infant, a person judicially
declared to be incompetent shall appear by the committee of his property, and a conservatee shall
appear by the conservator of his property. A person shall appear by his guardian ad litem if he is an
infant and has no guardian of his property, parent, or other person or agency having legal custody, or
adult spouse with whom he resides, or if he is an infant, person judicially declared to be incompetent,
or a conservatee as defined in section 77.01 of the mental hygiene law and the court so directs
because of a conflict of interest or for other cause, or if he is an adult incapable of adequately prosecuting
or defending his rights.

ÎÊ¿È¿@°·?N@X¸ísš?
˼ LEGAL TERMINOLOGY
 ¬ČÿĆÿ¦ð÷¥­¦¼øÜÔ}¥¬vƯą¹ÆÏUÈČ·Ć÷¥
4 ˼
 Ë¿È¿@¯t¿ÂÇcGÎGÈ°£ØÇŖgSØ
Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine praevia lege poenali
ƾºƷƗǂºǷȋơǞǫơȁĿǾǻƗȏƛȆƟƢǼŪơǾǬǨdzơƢȀȈǴǟǂǬƬLJơȅǀdzơƝƽƢƦŭơƾƷƘǯǺǼǬǷƗƾƦŭơơǀǿǹƗǶǣǁ
ǞºǸƬĐơƨºȇƢǸūǮdzƿȁƽǂǨǴdzƵȂǼŲDzȈǏƗǪƸǯŚƫƢLJƾdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼƫŖdzơƨǷƢŮơƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơƝƽƢƦŭơ
ǾƬǷȐLJȁǾǼǷƗȄǴǟǙƢǨūơȁ
ƾºǠƫȁǂnjǟǺǷƢưdzơǹǂǬdzơƨǨLJȐǧƔơǁƕǺǟƧŐǟŖdzơƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơƧǁȂưdzơńƛƢŮȂǏƗĿƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿǞƳǂƫ
ƾǬǧƽǂǨdzơǽƾȇǂȇƢǷDzǠǧĿȏǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƸȈƦȇƢǷDzǠǧĿǂǐƸǼƫŖdzơȁƽơǂǧȌdzƨȈǐƼnjdzơƨȇǂƸǴdzƢƳƢȈLJ
ǹƢLjǻȎdzǩȂǬƷǺǷƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơƧǁȂưdzơǾƬǼǴǟƗƢǷǺǸǓƧǂǷDZȁȋƩƽǁȁ
ÑÍÂËÂB³ºA xËvúA
ƗƾƦŭơơǀǿƨȈƥǂǠdzơŚƫƢLJƾdzơƪǼƦƫƾǫȁ
{ȉ‫߼ޠ‬Ǫǵ̸˕̑˷߱Ǫ̬̪ȟȟǭdz˅߼Ǫ
ҟǪȔǬ˅ǿ̝̉ҟȇǙ‫́˅ف‬ǿ̜ߝǿ֠ҟǪȔːǿˈ̸̝̉̈ǿ̸̜˒ҟȇǙḙ̸̏˅ǿ̜ࠆǿ̊Ǥ˅̰ˈҟǪȔːˈ̸̝̉ҟȇ“ː؈˲ˠ”ҟȇ|ː̾˾‫ݻ‬ːˈ̸̝̤̋Ǫ¶
|¶ḙ̸̏˅̝̤ǪǴ˅̭̚Քǵ˅˕̤ː̝˧Ҡ̤Ǫȃ˅̙̋ҡǪȓࠆ̊
{ȉǵ̸˸̤Ǫǵ̸˕̑˷߱Ǫ̬̪țȢǭdz˅߼Ǫ
¶‫ˈ̰˼̜˅̸̭م‬ҟǪːˈȔ ̸̝̉ҟȇː؈˲ˠҟ¶
{ȉ˲ˁǪ˴߫Ǫǵ̸˕̑˷߱Ǫ̬̪Țǭdz˅߼Ǫ
ȓ ȓ ̸̝̉ҟȇː؈˲ˠҟ¶
¶ḙ̸̏˅̜‫̪̬ˈ̏ٸ‬ǫ‫ˈٸ‬Ǫ˰˒ȇǫːˈ
{̬̽˲˩ˋ̤Ǫː̢̧ࠏǵ̸˕̑˷dz̬̪țșǭdz˅߼Ǫ
¶ḙ̸̏˅̜ࠄ̊Ǥ˅̰ˈҟǪːˈ
Ȕ ̸̝̉ҟȇː؈˲ˠҟ¶
{ȅࠇ̉ː̧̰̄˷ǵ̸˕̑˷dz̬̪țȚǭdz˅߼Ǫ
|¶˅‫̻̰˼̧̊ز‬ȉ߳Ǫḙ̸̏˅̝̤Դ̧̣̫̥̋ː̝˧Ҡ̤Ǫȃ˅̙̋ҡǪȓࠄ̊ҟǪȔǬ˅̝̉ҟȇǙḙ̸̏˅̜ࠄ̊Ǥ˅̰ˈҟǪȔːˈ̸̝̉ҟȇː؈˲ˠҟ¶
ࠄǿ̊ȅ˅˸ǿ̮ȔҟǪȁ̸ǿ̝߬‫˲ق‬ǿ̤̋Ǫȁ˅ǿ˜̾߼Ǫ̬ǿ̪ȟǭdz˅߼Ǫˑ˾̭˰̝̙Ǚǫ˰ˋȓ ߼ǪǪ˱̵ǮԷҠ̊ҟǪȇ̛̾
Ȕ ˙Ǫ̸߼Ǫˑ̰̫́˒˰̜ȇ
ȓ
̩‫د‬ǿ߼Ǫ̈ǿ̚˗̱̻ȇǙ˼̰ǿ̤ǪߵǴǵȇ˰˾ǿ̤ː̝ˈ˅˸ǿ̤Ǫȃ˅ǿ̙̋ҡǪࠄǿ̊ːǿˈ̸̝̉ҟȇ‫ˈ̰˼̜˅̸̭م‬ҟǪːˈ Ȕ ̸̝̉ҟȇː؈˲ˠҟ¶{ȅǫȓ
Ȕ
¶|̴߬˅˽߆ȅߐǪǴǪ̛˧Ҡ̤Ǫḙ̸̏ ˅̝̤Դ

ÎÊ¿È¿@°·?N@X¸ísš?
˽ LEGAL TERMINOLOGY
 ¬ČÿĆÿ¦ð÷¥­¦¼øÜÔ}¥¬vƯą¹ÆÏUÈČ·Ć÷¥
5 ˽
 Ìf@ʤš?¾?iL·Ø?OBK
Drittwirkung
ȆºǬǧȋơŚƯƘºƬdzƢƥƆƢǔºȇƗǥǂºǠȇȁǾºǟȁǂǨƥŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐǷƨƠǧǞƦƬȇȁňƢŭƗƶǴǘǐǷ
ȂºǿȁǹƢLjºǻȍơǩȂǬƷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏthird-party effectƮdzƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơŚƯƘƫȁƗhorizontal effect
ơǀºǿǑǂºƬǨȇƮºȈƷǹƢLjǻȍơǩȂǬƷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƨǠȈƦǘƥǪǴǠƬȇƨȈǻƢŭȋơǶǯƢƄơĿƘnjǻňȂǻƢǫǵȂȀǨǷ
ǹƘnjºƥƨǷȂǰūơȁƗǂƻƕȆǟƾǷƧƢǓƢǬǷĿƨȈǼǗȂdzơǩȂǬūơƨǬȈƯȁȄǴǟDzȇȂǠƬdzơǾǼǰŻȆǟƾŭơǹƗǵȂȀǨŭơ
ǹƢLjºǻȍơǩȂºǬūƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơƨǸǰƄơDzƻơƽDzǸǠƬLjȈdzƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿƱǂƻƾǫȁǩȂǬūơǽǀǿǭƢȀƬǻơ
ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǽǀǿƩơŚƯƘƬƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśƬǨǴƬűśƬǬȇǂǘƥ ňȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨŭơ ƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿǶȀǧǺǰŻȁ
DZȁƾºdzơśºƥǶƟƢºǫǾºǻȂǯDZƢºƷ ȆºũǁǵơDŽºƬdzơ  DZȁƾǴdzǖǬǧdžȈdzƆƢǷDŽǴǷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹȂǯƆȏȁƗ
ǹƢLjºǻȍơǩȂºǬūƩƢǯƢȀƬǻơǺǷƽơǂǧȋơȂǰnjȇƾǫǮdzǀdzȁƆƢǔȇƗǶȀǔǠƥƽơǂǧȋơśƥƢŶƛȁƽơǂǧȋơȁ
 ȆǬǧƗŚƯƘƫ ǹȁǂƻƕƽơǂǧƗƢȀƦǰƫǂȇ
ǺǟDzƥǹƢLjǻȍơǩȂǬūƩƢǯƢȀƬǻơƨȇƗƤǰƫǂƫȏƢĔƗƩƢƦƯƛǺǟǖǬǧdžȈdzƨdzȂƠLjǷƨdzȁƾdzơǹȂǯƆƢȈǻƢƯ
 ƨǏƢŬơDZƢǸǟȋơǩƢȈLJĿƨȇƢǸƸǴdzƶƟơȂdzǂȇǂŤȁƗƩƢǠȇǂnjƫǺLJDzưǷ ƩơȂǘƻƿƢţƢƥǮdzǀǯƢȀǷơDŽƬdzơ
ǺȇǂƻȊdzƨdzȂǨǰŭơǹƢLjǻȍơǩȂǬŞǂǔƫƆȏƢǸǟƗǹȂƦǰƫǂȇȏƽơǂǧȋơǹƗǹƢǸǔdz

\»ðvA AhÆ ½B¿§NmA Ò»¦ ÑÍÕBz² PB³ÍJðM

ȓ
ːǿߟ߾Ǫˑ˸ǿ˷ǫ˰ǿ̜ȇǙǪ˰ǿ̸̵̰˰ǿ̀ ̤ ˈ ȓ
“Y”ȇ“X”˰̾̑˸ǿ̤Ǫː̾́ǿ̜߆Ȅ̸ǿ̶̚߼ǪǪ˱ǿ̵ːǿ̾ȇǵȇҡǪːߟ߾Ǫˑ̧̫̋˕ ̑˷Ǫ
̣˾ǿ˩˕ȇǙː̾ ȓ
˒ ̑ǿ˷˅˷ҡǪǮԹ˲ǿ߬Ǫ ȇȅ˅˸ǿ̮ҟǪȁ̸ǿ̝˧ːǿ̻˅߯ː̾
Ȕ ȓ ̜˅̚˒ҟǪ̬̪ȝȜǭdz˅߼Ǫ˼̭ࠄ̊Ǥ˅̰ˈ˅̵ǵǪ˲̜
ˈǵȇҡǪː̀
ȚȢȡȜ‫˸̫ٴ‬ǿ̼dz̬ǿ̪‫ނ‬ǿ̉˘ǿ̤˅˜̤Ǫ߆ːǿߟ˩̧̫̥ˑǿ̤˅˨ǫȅ˅˸ ȓ ̮ҟǪȁ̸̝߬ː̾ȇǵȇҡǪː̾
Ȕ ˈ ȓ ̸̀̚߼ǪȅǫǙȈ̸̉߱Ǫ̈ʿ˅̜ȇ
ȓ
Ȋ ̃ȚȢȡș˲̽˅̰̻ȚșՔǵ˅˕ˈː̰ˣ̧̥ǪǮҠ‫߆ݶ‬ˑ̭ȇdzܱ̤Ǫȇː̻˰̸̶̰
˅̝ˋ ̤ ̤Ǫː̢̧̫߼Ǫ˰̀ȡȢȠȡȡș߁ǵȈ̸̢˻̤Ǫ
̬ǿ̪‫˅م‬ǿ̋˒ܱǿ̤Ǫ“Y”ː˸ǿ̮Ȓ ҡǪ̴ǿ˗̱ˈǫ̬ǿ̴̉˗
ȓ ̚˾ǿˈȇ̴˸̭̬̉̚“X”˰̾̑˸̤Ǫ̬̪ː̪˰̝߼ǪȇǙː̜̀˅̚˒ҟǪ̬̪țȞǭdzࠇ̧̥
Ǚ˅ǿ̾Ȋ ̵̰Ǵ۸̸̜ǿ̧̫̥̋ȃ˅ǿ̃̚ҡǪǵǪdz̳˲̽˰ǿ˒ȉ߳Ǫǹ˅߭Ǫǽ˅̝̤̄Ǫ߆˅̶
ȓ Ȕ
̉Ǫ˰̻Ǫ˲̄̀Ǫ˅ࠏ ȚȢȠșȄ˅̊˱̲̪ː̵̰̾Ǵː̜˅̊ǪȔ
ǭ˲̽˰ǿ̪˲̶ǿ˽“B”˰̾̑˸ǿ̤ǪȄ˅ǿ̜ȚȢȠȠ‫˸̫ٴ‬ǿ̼dzȚȝߧ̾ǿ̤߆ȇ|̴ǿ˕̸̵̬̉DZ˅˾̙ҟǪȄ˰̊ː̰
̻ Ȕ ˣ̧̥Ǫ̬̪ˇ̧̃˰̜ȇ
ҟ̴ǿ̭ǫȓ ޵ǵ̴ǿ˗̱ˈǪːǿ̙˲̍ȃ̸ˬ˰ˈ˅̾Ȋ ̵̰Ǵ۸̜˅̧̫̥̋ȃ˅̃̚ҡǪǵǪdz̴̀
ȓ ̙̬ˁߑ̤Ǫǵ˅̝̤̋Ǫ˶̰̚ˈ̴˗ˠȇǶ̪̩̝̻̈ȉ߳ǪȇǵǪ߱Ǫ
Ǚǭ˰̻˰ǿ˺ːˋ̾˾̉ː̪˰˾ˈ˅‫˽˅ؙ‬ǫ˅ࠏ ȓ ̴̪̋˶̱߫Ǫː˷ǵ˅ࠏȇ˅̶˸ˉҠ̧̪̈˭ࠄ̊˅̵‫ٴ‬ˡǫȇǵǪ߱Ǫ̳˱̵߆˅̸̪̣̫̻̆̋̚
ȓ Ȋ
|ߵǴȃ˅ǿ̀˧ːǿ̸̭̭̾ ˅̝̤ǪǮǪǤǪ˲ǿˠҟǪǴ˅ Ȕ ǿ֫ҟː̃‫ނ‬ǿ̤ԴǪȊ ‫ޢ‬ǿࠌ˅ǿ‫̧ܳ̊ز‬ǿ߽Ǫ߱Ǫȇ“X”˰̾̑˸ǿ̤Ǫǵ˲ǿ˧ߵǴ˲˛ǫࠄ̊ȇ ȓ
ǮǪ˰̲˖˸ǿ߼Ǫࠄǿ̊˅ǿǿ̶̉Ҡ̃Ǫ˰ǿ̋ˈːǿ
Ȕ ǿߟ߾Ǫˑ˾ǿ̧˭Ǚȅ˅˸ǿ̮ҟǪȁ̸ǿ̝߬ːǿ
Ȕ ȓ
ǿ̾ˈǵȇҡǪːǿߟ߾Ǫࠄǿ ǿ̊ː̾́ǿ̝̤ǪǺ˲ǿǿ̉˰ǿ̋ˈȇ
Ȃ˅ǿ̵̰ȅǫǙ ȓ ࠆǿ˭Ǫ߱Ǫȉ˰̸̶̰ ȓ
̤ ̤Ǫḙ̸̏˅̝̤Ǫȇː̾̑˷˅˷ҡǪǮԹ˲߬Ǫȇȅ˅˸ ȓ ̜˅̚˒ҟǪǹ̸˾̭ȇ
̮ȔҟǪȁ̸̝˧ː̻˅߯ː̾ˈǵȇҡǪː̀

ÎÊ¿È¿@°·?N@X¸ísš?
˾ LEGAL TERMINOLOGY
 ¬ČÿĆÿ¦ð÷¥­¦¼øÜÔ}¥¬vƯą¹ÆÏUÈČ·Ć÷¥
6 ̤ ȓ Ȋ Ȋ ˲ˬ
ȓ ̜˅̚˒ҟǪ̬̪ȡǭdz˅߼Ǫ˼̰̤ߐ˅‫̯د‬Ǫȇ˅̜
Ȝ|șșș̌ǿ̧ˋ؄˅ǿ‫̧ܳ̊ز‬ǿ߽Ǫ˿̸̻ǿ̋˕ˈǪ˰ǿ̸̵̰Ȅ‫ٿ‬ǿ̧˒ȅǫ̴ǿ̪̋ˇǿˠȇǫ˅ࠏː̀
̤
|“ȉ˰̸̵̰ǵ߲ˡ
ȓ
ːǿߟ߾Ǫȅǫ˰ǿ֙Ǚȉǵ˅ǿ̾ ȓ ̪ȇ̛ˈ˅˸ǿ̤Ǫߝǿ߬Ǫ˼ǿˮ̧̪ࠄǿ̊ǽҠǿ̃ҟԴ
̋߼ǪȄǪ‫ٿ‬ǿ̤Գǫ˰ǿˍ Ȕ {ːǿߟ߾Ǫߝǿ˧ࠄǿ̧̛̊̾̋˒
“B”˰̾̑˸ǿ̤ǪȀ‫ޠ‬ǿ˒“ːˤ̀˖̭”‫˕ˆ˙ٸ‬ȓ ˈː̜̀˅̚˒ҟǪǹ̸˾̭Ȃ˅‫̯د‬Ǫ̬̉ߦ̸˂̑˸̪ߦȇ߱Ǫǵ˅ˋ˕̉Դǫ˰ˋ
ȓ ߼ǪǪ˱̵ˑ̧̫̋˕̑˷Ǫ
|Ȉ̸̉߱Ǫ߆˘̤˅˜̤ǪȀ˲̤̄Ǫ

ÎÊ¿È¿@°·?N@X¸ísš?
˿ LEGAL TERMINOLOGY
 ¬ČÿĆÿ¦ð÷¥­¦¼øÜÔ}¥¬vƯą¹ÆÏUÈČ·Ć÷¥
7 ˾
 ½´X¸·ÐÈ£c·?iTW
Set a final hearing date
ƨǬƥƢLjºdzơ DzƷơǂŭơȁƗƩơƔơǂƳȍơǞȈŦƪǧȂƬLJƛƨǸǰƄơǹƗŘǠȇȁƩƢǠǧơǂŭơǹȂǻƢǫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷƾƷƗ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǁȁƾǐdzƧDŽǿƢƳǹȂǰƫȃȂǟƾdzơǹƜǧĽǺǷȁ
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơƨƠȈŮƢƥƶǴǘǐŭơǵƾƼƬLjȇƾǫȁ
ǁơƾºǏȍƺȇǁƢƫƾȇƾƸƬƥƩǁǂǫƨǸǰƄơǹƗȄǴǟDZƾȇơǀǿȁ Date set for final court hearing 
ƢȀǷƢǷƗƧǁȂǜǼŭơȃȂǟƾdzơĿƢȀǸǰƷȁƗƢǿơǁơǂǫ

ÎÊ¿È¿@°·?N@X¸ísš?
̀ LEGAL TERMINOLOGY
 ¬ČÿĆÿ¦ð÷¥­¦¼øÜÔ}¥¬vƯą¹ÆÏUÈČ·Ć÷¥
8 ˿
μ´?u@sL_?¾c¤G¥«c·?
Challenges to the jurisdiction of the Court
ǃȂºŸǾºǻƗǽơƽƚºǷȃȂǟƾdzơǵȂǐŬƧǁǂǬŭơǩȂǬūơƾƷƗȂǿȁƩƢǠǧơǂŭơǹȂǻƢǫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷƾƷƗ
ȃȂǟƾºdzơǂºǜǼdzƨºǸǰƄơǽǀǿƨȈƷȐǏǵƾǠƥǝȂǓȂŭơƨǸǰŰǵƢǷƗ ƤǴǘdzơ ǞǧƾdzơƨǷȂǐŬơǥǂǘdz
ȅƽƢºǠdzơǍƢǐºƬƻȏơǩƢºǘǻǺºǟ-DZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǟ-ȃȂǟƾdzơǝȂǓȂǷƱȁǂƻńƛǮdzƿǞƳǂȇȁ
ňƢºǰŭơǍƢǐƬƻȏơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇƢǷȂǿȁƨǸǰƄơǾȈǧǺƟƢǰdzơǂǬŭơ ȁƗȃȂǟƾdzơǂǜǼƫ ŖdzơƨǸǰƸǸǴdz
ƧǁȂǐºǼŭơƨǸǰŰǵƢǷƗƨȇǁƾǼǰLJȍơĿǶȈǬǷǎƼNjȄǴǟȃȂǟƽƧǂǿƢǬdzơĿǶȈǬǷǎƼNjǞǧǂȇǹƘǯ
ƨȇǁƾǼǰLJȍơĿǶȈǬǷǎƼnjdzơǹƢǯƢŭȁǾȈǴǟȆǟƾŭơǺǗȂǷƨǸǰŰȆǿƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơǹƗDzǏȋƢǧ
łơǮdzƿŚǣȄǴǟǹƢǧǂǘdzơǪǨƬȇȏƢǷƨȇǁƾǼǰLJȍơǶǯƢƄƾǬǠȇǍƢǐƬƻȏƢǧ

ÎÊ¿È¿@°·?N@X¸ísš?
́ LEGAL TERMINOLOGY
 ¬ČÿĆÿ¦ð÷¥­¦¼øÜÔ}¥¬vƯą¹ÆÏUÈČ·Ć÷¥
9 ÑÍIj§ºA ѦËm˝A Ħ ½Ë³Ã¾ *
̀
 ¾b@°L·?
Statute of limitations
śǻơȂǬdzơƨǧƢǯĿƾƳơȂƬȇȆȀǬǧňȂǻƢǫƶǴǘǐǷȂǿžƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿǹƘƥDZȂǬdzơƢǼǰŻ
ńƛȅƽƚȇDZȁȋƢǧƤLjǰǷȁǖǬLjǷśǟȂǻȄǴǟȆǠǓȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿȂǿȁƧƾŭơȆǔǷȂǿǵƽƢǬƬdzƢǧ
ȏƛǹȂǰƫǹƗǺǰŻȏ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơǩȂǬūơƪǻƢǯơƿƛȁǾƦLjǰdzƤƦLJňƢưdzơȁǪūơǕȂǬLJ
ǾǻƜǧǵƽƢǬƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǟ ƨȈǰǴŭơǪƷȏƛ ƢȀǗȂǬLJǃȂŸƢǸǯ ƨȈǼȈǠdzơǩȂǬūơǹƜǧǖǬLjŭơǵƽƢǬƬǴdzƆȐŰ
ƨƦdzƢǘǷǵƾǟȂǿƆƢȈƦǴLJƆƢǠǓȁǑǂƬǨȇǖǬLjŭơǵƽƢǬƬdzơǹƗśƷȄǴǟȁƤLjǰŭơǵƽƢǬƬdzƢƥƢđƢLjƬǯơǃȂŸ
ǭǂƬnjȇƢŶƛȁƧǃƢȈūơȂǿƆƢȈƥƢŸƛƆƢǠǓȁǵDŽǴƬLjȇƤLjǰŭơǵƽƢǬƬdzơǹƜǧǪūơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵƾǟȁƗǾǬŞǺƟơƾdzơ
ǺǷDŽdzơȆǔǷǂǐǼǟĿǹƢǷƢǜǼdzơ
 ƝŐŭơ ǖǬLjŭơǵƽƢǬƬdzơºƆȏȁƗ
ƨǨǴƬƼŭơǵƽƢǬƬdzơƽƾǷºÎ
ĿƨǼLJƧǂnjǟdžŨƔƢǔǬǻƢƥºƨǷƢǟƧƾǟƢǫº ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǵƽƢǬƬȇƩơƔƢǼưƬLJȏơȁƨǷƢǠdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơºƕ
ǕȂǬLJǮdzƿǺǷǂǐǫƗȁƗDZȂǗƗƧƾǷǁǂǬȇǍƢƻǎǻǾȈǧƽǂȇŃƢǸȈǧǮdzƿȁƨȈƥǂǠdzơśǻơȂǬdzơǶǜǠǷ
ȃȂǟƽ ǕȂǬLJȁ ƩơȂǼLJ ƭȐưƥ Ƨƽơǁȍơ ƤȈǟ ȁƗ ƨȈǴǿȋơ ǎǬǻ ƤƦLjƥ ƾǬǠdzơ DZƢǘƥƛ ƤǴǗ Ŀ Ǫūơ
ǍȂǐǼdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ńƛȁ ƩơȂǼLJ ƭȐưƥ ƤƦLJ Ȑƥ ƔơǂƯȍơ Ǻǟȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ
ŖdzơƨǷƢǠdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƾǠƥňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơƽǁȁƗƾǬǧƨǷƢǠdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǺǷƩơƔƢǼưƬLJȏơǒǠƥƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƧǂƳƘǯƧƽƾƴƬŭơƨȇǁȁƾdzơǩȂǬūơȆǿȁƩơȂǼLJdžǸşǵƽƢǬƬƫǩȂǬƷƨǸưǧȃǂƻƗƩơƔƢǼưƬLJơƢȀǠǓȁ
ƢǸǯƩƢNjƢǠŭơȁǁȂƳȋơȁƢȇƢȀŭơȁƨƦƫǂŭơƩơƽơǂȇȍơȁƾƟơȂǨdzơȁǂǰūơDzƥƢǬǷȁƨȈǟơǁDŽdzơȆǓơǁȋơȁňƢƦŭơ
ƨLjȈǴǨƬdzơƔȐǯȁȁƔơŐŬơȁśLJƾǼȀŭơȁśǷƢƄơȁƨdzƽƢȈǐdzơȁƔƢƦǗȋơǩȂǬƷƆƢǔȇƗƩơȂǼLJdžǸşǵƽƢǬƬƫ
ǺǷDzǸǟǺǷǽȁƽƗƢǸǟƔơDŽƳǶŮƨƦƳơȁǩȂǬūơǽǀǿǹȂǰƫǹƗȄǴǟśǸǴǠŭơȁƧǀƫƢLJȋơȁƧǂLJƢǸLjdzơȁ
ƔƢȈNjƗǺǟǝƢǼǐdzơȁǁƢƴƬdzơǩȂǬƷƧƾƷơȁƨǼLjƥǵƽƢǬƬƫȁƩƢǧȁǂǐǷǺǷǽȁƾƦǰƫƢǷȁǶȀƬǼȀǷDZƢǸǟƗ
ƨǷƢǫȍơǂƳƗǺǟǶǟƢǘŭơȁǩƽƢǼǨdzơƣƢƸǏƗǩȂǬƷȁƔƢȈNjȋơǽǀǿĿǹȁǂƴƬȇȏǍƢƼNjȋƢǿȁƽĈǁȁ
ǁȂƳƗǺǷƔơǂƳȋơȁǵƾŬơȁDZƢǸǠdzơǩȂǬƷǮdzǀǯȁǶȀƟȐǸǟƣƢLjūǽȂǧǂǏ ƢǷDzǯȁǵƢǠǘdzơǺťȁ
ǵƽƢǬƬdzơơǀđǮLjǸƬȇǺǷ ȄǴǟƤŸǾǻƗȄǴǟƩơƾȇǁȂƫǺǷǾƥơȂǷƢǫƢǷ ǺťǺǷȁƨȈǷȂȇŚǣȁƨȈǷȂȇ
ƆȐǠǧǺȇƾdzơȃƽƗǾǻƗȄǴǟśǸȈdzơǦǴŹǹƗŅȂūơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀǼȈǟŖdzơƧƾŭơǺǟǦǴƬţƧƾǷĿǵƽƢǬƬdzơǶƬȇǹƗȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏȁ

ÎÊ¿È¿@°·?N@X¸ísš?
̂ LEGAL TERMINOLOGY
 ¬ČÿĆÿ¦ð÷¥­¦¼øÜÔ}¥¬vƯą¹ÆÏUÈČ·Ć÷¥
10 DZȁȋơǵȂȈdzơƤLjŹȏȁƩƢǟƢLjdzƢƥȏǵƢȇȋƢƥǵƽƢǬƬdzơƧƾǷƤLjŢǵƽƢǬƬdzơƽƾǷƣƢLjƷƨȈǨȈǯºƣ
ȅǀdzơǵȂȈdzơǺǷȏƛǍƢƻǎǻǾȈǧƽǂȇŃƢǸȈǧǵƽƢǬƬdzơƗƾƦȇȏȁƢȀǼǷǵȂȇǂƻƕƔƢǔǬǻƢƥƧƾŭơDzǸƬǰƫȁ
ȏƛǦǫơȁǕǂNjȄǴǟǪōǴǠǷǺȇƽńƛƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǵƽƢǬƬdzơȅǂLjȇȏƨǏƢşȁƔơƽȋơǪƸƬLjǷǺȇċƾdzơǾȈǧƶƦǐȇ
ǾȈǧƤƬǰȇȅǀdzơƪǫȂdzơǺǷȏƛǩƢǬƸƬLJȏơǹƢǸǓńƛƨƦLjǼdzƢƥȁǕǂnjdzơǾȈǧǪǬƸƬȇȅǀdzơƪǫȂdzơǺǷ
DzƳȋơǾȈǧȆǔǬǼȇȅǀdzơƪǫȂdzơǺǷȏƛDzƳƚŭơǺȇƾdzơńƛƨƦLjǼdzƢƥȁǩƢǬƸƬLJȏơ
ȂdzȁǾǬŞƤdzƢǘȇǹƗǺƟơƾdzơȄǴǟǾǠǷǁǀǠƬȇǞǻƢǷƾƳȁƢǸǴǯǵƽƢǬƬdzơȃǂLjȇȏǵƽƢǬƬdzơǦǫȁºƱ
ƾȇDŽƫȅǀdzơǵƽƢǬƬdzơȃǂLjȇȏƆƢǔȇƗȁƤƟƢǼdzơȁDzȈǏȋơśƥǵƽƢǬƬdzơȃǂLjȇȏǮdzǀǯȁƆƢȈƥƽƗǞǻƢŭơǹƢǯ
ǾȈǴǟǵȂǰƄơǪƷĿȁƗƤƟƢǤdzơǪƷĿȁƗƨȈǴǿȋơ ǾȈǧǂǧơȂƬƫȏǺǷǪƷĿƩơȂǼLJdžŨȄǴǟǾƫƾǷ
ŖdzơƧƾŭơǹƗƩȏƢūơǽǀǿĿǵƽƢǬƬdzơǦǫȁȄǴǟƤƫǂƬȇȁƆƢǻȂǻƢǫǾǴưŻƤƟƢǻǾdzǺǰȇŃơƿƛƨȇƢǼƳƨƥȂǬǠƥ
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơƧƾŭơȁƨǬƥƢLjdzơƧƾŭơƤLjŢȁǵƽƢǬƬdzơƧƾǷǺǸǓƤLjŢȏƢŮȐƻǵƽƢǬƬdzơǦǬȇ
ƨǐƬű Śǣ ƨǸǰŰ ńƛ ȃȂǟƾdzơ ƪǠǧǁ Ȃdzȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƨƦdzƢǘŭƢƥ ǵƽƢǬƬdzơ ǞǘǬǼȇ ǵƽƢǬƬdzơ ǝƢǘǬǻơ º ƽ
ǵȂǬȇDzǸǟȅƘƥȁǞȇǃȂƫȁƗdžȈǴǨƫĿǾǬƷDZȂƦǬdzǺƟơƾdzơǾƥǵƾǬƬȇȅǀdzơƤǴǘdzƢƥȁDŽƴūƢƥȁƗǾȈƦǼƬdzƢƥȁ
ƆƢŹǂǏƆơǁơǂǫƛǺƟơƾdzơǪŞǺȇƾŭơǂǫƗơƿƛǵƽƢǬƬdzơǞǘǬǼȇƢǸǯȃȁƢǟƾdzơȃƾƷƛĿǾǬŞǮLjǸƬǴdzǺƟơƾdzơǾƥ
ƆƢǼȈǷƘƫƆƢȇǃƢȈƷƆƢǼǿǁƆƢǻȂǿǂǷƆȏƢǷǺƟơƾdzơƾȇƪŢǺȇƾŭơǭǂƬȇǹƗřǸǔdzơ ǁơǂǫȍơDzȈƦǫǺǷȁƆƢȈǼǸǓȁƗ
ǝƢǘǬǻȏơȄǴǟƤƫǂƬȇȁƔƢǧȂǴdzƨǴȀǷ ǾƦǴǗȁǽƾƟơȂǧȁƗ ǺȇƾdzơǺǷǖLjǬƥǺȇƾŭơƔƢǧȁȁǺȇƾdzơƔƢǧȂdz
ƾȇƾƳǵƽƢǬƫƗƾƥƤƦLjdzơDZơǃơƿƜǧǾǷƢȈǫDZȐƻȆǔŤŖdzơƧƾŭơȁǾƦƦLJǵƢȈǫȄǴǟƨǬƥƢLjdzơƧƾŭơǕȂǬLJ
ȆƟƢĔǶǰŞ ǵƽƢǬƬdzơǞǘǫȅǀdzơƤƦLjdzơ ȄǔǬǻơơƿƛǾǻƗȄǴǟȆǴǏȋơǵƽƢǬƬǴdzǾƫƾǷȁǾƬǠȈƦǗĿDzƯƢŲ
ŅȂūơǵƽƢǬƬdzơǞǘǬǻơơƿƛǮdzǀǯȁǵƽƢǬƬdzơƧƾǷƪǻƢǯƆƢȇƗƨǼLJƧǂnjǟdžŨƾȇƾŪơǵƽƢǬƬdzơƧƾǷǹȂǰƫ
ƨǼLJƧǂnjǟdžŨǵƽƢǬƬdzơƧƾǷƪǻƢǯǺȇƾŭơǺǷǁơǂǫƜƥ
ǽǂƯƗȁǖǬLjŭơǵƽƢǬƬdzơDZƢǸǟƛºÏ
ȆǔǬȇ ǹƗȆǓƢǬǴdzǃȂŸȏȁ ǵƽƢǬƬdzƢƥǮLjǸƬȇǹƗƨƸǴǐŭơƤƷƢǏȄǴǟƤŸǵƽƢǬƬdzƢƥǞǧƾdzơºƕ
DzȈǨǰdzơȁǺȇƾŭơȂǿƨƸǴǐŭơƤƷƢǏȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơǺǷdžȈdzǵƽƢǬƬdzơǹƗǮdzƿŘǠǷȁǾLjǨǻƔƢǬǴƫǺǷǾƥ
ǃȂŸȁǺȇƾŭơǺƟơƽȁǾǰȇǂNjƨǐƷǁƾǬƥǺǷƢǔƬŭơǺȇƾŭơȁǺȇƾdzơƩơǀdzƆƢǻƢǸǓǹȂǿǂŭơǁƢǬǠdzơDŽƟƢƷȁ
ƨǸǰŰǵƢǷƗƧǂǷDZȁȋǾƥǮLjǸƬdzơǃȂŸȏǺǰdzȁȃȂǟƾdzơƢȀȈǴǟƪǻƢǯƨdzƢƷȅƗĿǵƽƢǬƬdzƢƥǮLjǸƬdzơ
ǒǬǼdzơ
DZƢǸƬǯơDzƦǫȅƗǾȈǧ ǪūơƩȂƦƯDzƦǫǵƽƢǬƬdzƢƥǮLjǸƬdzơǺǟDZȁŗdzơǃȂŸȏǵƽƢǬƬdzơǺǟDZȁŗdzơºƣ
ŚƦǠƬƥƆƢŹǂǏDZȁŗdzơǹȂǰȇȁǾƥǮLjǸƬdzơǺǟDZŗȇǹƗǺȇƾǸǴdzǹƢǯƧƾŭơǽǀǿƪǴǸƬǯơơƿƛƢǷƗǾƫƾǷ
ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơƩƢƦƯƛĿƨǷƢǠdzơƾǟơȂǬǴdzƶȇǂǐdzơDZȁŗdzơƩƢƦƯƛǞǔźȁƨƥƢƬǰdzƢƥȁƗǚǨǴdzƢƥǺȇƾŭơǺǷǁƽƢǏ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ

ÎÊ¿È¿@°·?N@X¸ísš?
˺˹ LEGAL TERMINOLOGY
 ¬ČÿĆÿ¦ð÷¥­¦¼øÜÔ}¥¬vƯą¹ÆÏUÈČ·Ć÷¥
11 ǹƘǯDZȁŗdzơƾǐǬƥƆƢǸƬƷǞǘǬȇǺƟơƾǴdzǮǴLjǷǺǷǾǏȐƼƬLJơǺǰǷƗơƿƛ ƆƢȈǼǸǓDZȁŗdzơǹȂǰȇƾǫȁ
DZȁŗdzơǑǂƬǨȇȏǮnjdzơƾǼǟȁƆƢǼǿǁȁƗƆȐȈǨǯǵƾǬȇȁƗǺȇƾdzơƔƢǧȂdzƨǴȀǷǵƽƢǬƬdzơƾǠƥǺȇƾŭơƤǴǘȇ
ºǝŐƬdzơƨȈǴǿƗǵDŽǴƫȏȁƧǁơƽȍơƨȈǴǿƗȆǨǰƫȐǧǥǂǐƬdzơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿDZȁŗdzơƨƸǐdzƨǷǃȐdzơƨȈǴǿȋơȁ
ǶđƆơǁơǂǓƛǁƾǏơƿƛǺȇƾŭơǺƟơƽǪƷĿDZȁŗdzơȅǂLjȇȏȁơǀǿ
ȄǬƦȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƜǧƾǠƥǺȇƾŭơǾƥǮLjǸƬȇŃǺǰdzȁǵƽƢǬƬdzơƧƾǷƪǴǸƬǯơơƿƛǖǬLjŭơǵƽƢǬƬdzơǂƯƗºƱ
ƧƾǷDZƢǸƬǯơƆȐǿƢƳĿȂŭơǹƢǯȂdzȁǾƥƔƢǧȂdzơƨƸǏǮdzƿȄǴǟƤƫǂƬȇȁǾƬǠȈƦǗŚǤƬƫȏƆƢȈǻƾǷƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ǺǰdzȁƆƢȈǻƾǷ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖǬLJǵƽƢǬƬdzƢƥǺȇƾŭơǮLjŤơƿƜǧǾƥ ƨǏƢǬŭơƩǃƢƳȁǾƬdzƢǨǯƪƸǏȁǵƽƢǬƬdzơ
ǺǿǁȁƗƨdzƢǨǯǺǷǾǠƥơȂƫǺȇƾdzơǞǷǖǬLjȇȁǾƥƔƢǧȂdzơȄǴǟǺȇƾŭơŐƳǃȂŸȏȆǠȈƦǗǵơDŽƬdzơǾǼǟǦǴţ
ŃƩƢǬƸǴŭơǮǴƫƪǻƢǯȂdzȁŕƷƾƟơȂǨdzƢǯǾƫƢǬƸǴǷǺȇƾdzơǞǷǖǬLjȇǮdzǀǯǃƢȈƬǷơȁƗǍƢǐƬƻơȁƗ
ǵƽƢǬƬdzơǾȈǧƗƾƥȅǀdzơƪǫȂdzơńƛǵƽƢǬƬdzƢƥǺȇƾdzơǕȂǬLJƾǼƬLjȇȁƢđǍƢŬơǵƽƢǬƬdzơƧƾǷƢȀȈǴǟǒŻ
ǞǧƾdzơǪȇǂǗǺǟǽƽȂƳȂƥǮLjǸƬdzơǺǷǞǼŻȏȃȂǟƾdzơǪȇǂǗǺǟǵƽƢǬƬdzƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǕȂǬLJǹƗȄǴǟ
ƤLjǰŭơǵƽƢǬƬdzơºƆƢȈǻƢƯ
ƧƾƬŲƧǃƢȈƷȄǴǟǶƟƢǫƨȈǴǏȋơ ƨȈǼȈǠdzơǩȂǬūơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗǺǷƤƦLJȂǿƤLjǰŭơǵƽƢǬƬdzơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾŹǹƢǷDŽdzơǺǷƧǂƬǧ
ƤLjǰŭơǵƽƢǬƬdzơDZƢůºÎ
ǩȂǬūơǹȁƽǵƽƢǬƬdzƢƥƢȀƦLjǯDŽƟƢŪơƢǿƾƷȁȆǿƨȈǼȈǠdzơǩȂǬūơǵƽƢǬƬdzƢƥƢȀƦLjǯDŽƟƢŪơǩȂǬūơºƕ
ǃȂŸƆƢǠȈŦƨȈǴǏȋơ ƨȈǼȈǠdzơǩȂǬūơȁ ƢȀǴǷƢūƩơƾǼLjdzơơƾǟǮdzƿȁ ƧǃƢȈūơDzƦǬƫȏŖdzơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ
ǪƷȁ ǩƢǨƫǁȏơȁ ǝƢǨƬǻȏƢǯ ƨȈǰǴŭơ Ǻǟ ƨǟǂǨƬǷ ƆƢǫȂǬƷ ȁƗ ƨȈǰǴǷ ƪǻƢǯ ƔơȂLJ ǵƽƢǬƬdzƢƥ ƢȀƦLjǯ
 ȅǁƢǬǠdzơ řȈǠdzơDzƴLjdzơǵƢǜǼƥƢȀȈǧǀƻƚȇŖdzơƽȐƦdzơĿǾǻƗǚƷȐȇǾǻƗȄǴǟǺǰLjdzơǪƷȁDZƢǸǠƬLJȏơ
DzƴLjdzƢƥƪƥƢƯȂǿƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǵƽƢǬƬdzƢƥǮǴǸƬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏ
ƔơȂLJƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢȈNjȋơ ǞȈŦȄǴǟƤLjǰŭơǵƽƢǬƬdzơƽǂȇƤLjǰŭơǵƽƢǬƬdzơƢȀȈǴǟƽǂȇŖdzơƔƢȈNjȋơºƣ
ǍƢƻ ǵƽƢǬƫ ȂȀǧ ȆLjǸŬơ ǵƽƢǬƬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƽǂȇ ȏ ƩȏȂǬǼŭơ ǹƗ ǚƷȐȇȁ ƆȏȂǬǼǷ ǵƗ ƆơǁƢǬǟ ƪǻƢǯƗ
ƽǂƴŠřȈǠdzơǪūơȁƗƨȈǰǴŭơƪƦLjƬǯơDZȂǬǼǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥƪǠǸƬƳơơƿƛǾǗȁǂNjǹȋȁƢǿƾƷȁƩơǁƢǬǠdzƢƥ
ƧǃƢȈūơ
ƨdzȁƾdzơ DZơȂǷƗ ǮǴŤ DZȁƾdzơ ǒǠƥ śǻơȂǫ ǂǜŢȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ƤLjǰŭơ ǵƽƢǬƬdzơ ƧǂƟơƽ Ǻǟ Ʊǂźȁ
ǎǻ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷȁ ǵƽƢǬƬdzƢƥ ƨȇŚŬơ ǥƢǫȁȋơ DZơȂǷƗ ƤLjǯ ƢȀǔǠƥ ǞǼŤ ƢǸǯ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǵƽƢǬƬdzƢƥ ƨǏƢŬơ
ƆơƾƦǠǷȁƗƨLjȈǼǯȁƗƆơƾƴLjǷƨǴǤƬLjŭơƩơǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǪƷȅƗƣƢLjƬǯơǃơȂƳǵƾǟȄǴǟȅǁȂLjdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƩƢǠȇǂnjƫǹƗƢǸǯǵƽƢǬƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǟǵȂǸǠdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJȏƨǐǐƼŭơȁƗƆƢȈǸȈǴǠƫƆơƾȀǠǷȁƗƩƢȈǨnjƬLjǷȁƗ
ǵƽƢǬƬdzƢƥȅǁƢǬǠdzơDzƴLjdzơĿƧƾȈǬŭơǩȂǬūơƣƢLjƬǯơǞǼŤřȈǠdzơDzƴLjdzơǵƢǜǼƥǀƻƘƫŖdzơDZȁƾdzơ

ÎÊ¿È¿@°·?N@X¸ísš?
˺˺ LEGAL TERMINOLOGY
 ¬ČÿĆÿ¦ð÷¥­¦¼øÜÔ}¥¬vƯą¹ÆÏUÈČ·Ć÷¥
12 ƤLjǰŭơǵƽƢǬƬdzơǕȁǂNjºÏ
ǭƢǼǿǹȂǰƫǹƗƤŸǵƽƢǬƬdzƢƥǪūơƣƢLjƬǯȏƣȂȈǠdzơǺǷƨȈdzƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơǂǧơȂƫƣȂƳȁºƕ
ǾLjǨǻDŽƟƢūơƣƢLjū ƧǃƢȈūơƧǂNjƢƦǷƾǐǫȂǿƆƢȇȂǼǠǷƆơǂǐǼǟȅƽƢŭơǖǴLjƬdzơńƛǞǸšƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƧǃƢȈƷ
ŚǤdzơ ƣƢLjū ƧǃƢȈūơ ȅƗ ƨȈǓǂǠdzơ ƧǃƢȈūƢǧ řȈǟ ǪƷ ȁƗ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷ ƧǂNjƢƦǷȁ ƤLjǯ ƾǐǬƥ ȅƗ
ǺǷ ƧǃƢȈūơ ǎǴţ ǹƗ ơǀǿ Ǻǟ ƆȐǔǧ ƤŸȁ ƤLjǰŭơ ǵƽƢǬƬǴdz ƆƢLJƢLJƗ ƶǴǐƫ ȏ ǂƳƘƬLjŭơ ƧǃƢȈƸǯ
ƢȀȈǧǑȂǸǣȏƧǂǿƢǛƨƟƽƢǿǹȂǰƫǹƘƥƣȂȈǠdzơ
ǵƽƢǬƬdzơȁ ƨǼLJ Ƨǂnjǟ džŨ ǾƫƾǷȁ DzȇȂǘdzơ ǵƽƢǬƬdzơ ǭƢǼȀǧ ǵƽƢǬƬǴdz ǹƢƫƾǷ ǭƢǼǿ Ƨƾŭơ ǕǂNj º ƣ
ȏȁDZȂǬǼŭơȄǴǟȁ ǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟȅǂLjȇǵƽƢǬƫȂȀǧDzȇȂǘdzơǵƽƢǬƬdzơƢǷƗƩơȂǼLJdžŨǾƫƾǷȁŚǐǬdzơ
ǹƗǹȁƽƆơǁƢǬǟȁƗƆȏȂǬǼǷǃƢƷǺǸǧƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷȁƗƶȈƸǐdzơƤƦLjdzơƧƾŭơȁƧǃƢȈūơǩȂǧǾȈǧǕǂƬnjȇ
ǹƗǾdzǹƢǯǾƥƆƢǏƢƻǪūơơǀǿǹȂǰȇǹƗǹȁƽǁƢǬǟȁƗDZȂǬǼǷȄǴǟƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷǃƢƷȁƗǾdzƆƢǰdzƢǷǹȂǰȇ
ơǀǿǺǷȁƨǼLJƧǂnjǟdžŨǝƢǘǬǻơǹȁƽǾƫǃƢȈƷƩǂǸƬLJơơƿƛřȈǠdzơ ǪūơȁƗƔȆnjdzơƨȈǰǴǷƤLjǰȇ
ǪƷ ƤLjƬǰȇ ǾǻƘƥ ȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ ȅǁȂLjdzơ ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ÖÎÖ ƧƽƢŭơ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǐǻ ƢǷ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǵƽƢǬƬdzơ
ƺȇǁƢƫǺǷƩơȂǼLJǂnjǟǁȁǂŠƨdzȁƾdzơǭȐǷƗƧǁơƽȍƨǠǓƢŬơŚǣƨȇŚǷȋơȆǓơǁȋơĿǥǂǐƬdzơDzȈƴLjƫ
ǑǁȋơƨǟơǁDŽƥƆƢǸƟƢǫDŽƟƢūơǹȂǰȇǹƗǕǂnjƥƾǼLJŚǤƥȁƗƾǼLjƥƧǃƢȈūơ
ƆȐǔǧǾȈǧǕǂƬnjȇȁDZȂǬǼŭơǹȁƽǖǬǧǁƢǬǠdzƢƥǍƢƻǵƽƢǬƫȂǿȁƩơȂǼLJdžŨǾƫƾǷŚǐǫǵƽƢǬƫƨťȁ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷȁƶȈƸǐdzơƤƦLjdzơƧƾŭơǺǟ
ǵƢǰƷȌdzƢȀǟƢǘǬǻơȁƢȀǨǫȁƮȈƷǺǷȁƢđƢLjƷƮȈƷǺǷǞǔţƢĔƜǧƤLjǰŭơǵƽƢǬƬdzơƧƾǷƪǻƢǯƆƢȇƗȁ
Ƣđ ƽǂǨǼȇ ǝƢǘǬǻȐdz ƧǁȂǏ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ ǚƷȐȇ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ǖǬLjŭơ ǵƽƢǬƬdzơ ǍȂǐƻ Ŀ ƢĔƢȈƥ ǪƦLJ Ŗdzơ
DzǠǨƥ Ȃdzȁ ƢǿƾǬǧ ȁƗ ƧǃƢȈūơ Ǻǟ DŽƟƢūơ ȆǴţ Ǻǟ ƔȄNjƢǼdzơ ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ǝƢǘǬǻȏơ Ȃǿȁ ƤLjǰŭơ ǵƽƢǬƬdzơ
ƧǃƢȈūơƩƾǬǧơƿƛƢǷƗǵƽƢǬƬdzơǞǘǬȇƢŷƾƷƗȁƗƢȀȇǂǐǼǟƾǬǨƥƢǿƾǬǧȁǾƫǃƢȈƷǺǟDŽƟƢūơȆǴƼƬǧŚǤdzơ
ȃȂǟƾdzơ Ǟǧǂȇ Ń ȁƗ ƢǿƽǂƬLjȇ Ń ơƿƛ ȏƛ ƧǃƢȈūơ ƾǬǨȇ ȏ DŽƟƢūơ ǹƜǧ ƆơǁƢǬǟ DZƢŭơ ǹƢǯȁ ŚǤdzơ DzǠǨƥ
ƨǼLJDZȐƻƢǿƽơƽǂƬLJƢƥ
ȏƛȆLjǸŬơǵƽƢǬƬdzơȅǂLjȇȏƶȈƸǐdzơƤƦLjdzơȁƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷȆLjǸŬơǵƽƢǬƬdzƢƥǹƢǏƢƻǹƢǗǂNjºƱ
ƶȈƸǐdzơƤƦLjdzơȁƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷDŽƟƢƸǴdzǂǧơȂƫơƿƛ
ƤƷƢǏǺǟǪūơȄǬǴƫǾǻơǽƽƢǬƬǟơȂǿȁƗŚǤdzơǪƷȄǴǟȃƾƬǠȇǾǻƗDŽƟƢūơDzȀƳȂǿƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷ Î
ȆǬǴƫƪǫȁȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǕǂƬnjȇȏȁǶȈLjƳƘǘƻǺǟƆƢƠNjƢǻDzȀŪơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȏƗǕǂnjƥȁǪƷ
ƢǷǑǂƬǨǷƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷȁȆLjǸŬơǵƽƢǬƬdzơǵƢŤƛǺǷơǀǿǾǠǼŻŃǮdzƿƾǠƥǾƬȈǻƩƔƢLJơƿƜǧǪūDŽƟƢūơ
džǰǠdzơƪƦưȇŃ

ÎÊ¿È¿@°·?N@X¸ísš?
˺˻ LEGAL TERMINOLOGY
 ¬ČÿĆÿ¦ð÷¥­¦¼øÜÔ}¥¬vƯą¹ÆÏUÈČ·Ć÷¥
13 ǹƗǾǻƘNjǺǷǹƢǯȅǀdzơȁǾƫǃƢȈƷĿDŽƟƢūơǾȈdzƛƾǼƬLjȇȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơƾǼLjdzơȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƤƦLjdzơ Ï
śǻơȂǫȁȅǂǐŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿȂǿȁǪƷƤƷƢǏȁƗǮdzƢǷǺǟǽƢǬǴƫƾǫǹƢǯDŽƟƢūơǹƗȂdzƨȈǰǴŭơDzǬǼȇ
ǞȈƦdzƢǧƨȈǏȁȁƗƾǬǠǯřȈǠdzơ ǪūơȁƗƨȈǰǴŭơDzǬǻǾǻƘNjǺǷ acte JuridiqueňȂǻƢǫǥǂǐƫȃǂƻƗ
ȂLJǁǶǰƷǮdzǀǯƆƢƸȈƸǏƆƢƦƦLJŐƬǠȇDzƥƢǬŠƔƢǧȂdzơȁƗƨǯǂNjĿƨǐƷʼnƾǬƫȁƗƨǔȇƢǬŭơȁƗƨƦŮơȁƗ
ȄǴǟƔȐȈƬLJȏơǾȈǧDzƻƽƗƿƛƶȈƸǐdzơƤƦLjdzơƧǂǰǧĿȅǁȂLjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞLJȂƫƾǫȁDŽƴūơƾǠƥƽơDŽŭơ
DŽƟƢūơȄǴǟǞǬȇƶȈƸǐdzơƤƦLjdzơƩƢƦƯƛȁƭǁȍơȁƩơȂŭơǑǁȋơ
ǽǂƯƗȁƤLjǰŭơǵƽƢǬƬdzơDZƢǸǟƛºÐ
ǞǔźŖdzơǵƢǰƷȌdzǾǷƢŤƾǠƥǾǼǟDZȁŗdzơǃơȂƳȁǾƥǮLjǸƬdzơƣȂƳȁƮȈƷǺǷƤLjǰŭơǵƽƢǬƬdzơǞǔź
ơǀđǮLjǸƬdzơǃơȂƳȁřȈǠdzơǪūơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơƤLjǰŭơǵƽƢǬƬdzơȄǴǟƤƫǂƬȇȁǖǬLjŭơǵƽƢǬƬdzơƢŮ
ńƛ ƩƽƗ Ŗdzơ ƧǃƢȈūơ Ɣƾƥ ƪǫȁ ńƛ ƤLjǰdzơ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǞƳǂȇȁ ȃȂǟƾdzơȁ Ǟǧƾdzơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƣƢLjƬǯȏơ
DZȐƻǪƥƢLjdzơǮdzƢŭơƢǿǁǂǫŖdzơǩȂǬūơǕȂǬLJȁǽƽǂƥ DŽƟƢūơǵơDŽdzƛǵƾǟǮdzƿȄǴǟƤƫǂƬȇȁǵƽƢǬƬdzơ
DŽƟƢūơƢȀƦƫǁŖdzơǩȂǬūơƿƢǨǻȁǵƽƢǬƬdzơǹƢȇǂLJ

ÎÊ¿È¿@°·?N@X¸ísš?
˺˼ LEGAL TERMINOLOGY
 ¬ČÿĆÿ¦ð÷¥­¦¼øÜÔ}¥¬vƯą¹ÆÏUÈČ·Ć÷¥
14 ́
 ËÒ?cLGØ?±Ê°XL·?
Pro-Active Investigation
ǪȈǬƸƬdzơƨǘǴLJƢǿǂNjƢƦƫŖdzơƩơƔơǂƳȍơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȂǿȁƨȈƟƢǼŪơƩơƔơǂƳȍơǹȂǻƢǫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷƾƷƗ
ǦnjºǯĿƾºȈǨƫŖºdzơƨdzƽȋơǺǟƤȈǬǼƬdzơȁƮƸƦdzơǥƾđƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƽƾƄơDzǰnjdzơĿ ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƥƢȈǼdzơ
ƨǬȈǬūơ

ÎÊ¿È¿@°·?N@X¸ísš?
˺˽ LEGAL TERMINOLOGY
 ¬ČÿĆÿ¦ð÷¥­¦¼øÜÔ}¥¬vƯą¹ÆÏUÈČ·Ć÷¥
15
̂
 ²@¬KfØ?±W
Easement /Servitude
ǂƻƕǁƢǬǟȄǴǟǎƼnjdzǭȂǴŲǁƢǬǠdzƧǁǂǬǷƨǠǨǼǷňȂǻƢǬdzơȁȆǟǂnjdzơƵȐǘǏȏơĿǩƢǨƫǁȏơǪƷȁ
ƨǠǨǼŭơǮǴǷDzȈƦǫǺǷǩƢǨƫǁȏơǪƷȁ ǮdzƿŚǣȁǁȁǂŭơȁDzȈLjŭơȁƣǂnjdzƢǯDZȁȋơŚǤdzǭȂǴŲ
ǮdzƢǷȂǿƨǠǨǼŭơǽǀǿǮdzƢǷȁƢǸȀƬȈǰǴǷƪǴǬƬǻơƢǸȀǷǵơȁƾdzơȄǴǟƢǸŮƨǠƥƢƫǺȇǁƢǬǟśƥƨǠǨǼǷȆǿȁ
ǪūơơǀǿƨȈǼȈǟȄǴƴƬƫƢǼǿǺǷȁǞǨƬǼŭơǁƢǬǠdzơ
ǪĉǨăƫąǂƌŭơ ǁƢǬǠdzơ ƨƸǴǐŭ ǵƽƢŬơ  Ǿƥ ǪƊǨăƫąǂƌŭơ ǁƢǬǠdzơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǺǷ ƨǐǬƬǼǷ ƨǠǨǼǷ Ǿƫơƿ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ Ȃǿȁ
ǵơȁƾdzơȄǴǟ ǵȁƾƼŭơ
ǁƢǬǠdzơ ǶǰŞ ǹƢƸƦǐȇ ƢǸĔƜǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj Ŀ ǵȁƾƼŭơȁ ǵƽƢŬơ  ǺȇǁƢǬǠdzơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ƪǠǸƬƳơ Ȃdzȁ
ơƿƛƆơƽƾů ǁƢƦƬǟȏơȁǁȂȀǜdzơńƛƽȂǠȇǹƗǺǰŻǾǻƗȄǴǟơǀǿ ǩƢǨƫǁȏơ ǪƷȆǨƬźƢǿƾǼǟȁƾƷơȂdzơ
śǐƼNjńƛƢǸȀǼǷDzǯǺǟDZǃƢǼƫơƿƛȁƗƾȇƾƳǮdzƢŭǺȇǁƢǬǠdzơǺȇǀǿƾƷƗǺǟǮdzƢŭơơǀǿDZǃƢǼƫ
śǨǴƬű
ȏ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǝƢǓȁȌdz ƆƢǬǧȁ ƢǿƚnjǼǷ ǹƢǯ ƢǸȀǷ ǩƢǨƫǁȏơ ǩȂǬƷ DZƢǸǠƬLJơ ǹƗ ǾƬǜƷȐǷ ǁƾš ƢŲȁ
ĈƾǠĄȇƢŠǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơȃǂƳơƿƎƛƢǷƗ ǵȁƾƼŭơǁƢǬǠdzơǮdzƢǷ ǪūơƤƷƢǏȄǴǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơȅƗǾȈǴǟƤƫǂƬƫ
ǮdzƢǷǹƜǧǵƽƢŬơǁƢǬǠdzơǮdzƢǷƪƥƢǏƗŖdzơǁơǂǓȋơǒǠƥǮdzƿǺǟƲƬǻȁȆǠȈƦǘdzơǞǓȂdzơȄǴǟƧƽƢȇǃ
ǁǂǓǺǷǾƥƢǏƗƢǸǟǵƽƢŬơǁƢǬǠdzơƤƷƢǏǒȇȂǠƫǵDŽƬǴȇǵȁƾƼŭơǁƢǬǠdzơ

•B§M A ÔBq ÅG ÁeB³ºA ef§ºA Ÿ ÔB³»ºA •G

ÎÊ¿È¿@°·?N@X¸ísš?
˺˾ LEGAL TERMINOLOGY