oa a) 0944992904 TRAN THANH HUE (Téng Chi bién) - vO QUOC TRUNG (Chi bién) NGUYEN THANH BINH — LE MINH CAM — NGUYEN TIEN CONG NGUYEN NGOC HA - NGUYEN TH| THU HA - PHAM VAN HOAN NGO THI UYEN MINH - DUONG BA Vv BAI TAP H , h - . TAS. Tron Trovg Tuyen - DT: 0944, 292.904 C Cluyae wat sade, for fii Chup geo erin Ha) CONG TY C6 PHAN DAUTU NHA XUAT BAN BAI HOC SU PHAM xr BAN —THIETBI GIAO DUC VIET NAMmuc Luc Bail. Mé dau vé can bing hod hge. Bai2. Sw dign li trong dung djch mréc. Thuyét Bronsted —Lowry vé acid — base....7 Bai3. pH cia dung dich. Chuan 46 acid —base.. Bai4. Don chAt nitrogen. Bai5. Métsé hop cht quan trong ciia nitrogen. BAi6, Sulfur va sulfur dioxide. Bai 7. Sulfuric acid va mudi sulfate. Bai8. Hop chat hi co va hoa hoc hitu co.. Bai9. Phuong phip tach biét va tinh ché hop chit hitu co... Bai 10. Cong thite phan tit hgp chit httu eo. Bai 11, Céu tao hod hoc eta hgp chat hitu co... | Bai 12. Alkane... Bai 13, Hydrocarbon khéng no ... I Bai 14, Arene (hydrocarbon thom) Bai 15, D§n xudt halogen... Bai 16. Alcohol.6 DAU VE CAN BANG HOA HOC 1.1. Didn ti agit thich hop vao cdc ché tréng trong méi phat biéu sau: a) Phin img thufin nghich 1d phan tmg hod hoc trong a6 & cing diéu kign, xy ra ...(1)... sychuyén chat phan tng thanh chat sén phim va sy chuyén ee(Q)eve thanh 3)... b) Trang théi cn bing ciia moi phan img thudn nghich lun cé tée 46 phan ‘ting thugn ...(1)... t6e 46 phan img nghich, cdc phan img thuan va nghjch luén dién ra. Nhu vay, cn biing hoa hoc 18 ...(2). ©) V6i mét phin img hod hoc, khi hing s6 cin bing rit Ion so véi 1 thi 6 trang thai cn bing, ndng a9 cdc chit sin phdm ...(1)... ndng 49 ...(2)... Quan sit Hinh 1.1 va ghép mdi déi trong 6 edt A voi mOt mé ta thich hop & cot B ty ty Tho gian ‘Hinh 1.1. Bién thién néng d6 chat phan tng va chdt sin pham theo thoi gian COLA CoB a) Duong (a) 1. khéng phai 1a thai diém bat dau trang thai cn bang. b)t, 2. mé 14 bién thién ndng d6 chat san pham theo thdi gian. c) Duong (b) 3. la thdi diém phan img dat trang thdi can bing. d)t, 4, mo ta bién thién néng 46 chat phan tmg theo thdi gian.1.3. Quan st Hinh 1.2 va chon phat biéu ding. a \ 3 4 Ith H+ Thai gian Thoi gian » Hinh 1.2, » ‘A. Cé hai dé thi ddu mé t4 phan img da dat dén trang théi cén bing. B, Ca hai dé thi déu khong m6 ta phan img da dat dén trang thai cén bang. C. Chi dé thi (a) mé ta phan tg da dat dén trang thai cn bing. D. Chi 48 thi (b) mé ta phan img 4 dat dén trang thai can bing. 1.4. Bidu thite nao sau day 1a biéu thite hing sé cin bing (K,) cla phan tng C(s) + 2H,(g) = CH,(g)? (CHA) _ [cH AK, ==. B.K,= . Ke Se" TCT mean _ [cH] Re aT ee nF 1.5. Cho phin img A(g) = B(g). Hing sé can bing cia phan (mg dA cho la Ke = 1,0.10°. Tai trang thai can bing, néng d6 cia chat A 1a 1,0.10° M thi ndng dO cAn bing cia B 1A A. 1,0.104 M. B.1,0M. C.2,0M. D. 1,0.10°M. 1.6. Xét can bing sau: H,(g) + L(g) = 2HI(g) a) Hay hoan thanh bang sau. b*) Hay cho biét khi nhiét 46 ting thi cn bing chuyén dich theo chiéu nao. So4.7. Phat biéu ndo sau day vé phan (mg 6 trang théi cn bang 1a khong ding? A. Céc phan img thufin va phan img nghich dién ra v6i téc 46 nhu nhau. B. Nong 4 cia chdt phan img va chat sim phdm khéng thay 46i. C. Ndng d6 ca cdc chit phin img bling néng 6 cia cde chat sin phim. D. Cac phan img thufn va nghich tiép tue xay ra. 1.8. Xét cn bing sau: 280,(g) + O,(g) = 280x(g) Néu ting néng 4 SO,(g) (cde didu kign khéc gitr khong déi), can bang sé chuyén dich theo chiéu ndo? ‘A. Chuyén dich theo chiéu nghich. B. Chuyén djch theo chiéu thudn. . C.Cé th chuyén dich theo chiéu thudn hoge chiéu nghjch tuy thuge vio in ung lugng SO, thém vio. D. Khong thay ddi. 1.9*, Xét cn biing sau din ra trong mot piston 6 nhiét 49 khong adi: Ng) + 3Hy(g) = 2NH3(g) Néu nén piston thi cn bing sé chuyén dich theo chiéu nao? A. Chuyén dich theo chiéu nghich. cho 1 B. Chuyén dich theo chiéu thugn. M thi C.Cé thé chuyén dich theo chidu thuan hogc chiéu nghich tuy thugc vio piston bj nén nhanh hay chm. >M. D. Khéng thay d6i. 1.10.D4i v6i phan img sau, can bing s@ bi anh hurdng nu thé nao khi ting nbigt 46 (cdc didu kign khéc gitt khong 46i)? I ° Hye) 5 Ont) = HOO) AH = 2860 ‘A. Can bang chuyén dich sang phai. B. Cn bing chuyén dich sang trai. C. Khong thay ai. D. Khéng dy dodn duge sy chuyén dich cén bing.11, Trong phan tng nao sau day sy ting 4p sudt sé din t6i cn bing chuyén dich sang trai (cde diéu kign khdc coi nhu khéng thay di)? A. CaCO, (s) = CaO(s) + CO,(g) B. CO(g) + H,0(g) = H,{g) + CO,(g) C. 2H,(g) + 0,(g) = 2H,0()) D. C(s) + 0,(g) = CO,(e) 1.12. Viét biéu thie hing 6 can bing cho cdc phan img duéi day: a) 2Hg(2) + 0,(g) = 2Hg0(s) b) CH,COOH (aq) + C,H,OH(aq) = CH;COOC;H,(ag) + HOW) ¢) CO(g) + H,0(g) = Hy(g) + CO,(g) d) 2FeCl,(s) = 2FeCl,(s) + CL(g) 1.13. Xét phan tng: H,(g) + L(g) = 2HI(g) Méthén hop phan img chéta trong binh dung tich 3,67 lit & mot nhigt d6 nhdt din; ban dau chita 0,763 gam H, va 96,9 gam Ip. O trang thai can bang, binh chita 90,4 gam HI. Tinh hiing s6 cén bing (Kc) cho phan tmg 6 nhiét d6 nay. 1.14*. Lugng dudng glucose trong mau ngudi thydug 6n dinh & néng 46 khoang 0,1%, Khi ta an tinh b6t, glucose sé duge sinh ra trong co thé; cdn khi co thé van dng va hoat d6ng tri nao, glucose bj tiéu thy. a) Em hay tim hiéu dé giai thich vi sao hrong glucose trong mau luén én dinh 6 mite khong 0,1%. b) Theo em, khi co thé hoat d6ng thé thao hay khi an uéng sé xay ra dong théi hai qué trinh sinh ra va mat di glucose? Giai thich. Sy én dinh cta glucose trong mau cé thé duge coi 14 trang thai cn bing hod hoc khéng? ‘Néu c6, hay dé xudt can bing dé. 1.15. Carbon monoxide thay thé oxygen trong hemoglobin d& bi oxi hod theo phan img: HbO,(aq) + CO(aq) = HbCO(ag) + 0,(aq) Tai nhiét 6 trung binh trong co thé, hing sé can bing cla phan (mg trén 1 Ke= 170. Gia sir mot hn hop khéng khi bj 6 nhiém carbon monoxide & mite 0,1% (theo thé tich). Coi khéng khi chia 20,0% oxygen vé thé tich; ti 1¢ oxygen va carbon monoxide hoa tan trong mau gidng véi ti Jé ciia ching trong khong khi, Cho biét ti 1 HbCO so voi HbO, trong méu Ji bao nhiéu. Em ¢é nhan xét gi vé tinh dc cla khi CO? endjch Snhat binh Only. aang 20 thé 1 dink ding heta ong? SU BIEN LI TRONG DUNG DICH NUGC. THUYET BRONSTED — LOWRY VE ACID - BASE 2.1. Didn tir ngit thich hop vao ch® tréng trong mdi phat biéu sau: a) Qué trinh phan li cia cée chit khi tan trong née thinh cdc ion durge goi la va (1).... Chat dign Li 1a chat khi tan trong nuéc phan li than cde ...(2).... ...(3)... 1a chat khi tan trong meée khéng phan li thanh cdc ion. b) Theo thuyét Bronsted — Lowry, ...(1)... Hinhtng chat c6 kha nang cho H’, (2)... Tanhting chit ¢6 kha nding nhén H. Acid manh va base manh phan li...Q)... trong nude; acid yéu va base yéu phan li ...(4)... trong nuée. 2.2. Cho cdc chit; NaOH, HCl, HNO, NaNO;, saccharose (C;Hy,0),), etbanol, glycerol, KAI(SO,);-12H,0. Trong céc chit trén, 06 bao nhiéu chat tgo duge dung dich dn dign? AS. B3. C6 D.2. 2.3. Phuong trinh mé ta sy dién li cia NaCl trong nude 1a A. NaCl(s) 22s Na(ag) + Cl(aq) B. NaCl(s) 2s Na’(g) + CI'(g) C. NaCl(s) 122 Na’(aq) + Crag) D. NaCl(s) 22> Na(s) + Cl(s) 2.4. Phuong trinh m6 té sy dign li cha Na,CO; trong nude la A. NajCOs(s) 22> 2Na(ag) + Cag) + 30(aq) B. Na;CO;(s) 442+ 2Na'(aq) + C*(aq) + 30*(aq) C. Na;,CO,(s) 22> 2Na(ag) + CO} (aq) D. Na;CO;(s) #:°> 2Na'(s) + COF(g) 2.5. 6 cing ndng 46 va cling digu kign, chét nao sau day tao ra nhidu ion Ht (H,0*) nhat trong dung dich? A. Acid manh. B, Base manh. C. Acid yéu. D. Nuée.2.6. Dac diém nao sau day 1A khéng ding khi mé ta vé acid manh? A. Phan li hoan toan trong née, B. Dung dich nude cia ching din dién, C. Cé kha nang nhan H*. D. Cé kha ning cho H*. 2.7. Dic diém nao sau day 1a khéng ding khi mé ta vé base yéu? A. Trong dung dich nuée, khéng phan li hoan toan ra OH. B. C6 kha ning nan H’. C. Dung dich nude cia ching dan dién. D. Cé kha nfing cho H*. 2.8. Trong phan tmg sau day, nhimg chat ndo déng vai trd 1d acid theo thuyét Bronsted — Lowry? H,S(aq) + H,0 = HS (aq) + H;0°(aq) A. HLS va H,0. B.H,S va H,0°. C. HLS va HS. D. H,0 va H,0°. 2.9. Trong phan img sau day, nhiing chit nao déng vai trd 14 base theo thuyét Bronsted — Lowry? CO# (ag) +H,0 = HCO;(aq) + OH'(aq) A. CO} va OH. B.CO va HCO;. C.H,O va OH. D. H,0 va CO}. 2.10. Base lién hop cia cde acid HCOOH, HCI, NH} lin luot la A. HCOO,, Cl, NH,. B. COO*, Cl, NHj. C. HCOO,, Cr, NH;. D. HCOO,, Cl, NH. 2.11. Cho phan img: H,SO,(aq) + H,0(aq) > HSO; (ag) + H,0°(aq) C&p acid — base lién hop trong phan wing trén 1a: A. H,SO, va HSO;. B. H,0 va H,0*, C. H,SO, va SO}; H,O-va OH’. D. H,SO, va HSO;; H,O*va H,0. 2.12. Vidt phuong trinh dign li trong nude cia cde chAt sau: NaHICO;, CuCl,, (NH,),S0,, Fe(NO3)5. 2.13. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 1A m6t chit dign li manh, trong khi methanol (CH,OH) la chat khong ign li, Hay mé ta su khéc nhau khi hoa tan cdc cht o”" vao mide, Viét cac phuong trinh minh hog.2.14. Viét dang tin tai cha yéu trong dung dich nuéc cia cdc chit theo bang sau day. ee a : pk an NaOH | Base manh 2.15. “O néng” Ia cm giée dau rat 6 thye quan gay ra do sy gia ting ndng 46 . hydrochloric acid (HCl) trong da day. thuyét ‘ aoa my a) Céch don gidn nhét dé gidm ching ¢ néng nhe la nuét nude bot nbigu Lin do nude bot cé chita ion bicarbonate (HCO;), hoat dng nhu m6t base, khi nuét vao sé trung hoa mét phan acid trong thue quan. Viét phuong trinh hod hge ciia phan tmg gitta HC] va HCO;, b) Cé thé didu tri chimg g néng bing céch sir dung cdc thud khdng acid, chang han “sita magie” cé thinh phan chi yéu 14 huyén phi Mg(OH)). Hay viét phuong trinh hod hoc cia phan ug gitia HC] va Mg(OH),; gidi thich vi sao “stta magie” higu qua hon nuéc bot trong viée trung hod acid thu quan. thuyét 2.16. Hign nay, ning jugng ma con ngudi sit dung trong doi séng va san xudt ch yéu ldy tir qua trinh d6t chéy cdc nhién 1igu hoa thach nhw xing, dau, khi dt ‘ty nhién va than dé, Mt s6 nhién 1igu hod thach, de bigt 1A than 44, ¢6 chita ‘mdt lung nhé tap chat sulfur (Iu huynh). Trong qu trinh dét chay, cae tap chat nay phan (mg v6i oxygen tao thanh sulfur dioxide (SO,). Ngoai ra, trong qué trinh dét chay bat ki nhién liéu hod thach nao, nitrogen ti khong khi phan tg véi oxygen tao thanh nitrogen dioxide (NO). Sulfur dioxide va nitrogen dioxide phan tng véi nude va oxygen (O,) trong khi quyén 48 tgo thanh sulfuric acid va nitric acid: 280, + 0 + 2H,O —> 2H,80, 2uCh, 4NO, + 0, + 2H,O —> 4HNO, Cie acid nay két hop véi nude mua tao thanh mua acid. Hay viét phuong ‘hanol trinh dign li cia H)SO, va HNO; trong nude, biét ring H)SO, ign li theo ce chat hai nc, trong d6 ndc thir nhat dign li hoan toan tao thanh HSO, va HSO; ign Ii khéng hoan toan 6 néc thit hai. oe& pH CUA DUNG DICH. CHUAN BO ACID - BASE 3.1. Didn thong tin thich hgp vao ché tréng trong mdi cau dudi day. 6 25°C, [H*}[OH"] = ...(1)... luén ding 46i véi cde dung dich nue. Khi [H’]...(2)... 1,0.107 M thi dung djch cé tinh acid; Ichi [H*] nhé hon ...(3)... thi dung dich cé tinh base; khi [H"] = 1,0.107M, dung dich ...(4).... Dung dich acid ¢6 ...(5)... nhé hon 1,0.107 M, dung dich base cé [OH] lén hon .. (6)... va dung dich trung tinh ¢6 [OH™] = ...(7)... 3.2.. Nhiing phat biéu ndo dudi day 1a ding? (a) Dé so sénh mic d6 acid gitta cée dung dich cé thé dya vio ndng 46: dung dich acid nao cé néng do 16n hon sé cé tinh acid manh hon. (b) Trong cdc dung dich cé cing néng 46, dung dich nao ¢6 tinh acid manh hon sé cé néng 46 ion H* 1én hon va pH 1én hon. (c) Trong céc dung dich c6 cing néng 44, dung dich nao ¢6 néng 46 ion OH Ién hon va pH nhé hon sé cé tinh base 1én hon. (d) Trong cdc dung dich cé cing ndng 46, dung dich nao cé tinh acid manh hon sé c6 néng 46 ion Ht Ién hon va pH nbé hon. (©) Trong céc dung dich cé cting néng 46, dung dich 06 néng 46 ion H* nhd va pH cao sé c6 tinh acid yéu hon. (g) Trong mét diy céc dung dich ¢6 cing néng 46 duge sip xép theo tinh acid ting din thi ndng 40 ion OH" s@ gidm dan va K, tang dan. 3.3. Néi cdc dic diém 6 cOt A voi chiéu thay déi tinh acid, base tuong img 6 c6t B cho phit hgp. COLA CorB a) Nong d6 ion OH gidm dan 1. Tinh acid ting dan b) pH ting dan 2. Tinh base ting dan c) Nang d6 ion H* ting dan d) Néng 6 ion Ht gidm dan ©) pH giam dan g) Néng 46 ion OH ting din pe xudt cach co thé thutc hién dé lam ting tinh acid hoc lam tang tinh base cla dung djch tir dung dich trung tinh. Bing cach nao dé 06 thé biét duge tinh acid hofc tinh base ting lén?3.4. Mot dung dich c6 pH = 11,7. Nang 46 ion hydrogen (H") ciia dung dich Ia i A.2,3M. B.11,7M. €.5,0.10°M. —D.2,0.107? M. 3.5. Gid tri pH cia mt dung djch ting tir 3 1én 5. Nhiing nhan dinh ndo sau day Tsai? fe. Khi (a) Nong 46 ion H* cia dung dich gidm 20 lan. GB)... (b) Néng d6 ion OH cia dung dich khi pH = 5 14 10° M. - Dung (c) Nang 4 ion H* cia dung dich khi pH = 3 1a 10° M. 5n hon (4) Dung dich ban du 1a m6t acid c6 néng 49 0,001 M. e h (©) Dung dich ban dau 1A mdt base c6 ndng dé 0,001 M. 3.6. Calcium hydroxide rin duge hoa tan trong nude cho t6i khi pH cla dung dich ing 46: dat 10,94. Néng 46 cita ion hydroxide (OH?) trong dung dich 1A A. 1,110" M. B.3,06 M. imanh C.8,7.104M. D.1,0.10-"M. mOH 43,7, Bang dudi diy 1a két qua do pH cia cée dung dich bing méy do pH. tmanh Xéc dinh tinh acid, base hay trung tinh va mau cla gidy chi thi pH khi ding a 6 thir vao hai oot con n trong trong bang duéi Ay. HY nho eo tink £5 cot 3.8. Mot dung dich X thu duge bing céch thém 50,0 mL dung dich HBr 0,050 M vao 150,0 mL dung dich HI 0,100 M. Tinh néng 46 H* va pH cla dung dich X. Biét HBr va HI déu duge coi 1a acid manh. 3.9. Xdc dinh pH ca dung dich thu duge sau khi thém 25,0 mL dung dich NaOH 0,1.M vao 50,0 mL dung dich HCl 0,1 M. ah base 3.10, 6 25°C, pH cia mot dung dich Ba(OH), 18 10,66. Néng 49 ion hydroxide St duge (OH) trong dung dich la bao nhiéu? Bé thu duge 125 mL dung dich Ba(OH), trén thi khéi lugng Ba(OH), can phai hoa tan 1a bao nhiéu (bé qua sy thay i thé tich néu 06)?3.11. Cho ba dung dich cé cling ndng 46: hydrochloric acid (HCI), ethanoic acid (acetic acid, CH,COOH) va sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Khi chudn 46 riéng mét thé tich nhu nhau cia dung dich HCl va dung dich CH;COOH bang dung dich NaOH, phét biéu nao sau day 1 ding? A. Trude khi chuan 46, pH cua hai acid bing nhau. B. Tai cdc diém tuwong durong, dung dich cita cd hai phép chudn d6 déu c6 gid tri pH bing 7. C. Cdn cing m6t thé tich sodium hydroxide dé dat dén diém tuong duong. D. Gié tri pH cia hai acid ting nhu nhau cho dén khi dat 4iém tuong duong. 3.12. a) Céc A chita 50 mL dung dich KOH 0,10 M dugc chuan a6 véi dung dich HNO; 0,10 M. Sau khi thém 52 mL dung dich HNO, vao, pH ciia dung dich trong cdc A 1a A. 2,80. B.2,71. C. 2,40. D. 3,00. b) Chuan 46 100,0 mL dung dich NaOH 0,1 M bing dung dich HCI 1,0 M. Thé tich dung dich HCI cn thém 48 dung dich thu dugc c6 pH = 12 fa A.891mL. B.852mL. C.9,01mL. ——D.8,72 mL. 3.13, Mot mau dung dich H,SO, (goi la mau A) duge phan tich bang cdch thém. 50,0 mL dung dich NaOH 0,213 M vao 100 mL dung dich mau A 10i lie déu. Sau khi phan tmg xay ra, ngudi ta thdy trong hén hop dung dich cdn du ion OH’. Phin ion du nay cén 13,21 mL HCl 0,103 M 46 trung hoa. Tinh néng 46 mol L7 cia miu A. 3.14. a) Lan thy hién phép chun 46 50,00 mL dung dich acid néng 46 0,10 M bang dung dich NaOH cing néng 46 (0,10 M), Lan rét ngae nhién khi thdy phai can 100 mL dung dich NaOH 4é dat toi diém tuong duong. Em hiy giai thich thie mac cho Lan. b) Trong mét thi nghigm Khdc, Lan thyc hign chudin 46 10,00 mL HCI 0,020 M. MOt lan nita, Lan rit ngac ohién khi chi clin 5,00 mL mét base manh cing néng 49 0,020 M dé phan img bon toan véi 10,00 mL HCI 6. Em hay giai thich cho Lan vi sao khéng cin mot long twong duong 1a 10,00 mL base ma chi cdn 5,00 mL?1,0M. 12 1a h thém Soddu, dur ion hndng ),10 M fuong. )20M. being m hay 00 mL 3.15*. a) 10 mL dung dich sulfuric acid 5.10°M duge cho vao mét bin dinh mite dung tich 100 mL. al) Tinh pH cia dung dich sulfuric acid (cho ring H,SO, 1a acid manh phan li trong nude hoan toan ca hai proton H). a2) Thém nude vao dén vach cia binh dinh mit thu duge 100 mL dung dich. Xée dinh pH ca dung dich 4a pha long. b) Viét phuong trinh hod hoc cia phan ving gitta sulfuric acid véi dung dich sodium hydroxide. c) Dung dich pha loaing 6 phan a2 duge ding dé chudn d6 25,0 mL dung dich sodium hydroxide 1,00.10+ M. cl) Dy dodn hién tuong quan sat duge khi chudn d6 dat dén diém tuong duong néu ding phenolphthalein lam chét chi thj cho phép chudn 46 trén. 2) Xac dinh thé tich acid can ding khi phép chudn 46 két thie. 3.16*, Néng 49 carbon dioxide (CO,) trong khi quyén 4a ting khoang 20% trong thé ki qua. Gia sit cdc dai duong cia Trai Dat tiép xtic véi khi CO, trong khi quyén, Inong CO, ting lén cé thé c6 anh hudng gi dén pH cua cdc dai duong trén thé gidi? Sy thay d6i nay c6 thé anh huéng gi dén cdu tric dé voi (chit yéu la CaCO,) cia cdc ran san hé va vo 86 bién? 3.17%, Oxygen duge dan truyén trong co thé 14 do kha ning lién két cia oxygen v6i héng cau trong mu theo can bing sau: HbH*(aq) + O,(aq) = HbO,(ag) + H'(aq) D6 pH cia méu ngudi binh thudng duge kiém soat chit ché trong khodng 7,35 — 7,45. Dy vao can bang trén, giai thich vi sao viéc kiém soat pH cia mau ngudi lai quan trong. Diéu gi sé xay ra v6i kha ning van chuyén oxygen cia hdng cau néu mau tré nén qué acid (mt tinh trang nguy hiém duge goi 1a nhiém toan hay nhiém d6c acid)? 3.18. Acetic acid (CHCOOH) Ia mét acid yéu. a) Thé nao li mét acid yéu? Viét phuong trinh hod hoc cia phan ing gitta acetic acid véi née. b) Giai thich vi sao gidm an (thanh phin chinh 18 acetic acid) thuéng durge ding dé 1am sach cin bam 6 day 4m dun mide hode phich nude duge ding dé chira nude s6i. @Ye DON CHAT NITROGEN 4.1. Phat biéu nado sau day vé nguyén td nitrogen (,N) la khéng ding? A, Nguyén tir nguyén t6 nitrogen c6 cAu hin electron li 18*2s?2p?. B. Nguyén tir nguyén té nitrogen cé 3 electron hod tri. C. Nguyén té nitrogen thudc chu ki 2, nhém VA trong bang tuan. D. Trong mot sé hop chit, nguyén tir nitrogen cé thé ding cap electron hod trj riéng dé tao mOt lién két cho — nhin véi nguyén tir khac. 4.2, Sé oxi hod va hod tri cla nitrogen trong hop chat nitric acid lan lugt 1a: A. +5 vaV. B. +5 valV. C.+5 valIL D.+4va lV. 4.3. Phat biéu nao sau day vé don chit nitrogen (N,) la khéng ding? A. Di phfn tit N, c6 tinh kém hoat dng hod hoc, nhung van hoat dong hod hge manh hon chlorine, Cl. B. Don chat nitrogen khéng phan img véi hydrogen, oxygen 6 didu kign thudng. C. Do cé nhiét 46 rat thap nén nitrogen long duge sit dyng bao quan mét s6 loai miu vat. D. Trong bau khi quyén, khi cé s4m chép, khi nitrogen tao céc nitrogen oxide, 18 m6t nguyén nhan Lam cho nuéc mua ¢é tinh acid. 4.4, Trong mot sé nghién citu ting hop hitu co cn méi trvdng tro, ngudi ta loai oxygen ra khoi hé phan ting bing céch dimg bom chan khéng rit khong khi ra khoi hé, sau d6 x4 khi nitrogen vao hé phan img. Luong khi duge rat ra thudng di kém mt hrong dung méi hifu co; dé trénh lam héng bom va ngin hoi dung méi hitu co dGc hai thoat ra ngoai, lung khi rat ra duge din qua binh chita, binh nay Iai diroc ngdm trong nitrogen léng. Binh chita nay con durge goi la bay dung m6i, hoi dung méi sé bj git lai 6 day va duge thu hoi sau hi phan ting két thtic, Nhiéu nghién ciru da cho thay, bay dung mdi nay tiém an nhiéu nguy co phat né va thy té da khéng it vu no da xay ra. Nguyén nhan durge cho Id do sir gia ting 4p suat d6t ngét khi oxygen lng bay hoi khi loai bé nitrogen léng cing nhu phan img manh liét gitta chdt long nay voi mot sb chat hitu co tao thanh cdc hop chat dé gay nd. (Nguén: hitps:/iresearchsafetynorthwestern.edu/safety-information/glass-vacuum-trap-safety- valert.himl, truy cap ngdy 3-1-2023.)on hod valv. t d6ng hudng, mét s6 itrogen ta loai ong khi erat ra vangin fin qua aay con hoi sau ay tiém én ohain khi Loai mot s6 ap-safety- Doe dogn théng tin trén va tra 1bi ede ef hoi dudi day bang céch chon phuong an ding: a) Vai trd cia khi nitrogen trong h@ phan tng trén 1a gi? A, Tao méi trudng tro. B. La chat tham gia phan ‘mg. C. Gitt nhiét 46 phan img cé dinh. D. Han ché sy bay hoi cia dung méi hinu co. b) Co thé thay khi nitrogen bing logi khi nao sau day? ‘A. Céc khi ¢6 chtta nguyén t6 nitrogen vi nitrogen can cho phan img. B. Hoi nude vi hoi nuéc gidp én dinh nhiét 46 va khong d6¢ hai. C. Argon, neon,.... hoe cdc khi tro khac. D. Cac khi cé ti trong én dé ngan dung méi httu co bay hoi. c) Vi sao bay dung méi cin duge ngam trong nitrogen long? A. Do nhiét 46 nitrogen long rat thap. B. Do phan ting can méi trudng tro. C. Dé ha nhiét d6 phan tmg lam mat bom. D. Vi nitrogen ling cé thé phan ting véi dung méi hiru co tgo chat it d6c hai. 4d) Tir tim hiéu, tra ciru nhigt 46 néng chay va nhigt 46 s6i cia mot sé dung mdi hiru co thong dung, dir dodn dung méi htru co dugc gitt lai trong bay dung moi duéi dang nao sau day. A.Khi. B. Long. C. Ran. D. Léng hoie ran. e) Vi sao cé su xudt hign cila oxygen long trong trong bay dung méi? ‘A, Oxygen cé sin trong hé khi rit ra sé hod long ki di qua bay dung méi. B, Nhiét 46 néng chay cia oxygen cao hon nhiét d9 nitrogen long. C. Oxygen duge sinh ra trong phan img tng hop. D. Oxygen cé thé di vao hé théng qua cae ké ho. g) Nguyén nhin gay né duge xde dinh 1 do oxygen long. é han ché viée nay xy ra ngwoi ta d& thiét ké, cai tién bay dung méi bing chit ligu pha. hop. Theo em, nén chon logi vat ligu nao sau day? A. Loai thép day, néu vu né c6 xay ra cfing khéng thé phd huy, khéng gay nguy hiém cho ngudi str dyng. B. Vat ligu chéng chay, vu nd 66 thé tao ra nhidu nhiét do dé can vat ligu cach nhiét dé tranh hoi néng thoat ra gay hoa hogn, C. Thuy tinh cach nhiét, trong suét gidp quan sét phat hign mau xanh iia oxygen lng, déng thai ngin nhiét thoat ra ngoai. D. Thuy tinh chju nhiét, trong sudt gitip phat hign Iugng oxygen long audit hign (néu 06) va xit Ii sém, do oxygen long cé mau xanh. ge4.5. Cho hai phuong trinh hod hoe sau: NA(g) + O(g) —> 2NO(g) A,H3,,= 180 kT (1) 2NO(g) + 02(g) —> 2NO,(g) A, Hoo = —114 kd (2) Nhting phat biéu no sau day vé hai phuong trinh hod hgc trén 1a dling? (a) Phan ting (1) 18 phan img thu nhiét, phan tmg (2) 1A phan (mg toa nhiét. (b) Phan img (2) tgo NO, tir NO, 1A qué trinh thufn loi vé m&t ning lung. Dieu nay ciing phi hop véi thy té 14 khi NO (kh6ng mau) nhanh chéng bj oxi hod thanh khi NO, (mau nau 48). (c) Enthalpy tgo thinh chun cia NO, 1a 80 kJ mol. (d) Tir gid trj bién thién enthalpy chudn cia phan img (1) va nang lugng lién két trong phan tir O,, N, lin lugt La 498 kJ mot" va 946 kJ mol", tinh duge ning luong lign két trong phan tr NO 6 cing didu kién 1a 632 kJ mol. 4.6*, Khi nitrogen duge ding trong phong chay va chita chay, ki thuat phiu thuat lanb, qué trinh san xuat bia, déng g6i bao quan thyc phdm,... Hay tim kiém thong tin trén internet hoc sch bio dé giai thich co sé cia cdc img dung trén. 4.7. Cho bang gi trj ning Iugng cia mét sé lién két 6 didu kién chudn sau: 436 389 946 thién enthalpy chudn cia phan img sau theo nang lugng tién két: N,(g) + 3H,(g) = 2NH,(g) b) Tir két qua tinh & a) thi cé thé suy ra gid tr] enthalpy tao thinh chudn cia kh{ ammonia la bao nhiéu kT mol"? c) Két qua thyc nghiém xéc nhan gid tri enthalpy tao thanh chudn cita khi ammonia la 45,9 kJ mol", Hay cho biét vi sao ¢6 su khéc biét vé gid tri ‘enthalpy tao thanh chudn cia khi ammonia theo két qua tinh & b) va két qua thye nghiém. oOag? nhiét. lugng. chong ng lién hduge vol. uu thuat nkiém ag tren, én cia via khi 5 gid tr] va két “MOT SO HOP CHAT QUAN TRONG CUA NITROGEN @ 5.1. Néi tinh cht cia ammonia & cOt A véi céc biéu hign tinh chat 6 c6t B cho phi hop. COLA COB a) Tinh chat vat li 1. Lam quy tim hoa xanh b) Tinh base 2. Tan trong nuée tao méi trudng c6 pH > 7 c) Tinh khit 3. Tan v6 han trong nude 4, Phan img véi acid tao mudi ammonium 5, Phan tg voi oxygen 6, Phan img véi mGt sé oxide kim loai tao ra kim loai va khi nitrogen 5.2. Phat biéu nao sau day 1a khong ding khi ndi vé ammonia? A. Trong céng nghigp, ammonia thudng duge sit dung véi vai tr chat Jam Janh (chat sinh han). B, Do c6 him lugng nitrogen cao (82,35% theo khéi Iugng) nén ammonia duge sir dung Lam phan dam rat higu qua. C. Phin Ién ammonia duge ding phan ting voi acid dé sin xudt cdc loai phn dam. D. Qué trinh tng hop ammonia tir nitrogen va hydrogen 1A qua trinh thudn nghich nén kh6ng thé dat higu suat 100%. 5.3. Phuong trinh hoa hoc eta phan tmg téng hop ammonia tir nitrogen va hydrogen bing qua trinh Haber nhu sau: 40 ~ 600°C, 200 ar Fe No(g) + 3Hy(g) PE ONH(g) A\Hg =—92KT (1) Nhiing phat biéu lién quan t6i qué trinh Haber nao sau day 1a ding? (a) La qué trinh thufn nghjch nén tai thdi diém can bing, hén hop trong budng phan img gdm ammonia, nitrogen va hydrogen. (b) Do ammonia dé hod léng hon nén khi lim lanh hdn hop sé tich duoc ammonia long ra khdi hén hgp khi. (c) Néu khong sit dyng chat xtic téc thi khéng thé tao thinh ammonia. (d) Néu giam 4p sudt cia hé thi phan img sé chuyén dich theo chiéu thuan. (c) Phan img thuan la phan img tod nhigt. Vi vay, 4& phan img chuyén dich theo chiéu thufn, cén phai gidm nhiét 49. Tuy nhién, néu giam nhiét 46 xuéng thép thi t6c 46 phan img lai nhé. o(g) Tit gia tri bién thién enthalpy chuan cita phan ting trén va ning tugng tien két H-H, N-H [an lugt 18 436 kJ mol va 389 kJ mol" sé x4c dinh duge nang lugng lién két trong phan tir'N, 6 cing didu kién 1a 934 kJ mol", 5.4. Két qua nghién cimu sy phy thudc cia higu suét téng hop ammonia (theo phuong trinh hoé hoe (1), Cau 5.3) vao ap suit va mhiét 49 cua phan tmg duge thé hign 6 gian 48 trong Hinh 5 dudi day: TTT T ‘Hiéu suit thu ammonia (%) _ 190 200 300400 Ap suat (atm), 1 atm = 1,013 bar Hinh 5. Su phy thuge cita higu sudt ting hop ammonia vao dp sut va nhiét do phan ing (Nguén: Cowbridge Chemistry Department: Making ammonia ~ The Haber process ttp://ceschemistry.blogspot.com/2016/, truy cép ngay’ 22-3-2023,) ‘Higu sudt thu ammonia cé thé dugc tinh theo céng thite: Iuong NH; thu duge trong thyc t& Higu sudt = - lwong NH; tinh theo Ii thuyét x100 (%) i Khi phan ting wu tién dién ra theo chiéu thudn thi lugng ammonia thu duge trong thurc t€ cang nhiéu. a) Trong khoang tir 350 °C dén 550 °C, hiéu sudt thu ammonia bién ddi theo xu huéng nao? b) Vi sao nhiét 46 phan mg cang cao thi higu sudt thu ammonia cang thép? c) G mot nhiét d6, vi sao dp suat tang cao thi higu suat thu ammonia tang? d) Tir gin 43 Hinh 5, hay cho biét nén chon nhiét d6 phan tmg 1a bao nhiéu « 8 higu sudt phan img dat khoang 44% 6 200 atm. : 5.5. Viét cdc phuong trinh hod hoc ciia phan img sin xuat NH,Cl, NH,NO,, : (NH,),SO, va (NH,),CO tir ammonia dé 1am phan bén v6 co. Cho biét 46 06 phai 1a cde phan img oxi hoa — khir khéng. Nhing phan img trén c6 tao thanh chdt gay 6 nhiém mdi trudng khong? ong lign hduge ool. a (theo an ing ining wu duge \8i theo gthdp? iting? o nhiéu NOs, biét 46 1.06 tao 5,6, Gid tr) bién thién enthalpy chuén qué trinh hod tan trong nude ciia urea va ‘ammonium sulfate lan lugt 14 15,4 kJ mol” va 6,60 kJ mol. a) Cé hai dng nghiém cing dung tich. Moi dng nghiém durge dit vira khit vio 16 trong 4% duge khoét sin trén miéng xdp cach nhiét day. Cho vio méi dng nghiém 10 mL nude 6 cing nhiét 49, Cém nhiét ké thuy ngan cing Joai vio mdi éng nghigm. Cho dung dich dn dinh dén nhigt 46 phong; sau 4d, cho 2 gam phin bén urea vio Sng nghigm thir nhat, 2 gam phan bén animonium sulfate vio éng nghigm thir hai. Nhanh chéng ding diia thuy tinh khudy nhg dé phan bén tan hét. Mite thuy ng4n trong nbiét ké.6 dng nghiém nao sé thap hon? Giai thich. b) C6 thé phan bigt nhanh phan bén urea va phan bon ammonium sulfate bing mot hong nuéc phit hop duge khong? Giai thich. 5.7. Trong cae céng thire duéi day, ¢6 bao nhiéu céng thite khéng thoa man quy tic octet? 1: Nt 30: lH » og FF y 4 GS-5 a) Q) @) Al. B. 2. C.3. 8.8. a) Vidt chu hinh electron cia nguyén tit nitrogen (.N) theo 6 orbital. Nguyén tt ‘Noé bao nhiéu electron hod tri ghép di, bao nbiéu electron hod tr d6c than? b) Cé hai a8 xuat vé cong thire Lewis ¢ Ag cia phan tit HNO, thw bén: POWAA pry bl) Céng thite (A) hay (B) phit hop véi dc diém céc electron hod trj ctia nguyén tir nitrogen? Theo cong thire 46, hoa trj va s6 oxi hod cla N la bao nhieu? b2*) K&t qua nghién ciru cho biét gid tri d0 dai cdc lien két gitta nguyén tir N va O (lién kétNO) trong phan tit HNO; la 1,406 A; 1,211 A va 1,199 A. Céng thite (A) hay (B) c6 thé thoi man céc sé ligu dai cho? Giai thich. 5.9. Cho hai qué trinh sau: NH,NO,(s) —> N20(g) + 2H;0(g) AHS, =-36 KI NH,Cl(s) > NH3(g) + HCK(g) AH, = 176 kd Ammonium nitrate va ammonium chloride durge sit dung tam phin bon. Trong qua trinh huu tri, duéi anh huong cia nhigt, phan bén ndo c6 nguy co chay, né cao hon? Giai thich. oO5.10. Trong quy trinh sin xuat to, mi nim oé hang trigu tin cyclohexanone (CeHo0) due cho phan img voi INO; é tgo adipic acid (C.Hjq0,) theo phan img: CHO + HNO; —> CsHjgO, + N,0 + H,0 a) Can bing phuong ttinh hod hoc cia phan tg trén theo phuong phip thiing bang electron. ) Cho biét vai trd cia HNO, trong phan tmg trén. Gidi thich. 5.11. Vang tan trong hén hop gdm dung dich nitric acid dc va dung dich hydrochloric acid dc (ti 1é 1: 3 vé thé tich) tao ra hop chat tan cla Au theo phan img sau: Au + HNO, + HCl —» HAuCl, + HO + NO a) Can bing phuong trinh hod hoc cla phan img trén theo phiong phap thang bang electron, ‘b) Cho biét acid ndo déng vai trd chat oxi hoa trong phan tmg trén. Giai thich. ao ~ @ SULFUR VA SULFUR DIOXIDE 6.1. Nhiing phat biéu nao sau day 1a ding? (a) Trong ty nhién, sulfur tdn tai cha yéu 6 dang mudi sulfide va mudi sulfate cia mét s6 kim loai. (b) La mt phi kim khé hoat dng nén trong tyr nhién khéng tim thy sulfur don chit. (c) Tring ga ung cé mii théi dic trumg mdt phin 1A do cdc hop chat cia sulfur c6 trong trémg phin huy gay ra. (a) Nguyén t6 sulfur 06 mat trong mét sé loai thy vat, dic biét 14 cdc loai rau qua cé mii manh nhu hanh ty, sau rigng,... (e) Thanh phan chinh cita quang pyrite 1 hgp chat cita sulfur va chi (lead, Pb). 6.2. Phan tir sulfur, Sp, cé cdu tao nhu Hinh 6. a) Giai thich vi sao phan tir nay khong phan cye. -b) Nhting phat biéu nado dui day 14 phi hgp v6i tinh khong phan cy cia sulfiur? (b1) Hau nhu khéng tan trong nude. (b2) Tan nhiéu trong dung mdi ethanol. (b3) Tan tét trong dung mdi khéng phan cye nhu carbon disulfide (CS,). oe” C6 tinh sét khudn. Think 6‘EgHiO) mg phdp ang dich cia Au mg phdp \idi thich, 6i sulfate Ay sulfur chat cua ede Logi lead, Pb). dasulfur? 63. Thanh phan chinh cia khi thién nhién 1A cde hydrocarbon nur methane (khong 80 — 85%), ethane, propane, butane cing Ivgng nh6 céc khi carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, Thanh phan chinh cia than 1a carbon, ngoai ra cdn cé mét sé hop chat clia cdc nguyén t6 H, S, O,N,... Khi sir dung khi thign nhién hodc than lam nhién ligu déu thai vao khong Ichi céc chit khi gay 6 nhiém. Giai thich. 6.4. Nhiing ¥ kién nao sau day vé sulfur dioxide (SO,) 1a ding? (a) Cé déc tinh déi véi con ngudi. (b) Phan ting duge véi da véi. (©) Khi nay duge tao thanh tir hoat dng ciia ndi Ita trong ty nhién, tir qué trinh dét chéy nhién ligu hod thach cia con ngudi,... (d) La oxide luong tinh. 6.5. Néi nhitng dac diém ciia chat 6 ¢6t B voi tén chat 6 c6t A cho phit hyp. COLA CHEB 1. La cht khi 6 diéu kin thudng. a) Sulfur 2. 6 didu kién thudng, phan tir cé 8 nguyén tir. 3. Dé tan trong nude. 4, Hoa tan trong dung méi phi hop dé lam thude b) Sulfur dioxide tri bénh ngoai da. 5, Ding dé tay tring vai, soi. 6. Cé tinh khir va tinh oxi hod, 6.6, Trong phan img, SO, cé thé déng. vai trd 14 mt oxide acid (acidic oxide). Hoan thanh cc phuong trinh hoa hoc duéi day dé minh hoa vai trd oxide acid cia SO,. a) Tan trong nuéc tao thanh acid yéu H,SO;. b) Phan tg véi dung dich base tao mudi va nuée. c) Phan tmg véi oxide base (basic oxide) tao musi. 6.7. Cho gid tri enthalpy tgo thanh chudn cia kh{ SO, va kbi SO, lan lugt la ~296,8 kJ mol” vi -395,7 kI mot". Tinh gid tri bién thién enthalpy chun ciia phan tng sau: 1 SOx(g) + 7 Ox(8) —> SOs(e) Tir d6, hay cho biét phan img trén c6 thudn Ioi vé mit ning lugng khéng.6.8. Mt s6 qué trinh ty nbién va hoat dGng cia con ngudi thai hydrogen sulfide vio khéng khi. Chat nay c6 thé bi oxi hod bi oxygen cé trong khéng khi theo hai phan img sau: H,S(g) + 200 — S02(g) + H,0(g) (1) \ H,S(g) + > 40,8) —> S()+H,0(@) 2) Cho biét gid tri enthalpy +0 thinh chun cia H,S(g), SO,(g) va H,O(g) Jan lugt la: -20,7 kJ mol"; -296,8 kJ mol" va -241,8 kJ mol", a) Tinh gid tri bién thién enthalpy chudn cla méi phan ting trén. 6 298 K, | mdi phan img cé thudn gi vé mit ning hrong khéng? b) Trong méi trudng khong khi ma néng 49 oxygen bj suy gidm, hiy dy doin hydrogen sulfide sé dé chuyén hoa thanh sulfur dioxide hay sulfur. Giai thich. | 6.9, Bot dé voi c6 thé duoc sit dung dé xit li khi thai chia sulfur dioxide tir cfc nha may dign dét than va diu md, Phuong trinh hod hoc ciia phan img 1a: CaCO4(s) + $O,(g) > CaSO4(s) + CO,(g) a) Vi sao phan ting trén duge goi 1a phan tng Khir sulfur trong khi thai? b) Tinh gid tri bién thién enthalpy chudn ciia phin ‘mg trén theo s6 ligu ! gid tr] enthalpy tao thanh chudn cia cdc hgp cht trong bing sau day. | Cho biét phan tmg cd 6 thu Igi vé mat nang lugng khéng. c) Trong phan ting trén, vi sao dé voi phai duge ding 6 dang b6t? 4) Caleium sulfite (CaSO,) thudng duoc chuyén hod thanh thach cao c6 céng thire CaSO,-2H,0. Phin ting hod hoc chuyén CaSO, thanh CaSO,-2H,0 6 thudc loai phan img oxi hod — khir khong? Giai thich. a SULFURIC ACID VA MUOI SULFATE 7.1. Nhting phat biéu ndo sau day 18 ding? (@) Sulfuric acid tan t6t trong nuée, qué trinh hoa tan toa nhigt manh. (b) Dung dich sulfuric acid dic hoa tan duge tat ca cdc kim Loai. (©) Dung dich sulfuric acid dc c6 tinh héo nuéc va tinh oxi hod manh. (@ Dung dich sulfuric acid long dé bj phan huy bai énh sng nén kém bén. 4i sulfide éng khi anh, <ém bén, 7.2. Nhiing dc diém nado sau day vé mudi sulfate 1A ding? (a) Nhiéu mudi sulfate tan t6t trong nude nhung mot s6 mudi nhu CaSO, BaSO, rat it tan trong nude, (b) Magnesium sulfate duge ding 1am thude diéu tri bénh Lién quan dén hong cu, ding lam chat hit m6 hdi tay cho cde van dong vién,... (c) Calcium sulfate la thinh phan chinh cia céc loai thach cao. Phan tt chat nay thudng ngdim nude voi s6 lugng cdc phan tir HO khac nhau, tg0 ra cde Logi thach cao c6 img dung khée nhau. (@) Barium sulfate 1a chét rn mau tring, hau nhw khéng tan trong nude. Chat nay duge ding tao miu tring cho cfc loai gidy chit lrgng cao. 7.3. N6i nhing dic diém cia chit & cot B véi tén chat 6 ct A cho phi hop. COLA CHB a) Sulfuric acid 1. Tan tot trong nude. b) Thach cao 2. La cht rin 6 diéu kign thuring. 3. Ding dé cé dinh bj gay (b6 bat). ©) Ammonium sulfate 4 y cut digo i ‘math, i say (b6 bod. (thanh phan chinh 5. Phan ing d8 ding véi dung dich base nhu ons mot loai phan nude véi, barium hydroxide. lam) 6. Hoa tan duge nhigu kim loai. 7.4, Hinh bén Li céng thite Lewis ctia H,S0,. ee a) Dra vio céng thite Lowis cia H,SO,, hay cho bit yyr/S-F# s6 oxi hod cia nguyén ti sulfur trong phan tt. x0: b) Khi tham gia phan img, H,SO, khong thé tgo ra céc san pham chita sulfur 06 86 oxi hod Ién hon hoac bing 7. Giai thich. ¢) Hydrogen iodide ¢6 tinh khit kha man. Hay dy dodn khi nay 06 phan ing véi sulfuric acid dic kh6ng. Giai thich. 7.5, Hay mé ta hign tugng xdy ra va hodn thanh phuong trink hoa hoe ciia phan img xay ra khi sulfuric acid loang: a) Tiép xtc véi 14 kim loai hoat dong bj phi bdi lép oxide kim loai (ching hgin, 1a kém (zinc) bi pha bai Iép zine oxide). b) Tiép xic voi méu 44 vOi hay mau phan viét bang. c) Tip xtc bét baking soda (sodium hydrogencarbonate). 4) Duge cho vo auée véi trong, Ca(OH),- oe7.6. Duéi day 1a mot sé phan img minh hog tinh oxi hod cia sulfuric acid va sulfur dioxide, Ba sé cae phan tng nay c6 img dung trong phong thi nghiém. Hay cén bing phuong trinh hod hoe cée phan tng bing phuong phap thang bang electron. a) Sulfuric acid dc phan (mg véi carbon trong than: H,SO,(d%c) + C > CO, + SO, + HO b) Sulfur dioxide lam mat miu dung djch bromine: SO, + Br) +H,0 —> HBr + H,SO, ¢) Sulfur dioxide lam mat mau dung dich thuée tim: SO, + KMnO, + H,0 —> MnSO, + K,SO, + 1,80, 4) Sulfuric acid oxi hos hop chAt Fe() thinh hop chdt Fe(III): H,SO,+ FeSO, —> Fe,(SO,); + SO, + H,0 ¢) Phan tmg ding dé xac dinh ndng 46 hop chét Fe(1) bing thudc tim trong méi trudng acid: H,SO, + FeSO, + KMnO,—> Fe,(SO,); + K,SO, + MnSO, + H,0 g) Phan tmg xéc dinh ndng 49 hop chat Fe(II), dang ion thu gon: HY + Fe* + MnO, —>Fe*+ Mn+ H,0 7. Nhidu hé gia dinh thudng ttt mot sé hod chét nhu baking soda (NaHCO), thgch cao nung (CaSO,0,5H,0) va phén chua (hay phén nhém kali, K,S0,Al,(SO,)3-24H,0 hay KAI(SO,),°12H,0). a) Hy tim hiéu céc img dung cia mi hod chit trén tai cdc h6 gia dinh. b) C6 thé ding nude 4é phan biét cdc mfu bOt min cia ba chit trén khong? Giai thich. c) C6 thé ding nude va quy tim dé phan biét céc mau bGt min cia ba chat trén khong? Giai thich. 7.8. Sulfuric acid 14 mt trong nhting hod chit quan trong nhat duoc sir dung trong céng nghiép; dugc san xudt hang trim trigu tin méi nam, chiém nhiéu nhdt trong nganh céng nghiép hod chit. Phuong phap san xudt sulfuric acid phé bién nhat la phirong phap tiép xuc, theo dé acid c6 thé duge didu ché qua cdc giai doan sau: (1) FeS,(s) + O,(g) -* > Fe,0,(s) + SO,(g) Q) SO{g) + 0,) 2M 04g) A, HS, = 196 ks oewid va (3) H,SO,(aq) + $0,(g) > H,SO,nS0,() ohare (4) H,SOpn80,() + H,0() — H,S0,(aq) a) Cén bling phuong trinh hod hoe ea cdc phan tmg trén. b) Theo nguyén Ii chuyén djch can bing, phan tg (2) nén duge thyc bién & nhiét d6 cao hay thdp? Trong thy té, phan img trén duge thyc hién & nhigt 49 khé cao (450 °C), hy gidi thich diéu nay. €) Nguoi ta ding sulfuric acid de H,SO,(aq) hap thy SO,(g)trong phan tng (3), ud trinh nay duge thyc hién trong thap tiép xite. Cach thye hign nao sau day sé dat higu qua tiép xi t6t nat? A. Cho $0;(g) Idi qua dung dich H,SO,(aq). B. SO,(g) duge phun vio ti phia trén thép, H,S0,(aq) duge bom tir dudi Ién. C. $04(g) duge xa vao tir phia dudi thap, H,SO,(ag) duoc phun ti trén xuéng. a trong D. SO,(g) Idi qua H,SO,(ag) duge khudy lién tye véi t6c 46 cao. ) DS xdc dinh cong thite cia oleum thu dugc, ngudi ta pha lo&ng 8,36 gam +#H,0 oleum vao nuéc thanh 1,0 lit dung dich sulfuric acid, sau 46 tién hank chudin 49 mdi 10,0 mL dung dich acid nay bing dung dich NaOH 0,10 M. Thé tich NaOH trung binh can sir dung dé chudn d6 1a 20,01 mL. Hay xc dinh céng thie ctia oleum trén. ACO. Z a a 79. Trong céng nghidp, chat rn copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate c6 thé duge a sn xuét tir copper(I) oxide theo hai giai dogn cua qué trinh: ah Cu0(s) smesishHeSOuloine, CuSO (ag) CuSO,5H,O(s) iho ° a) Tir 1 tin nguyén ligu chita 96% copper(I]) oxide theo khéi lugng (con ng lai 1A tap chat tro) s& thu duge bao nhiéu kilégam copper(II) sulfate . pentahydrate ran? Cho higu suat cita qué trinh 14 85%, ba chat b) Mét ao nudi thuy sin cé dién tich bé mat made 14 2 000 m?, 46 sau trang binh cia nuéc trong ao 14 0,7 m dang cé hign tuong pha dudng. Dé xi It tio xanh c6 trong ao, ngudi dan cho copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate vio a0 a ans trong 3 ngay, méi ngay mot lin, mdi lan 1a 0,25 g cho 1 m? nude trong ao. tie acid Hay cho biét tng khdi hrong (ke) copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate ngudi 2hé qua dan cn sir dung. ¢) Cé thé pha ché dung dich copper(II) sulfate 10 M ding dé digt mét s6 loai vi sinh vat. Tinh sé mg copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate cin ding 8 pha ché than 1 L dung dich copper({i) sulfate 10+ M. ay QS, i 2 8 cud o€ 3 / BAL CUONG VE HOA HOC HOU co QP 07 curs HOU CO VA HOA HOC HOU co 8.1. Nhing phat biéu nao sau day 14 ding? (a) Nguyén 16 carbon va hydrogen luén c6 mit trong thanh phan hop chat hitu co, (b) Hop chat hw co ma thinh phan phan tir chi gdm cde nguyén td carbon va hydrogen Ia hydrocarbon. (c) Hop chéthitu co 18 hop chit ciia carbon (trit CO, CO,, cde mudi carbonate, cdc hgp chit cyanide, cde carbide,...). (d) Phé hang ngoai cho phép xéc dinh cd logi nhém chite va sé hryng nhém chire 46 c6 trong phan tir hitu co. — (©) Phé hdng ngoai cho phép xéc dinh logi nhém chite c6 trong phan tirhtruco. (g) Mét hydrocarbon va mt hyp chat ion cé khéi lrgng phn tir gin bang nhau thi hydrocarbon tan trong muéc it hon va c6 nbigt 46 sdi thdp hon ~ so véi hgp chat ion. 8.2. Chat nio duéi day khong 1a chat hitu co? A. Acetic acid. B. Urea. C. Ammonium cyanate. D. Ethanol. 8.3. Trudng hgp nao duéi day khoanh ding nhém chite carboxylic acid cia ethanoic acid? 8.4, Trén phd hdng ngoai cia hop chat hitu co X c6 céc hap thy dic trung 6 2.817 cm ya 1731 omr!. Chat X 1a chat nao trong cdc chét dusi day? A. CH;C(O)CH,CH3. B. CH,=CHCH,CH,OH. C. CH,CH;CH,CHO. D. CH;CH=CHCH,OH. oetgp chit } carbon. rbonate, ag nhom, rhitu co. sin bing ‘bap hon acid cia 817cm? 8.5. Phd héng ngoai ciia hop chat hitu co nao dudi day khéng cé hap thy 6 ving 1.750 — 1 600 cm"? A. Alcohol. B. Ketone. C. Ester. D, Aldehyde. 8.6. Vi sao c6 thé dya vao nhém chite dé phan loai cdc hop chat httu co? A. Vi biét duge nhém chisc thi biét duge thanh phin cdc nguyén t5 hoa hoc 6 trong phan tir hgp chat hitu co. B. Vinhém chisc khéng bj bién déi khi phan tir httu co tham gia phan mg. C. Vi nhém chic tham gia vao cdc phan tmg trong co thé séng. D. Vinhém chite gay ra c4c phan img hod hgc dc trung cho phan tt httu co. 8.7. Phan ti ciia mdi chit A, B va D chia mét trong cc nhém chite: alcohol, ketone hod carboxylic acid. Biét ring trén phd IR, A cho cdc hép thu dac trung 6 2 690 em va 1715 cm; B chi cé hap thy de trung 6 3 348 cm con D cho hép thy dc trung 6 1 740 cm. Cho biét nhém chite cé trong phan tir mdi chat A, B va D. 8.8. Cho day chuyén hoa sau: Cad OY CaC, 2+ CH, 2+ CH;CHO calcium oxide calcium carbide acetylene acetaldehyde Trong cdc chuyén hod trén, chuyén hod nao duge thyc hién bing phan img hoa hoe: a) gitta hai chit v6 co? b) gitta hai chat hitu co? ©) gitta chat v6 co va chit hitu co? 8.9. Thyc hién thi nghiém 4ét chay hén hop alkane long (C10 — C15) nhu mé ta trong Hinh 8.1. a) Chat léng khéng mau = E trong dng chit U la chat gi? She, Maca Cho biét vai t cba nude inh 8 4 trong thi nghiém trén. ) Visao sau khi dét alkane mét thdi gian thi thdy nude v6i trong van duc? c) Thi nghiém nay chimg t6 nhing nguyén té no c6 mat trong alkane?8.10. Dét chdy hoan toan cht A tao thinh CO, va H,O. a) Trinh bay phuong php nhdn ra sy c6 mat cia CO, va H,O trong sin pham chy. b) Nhiing nguyén t6 nao chic chin cé mit trong chit A? Nguyén t6 nao 06 thé 6 trong thanh phan chét A? Can thém dit kign nao dé chic chin diéu nay? c) Trén phé IR cia A thay c6 hap thy 6 1 720 cm, Nhém chite nao c6 thé { 6 trong phan tir chdt A? : 8.11. Phd IR cia chit A duge cho nhur Pi Hinh 8.2. g : Accé thé 1a chat ndo trong sé cic =") t chat sau: (1) CHyCH,-COOH, 5 v4 oy I (2) CH,CH,CH,-CHO, sel i (3) CH,CH,-NH-CH,CH; va ee Sica { (4) CH,COCH,CH,? Giai thich. Hinh 8.2 I 8.12, Cho cdc chit formic acid, acetic acid va methyl formate nhwr sau: i oO HL, 0 Pp i 4 Hg Ht’ we ot O-H H’ ‘o-H OCH : t i formic acid acetic acid methyl formate a) Khoanh vao nhém nguyén tir tao thanh nhém chite acid hoje nhém chitc ester ¢6 trong phin tir cic chat trén. 'b) Giai thfch vi sao formic acid va methyl formate cé thé thé hign duge tinh chat hoa hoc dic trung cita nhém chite aldehyde. PHUONG PHAP TACH BIET VA TINH CHE HOP CHAT HotU co 9.1. Mét hoc.sinh tién hanh chung ct dé tach | CHCl; (t, = 61 °C) ra khoi CHCICHCI, wets (K = 146°C) bing bd dung cu nhu é Hinh 9.1. Khi bat du thu nhan CHCI, vao binh hing thi vthed/ nhiét 46 tai vi tri nao trong hinh dang 1a 61 °C? te Ca A. Vj tri X. B. Viti Y. Sorenom C.VitiZ. D. Vi triT. Hinh 9.1 ® .9,2, Hén hop X gdm cdc alkane: pentane (t, = 36,1 °C), heptane (1, = 98,4 °C), ag sin octane (1, = 125,7 °C) va nonane (t, = 150,8 °C). C6 thé tach riéng cdc chat 46 mot cach thudn loi bing phuong phap ndo sau day? 6 thé A. Két tinh. B, Chang cat. C. Sic ki. D. Chiét. unay? 9.3. Tinh chat vat i ndo sau day duge quan tém khi tch hai chAt long tan vio 6 thé hau bing phurong phip chung ct? ‘A. Nhigt d8 s6i cita chit, B. Nhiét 6 néng chay cba chét, C. Tinh tan cia cht trong nude. D. Mau sie cia chat. 9.4. Vige téch cfc chat ra kh6i nhau bing phuong phap sc ki dwa trén dc tinh nao sau day cia chat? A. Phan tir khéi. B. Nhiét d6 s6i. C. Kha nang hip phy va hoa tan. D. Nhiét 46 néng chay. 9.8. Sir dung phuong phap két tinh tai dé tinh ché chat ran. Hop chét can két tinh lai cn 6 tinh chat nao duéi day dé vige két tinh lai duge thuan loi? A. Tan trong dung mdi phan ewe, khong tan trong dung moi khong phan cyc. B, Tan tt trong ca dung dich néng va lanh. C. ft tan trong ca dung dich néng va lanh. D. Tan tét trong dung djch néng, it tan trong dung dich lanh. 9.6. Ngam cu nghé véi ethanol néng, sau dé loc bé phan ba, lay dung dich dem nehite 6 dé lam bay hoi bét dung méi, Phan dung dich cén lai sau khi cé duge lam lanb, 4 yén mét thdi gian rdi loc lay két tua curcumin mau vang. Tir mé ta 6 trén, hay cho biét, ngwai ta da sir dung cdc ki thudt tinh ché nao dé lay duge curcumin tir ct nghé. A. Chiét, chung cét va két tinh. B. Chiét va két tinh. C. Chung chit va két tinh. D. Chung cat, két tinh va sic ki, 9.7. Pent-1-ene va dipentyl ether ding thoi duge sinh ra khi dun néng pentan-1-ol v6i dung dich H,SO, dic. Biét ring nhiét 46 s6i ciia pentan-1-ol, pent-1-ene va dipentyl ether ln lugt la 137,8 °C, 30,0 °C va 186,8 °C. Ti hn hop phari img, cc chat duge tach khoi nhau bang phuong phap chung cat, Cac phan doan thu duge (theo thit ty tir truée dén sau) trong qué trinh chung cét lin hot 14 A. pentan-1-ol, pent-I-ene va dipentyl ether. B. pent-1-ene, pentan-1-ol va dipentyl ether. C. dipentyl ether, pent-1-ene va pentan-1-ol. D. pent-1-ene, dipenty] ether va pentan-I-ol. o ‘gc tinh Porat eoh9.8. Vi sao phai c6 lap va tinh ché cac hop chét hoa hoc? Ké tén mét s6 phuong php dugc ding tinh ché chat htru co’ ma em biét. Tim hiéu va néu vi dy minh hoa vé viée 4p dyng cdc phuong phép nay dé tinh ché chat hod hoc trong doi séng. aso 9.9. Thém hexane (mét hydrocarbon trong phan tir c6 6 nguyén tir carbon) vao dung dich iodine trong nuéc, lc déu rdi dé yén, Sau dé thu lay I6p hiru co, lam bay hoi dung méi dé thu ly iodine. a) Phuong phap nao da duge sir dung d& thu My iodine tir dung dich iodine trong muéc trong quy trinh duge mé ta 6 trén? b) Hinh 9.2 mé ta hign tung xy ra trong dung cu ding thu ly iodine trong thi nghiém trén. Cho biét tén ciia dung cy nay. c) Mé ti cdch lam dé tach riéng phan nude va phan hitu co tir dung cy 6 Hinh 9.2. 4) Giai thich sw khc nhau vé mau sic cia l6p nude va lép hitu co trong dung cu trén truéc va sau khi lic. | { Lop hit co. (khong mau) L6p mase (Mau niu dim) |e} Lop nttu co (Mau tim) i Lép nude : (Mau nau nhat) ‘Trude Ichi lie | Sau Khi lie Hinh 9.2 9.10. Dé tinh ché chat hitu co rin chita tap chit, ngudi ta hoa tan chat rin trong dung méi thich hgp rdi loc bé tap chat khdng tan (Hinh 9.3). a) Dua cdc chi thich trén hinh (4a cho trong khung) vao e4c vi tri (A,B, C, D, E, F) cho phi hgp. Binh 93 b) Dé yén nude loc mét thi gian nhung chua thay chat rin két tinh nhuw mong muén. Yéu t6 nao cé thé 14 nguyén nhan cla hién tugng nay? c) Can lam gi a8 cé thé cé duge cht rin két tinh tir dung dich thu duge & trudng hgp b). 4) Cho biét tén cha phuong phap 4a sit dung dé tinh ché chit rin 6 trén. @gphap nh hoa iséng. n) vio itu co, iodine e trong inh 9.2. g dung nh abu ay? duge 6 9.11. M6t hoc sinh tién hanh két tinh Iai dé tinh ché mét chat hétu corn cé nhi&m, chat ban va vé Jai qua trinh tién hanh nhw 6 Hinh 9.4, a) M6 ta qué trinh két tinh Jai ma hoe sinh trén da thyc hign. ’b) Giai thich vi sao sau khi két tinh lai thi cht rin ban dau lai sach hon, rane | te! * Chat ci cada hah et Hinh 9.4, 9.12, Benzene thuong mai (t, = 80,1 °C) thu duge tir qué trinh chung eft nhya than d4 chira 3 — 5% thiophene (t, = 84,2 °C). Thiophene duge loai khdi benzene bing céch chiét voi dung dich sulfuric acid dm dic. Qua trinh tinh ché nay dya trén co s6 1a phan ting gitta sulfuric acid véi thiophene xay ra dé dng hon nhiéu so véi benzene. Khi lic benzene thuong mai voi dung dich sulfuric acid dim dic, chi thiophene phan img voi sulfuric acid dé tgo thanh thiophene-2-sulfonic acid tan trong sulfuric acid. Chiét léy l6p benzene, rira nhiéu lan bing nude 16i lam kh6 bing CuSO, khan va dem chung cét thu ly benzene tinh khiét. a) Benzene thuong mai lin tap chit gi? Vi sao khéng tién hanh chung cft ngay benzene thuong mai dé thu lay benzene tinh khiét? b) Vi sao sau khi xtr i benzene thuong mai v6i dung dich sulfuric acid dam dc thi logi bé duge tap chat? ©) Vi sao sau Ki xir i benzene thuong mai voi dung dich sulfuric acid dam dic lai phai rita benzene nhidu lan v6i made? d) Nusc ln trong benzene duge Logi bé bang céch néo? Dy dodn hién trong xay ra va cho biét lim sao dé biét nude da khong cdn trong benzene sau Khi durge xi i. 9.13. M6t miu hoa ho’ duge xéc dinh c6 ham Ivgng rutin 1A 26%. Ngudi ta dun s6i hoa hoé véi nuée (100 °C) dé chiét ldy rutin. Biét 46 tan cia rutin 1a 5,2 gam trong 1 lit nude & 100 °C va 1a 0,125 gam trong 1 lit nude 6 25 °C. a) C&n ding thé tich nude t6i thiéu IA bao nhiéu dé chiét duge lugng rutin cé trong 100 gam hoa hoe? b) Gia thiét ring toan b6 Ixgng rutin trong hoa hod 4a tan vao nude khi chiét. Lam ngudi dung dich chiét 100 gam hoa hoe 6 trén tir 100 °C xudng 25°C. thi thu dugc bao nhiéu gam rutin két tinh? ©) Visao khi str dung long nue lén hon thi khéi lwgng rutin thu duge khi két tinh lai gidm di? ae9.14, Chudn bi cdc khuén gé cé kich thude 58 cm * 80 cm x 5 cm, 6 gifta c6 it tim thuy tinh duge quét m6 fon ca hai mat, mdi lép day 3 mm. Dat len trén bé mat chat béo mot lop Iya mong rdi i 1én trén 30 — 80 g hoa tuoi kho | rio, khéng bj dap nat. Khoang 30 ~ 40 khuén gé duge xép chéng lén nhan_ ri dé trong phong kin. Sau khoang 24 — 72 gids (tuy tig loai hoa), ngudi ta thay lép hoa méi cho dén khi lép chat béo bao hoa tinh dau. a) Tir théng tin trén, hay cho biét ngudi ta da sir dyng phuong phap nao dé ly tinh dau tir hoa. b) Cho biét vai tré ctia chat béo (mé Ign) trong quy trinh thyc hién ¢ trén. c) Dé xudt mét phwong phép khdc dé Ly duge tinh dau hoa. & CONG THUC PHAN TU HOP CHAT HU CO 10.1. CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) 1a ki higu chung chi nhém cdc hap chit hiu co ma trong phan tir o6 cha ba loai nguyén t6 Cl, F va C. Uu diém ciia ching la rat bén, khong chay, khng mili, khong dc, khong gay ra sy an mon, dé bay hoi... nén duge ding lam chat sinh han trong ti lanh, didu hoa khéng | Khi, ding trong cdc binh xit dé tao bot xp... Tuy nhién, do cé nhuge diém lén 1 pha huy tang ozone bao vé Trai Dat nén tirnhimg nam 1990, CFC bj han ché str dyng theo céc quy djnh ciia cde cong ude ve bio vé mdi trudng va chéng bién d6i khi hau. Freon-12 la m6t logi chit CFC duge str dung kha phé bién, c6 chira 31,40% fluorine va 58,68% chlorine vé khdi lugng. Céng thite phan tir ciia freon-12 la A.CCLE, B.CCLE,. C.CCIF,. D.CCLE,. 10.2. Glyoxal cé thanh phan phan trim khéi lugng céc nguyén 16 la: 41,4% C. 3,4% H va 55,2% O, Cong thite nado duéi day phi hop véi céng thire thye nghiém cia glyoxal? A. CHO. B. CHO. C. CH,O,. D. CH,0. 10.3. Phat biéu nao sau day la ding? A. Céng thite thye nghiém ciia chat o6 thé drge xée dinh theo thinh phn | Phan tram v8 8 khéi lugng cia cdc nguyén 16 cé trong phén tir chat dé. B. Céng thite thyc nghiém cia chit cé6 thé duge xéc dinh qua phé héng ngoai cia chat 46. C. Céng thite thyc nghiém cua cht ¢é thé duge x4c dinh qua phé kh6i lugng cha chat 46. D. Céng thite thyc nghiém cia chat c6 thé duge xdc dinh qua cdc phan tmg eo hod hoc @ac trung ciia chat 46.rgitiacé 19.4, phit bidu nao sau day la khong ding? . ae A. Hai chat c6 cling cng thite thc nghiém cé thé 6 phan tir khéi khde nhau. lennhen B. Hai chit o6 cing cong thite thy nghiém cé phan trim khéi long céc nguyén (6 trong phan tir cla ching nhu nhau. ngudi ta Y , is : C. Hai chit 06 cling céng thite thye nghiém thi thanh phin cdc nguyén 6 to dé trong phan tir cia ching giéng nhau. prio d D. Hai chat cé cing céng thie thyc nghiém In6n cé cing céng thite phan tir. otrén, 10.5. Phd MS cita chat Y cho thdy ¥ cé phan ti khdi bing 60. Céng thite phan tit nao dui day khong pha hop véi Y? A.C3H,0. B. C,H,02. C. CELE, D. CH N>. f 10.6. Acetic acid c6 céng thite phan ti la CH,O>. Két lun nao duéi day 1a ding? thu co A. Acetic acid c6 céng thite thye nghiém li CH,O va cé khéi luong riéng len ta ching gap 30 lan so véi hydrogen 6 cing didu kién (nhiét 46, dp suit). mon, dé B. Acetic acid cé céng thite phan tis 1a CH,O va cé ti khdi hoi so véi hydrogen va khong 6 ciing diéu kign (nhiét 49, ap sudt) 1a 30. ; C. Acetic acid oo odng thite thyc nghiém 1a CH,O va cé phan tir khdi 1a 60. iDat nén D. Acetic acid c6 céng thite thyte nghigm 1a (CH,0), va cd phfin tir khdi 1a 60. céc cong 10.7. Sau khi biét c6ng thie thye nghiém, cé thé xac dinh céng thite phan tir cha 131,40% hgp chat hitu co dya trén dic diém nao sau day? eon-12 14 A. Phiin tit khéi cia chat, B. Thanh phan phan trim vé kh6i lugng cdc nguyén t6 cé trong phan tir chit. 41,4% C; C. Khéi lugng cdc sin phdm thu duge khi dt chéy hoan toain m6t lung chit ite thye xée dinh. D. Cac hap thy dc trung trén phd IR cia chit. 10.8*. Tim hiéu va ké tén mét sé phuong phép xéc dinh phan ti khéi cia mét ; : I ° . anh phan chat. Phuong phap nao thong duge str dyng hign nay? Vi sao? At d6. 3 _ 10.9. Tién hanh phan tich nguyén t6, ngwoi ta x4 dinh duge trong thanh phan cba Sng ngoai mét mau hydrocarbon X chita 0,72 gam carbon va 0,18 gam hydrogen. a) Xéc dinh cng thire thye nghiém cia X. b) Sir dung phd MS, xc dinh duge phan tir khéi chia X la 30, Xéc dinh cng thire phan tir ca X. héi lugng phan img, o10.10. Hop chit ¥ cé céng thite thyc nghiém 1a CH,O. a) Trong thinh phin cia Y cé nhitng nguyén t6 nao? b) Sir dung phd MS, xéc dinh duge phan tir khéi cia ¥ 1a 60. Xéc dinh cong thite phan ti cia Y. c) Néu Y [A mét ester thi trén ph6 IR, ¥ c6 hp thy dic trung 6 ving nao? 10.11. Ti 1é vé khéi wong gitta carbon va hydrogen trong phan tir hydrocarbon A 149 : 2. Trong cing didu kién Ap suat, nhiét 46, hai thé tich bang nhau cha | Khi A va khf CO, cé khdi rong bang nhau. Xac dinh céng thite thye nghigm va cong thite phén tit ciia A. 10.12. Methyl salicylate thudng c6 mat trong thanh phan eta mét s6 thudc gidm dau, thudéc xoa bép, cao dan ding diéu tri dau lung, cing co, bong gan,... Thanh phan phan tram vé khéi long céc nguyén 16 trong phfn tir methyl salicylate nhwr sau: 63,16% C; 5,26% H va 31,58% O. ‘Cum, tuong 68 (6) 155" ‘Hinh 10. Phé MS céa methyl salicylate Phd MS cita methyl salicylate duge cho nhw Hinh 10. Xée djnh cong thie thye nghiém va cng thie phan tir ciia methyl salicylate. 10.13*, Lindane hay hexachlorane 1a chit cé te dung trir su manh, tig duge sit dung phé bién trong néng nghiép va lam duge pham (tri ghé, diét chdy,...). Tuy nhién, do la chAt dc phén huy rét chém trong ty nhién nén vio nim 2009, hexachlorane da bj dua vao phy Iyc cm san xuat va sit dung cha , Céng ude Stockholm vé céc chat 6 nhiém hifu co khé phan huy va bj cm | sit dung tai 169 quéc gia trén thé gidi. Thinh phn phan trim khOi Inong cia cde nguyén t6 cé trong hexachlorane la: 24,78% C; 2,08% H va 73,14% Cl. Dya vao phd MS, x4e dinh duge phan tit khdi cia hexachlorane 14 288 img vei Cl) hodc 300 (tng voi 2"Cl). Trong ty nhién, Cl chiém 75,77% sO lugng nguyén tir cn "Cl chiém 24,23% s6 hrong nguyén tr. a) Xée dinh céng thitc thyre nghiém cia hexachlorane. b) Xéc dinh cng thite phan tir cita hexachlorane. oeinh cong ignao? zarbon A. ohau cla znghiém 152| Peo me llicylate gz duge sir chiy,...). vao nam dung cia va bi cam luong cla 3.14% Cl. ae 1A 288 15,77% 86, 2 . = & CAU TAO HOA HOC CUA HOP CHAT HOU CO 11.1. Dé viét duge cdu tao hoa hoc cia mét chat cn biét nhimg yéu td nao sau day? (a) Thanh phan phan tir cla chat, (b) Hod trj cia cdc nguyén 16 cé trong phan tir cht, (c) Trat ty lién két cua cdc nguyén tir trong phan tir cht. (d) Nhiét 6 s6i cua chat. 11.2. Céng thire nao duéi day biéu dién ding cu tao hod hoc ctia chat? ‘a # ne Egon BEEN TR OGH eres HO HO Oo oH HH dd) @ 8) (4) A. Cong thite (1). B. Céng thitc (2) va cdng thie (3). C. Cong thite (4). D. Cong thtie (1) va céng thite (3). 11.3, Nhan xét nao sau day la dung vé hai cng thie cdu tao CH;CH,CH(CH;), va CH,CH,CH,CH,CH,? A. Bidu dién cfu tao hod hoc cia cing mét chit, B. Biéu dién cdu tao hod hoc cita hai chat dng phan vé vi tri nhém chitc. C. Biéu di&n cu tao hod hoc ciia hai chat thugc cing day déng dang. D. Biéu dién edu tao hod hoc cua hai chat dng phan vé mach carbon, U4, Nhdn xét ndo sau day vé hai cong thie cdu ue bén la ding? . . ~~ Hh A. Biéu dign cdu tao hoa hoc cia hai chat déng phan vé mach carbon. dién cdu tao hod hoc cita hai chat dong phan vé vj tri nhém chtrc. C. Bigu dign cau tao hod hgc cila hai chat thudc cing day déng ding. D. Biéu dién cdu tao hod hoc cia ciing mét chat. 11.5. Chon.phat biéu ding vé bén chat (déu cé phan tir khdi 14 60) sau day. CHaCH,CH,OH — CH,G-OH—NH,CH,CH,NH, = CHCH-OIT CH ay @) @) 4) A. Chit (1) va chat (4) 14 déng phan cia nhau. B. Chat (1), cht (2) va chat (4) 1a ding phan ciia nhau. eo Sesenna C. Chat (1) va chat (2) 1 déng phan cia nhau. D. Ca bén chat d€u 1a déng phan cla nhau. 11.6. Sé déng phan mach hé c6 cing céng thite phan tit CsHjBry 1a AL. B.2. C3. D.4. 11.7. Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol thuge cing mot day déng ding. | Phat biéu nao sau day vé cdc hgp chat nay 1a ding? ; A. Céc hop chit nay cé tinh chat vat li trong ty nhau va cé tinh chat bod hoc © bién ddi theo quy luat. | B. Cac hop chat nay c6 tinh chat hoa hoc tuong ty nhau va cé tinh chat vat li 5 bién ddi theo quy Iuat. C. Cac hop chit nay c6 cing céng thite phn tit nhung cé cdc tinh chat vat li, i tinh chat hod hoc khée nhau. D. Cc hop chat nay cé cdc tinh chat vat li va tinh cht hod hoc tuong ty nhau. 11.8, Didn cac théng tin thich bgp vao 6 tréng dé hoan thanh bang duéi da 11.9. Viét céng thite cAu tgo cita cdc hop chit hia co mach hé c6 cdng thite phan tir " C4Hj90. Trong céc hop chat nay, hay chi ra: a) Cac chat la déng phan vé nhom ehite. b) Cac chit 1a ddng phan vé vi tri nhom chite. eo” Cac chat la dng phan vé mach carbon.ag dang. thod hoc shat vat li hat vat li, sty nhau. 41.10. Trong céc cing thire céu tao duéi day: re Ay NB rT a (2) @) 4 ) a) Nhiing cOng thite nao biéu dign cng thie cdu tao ctia cing mét chat? b) Nhiing cong thire nao biéu dign céng thitc cdu tao cita hai chat 14 ding phan ciia nhau? Hai chat ding phan nay thudc loai dng phan gi (déng phén vd mach carbon, déng phan vé nhém chitc hay déng phan vé vi tri nhém chtte)? 11.11. Hai chat dau trong cdc chat thuéc mét sé day ding ding duge cho dudi day: Day 1: CHO, C;H,0. Day 2: C)HSN, CsHN. Day 3: Cell, CyHg. a) Viét céng thtrc phan tir cia chat thir 5 trong mdi day. b) Viét céng thite chung cho mdi day. 11.12. Cée hop cht CH,COOH (C,H,O,), HOCH,CH,CHO (C;H,0,) va (CH;CH,COOCH, (C;H,0,) ¢é thuge cing mot day déng ding khéng? Vi sao? Viét cng thite cau tao cia ba chat c6 citing céng thite phan tir véi cde cht 6 trén va 1a déng dang cia nhau. 11.13. M6t hop chat hitu co A duge xdc dinh c6 cOng thitc the nghiém la CHO. a) Céc nguyén t6 nao cé trong thanh phan phan tir ctia A? b) Bing phd MS, ngudi ta x4c dinh duge phan tir khéi ciia A 1a 60. Tim céng thite phan ti cia A. c) Trén phé IR cia A thay cé tin higu hap thy & 1.715 cm déng théi cing thdy mét sé tin higu hap thy trong ving 3 400 — 2 500 cm. A cé thé ed nhém chite nao? XAc dinh céng thire cdu tao cia A. 11.14, Thanh phan phan trim vé khéi lnong oguyén 16 c6 trong hop chat X 1a 85,7% C va 14,3% H. a) X4c dinh cng thie thy nghiém cia hgp chat X. b) Phd MS cho thy X cé phan tit kh6i la 56. Xéc dinh céng thite phn tir clia X. c) Cho biét cong thire cdu tao cé thé c6 cla X trong mdi trudng hop: cl) X la hydrocarbon mach thing. 2) X la hydrocarbon mach hé, phan nhénb. o| €) w | 12.1. Phat biéu nao sau day 1a ding? | A. Nhiing hop chat ma trong phan ti chi c6 lin két don Ia hydrocarbon no. 'B. Hydrocarbon chi cé lién két don trong phan tit 1a hydrocarbon no. i C. Hydrocarbon cé cdc lién két don trong phan tir 1 hydrocarbon no. ‘ D. Hydrocarbon o6 it nhét m6t lién két don trong phan ti la hydrocarbon no. 12.2. Phat biéu nao sau day vé alkane 1a khong ding? | A. Trong phan tir alkane chi cé lién két don. B. Chi cdc alkane la chit khi & diéu kign thudng dugc ding lam nhién ligu. C. Cfc alkane léng duge ding sin xudt xing, dau va lam dung méi. D. Cac alkane rin duge ding lam nhya dudng, nguyén ligu cho qué trinh : cracking. E. Céng thite chung ctia alkane Li C,Hy,42, Voi x> 1. | 12.3. $6 dang phan cu tao ting voi cong thite phan tir CoHy, 1a AB. B.S. c.4. D.6. 12.4. Tén thay thé cita hydrocarbon c6 céng thre cdu tao (CH;);CCH,CH,CH, la” A. 2,2-dimethylpentane, B. 2,3-dimethylpentane. C. 2,2,3-trimethylbutane. D. 2,2-dimethylbutane. 12.5, Nhiing yéu t6 nado sau day khong quyét dinh dén 46 16n cia nhiét 46 s6i cha cae allsane? (a) Phin ti khdi. (b) Tuong téc van der Waals gitta cae phan tt. (c) BO tan trong nude. (d) Lién két hydrogen gitta céc phan tit. 12.6. Khi dehydrogen hgp chat 2,3-dimethylbutane cé thé thu duge bao nhiéu alkene déng phan cu tao cia nhau? A. 3. B.4. C2, DS.arbon no. 10, 10. arbon no. aign Ligu. i. qua trinh ‘HCH, la 46 sdi cha c phan tir. ati, bao nhiéu 12.7. Cho mhiét dét chay hoan toan 1 mol cdc chat ethane, propane, butane va pentane Tin luot 1a 1 570 kJ mol"; 2 220 kJ mot"; 2 875 kJ mot! va 3 536 kJ mot". Khi dt chay hoan todn 1 gam chat nio s8 thu duoc Iugng nbiét lon nbat? A. Ethane. B.Propane. C.Pentane. —-‘D. Butane. 12.8. Nhé 1 mL nude bromine vao Sng nghi¢m dyng 1 mL hexane, chiéu sang va lic déu. Hign tugng quan sat duge 1a ‘A. trong éng nghiém cé chat long déng nhat. B, mau cia nude bromine bi mat. C. mau cia bromine khéng thay adi. D. trong éng nghiém xuét hign két tia. 12.9. Hydrocarbon Y cé céng thire edu tao nh sau: (CH,),CHCH,CH,. Khi cho Y phan ting véi bromine c6 thé thu durgc bao nhiéu din xudt monobromo 1a ddng phan edu tao cita nhau? A3. B.4. cs. D.6. 12.40. Trong phan tit hydrocarbon X, hydrogen chiém 25% vé khéi long. Céng thite phan tir cia X 1a A. CH,y. B, CH, C. GH. D. Ci. 12.11. Cho butane phan tng v6i chlorine thu duge sin pham chinh la A. 2-chlorobutane. B. 1-chlorobutane. C. 3-chiorobutane. D. 4-chlorobutane. 12.12, Dé ting chit hrong cua xAng, dau, ngwdi ta thyc hién cach nao sau day? ‘A. Thy hién phan img reforming dé thay 46i cu tric cia cdc alkane mach khong nhanh thinh hydrocarbon mach nhdnh hoje mach vong c6 chi s6 octane cao. B. Thye hign phan ting cracking dé thay di cau trac cdc alkane mach dai chuyén than céc alkene va alkane mach ngan hon. C. Thy hign phan img hydrogen hod dé chuyén céc alkene thinh alkane. D. Bé sung thém heptane vao xing, dau. 12.13. Phuong phap nio sau day cé thé duge thyc hign dé gop phan han ché 6 nliém méi trudmg do cdc phutong tign giao thong gay ra? A. Khéng sit dung phuong tign giao thong. B. CAm cdc phuong tign giao théng tai céc 46 thi. C. Sr dung phuong tién chay bing dign hoc nhién ligu xanh. D. Sit dung cée phuong tién chay biing than 4a. ©12.14, Trong cng nghiép, cdc alkane duge didu ché tir ngudn nao sau day? A. Sodium acetate. B. Dau mo va khi mé dau. C. Aluminium carbide (A1,C;). _D. Khi biogas. 12.15, Trong phan tng thé nguyén tit H cia phan tir alkane, bromine cé tinh chon loc cao, nghia la xdc suat thé nguyén tir H & nguyén tir carbon bac ba gip hang trim lan xéc suat thé H ¢ nguyén tir carbon bac mét va bac hai. Xéc dinh céng thie cau tao sin phim chinh cua phan (mg xay ra khi cho (CH,);CHCH,CH, phan ing v6i bromine (chiéu sing). 12.16. Viét cong thite cdu tao cua cée hop chat khéng no cé thé thu durge khi thye ‘ign phan tmg tach mét phan tir hydrogen tir phan tir 2-methylbutane. 12.17. Trong qua trinh khai thae hod van chuyén dau mé, d6i khi xdy ra su cé tran dau trén bién, a) Céc sy c6 tran dau trén bién gay ra cdc tham hoa vd moi trudng nhwr thé ndo? li sy 06 tran dau trén bién, ngudi ta thrdng 1am nhu thé nao? ai thich li do sit dung céc ki thuat dé. 12.18*. “Bang chéy” la dang tinh thé hydrate cia methane v6i nu6c, 06 céng thire 1 CH,-nH,0. Bing chéy duge hinh thinh & su dudi long dat duéi day bién va li ngudn methane quan trong trong tuong lai. Em hay dé xudt bién phap khai thac bang chay. 12.19. Xing lam nhién ligu cho 6 t6, xe may 14 hn hop cia céc hydrocarbon mach nhénh CsH,2 — C,,Hp,, trong 46 cé octane 1a cht ¢6 kha ning chiu kich né tt. Vi sao ngudi ta khong ding mét loai hydrocarbon (vi dy octane) dé lam xing ma lai ding hén hop cdc hydrocarbon? 12.20, Khi dét chay 1 mol cdc chét sau day gidi phong ra nhiét hong (goi la nhiét dét chay) nhu bang sau: a) Khi dét 1 gam chat nao sé gidi phéng ra long nhiét 16n nhat? b) Dé dun sdi cing mot hrong nude tix cing nhigt d6 ban dau, voi gid thiét cdc diéu kién khdc la nhu nhau, cain dét chay khdi Iuong cht nao la it nhdt? oO nat6 tinh bac ba sfc hai. khi cho chi thye e. asyc6 ‘hé nao? bé nao? mg thite lay bién &n phap ocarbon, ng chju octane) la nhigt thidt che nhat? 12.21. Khi dét hod long (Liquified Petroleum Gas, viét tit 1a LPG) hay cdn dug goi 1 gas, 1 hon hgp khi cha yéu gém propane (C;H,) va butane (C4Hjo) da durge hod Iéng. Mét loai gas dan dung chita khi hod long ¢6 ti Ig mol propane : butane li 40 : 60. BSt chay 1 lit khf gas nay (6 25°C, 1 bar) thi tod ra mét luong nhiét bing bao nbiéu? Bi&t khi dt ch4y 1 mol méi chat propane va butane tod ra luong nbiét trong ting 2 220 KI va 2 875 KI. 12.22. Khi gas dun ndu cé thé gay ngat. Khi gas ning hon khong khi (propane niing gip 1,55 lén; butane ning gip 2,07 lan khong khf) nén khi thodt hoi thiét bj chtra, gas tich ty 6 nhing ché thép trén mat dat va tao thanh hdn hop gay chay nd. Khi phat hign rd ri khi gas trong nha, chting ta cn phai lam gi dé dam bao an toan? 12.23, Vi sao néi “CAc phwong tign giao thong la mét trong cde nguyén nhan chinh gay ra 6 nhiém mdi trudng 6 cdc dé thi lon”? @ HYDROCARBON KHONG NO 13.1, Phat biéu nao sau day la ding? ‘A. Hydrocarbon khéng no 1a nhimg hydrocarbon mach hé, phan tir chi e6 lién két d6i C=C hoie lién két ba C=C. B, Hydrocarbon khéng no 1a nhiing hydrocarbon mach ving, phan tir e6 lién ket di C=C hodc lién két ba C=C. C. Hydrocarbon khéng no 1a nhiing hydrocarbon mach hé, phan tit 06 lién két 46i C=C hodc lién két ba C=C. D. Hydrocarbon khéng no 1a nhiing hydrocarbon trong phan tir c6 chia lién két doi C=C hodc lién két ba C=C hoc ca hai loai lién két 46. 13.2. Phat biéu nao sau day la khong ding? A. Céng thite chung cia cdc hydrocarbon khong no, mach hé, phan tir ¢6 mét lién két 401 C=C la C,H, n> 2. B. Cong thite phfin tir cita céc hydrocarbon khéng no, mach hé, phan tir 6 mot lién két ba C=C 06 dang CyH>, 9, n> 2. C. Cong thite phan tir cia cée hydrocarbon no, mach hé c6 dang C,H3,,n 22. D, Céng thite chung ciia cdc hydrocarbon 18 C,H, voi x> 1. 13.3.Cho cfc chat 06 céng thite cu tao sau: (1) CICH,CH=CHCH,; (2) CH,CH=CHCH,; (3) BrCH,C(CH,)=C(CH,CH,)y; (4) CICH, CH=CH. (5) CICH,CH=CHCH,CH,; (6) (CH,),C=CH,, Trong s6 cdc chat trén, bao nhiéu chat cé ddng phan hinh hoc? A3. B.4. C5. D.6. oO13.4. Cho cdc alkene X va Y c6 céng thie nhu sau: HC. CH, HC GHs (&) soace mw) oc HGH; HCH Ten goi cia X va ¥ tong tng la A. cis-3-methylpent-2-ene va trans-3-methylpent-3-ene. i B. trans-3-methylpent-2-ene va cis-3-methylpent-2-ene. C. trans-3-methylpent-3-ene va cis-3-methylpent-3-ene. D. trans-3-methylpent-3-ene va cis-3-methylpent-2-ene. 13.5. Céc alkene khéng c6 cdc tinh chat vat i dc trung nao sau day? A. Tan tét trong nude va cac dung méi hi co. B. Cé khéi lugng rigng nhé hon khéi hong riéng cua nude. C. Cé niét 46 s6i thp hon alkane phan tir c6 cing s6 nguyén tir carbon. D. Khong din ign. 13.6. Mét hydrocarbon X mgch hé trong phin tir ¢6 phan tram khdi long carbon bing 85,714%. Tren phd khéi lung cia X c6 peak ion phan tit tmg véi gid tri m/z = 42. Cong thite phit hop voi X 1A A. CH,=CHCH. B, CH,CH,CH). C. CH,CH. D. CH=CH. 13.7. But-1-ene tc dung v6i HBr tgo ra sin phdm chiph c6 cdng thite cu tao nao sau day? i A. CH,CHBrCHBrCH. B. CH,CH,CH,CH,Br. C. CH,CH,CHBrCH,. D. BrCH,CH,CH,CH,Br. 13.8. Cho cée hydrocarbon: (1) CH,=C(CH3)CH,CH,; (2) (CH3),C=CHCH3; (3) CH=C(CH,)CH=CH,; (4) (CH;),CHC=CH. Nhting hydrocarbon nao phan (ing voi HBr sinh ra sén phém chinh 1a 2-bromo-2-methylbutane? A, (1) va(2). B.va(. —C.(1) va). DG) va). 13.9, Cho pent-2-ene phan tg voi dung dich KMnO, 6 nhigt a6 phng e6 thé thu duge sin phdm hitu co c6 cong thie cdu tao nao sau day? A, CH,CH,CH(OH)CH(OH)CH3. B. CH,CH,CH,CH(OH)CH;. C. CH;CH(OH)CH,CH(OH)CEG. D. CH,CH,CH(OH)CH,CH. searbon. ag carbon ig voi gid {u tao nao =CHCH;; arbon nao itane? 3) va (4). 506 thé thu 4,CH. 13.10. Dan dong khi gém acetylene va ethylene ldn lugt di vao éng nghiém (1) dung dung dich AgNO./NH, 6 diéu kign thudng, sau dé din tiép qua éng nghiém (2) dung nuée bromine. Hign trong thi nghiém nao sau day 1a khong ding? A. 6 6ng nghiém (1) cé két tia mau vang nhet. B, © éng nghiém (2) mau cia nude bromine nhat din. C. 6 éng nghiém (2) chat long chia thanh hai lép. D. 6 éng nghiém (2) thu duge chat long déng nhat. 13.11. Dé phin bigt but-2-yne (CHjC=CCH,) véi but-l-yne (CH=CCH,CHs) c6 thé ding thudc thi nao sau day? A. Dung dich HCI. B. Dung dich AgNO,/NHG. C. Nuée bromine. D, Dung dich KMn0,, 13.12. Cac chai lo, tui, mang méng trong suét, khong d6c, duoc sit dung lam chai dung muréc, thye phim, mang boc thy phim dugc sin xuét tir polymer cita chat nao sau day? A. Butadiene. B. Propene. C. Vinyl chloride. D. Ethylene. 13.13. Phat biéu nao sau day 14 khong dimg? A. Trong phéng thi nghiém, ngudi ta digu ché ethene bing céch tach nude ethanol va thu bing céch doi ché cita nude. B. Mt tmg dyng quan trong cita acetylene 14 lam nhién ligu trong dén xi oxygen — acetylene. C. Trong céng nghiép, ngudi ta digu ché acetylene biing cach nhiét phan nhanh methane cé xiic tae hoiic cho calcium carbide (thinb phin chink ciia dat dén) tic dung véi nuée. D. Mét img dung quan trong cia acetylene 1 lam nguyén ligu tng hop ethylene. 13.14. Viét cong thire cdu tgo va goi tén céc alkene déng phan cdu tao c6 céng thie phan tir CsHio. Trong sé céc ddng phan nay, c6 bao nhiéu chAt c6 déng phan -hinh hoc? Hay viét tén dy du cia cdc dng phan hinh hoc nay. 13.15. Nhiét dt chéy cia mét s6 chat nur sau: ethane: 1 570 kT mol", methane: 783 kJ mol"; acetylene: 1 300 kJ mol". Vi sao trong han, cit kim loai, ngudi ta ding acetylene dug diéu ché tir calcium carbide CaC, (thanh phan chinh cia dat den) ma khong ding ethane? , oe13.16*. Trude day, céng nghiép hod hoc hitu co sit dung rat nhiéu acetylene lim nguyén ligu dau. Ngay nay, acetylene dugc thay thé bang ethylene. Hay tim hiéu va giai thich Ii do ctia su thay ddi nay. 13.17. Khi suc hai déng khi nhu nhau cia ethylene va acetylene vao dung dich KMn0O, thdy ethylene 1am nhat mau dung dich nhanh hon acetylene. Hiy giai thich nguyén nan. 13.18. Mot sé hydrocarbon mach hé, dng phan c4u tao cia nhau, trong phan tir c6 phan tram khéi lugng carbon bing 85,714%, Trén phd khdi lrong ciia mét trong céc chit tén c6 peak ion phan tir tng véi gid tri m/z = 70. -Vidt cong thitc cAu tao cila cdc chat thoa man cée dic diém trén. Le & ARENE (HYDROCARBON THOM) 14.1, Phat bidu nao sau day 1a khéng ding? A. Hydrocarbon thom la nhiing hydrocarbon trong phan tir e6 vong benzene. B. Cac cht trong phan tir cd vong benzene durge goi 1a hydrocarbon thom, C.Nhing hydrocarbon trong phan tir cé vong benzene duge goi 1A hydrocarbon thom. D. Day ding ding ciia benzene cé céng thite ting quat C,H, «(n> 6). 14.2. Cho cdc hydrocarbon X va Y c6 CH, gs céng thite clu tao sau: oe Ten goi cia X va ¥ Lin hrot la H, Hs A, p-xylene va m-xylene. &) @&) B, 1,2-dimethylbenzene va 1,3-dimethylbenzene. C. m-xylene va o-xylene. D. 1,3-dimethylbenzene va 1,2-dimethylbenzene. 14,3. Mgt arene Y cé phan trim khéi Iugng carbon bing 92,307%. Trén phé khdi lugng ctla Y c6 peak ion phan tir tmg véi gid tri m/z = 104. Céng thite cu tao phan tir cba Y 1a ‘A. CcHsCH=CH,, B, CH,CgH.CH,. C. CgH,C=CH. D. CgHsCoHs. eo ,one am Hay tim ng dich etylene, ng phan 31 luong vz = 70. ™, Trén 2 = 104, 14.4. Phat biéu nao sau day 1a khéng ding? A. Toluene (CgHsCHg) khong tée dung duge véi awée bromine, dung dich thudc tim 6 didu kin thudng. B. Styrene (CsHsCH=CH,) tde dung duge vi nude bromine, lam mit miu dung dich thuéc tim 6 digu kign thudng. C. Ethylbenzene (CsHsCH,CH;) khong tic dung duge véi mréc bromine, 1am mAt mau dung dich thuéc tim khi dun néng. D. Naphthalene (CjoHs) tae dung duge véi nuéc bromine, lam mét mau dung dich thudc tim 6 diéu kién thudng. 14.5, Cho mét sé arene ¢6 céng thife edu tao sau: CH, ne-Lon Conor Conan OF! @ @ @) @ CH, on €\-crcn, €\-cr-cn, 6) *s (6) a oH Trong s6 cac chat trén, c6 bao nhiéu chit 14 ddng phan cdu tao cha nhau? A.2. B. 4. Cc. 6. D.5. 14.6. Phat biéu ndo sau day vé qué trinh san xuat cc hydrocarbon trong céng nghigp 14 khong ding? A. Ngudi ta 06 thé khai théc/ diéu ché toluene bing qué trinh reforming hexane va heptane. B. Ngudi ta cé thé khai thac/ diéu ché toluene va benzene tir nhya than a4. C. Ngubi ta cé thé khai thac/ didu ché benzene bing phan tng trimer hod acetylene. at D. Ngudi ta 06 thé khai thc benzene ti dau mé hodc diéu ché benzene bing phan img reforming hexane. oO14.7. Chit lang X (c6 céng thite phan tir Ld CH.) khong mau, 6 mai thom nhe, khéng tan trong nude, 1a mdt dung méi hiru co théng dung. X tac dung vi chlorine khi chiéu sang tao nén chat rin Y; tac dung voi chlorine khi co xiie tae FeCl; tgo ra chat long Z va khi T. Khi T khi di qua dung dich silver nitrate tgo ra két tia tring. Céng thtte cia cdc chat Y, Z, T lin lugt 18 A. CgCle; CAIsCl; HCI. B. CAACh; CoHeClos HCI. C. CoHsCly(CH3); CeHsCH,Cl, HCI. D. CH,CH,Cl; CgllsCls(CH); HCL. 14.8, Chdt nao sau day khi dun néng v6i dung dich KMnO,/H,SO, tao thanh hop chat ht co don chirc? A. C,HsCH3. B, m-CH,CgHyCH. C. 0-CHsCgHjCH3. D. p-CH,C,H,CH3. 14.9. Dé phan biét styrene va phenylacetylene chi can ding chat nao sau day? A. Nuée bromine. B. Dung dich KMn0,. C. Dung dich AgNO,/NH,. D. Khi oxygen du. 14.10. Hydrocarbon thom X e6 céng thite phan tit CgHyq, khi tic dung voi dung, dich KMn0, trong mdi truémg HjSO, tao nén hop chat hitu co don chite ¥. X phan img véi chlorine cé chiéu sing tao hop chat hiu co Z chita mot nguyén tir Cl trong phan tir (1A sn pham chin). Cae chat X, ¥, Z c6 cong thire cau tgo Lan lugt 14 ‘A. CoHsCH,CH; CH;COOH; CsHsCHCICH;. B. CHsCH,CHy; CoH;CH,COOH; C,H;CHCICH,. C. 0-CHyCgH,CH,; 0-HOOCC,H,COOH; o-CICH,C,H,CH,Cl. D. p-CH;CsHyCHs; p-HOOCCH,COOH; p-CICH,CsH,CH,Cl. oO iom he, vung voi Khi 6 ch silver fa anh hop 1 day? voi dung ehite Y. shira mot ‘66 cong 14,11.Cho30mL dung dich HNO, dic va25 mL dung dich H,SO, d&cvaobinhcauba cd cé lap éng sinh han, phéu nhé giot va nhigt ké rdi lam lanh hdn hop dén 30°C. Cho timg giot benzene vao hon hgp phan tg, dng thoi lic déu va gidrnhiétdg & 60 °C trong 1 gid. Dé ngudi binh, sau dé rét hon hop phan tng vao phéu chiét, hn hop tach thanh hai lép. Tach bé phan acid 6 bén duéi. Riza phan chat léng cén lai bling dung dich sodium carbonate, sau ¢6 riva bang nude, thu duge chat long ning hon nuéc, cé mau vang nhat. Két lugn ndo sau day vé phan tmg trén 1a khong ding? A. Chit long mau ving nhat IA nitrobenzene. B, Sulfuric acid cé vai tro chat xtc tac. C. Da xy ra phan tmg thé vao vong benzene. D. Nitric acid déng vai trd 1A cht oxi bod. 14.12*, MOt trong nhiing img dung cia toluene 1a A. lam phu gia dé ting chi sé octane cita nhién ligu. B. lame 48 san xudt methylcyclohexane. C. lam chéit dau dé didu ché phenol. D. Jam cht dau dé san xuat polystyrene. 14.13. Mét s6 cht gay 6 nhiém méi trong nh benzene, toluene cé trong khi thai dét chy nhién ligu xing, ddu. Dé gidm thiéu nguyén nhan gay 6 nhiém nay edn A. cdm sit dung nhién ligu xang. B. han ché str dung nhién ligu hod thach. C. thay x2ing bing khi gas. D. cdm sir dung xe ca nhan. 14.14. Viét céng thie cdu tao va goi tén cdc dbng dang cia benzene c6 cOng thite phan tir CgHjo- 14.15. Trinh bay cach kim khi chi ding mét thudc thir d& phn biét ba chét ling rigng biét toluene, styrene, benzene. 14.16. Mét hydrocarbon X trong phan tit cé phan trim khéi lugng carbon bang 94,117%. Trén phd khdi hrong cila X c6 peak ion phan tir ting voi gid tri m/z = 102. X c6 kha nang tic dyng duge véi bromine Kkhi 66 xtc thc FeBr;. Xéc dinh cong thire cfu tgo olia X.cui of s/ DAN XUAT HALOGEN - ‘ALCOHOL - PHENOL © 15.1. Sé dong phan cdu tao cé cling cing thitc phan tir CyHyCl A A3. B.5. C4. D.2. DAN XUAT HALOGEN 15.2. Cho vai giot bromobenzene vao éng nghiém da chita sin nude, lc nhe rdi 46 yén trong vai phat. Phat bidu nao sau day 1a ding? A, Chat léng trong éng nghiém phan thanh hai l6p. B. Xiy ra phn ting thé halide, tao ra hgp chat c6 cOng thite 1k CsH;OH. C. Bromobenzene tan vao nude tao ra cht long mau vang nau. D. Xay ra phan img tach halide, tgo ra hop chat c6 céng thite 1a CgH,. 15.3. Nhiing phat bidu no sau day 1a dang? i (2) Do phan tir phan cye nén din xudt halogen khéng tan trong dung moi hou co nhu hydrocarbon, ether. (b) Nhiéu din xuit halogen cé hoat tinh sinh hoc. i (c) Trong digu kién thuéng, din xudt halogen cé thé & dang rin, long hay khi tuy thudc vao khéi luong phan ti, ban chat va sé long nguyén tir halogen. @) Nhiéu dan xuat halogen duge sit dung trong tng hop cdc chat hitu co. (©) Do lién két C-X (X 1a F, Cl, Br, I) khong phan cy nén din xudt halogen 8 tham gia vao nhiéu phan (mg hod hoc. 15.4. Nhiing thi nghiém nao sau day xay ra phan tmg tgo sn phim chinh 1 alcohol? (@) Dun néng Cel1CH,Cl trong dung dich NaOH. (b) Dun néng hdn hop CH,CH,CH,Cl, KOH va C;H,0H. (©) Dun néng CH,CH,CH,Cl trong dung dich NaOH. (@) Dun néng hdn hop CH;CHCICH=CH,, KOH va C,H,0H. o .