Title: The Challenges of Crafting a Research Paper on Leukemia

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Fifty four year old Regina was just diagnosed with leukemia. So the patients can present with
anemia and associated symptoms of shortness of breath, fatigue and pallor. In the United States, the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has enforced limits on concentrations of benzene in
drinking water, with the ultimate aim being to abolish it altogether. The first breakthrough came in
the 1600s with the development of the primitive compound microscope by Anton van Leeuwenhoek,
who went on to identify human red blood cells; this was followed by descriptions of white cells and
lymphocytes in the late eighteenth century. Furthermore, 5q deletions are also common in AML
patients who have been exposed to benzene or alkylating agents. Leukemia is characterized by an
increase of abnormal white cells in the blood and bone marrow. Initially, increased risks of leukemia,
predominantly AML, were reported among workers with high levels of benzene exposure in the
chemical, shoemaking, and oil-refining industries, whereas more recently studies have focused on
workers with lower exposure. There are certain protocols for chemotherapy that shows variable
outcome. The largest area of interest for ALL, particularly with respect to childhood ALL, remains
the potential etiological role of the timing and dose of exposure to infectious agents. It also occurs in
adults around the age of 50 at a low incidence rate. Mortality rates for leukemia are slightly higher in
men (8.2 per 100 000 per year) than in women (7.2). During the last decade in the UK, there has
been a small decrease in the European age-standardized mortality rate for leukemia in women; by
contrast, there has been a small increase in the rate for men. Other rarer forms include hairy cell
leukemia and prolymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia does not only have physical health effects on the
patient, it can also have effects on the society, economy and psychological well being of the patient.
Allogeneic bone marrow transplant remains the only curative therapy. T and B cells in their normal
province are responsible for acknowledging foreign antigens and so bring forthing antibodies to
neutralize ( T ) and kill ( B ) pathogens ( leukemia-lymphoma.org ). In the long term these cells are
what construct up a individuals unsusceptibilities. The association of both germ-line and somatic
mutations in the FA pathway with AML susceptibility has been considered. At the beginning of the
nineteenth century, there were reports of patients with irregularities of the blood, but it was almost
100 years after the identification of white blood cells that leukemia was first reported as a distinct
clinical entity (Bennett, 1845; Virchow, 1845). The National Institute of Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration have limited occupational
exposures to benzene to 1 part per million during an average working day; they also recommend
personal protective equipment such as respirators. It was from this point onward that the presence of
primitive myeloblasts and lymphoblasts in the circulating blood formed a classic diagnosis of acute
leukemia. Several potential mechanisms by which exogenous agents, including environmental factors
and drugs, could impact on childhood leukemia susceptibility have been identified. The association
of both germ-line and somatic mutations in the FA pathway with AML susceptibility has been
considered. In addition, it has been proposed that benzene metabolites may act as DNA
topoisomerase II inhibitors, and induce abnormalities at 11q23. However, the list of topoisomerase
inhibitors is extensive and includes specific chemotherapeutic agents such as etoposide but also
benzene metabolites (derived from cigarette smoke and pollution for instance), bioflavonoids, herbal
medicines, anthraquinone laxatives, podophyllin resin, quinolone antibiotics, pesticides, and most
phenolic chemicals and their metabolites. One item particular to chronic myelogenous leukaemia is
the characteristic familial abnormalcy that involves portion of chromosome 9 translocating to
chromosome 22; this is referred to as the Philadelphia chromosome ( mayoclinic.com ). One group is
associated with exposure to chemotherapeutic alkylating agents and is characterized by chromosomal
abnormalities involving chromosomes 5 and 7. M6:erythroleuk emia (Di Guglielmo disease)
M7:megakaryoblastic leukemia. Moreover, the attention concentrated on AMKL has somewhat
obscured the fact that ALL, and not AML, remains the most common form of leukemia in children
with Down’s syndrome. The segregation by age of these different subtypes may account for the
marked prognostic differences between infants, children, and adults (Greaves, 1999). Common ALL
is the most frequent, accounting for 50% of all cases of childhood ALL. Common ALL is the most
frequent, accounting for 50% of all cases of childhood ALL.
The most important are the transition from G1 to S phase and G2 to M phase. Upload Read for free
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Scribd. Conversely, those chromosomal alterations that confer a good prognosis, such as high
hyperdiploidy and the t(12;21) translocation, are less frequently seen in adults. For women, leukemia
rates are also highest in Australia, New Zealand, and North America, in addition to Polynesia, and
are lowest in Western Africa, South-Central Asia, and Melanesia. The most common treatment of
Leukemia is chemotherapy. Inherited genetic abnormalities in the ataxia-telangiectasia gene have also
been associated with an increased risk of developing CLL. Leukemia is classified based on whether
the disease is acute or chronic. Some studies have shown that exposure to high-energy radiation
increases chances of contracting leukemia. This leukemia is different from AML which involves the
myeloid blast cells whilst ALL involves lymphoblasts. Although current data provide little evidence
of a role for inherited FA gene mutations in AML susceptibility, reduced levels and in some cases a
total absence of FA proteins has been observed in both AML cell lines and primary AML samples.
Alongside these discoveries, it was observed that non-nucleated red blood cells formed from
nucleated red blood cells in the bone marrow, and that the bone marrow also produced white blood
cells. One other important factor in the pathogenesis of leukemia is the role that chromosomal
abnormalities play in the development, classification, and outcome of the disease. For women,
leukemia rates are also highest in Australia, New Zealand, and North America, in addition to
Polynesia, and are lowest in Western Africa, South-Central Asia, and Melanesia. The marrows
primogenitor cells so begin to make an unnatural sum of white cells through mitosis ( umm.edu ). In
some instances the cells are undeveloped root cells and in other instances the cells develop
abnormally ( wikipedia.org ). In both instances the quickly spliting cells crowd the bone marrow, go
forthing less room and energy for the production of ruddy cells, thrombocytes and functional white
cells. The paucity of historical human data on this topic, coupled with the fact that workers nowadays
are routinely exposed to much lower doses, means that additional human data on this topic are
unlikely to accrue. Currently improved treatments are being tested in the clinic that will be able to
reduce these risks and limitations. These include the Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), acute
myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML),
adult T-Cell leukemia and hairy cell leukemia (Davidson et al 2009; Kumar et al 2005). The first
breakthrough came in the 1600s with the development of the primitive compound microscope by
Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who went on to identify human red blood cells; this was followed by
descriptions of white cells and lymphocytes in the late eighteenth century. Many of these tend to
occur in younger patients and are generally associated with a good response to therapy, often a high
rate of complete remission and a favorable outcome. Controversy surrounded the claims that
leukemia was a separate disease entity but as the number of case reports increased along with
pathological and clinical details, it gradually became accepted in its own right as a distinct disease.
Furthermore, topoisomerase II inhibitors have been found in specific fruits, tea, coffee, wine, soy,
and cocoa and it is quite likely that many other chemicals that have the ability to inhibit this enzyme
have yet to be identified. Steroids, vincristine, and asparaginase with or without anthracycline, are
generally used as induction therapy. The lymphoblast was also shown to be the cell in the lymphoid
line that produced lymphocytes, thus confirming that the cell lineages were distinct. Controversy
surrounded the claims that leukemia was a separate disease entity but as the number of case reports
increased along with pathological and clinical details, it gradually became accepted in its own right
as a distinct disease. Development of new treatments for CML has also been focused on the presence
of the t(9;22) translocation: Chemical agents have been generated that block the tyrosine kinase
activity of the abnormal BCR-ABL protein. Today, it is reported that over 70% of cases of acute
lymphoblastic leukemia diagnosed in children under 15 years are cured, although improvements have
been more limited in adults. The acute leukemias are divided into myeloid or lymphoid based on the
lineage of the blast cells. The four major types of leukemia are identified by combining the acute and
chronic categories with the type of cell involved. The incidence in women is lower (9.7 per 100 000).
In the UK, the estimated incidence is high compared with other parts of the world, in particular for
men (13.8 per 100 000), in whom it is the ninth most common malignancy.
A certain compound that was found to battle against lymphoma, a cancer of the lymph nodes, was
nitrogen mustard. Common ALL is the most frequent, accounting for 50% of all cases of childhood
ALL. A number of acquired genetic abnormalities, including trisomy 21, are associated with a higher
risk of specific leukemia subtypes and much may be learned from focusing on those groups. As with
most other malignant diseases, leukemia is more common in men than women, with more than 56%
of all new diagnoses seen in men. The tissues swell which makes it harder for the bone marrow to
produce other blood cells. However, with the dedication of nurses and adherence to treatment from
patients, becoming a functional member of society and leading a full life is more than an achievable
goal. In the UK, the estimated incidence is high compared with other parts of the world, in particular
for men (13.8 per 100 000), in whom it is the ninth most common malignancy. In addition,
conditions such as myelodysplastic syndromes, myeloproliferative disorders, pernicious anemia,
recovery from aplastic anemia, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria have all been linked with
AML. In 1900, Naegeli described a new cell type, the myeloblast, which was shown to be an
ancestor of the granulocyte. Research Papers explore this silent killer since there are no clear warning
signs. There are a some instances where based on age and other wellness factors these interventions
airss excessively high a hazard; in these instances a quality over measure of life attack is taken where
intervention aims toward alleviating the symptoms of the leukaemia instead than remedy. Lymph
node enlargement is present due to the lymphocytes infiltrating the bone marrow, which then causes
pulmonary symptoms. Most adults in the early stages of CLL require no treatment, but others need
to be closely monitored for the progression and aggression of the disease. The success story to date
has been the treatment of childhood leukemia, because over 80% of all cases now survive for long
periods and may be considered cured. Cytogenetic analysis is doubly beneficial and it provides
information about chromosomal abnormalities that not only correlate with particular subtypes of ALL
but also with prognosis. Furthermore, topoisomerase II inhibitors have been found in specific fruits,
tea, coffee, wine, soy, and cocoa and it is quite likely that many other chemicals that have the ability
to inhibit this enzyme have yet to be identified. Although cancer in children is getting to the point
where it is becoming rare or well it may seem that way, one in every three hundred and fifty
American children will start to develop the symptoms of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia just by the
time they would reach the age of 21. Exposure to benzene can either be through inhalation or skin
absorption with inhalation of contaminated air the primary route of exposure. The pathological
condition affects the males more commonly. There are numerous pains that are associated Acute
Lymphoblastic Leukemia which include excessive brusing, joint pain, bome pain, enlarged lymp
nodes and swelling of stoamch. Inherited genetic abnormalities in the ataxia-telangiectasia gene have
also been associated with an increased risk of developing CLL. Their results suggested that the
highest risks were seen in those with highest accumulated ionizing radiation doses prior to
conception, either over their total duration of exposure or during the preceding 6 months. In real life
leukaemia means that the life of an individual is transformed into the constant and tiring fight with
nature and surroundings. Exposures acting before birth and early in life have long been thought to be
important determinants of the disease in children. To diagnose leukemia doctors have to insert a
needle into the bone marrow to extract it and then then view it under a microscope to see if it has
any abnormalities that relate to that of leukemia. In 1849, Virchow observed that more than one type
of the disease existed; these were described as splenic and lymphatic, the former associated with
splenomegaly and the latter with large lymph nodes and cells in the blood that resembled those in the
lymph nodes (Virchow, 1849). The disease’s development has also been correlated with exposure to
chemical agents, chemotherapeutic agents, radiation, untreated viruses, and deficiencies in the
immune system. E e cummings civil engineering assignment organic chemistry. Feline Leukemia
virus causes more deceases in cats than any other disease ( wellness communities, 2001 ). Imatinib
mesylate is a synthetic drug belonging to the 2-phenyl amino-pyrimidine group. Furthermore,
topoisomerase II inhibitors have been found in specific fruits, tea, coffee, wine, soy, and cocoa and it
is quite likely that many other chemicals that have the ability to inhibit this enzyme have yet to be
identified.
The official journal of the Society for translational oncology. Vol. 5 no. 4 p321-328. Chemotherpay is
the mainstay for treating any leukemia. A decrease in the number and maturation of white blood
cells is an expected result of leukemia treatment. Paraproteinaemias may be associated with life-
threatening haematologic malignancies but can also be an incidental finding requiring only
observation. Report this Document Download now Save Save Leukemia Essay For Later 0 ratings
0% found this document useful (0 votes) 393 views 4 pages Leukemia Essay Uploaded by danaraj
MYP, biology essay on cancer(leukemia). - how leukemia occurs. Deletion of the gene associated
with AT, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), has been reported in CLL. The greatest risk for
exposure to high doses of benzene occurs in the workplace, although the most common exposure to
lower doses of benzene occurs in the general environment. Receiving a diagnosis of any cancer type,
especially blood cancer, may seem scary and almost impossible to defeat. Thus in 1948, it was shown
for the first time that it was possible to obtain temporary remission in patients with acute leukemia
following treatment with folate antagonists. The terminology acute and chronic refer to the nature of
disease onset and the maturity of the affected cell. We report here the analysis of 12 PCL (10
primary and two secondary) by metaphase and FISH analysis combined with oligonucleotide array
data (244 k, Agilent). He also proposed his cellular theory of the origin of leukemia, which has been
fundamental to present-day understanding of the condition. The paucity of historical human data on
this topic, coupled with the fact that workers nowadays are routinely exposed to much lower doses,
means that additional human data on this topic are unlikely to accrue. Today, it is reported that over
70% of cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia diagnosed in children under 15 years are cured,
although improvements have been more limited in adults. In addition, conditions such as
myelodysplastic syndromes, myeloproliferative disorders, pernicious anemia, recovery from aplastic
anemia, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria have all been linked with AML. The lymphoblast
was also shown to be the cell in the lymphoid line that produced lymphocytes, thus confirming that
the cell lineages were distinct. There are numerous pains that are associated Acute Lymphoblastic
Leukemia which include excessive brusing, joint pain, bome pain, enlarged lymp nodes and swelling
of stoamch. It results in the production of a chimeric protein with increased tyrosine kinase activity.
Table 2 Different clustering methods used in the analysis of microarray data Clustering Method
Information about method Hierarchical clustering: agglomerative Each object is considered a cluster.
AML that arises in people with FA is associated with a high incidence of myelodysplasia and other
unfavorable clinical features, and it is possible that this is due to abnormal susceptibility to DNA
damage, global genomic instability, or a combination of both. Steroids, vincristine, and asparaginase
with or without anthracycline, are generally used as induction therapy. Since infant leukemia is also
characterized by 11q23 translocations, it is possible therefore that in utero exposure to topoisomerase
inhibitors could also be important in infant leukemia risk. Alongside these discoveries, it was
observed that non-nucleated red blood cells formed from nucleated red blood cells in the bone
marrow, and that the bone marrow also produced white blood cells. The most pertinent issue for
AML is that the time interval between exposure and development of the disease is typically only a
few years. Besides that, our intuitive editor saves you from writing and formatting it in Leukemia
Research. One such example is the St Jude Total XIII remission induction treatment protocol (Bay et
al., 2004). L-asparaginase (L-Asp) is mostly used as an adjunct with chemotherapy (Tanaka et al.,
2012). Bone marrow stem cell transplant has shown some promising results, but still there are many
hurdles before this treatment option can be widely available. Since the body is so caught up with
delivering immature cells, it cannot produce the same number of red cells or platelets, which can
bring about bleeding issues and anemia. Leukemia is commonly known as a cancer of the blood and
affects blood-forming cells in the body. The other is linked to exposure to topoisomerase II inhibitors
and is typified by balanced translocations involving the MLL gene at 11q23. The clinical
manifestations are related to the replacement of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow by leukemic
myoblasts.
It affects approximately 2 to 3 % of all cats ( wellness communities, 2001 ). The table below
indicates the level of access a journal has as per Sherpa Romeo's archiving policy. Apart from using
these drug regimes, patient should also be educated regarding the disease for self care as part of the
management plan. It is categorized by an unfavorable cytogenetic profile, often involving additions
and deletions of major segments of selected chromosomes including deletions of 5q, 7q, 11q, 12p,
and 20q, gain of chromosomes 8, 9, 11, 19, and 21, loss of chromosomes 5, 7, and 18, specific
translocations t(2;11), t(1;7), and trans- locations involving 3q21 and 3q26. It results in the
production of a chimeric protein with increased tyrosine kinase activity. Even when we are feeling
well, they are working together in a carefully orchestrated manner to target and destroy dangerous
substances in our body. Leukemia cells can also spread to the lymph nodes or other organs and cause
swelling or pain. In this research paper I 'm traveling to speak about the disease, bar, intervention,
marks and symptoms, and the phases of. Areas of interest to date have involved parental smoking
before and during the period of conception of the child, parental drug use, exposure to ionizing and
nonionizing radiation, folate intake, infant feeding, and most notably the timing and dose of
exposure to infectious agents. Leukemia may be suspected in the event that a person has notable
danger variables or indications. Upload Read for free FAQ and support Language (EN) Sign in Skip
carousel Carousel Previous Carousel Next What is Scribd. In 1849, Virchow observed that more than
one type of the disease existed; these were described as splenic and lymphatic, the former associated
with splenomegaly and the latter with large lymph nodes and cells in the blood that resembled those
in the lymph nodes (Virchow, 1849). There is geographic variation in incidence of the leukemia
subtypes; for example while CLL is the most common form of leukemia in the Western world, its
incidence in Japan, South America, and Africa is much lower. Moreover, there are various subtypes
within ALL, such as precursor B-Cell and T-Cell leukemia. If you need help writing your
assignment, please use our research paper writing service and buy a paper on any topic at affordable
price. Based on these divisions, there are four most common types of leukemia: Chronic lymphocytic
leukemia (CLL) frequently happens in individuals more than 55 years old (WebMd). The cell cycle
consists of different phases with various check points to control abnormal division. See Full PDF
Download PDF About Press Blog People Papers Topics Job Board We're Hiring. The peak incidence
seen between 2 and 5 years of age is accounted for by ALL, the most common form of leukemia
seen in children: 75% of cases of ALL are diagnosed in children under the age of 6 years. Alongside
these discoveries, it was observed that non-nucleated red blood cells formed from nucleated red
blood cells in the bone marrow, and that the bone marrow also produced white blood cells.
Concurrently, speculation about the determinants of this cancer also began to increase. Been
passionate and concern about not only her health but the health of her kids, my research will show
why it is important to me as well as others. Other symptoms include bone pain, frequent infections
and bleeding from gums or nose. However, the incidence of both types of chronic leukemia increases
with age. Therefore, trying to ascertain which, if any, is the important pathway for disease
pathogenesis may not be straightforward. In addition, although the frequency of the rarer subtypes
has been, and will continue to be, low, it is important that they are included in future studies and that
international consortia are established in order to provide sufficient power to detect any risks.
BioMed Central Ltd. Simon, H. (2012, July 7). Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Stereotyping:
Stereotyping depends on the way an embodiment of group was processed perceptually. Initially,
increased risks of leukemia, predominantly AML, were reported among workers with high levels of
benzene exposure in the chemical, shoemaking, and oil-refining industries, whereas more recently
studies have focused on workers with lower exposure. All of these are used in designing the
treatment of ALL in children.
In addition, although the frequency of the rarer subtypes has been, and will continue to be, low, it is
important that they are included in future studies and that international consortia are established in
order to provide sufficient power to detect any risks. Anticipating and mitigating potential dilemmas
and having a multidisciplinary team possessing the required domain expertise to help manage patient
concerns can lead to improved patient care.” (Ethical Issues in Patients with Leukemia: Practice
Points and Educational Topics for the Clinical Oncologist and Trainees). BioMed Central Ltd. Lin,
C., Zheng, H., Wang, C., Yang, L., Chen, S., Li, B., Zhou, Y. Li, Y. (2012). Mutations increased
overexpression of Notch1 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The marrows primogenitor cells so
begin to make an unnatural sum of white cells through mitosis ( umm.edu ). In some instances the
cells are undeveloped root cells and in other instances the cells develop abnormally ( wikipedia.org ).
In both instances the quickly spliting cells crowd the bone marrow, go forthing less room and energy
for the production of ruddy cells, thrombocytes and functional white cells. It was only the
observation that acute myeloid and acute lymphoid leukemias responded differently to treatment that
enforced the use of the new technologies to distinguish between them. Abstract: cancer that adage
may be for your paper ideas cheap essay; research interests. Previous cytogenetic studies of PCL
have reported the presence of complex karyotypes with involvement of multiple unidentified
chromosomal regions. We report here the analysis of 12 PCL (10 primary and two secondary) by
metaphase and FISH analysis combined with oligonucleotide array data (244 k, Agilent). Allogeneic
bone marrow transplant remains the only curative therapy. Objective response rate was 76; 38%
achieved at least very good partial response (?vgPR) and this correlated significantly with
bortezomib-based therapy plus ASCT. The cell can be of lymphocytic or myelogenous origin. Areas
of interest to date have involved parental smoking before and during the period of conception of the
child, parental drug use, exposure to ionizing and nonionizing radiation, folate intake, infant feeding,
and most notably the timing and dose of exposure to infectious agents. There are four types of
leukemia: Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML), Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL), Chronic
Myelogenous Leukemia (CML), and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL). Quantitative reverse
transcription polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that these different abnormalities were
associated with increased levels of MYC mRNA. The nurse must ensure the prevention of germ
spread and decrease the risk of infection as the patient is highly immunosuppressed. Furthermore, 5q
deletions are also common in AML patients who have been exposed to benzene or alkylating agents.
IgM paraproteins are more commonly associated with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma than multiple
myeloma and can occur in a variety of other mature B-cell neoplasms. The large molecular weight of
the IgM multimer leads to a spectrum of clinical manifestations more commonly seen with IgM
paraproteins than others. Although the discovery of MYD88 L265P and other mutations has shed
light on the molecular biology of IgM paraproteinaemias, clinical and histopathologic findings still
play a vital role in the diagnostic p. Unfortunately, it took almost 20 years for these theories to be
accepted. Leukemia is classified based on whether the disease is acute or chronic. Upload Read for
free FAQ and support Language (EN) Sign in Skip carousel Carousel Previous Carousel Next What
is Scribd. It is a product of incomplete hydrocarbon combustion and is present in traffic exhaust
fumes as well as in tobacco smoke. The largest area of interest for ALL, particularly with respect to
childhood ALL, remains the potential etiological role of the timing and dose of exposure to
infectious agents. Treatment There are four phases of ALL treatment: induction, consolidation,
maintenance and prevention. By this division, leukemia might also be myelogenous and lymphocytic
(WebMd). Deletion of the gene associated with AT, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), has been
reported in CLL. So, Leukemia is a kind of cancer, in which the number of white blood cells in the
body is constantly growing. Feel free to contact our writing service for professional assistance.
Classification of acute leukemia has traditionally been based upon the appearance (morphology) of
leukemic cells in a bone marrow aspirate. Their results suggested that the highest risks were seen in
those with highest accumulated ionizing radiation doses prior to conception, either over their total
duration of exposure or during the preceding 6 months.