SY BBA - IB UNIVERSITY OF PUNE

PROJECT REPORT ON

“ENVIRNOMENT POLLUTION”

SUBMITTED TO

SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

As A PARTIAL FULFILMENT

FOR THE REQUIREMENT OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

(INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS)

YEAR 2023-24

SUBMITTED BY

MISS. PRIYANKA DANANE

S.Y. BBA (IB)

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CONTENT
SR.NO TITLE PAGE NO.
1. Introduction of Environment Pollution 3
2. Causes of Environment Pollution 4
3. Air Pollution 5
4. Causes and types 6
5. Effects of Air Pollution 7
6. Water Pollution 8
7. Causes 9
8. Effects of Water Pollution 10

9. Soil Pollution 11

10. Causes 12

11. Effects of Soil pollution 13

12. Marine Pollution 14

13. Causes 15

14. Effects of Marine Pollution 16

15. Noise Pollution 17

16. Causes 18

17. Effects of Noise Pollution 19

18. Thermal Pollution 20

19. Causes 21

20. Effects of Thermal pollution 22

21. Nuclear Pollution 23

22. Causes 24

23. Effects of Nuclear Pollution 25

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ENVIRNOMENT POLLUTION

Definition: Environmental pollution is the unfavourable alteration of our surroundings,

wholly or largely as a by-product of man's actions, through direct or indirect effects of the
changes in the energy pattern, radiation levels, and chemical and physical constitution and
abundance of organisms.

Although environmental pollution can be caused by natural events such as forest fires and
active volcanoes, use of the word pollution generally implies that the contaminants have an
anthropogenic source that is, a source created by human activities. Pollution has accompanied
humankind ever since groups of

People first congregated and remained for a long time in any one place. Indeed, ancient
human settlements are frequently recognized by their wastes shell mounds and rubble heaps,
for instance.

Most of the pollution is due to person-made elements. For example, a group of people makes
a car, and it emits harmful gases, which lead to air pollution.

The natural occurrences we can’t stop, but the things that we make, we must do something to
prevent our environment from getting polluted. Here’s a recent news article showing how the
Yamuna river is contaminated with high levels of Ammonia as stated in the article.

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CAUSES OF ENVIRNOMENT POLLUTION

• Burning of Fossil Fuels – such as coal, oil, gasoline to produce energy for electricity
or transportation
• Automobiles – gases emitted from vehicles
Agricultural Activities – the insecticides, pesticides and fertilizers emit harmful
chemicals. Burning stubble and farm residue also contribute to pollution.
• Factories and Industries – emits carbon monoxide, organic compounds, hydrocarbons
and chemicals.
• Mining Activities – dust and chemicals are released while extracting minerals from
the earth
• Domestic Sources – household cleaning products and paints contain toxic chemicals
• Construction and Demolition – raw materials such as bricks and concrete cause haze
and foul air
• Open burning of Garbage waste
• Microbial Decaying process – Decaying of the microorganisms present in the
surrounding releases methane gas, which is highly toxic.
• Volcanic eruptions- volcanoes release enough sulphur dioxides into the air and
influence global cooling.

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AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution is define as the composition of air is distributed due to presence of gas, smoke,
dust, chemical particulate etc., which are injurious to human being, plant and animal. Air
pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or
biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere.

Household combustion devices, motor vehicles, industrial facilities and forest fires are
common sources of air pollution. Pollutants of major public health concern include
particulate matter, carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide.

WHO data show that almost all of the global population (99%) breathe air that exceeds WHO
guideline limits and contains high levels of pollutants, with low- and middle-income
countries suffering from the highest exposures.

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TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION

• Primary pollutant: Pollutants that are emitted directly from the human or natural
activity are known as primary pollutant. For example, CO2, SO2, NO2x, particulate
matter, hydrocarbons etc.

• Secondary pollutant: When primary pollutants are, react with atmospheric

moisture content then a new category of pollutants is form, known as secondary
pollutant. For example, carbonic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid etc.

CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION

• Urbanization
• Population
• Deforestation
• Industrialization
• Vehicle emission

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MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS AND THEIR EFFECTS

a) Carbon Dioxide : The concentration of CO2 gas increase in atmosphere due to

emission from vehicles, burning of fossil fuel, emission from volcano, industries,
agriculture activity etc., it increase greenhouse effect which cause global warming and
climate change.

b) Carbon monoxide: Carbon monoxide gas release after incomplete combustion of

fossil fuel or other product. The source of CO is vehicle emission burning of coal,
biomass combustion etc.

c) Sulphuric dioxide: SO2 releases from oil refineries, volcanic eruption and
chemical industries etc. sulphuric dioxide react with moisture to from secondary
pollutant, which causes eye irritation. It can also cause allergic reaction and asthma.

d) Lead: Tetra ethyl lead used as anti-knocking agents in petrol for smooth function
vehicle, lead particle coming out from the exhaust of vehicle and mixed with air. It
causes injurious effect on kidney and liver. It also lowers down the intelligence power
in children.

e) Nitrogen oxide: It release from vehicle exhaust, volcanic eruption, lighting etc.
like SO2, it also react with moisture content present in atmosphere and causes eye
irritation.

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WATER POLLUTION

Water pollution occurs when harmful substances—often chemicals or microorganisms—

contaminate a stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body of water, degrading water
quality and rendering it toxic to humans or the environment.

This widespread problem of water pollution is jeopardizing our health. Unsafe water kills
more people each year than war and all other forms of violence combined. Meanwhile, our
drinkable water sources are finite: Less than 1 percent of the earths freshwater is actually
accessible to us. Without action, the challenges will only increase by 2050, when global
demand for freshwater is expected to be one-third greater than it is now.

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CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION

It is sometimes caused by nature, such as when mercury filters from the Earth's crust,
polluting oceans, rivers, lakes, canals and reservoirs. However, the most common cause of
poor quality water is human activity and its consequences, which we will now go on to
explain:

• Global warming
Rising global temperatures caused by CO2 emissions heat the water, reducing its oxygen
content.

• Deforestation
Felling forests can exhaust water resources and generate organic residue, which becomes a
breeding ground for harmful bacteria.

• Industry, agriculture and livestock farming

Chemical dumping from these sectors is one of the main causes of eutrophication of water.

• Rubbish and faecal water dumping

The UN says that more than 80% of the world's sewage finds its way into seas and rivers
untreated.

• Maritime traffic
Much of the plastic pollution in the ocean comes from fishing boats, tankers and cargo
shipping.

• Fuel spillages
The transportation and storage of oil and its derivatives is subject to leakage that pollutes our
water resources.

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EFFECTS ON HUMAN
Deteriorating water quality is damaging the environment, health conditions and the global
economy. The president of the World Bank, David Malpass, warns of the economic impact:
"Deteriorating water quality is stalling economic growth and exacerbating poverty in many
countries". The explanation is that, when biological oxygen demand — the indicator that
measures the organic pollution found in water — exceeds a certain threshold, the growth in
the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the regions within the associated water basins falls by
a third. In addition, here are some of the other consequences:

• Destruction of biodiversity. Water pollution depletes aquatic ecosystems and

triggers unbridled proliferation of phytoplankton in lakes eutrophication.
• Contamination of the food chain. Fishing in polluted waters and the use of
wastewater for livestock farming and agriculture can introduce toxins into foods,
which are harmful to our health when eaten.
• Lack of potable water. The UN says that billions of people around the world have no
access to clean water to drink or sanitation, particularly in rural areas.
• Disease. The WHO estimates that about 2 billion people have no option but to drink
water contaminated by excrement, exposing them to diseases such as cholera,
hepatitis A and dysentery.
• Infant mortality. According to the UN, diarrhoeal diseases linked to lack of hygiene
cause the death of about 1,000 children a day worldwide.

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SOIL POLLUTION

Soil pollution refers to the contamination of soil with anomalous concentrations of

toxic substances.

It is a serious environmental concern since it harbours many health hazards. For

example, exposure to soil containing high concentrations of benzene increases the
risk of contracting leukaemia. An image detailing the discolouration of soil due to
soil pollution is provided below.
It is important to understand that all soils contain compounds that are harmful/toxic
to human beings and other living organisms. However, the concentration of such
substances in unpolluted soil is low enough that they do not pose any threat to the
surrounding ecosystem. When the concentration of one or more such toxic
substances is high enough to cause damage to living organisms, the soil is said to be
contaminated.

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CAUSE OF SOIL POLLUTION

a) Soil erosion: Removal or movement of top soil from one place to another place is
known as soil erosion, it is natural process. However, the erosion enhances by human
activities like mining, construction, new land for agriculture practises, deforestation,
overgrazing etc. Due to erosion, soil become less fertile and erosion also reduce the
soil water holding capacity.

b) Excess use of Fertilizers: chemical fertilizers to increase the crop yield or

productivity supply essential micronutrients like N, P, and K. The microorganism
present in the soil converts nitrogen into nitrate ions; enter into food chain from soil
distributing the biochemical process.

c) Acid Rain: Acid rain increases the acidity of soil, which reduces the crop yield.

d) Salinity of water: Due to excessive irrigation, concentration of soluble salt

increase in soil, then productivity and quality of soil decrease. These salts deposit on
the surface then diffusion of oxygen and drainage of water in soil does not occur
therefore growth of plant is slow down

e) Industrial waste: Various pollutants present in the environment from industrial

waste. Discharge from chemical industries, fertilizer and pharmaceutical companies
are highly polluting.

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EFFECTS ON HUMAN BEING

Soil contaminants can exist in all three phases (solid, liquid, and gaseous). Therefore, these
contaminants can find their way into the human body via several channels such as direct
contact with the skin or through the inhalation of contaminated soil dust.

The short-term effects of human exposure to polluted soil include

• Headaches, nausea, and vomiting.

• Coughing, pain in the chest, and wheezing.

• Irritation of the skin and the eyes.

• Fatigue and weakness.

A variety of long-term ailments has been linked to soil pollution. Some such diseases are
listed below.

• Exposure to high levels of lead can result in permanent damage to the nervous system.
Children are particularly vulnerable to lead.

• Depression of the CNS (Central Nervous System).

• Damage to vital organs such as the kidney and the liver.

• Higher risk of developing cancer.

It can be noted that many soil pollutants such as petroleum hydrocarbons and industrial
solvents have been linked to congenital disorders in humans. Thus, soil pollution can have
several negative effects on human health

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MARINE POLLUTION

Pollution is defined as the process of introducing harmful or poisonous substances into the
natural environment. Ocean pollution is therefore defined as the introduction of toxic
materials such as plastic, oil, chemicals, agricultural waste, and industrial waste into the
ocean waters.

Chemical contamination, or nutrient pollution, is concerning for health, environmental, and

economic reasons. This type of pollution occurs when human activities, notably the use of
fertilizer on farms, lead to the runoff f of chemicals into waterways that ultimately flow into
the ocean. The increased concentration of chemicals, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, in the
coastal ocean promotes the growth of algal blooms, which can be toxic to wildlife and
harmful to humans. The negative effects on health and the environment caused by algal
blooms hurt local fishing and tourism industries.

Marine trash encompasses all manufactured products most of them plastic that end up in the
ocean. Littering, storm winds, and poor waste management all contribute to the accumulation

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CAUSES OF MARINE POLLUTION

• Rivers receive huge amount of sewage, garbage, pesticides, toxic chemical from
industries ends up in the sea.

• Dumping of radioactive element, discharge of oils and petroleum product into the sea
also causes marine pollution.

• Large amount of plastic bags dumped into sea also causes marine pollution.

• The waste material from container ships like gases, chemicals, and sewage also causes
marine pollution.

• Greenhouse gases release from burning of fossil fuel, dissolve in the seawater and
making seawater more acidic.

• Deep sea mining also causes marine pollution.

• Natural occurrences: more than just humans cause marine pollution. Excess heat in
bodies of water can be caused by natural factors such as geothermal vents, hot
springs, and volcanoes. In addition, lightning can cause heat to be released into bodies
of water.

• Surface runoff from paved areas: Water temperature can be influenced by runoff from
parking lots, roadways, and other surfaces. Temperatures might rise during the
summer, resulting in warm water discharge. Marine pollution can occur if runoff
reaches sewer systems and aquatic bodies.

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EFFECTS OF HUMAN BEING

a) Dumping of sewage, chemicals, organic matters into ocean can results in

depletion of oxygen. Due to depletion of oxygen, it is hard to survive aquatic
plants animals.

b) Discharge of oil and petroleum products into the ocean, can block the sunlight,
which is used by aquatic plants for photosynthesis.

c) Many aquatic animals and marine birds ingest small piece of plastic, causes
gastro-intestinal disorder and damage the tissue of eggs.

d) When greenhouse gas like CO2 when dissolve, increase the acidity of
seawater ad affect the aquatic plant and animal.

e) Marine animals also mistake small plastic debris for food or become entangled
in or strangled by plastic bags and discarded fishing nets. Animals most
vulnerable to harm from plastic debris in the ocean include dolphins, fish,
sharks, turtles, seabirds and crabs.

f) Sea animals are frequent victims of ocean pollution. Oil spills, for instance,
will ensnare and suffocate marine animals by permeating their gills. When the
oil gets into seabird feathers, they may not be able to fly or feed their young.
Animals that are not killed by crude oil may suffer from cancer, behavioural
changes and become unable to reproduce.

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NOISE POLLUTION
The word noise is derived from the Latin word ‘Nausea’, which means sickness in which one
feels the need to vomit. Noise is the unpleasant and undesirable sound, which leads to
discomfort in human beings. The intensity of sound is measured in decibels (dB).

The faintest sound that the human ear can hear is one Db. Due to increasing noise around the
civilizations; noise pollution has become a matter of concern. Some of its major causes are
vehicles, aircraft, industrial machines, loudspeakers, crackers, etc. When used at high
volume, some other appliances also contribute to noise pollution, like television, transistor,
radio, etc.

Noise pollution, or sound pollution, is the propagation of noise or sound with ranging impacts
on the activity of human or animal life, most of which are harmful to a degree. The source of
outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines, transport and propagation systems.

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CAUSES OF NOISE POLLUTION

• Industrial Activities
C&D activities, industrial processes, loud machinery processes, etc. can generate noise.
Moreover, excessive noise from industrial processes can reduce productivity and increase
worker safety risks.

• Entertainment activities
Loud music, fireworks, etc. can cause an excessive amount of noise. Long-term exposure to
loud noise from recreational activities can also cause hearing loss and other related health
problems.

• Urbanization
Increased urbanization, including the construction of buildings and roads, can lead to
increased noise pollution. Noise pollution in urban areas can also have an impact on wildlife,
changing their behaviour and communication patterns.

• Natural disasters
Natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes, and
thunderstorms can also cause noise pollution through the sound of strong winds, thunder, and
other related sounds.

• Household activities
Various household activities such as vacuum cleaning, blenders, and certain household
appliances can generate noise. Noise can be annoying to family members, neighbours, and
even pets, resulting in increased stress.

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EEFECTS ON HUMAN BEING

As well as damaging our hearing by causing tinnitus or deafness, constant loud noise can
damage human health in many ways, particularly in the very young and the very old. Here are
some of the main ones:

• Physical
Respiratory agitation, racing pulse, high blood pressure, headaches and, in case of extremely
loud, constant noise, gastritis, colitis and even heart attacks.

• Psychological
Noise can cause attacks of stress, fatigue, depression, anxiety and hysteria in both humans
and animals.

• Sleep and behavioural disorders

Noise above 45 dB stops you from falling asleep or sleeping properly. Remember that
according to the World Health Organization it should be no more than 30 db. Loud noise can
have latent effects on our behaviour, causing aggressive behaviour and irritability.

• Memory and concentration

Noise may affect people's ability to focus, which can lead to low performance over time. It is
also bad for the memory, making it hard to study.

Interestingly, our ears need more than 16 hours' rest to make up for two hours of exposure to
100 db.

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THERMAL POLLUTION
Thermal pollution is any sudden change in the temperature of a natural body of water.
Normally rivers, lakes, and oceans maintain a steady temperature. They gain heat from
sunlight, warm currents, and hot springs, but they disperse this heat naturally.

However, when a large amount of hot or cold water is dumped in, this overwhelms the
natural balance. The water temperature shifts, throwing the ecosystem into disarray. Thermal
pollution alters the water chemistry and harms plants and animals, causing stress, disease, and
even death.

Most cases of thermal pollution involve excess heat. However, too little heat or, to put it
another way, too much cold water can also cause problems.

Thermal pollution, sometimes called "thermal enrichment", is the degradation of water

quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature. Thermal pollution is the rise
or drop in the temperature of a natural body of water caused by human influence. Thermal
pollution, unlike chemical pollution, results in a change in the physical properties of water. A
common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and
industrial manufacturers.

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CAUSES OF THERMAL POLLUTION

Many human and natural factors contribute to the problem of thermal pollution. The single
biggest cause of thermal pollution is probably cooling for industrial machinery and power
plants. Water is an excellent, and free, cooling agent. This is why many industrial operations
pull in relatively cool water to cool their machinery and let the relatively warm water flow
back into the river or lake or sea.

Thermal pollution also has some natural causes. Geothermal vents and hot springs introduce
excess heat into bodies of water. Soil erosion, deforestation, and runoff from paved areas are
other artificial sources of hot water. Deforestation eliminates shade, which exposes the water
to sunlight. Water on hot paved surfaces gets hot, and then runs off into nearby bodies of
water, raising the water temperature. Retention ponds can also be a source of thermal shock
because the relatively small and shallow bodies of water can absorb quite a bit of heat energy
from the sun. Pumping that water directly into a river, lake, or bay causes a significant
temperature increase, just like pouring a hot pitcher of water into a bathtub full of water
causes the water to jump a few degrees Fahrenheit.

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EFFECTS ON HUMAN BEING

• Decreased Dissolved Oxygen:

Warm water holds less oxygen than cool water. If the oxygen level drops animals that cannot
move to another area may begin to die. In deeper bodies of water, the injection of warm water
can keep oxygen from dispersing into deep water, which is potentially good for bacteria but
dangerous for aquatic animals.

• Migration:

Fish and amphibians may move away from the warm water to a more-suitable location,
disrupting the ecosystem for animals that remain. Birds may also be forced to leave in search
of areas with more food.

• Increased Toxins:

Toxins in the water are more a side effect of dumping wastewater than a direct effect of
thermal pollution. Chemical pollution is an almost inevitable side effect of using water for
cooling.

• Loss of Biodiversity:

The sudden heating can kill off vulnerable organisms or drive them away. This is one of
many serious issues for threatened and endangered animal species. This loss can come from
organisms dying from the hot water, being unable to reproduce as effectively as before, or
simply leaving the area. We usually think of animals as casualties of water pollution, but
multi-celled aquatic plants are also at risk when thermal pollution changes the local aquatic
ecosystem.

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NUCLEAR POLLUTION
Nuclear pollution is sometimes also referred to as radioactive contamination. It is the
deposition or presence of radioactive materials within solids, liquids, gases, or on surfaces.
Their presence within these bodies may be undesirable or unintentional. Today, however, we
commonly refer to nuclear pollution as pollution of the atmosphere by radiation or
radioactive particles.

Before we go on to understand nuclear pollution, let us take a small physics lesson about
radioactivity. Some elements in nature are unstable in their natural state. Therefore, the atoms
of these elements have an unstable nucleus. To achieve stability, the nucleus will begin
releasing radiation. We call this phenomenon radioactive decay or radioactivity. How does
this relate to nuclear pollution and nuclear power? Well, we obtain nuclear energy through
radioactivity. We call it nuclear energy because it is the energy released from the nucleus of
the atom. In short, radioactively decaying particles provide us with nuclear energy.

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CAUSES OF NUCLEAR POLLUTION

1. Nuclear Accidents from Nuclear Energy Generation Plants

In the postmodern world, various forms of energy are being discovered. Among them is
nuclear energy, which is touted to be the most potent energy source due to its high latent
power, and that is because of its high level of radiation.

2. The Use of Nuclear Weapons as Weapons of Mass Destruction

(WMD)

The use of nuclear missiles and atomic bombs, a form of nuclear energy, in the
Second World War explains not only the cause but also the damaging nature of
radioactive pollution or contamination.

3. Use of Radioisotopes

Radioisotopes offer various applications in the industrial sector, particularly in

detection technologies. Certain isotopes, such as uranium, possess high levels of
radiation, while radioactive materials containing carbon can conveniently and
inadvertently contaminate waterways through sewage lines.

4. Mining

Mining is primarily the act of digging up mineral ores to be broken down into
manageable pieces. Naturally, occurring elements such as Radium and Uranium
contain radioactivity and are among these minerals.

5. Spillage of Radioactive Chemicals

There have been instances of spillages over oceans when ships hit glaciers or coral
reefs. These accidents end up releasing chemicals into waterways and the atmosphere.

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EFFECTS ON HUMAN BEING

• The immediate and closest to the source, experience Radiation Sickness. In small
doses of 75-200 rems. One experiences vomiting, fatigue and loss of appetite. At
higher exposures of 300 rem and more changes in the blood cells and bleeding occurs.

• Those exposed from a distance may not show any immediate symptom. However, the
tendency to develop various forms of cancers and have a shortened life span is seen.
Radiation also causes cell mutations, which can be transferred to the next generation.

• Foetuses are affected with birth defects and cancers. They may also have a shorter life
span.

• Plants die and some show genetic changes and stunted growth. Animals are also
affected and do not survive for too long.

• The radiation in the atmosphere will not dissipate quickly. Every water source will
also be affected. In fact, it may take years or centuries to reach a point where such a
space may become habitable.

• An average person will be exposed to about 180-milli rem of radiation in a year from
exposure to natural radiation, medical and dental X rays, Colour TVs, airport baggage
X rays etc.

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