‘esearch Methods and Technical Report Writing “CONSTRUCION HEALTH & SAFETY IN ADDIS ABABA” “Department of construction technology and managemen suvmianstoKaleabTsepye Mf. Dereje Girma Ete/1494/09 Fisseha Sileshi Ete/1714/09 Fuad Akmel Ete/1735/09 Rediat wendessen Ete/2445/09 PREPARED BY:> awe(CHAPTER ONE 1, Introduction ‘The study will have three chapters. The first chapter deals with the background ofthe study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions; significance ofthe study, scope, delimitation of the study. The Second chapter focuses on review of related literature. The Third chapter deal about methodology of study and other like work plan/Schedule, Budget, references or Bibliography and Appendices. 1.1 The Research Background Currently, Addis Ababa city looks like a construction site as a whole. Tower and mobile cranes are erected here and there. Building structures with eucalyptus scaffoldings, earth moving machines like excavators, loaders, dump trucks digging, hauling and loading materials are very ‘common to see. Roads and rail roads are also among major projects in the city. (Vaughan, 2014) ‘The construction experience is a point of concern for it may have limitations in safety issues, Knowledge, skil and other countries experience and best practices should be inherited to minimize material loss, loss of human life, harm to the environment. ‘The main focus ofthis paper is to have closer look and evaluate the situation of construction site practices in terms of attention given for overall safety with limited experience of this industry that's “health and Safety in construction industry of Addis Ababa, Safety in construction means doing construction activities with minimum harm to fauna and flora 1.2 Statement of the problem Construction safety in Addis Ababa projects is necessary as the construction is growing and activities are very common. However safety matters do not seem getting sufficient attention. ‘Quite many people are discussing the safety of the buildings, the roads and other infrastructures, Unless projects are done with professional designs the safety ofthe structure will be at stake. Concemed citizens and some professionals claim that this problems are associated with jppropriate and incomplete design. ‘The other point is the quality of the overall works. No matter haw good design we have if contractors use poor material like cement, sand and reinforcement, the structures will have safety issues. If contractors use high silt, sand and less reinforcement bars contrary to the design ‘twill have a harmful effect on the safety of the structures, The other problem that could be ‘observed in Addis Ababa projects is that people without the necessary experience and skill do the site works and have difficulty in interpreting the design and putting it inthe right place with the right procedure. Human safety at Addis Ababa projects is also another point of concern, Most construction sites ‘COTM5241: Research Methods And Technical Report Writing BIABCuse eucalyptus scaffoldings without the required design and spacing. This makes the workers fe at risk. And most site workers are not dressed with the proper site kit to minimize safety risks. ‘Another important point with regard to safety isthe environment protection. One ofthe reasons the environment is being degraded is because of the construction expansion. Infrastructure and urbanization increases the global temperature. Pollution due tothe settlement after construction and chemicals being released from factories are aso safety concerns. Demolition and disposal from construction sites also affects the environment substantially. (Krigsvoll, 2010) Safety in construction has many aspects. How safe are our buildings? Roads? How safe is human life involving inthe construction site? How safe isthe construction for our environment? Are the projects lating long til their service life? Why are some buildings collapsing while even under construction? Why are roads cracking after one year while they are designed for a 20 year or above service period? 11.3 Research questions. ‘ Degree of safety awareness among stakeholders in construction industry? ‘How do stakeholders handle safety of workers at construction site? ‘1s workmanship afecting safety of the projects? ‘# Do contractors use quality materials for safe accomplishments? ‘ Importance of design and supervision for construction safety? ‘© What are the current safety practices in Addis Ababa Construction Projects? ‘What are the constraints in implementing construction safety in Addis Ababa construction Projects? ‘© What are frequently occurring accidents in Addis Ababa Construction Projects? ‘© What are the major causes of accident in Addis Ababa Construction Projects? |L4 Statement ofthe Problem There are many safety concerns in the construction projects. Workers are not protected enough from various risks lice falling, soi siding, body pat injury and fatality. Contractors encourage tolerance in supervision to quickly complete project: Material quality is not maintained to save cost without realizing its effect on safety. Foor workmanship is exhibited because of assigning, ‘ot well sled and experienced workers. The environment is being degraded and the pubic being affected due to vast construction activities without taking measure to minimize harm, 15 Objective ofthe study: 15.1 General objective: The general objective i to assess and reach toa conclusion whether or not stakeholders in Addis ‘Ababa are conducting construction with the required safety standard ‘COTMS241: Research Methods And Technical Report Writing BIABC 2,1.5.2 Specific objective: ~ To assess stakeholders regarding workers safety ~ To evaluate awareness of stakeholders about the importance of design and supervision for safety. ~To check the stakeholders commitment to use quality material ~To find out the skilled and experienced workers assignment in the sites To check stakeholders whether or not they are conscious about the environment and the: public safety. 16 Significance of the study: ‘This paper, about construction safety among stakeholders will have importance in many aspects. It will create awareness for stakeholders involved in this industry. The document can contribute to minimize gap in construction safety. itcan also be used as a moving stone for further academic researchers or for upcoming young graduate students. it may also contribute for a better quality infrastructure. It will cantribute in promoting environmental protection ‘awareness. It can also help to minimize human injury and loss of life in the construction sites 1.7 Scope of the Study: Construction industry is so vast that the study will be focusing only on stakeholders involved in building infrastructures in Addis Ababa city It will not see safety in other construction projects like road projects, dam projects, irrigation projects, and airport construction projects. The study will also take typical representative contractors as a sample. Construction safety isso diverse that it will be unrealistic to cover itn one research paper. Among the various aspects of safety: human safety, environmental safety, equipment usage safety like cranes, electric safety, and ‘chemical usage safety in construction sites. 1.8 Limitation of the Study: ‘The paper will be conducted with other personal work and social commitments. So time constraint was restraining factor. The study will imited to >The Safety aspect of Occupational safety and health, the health issues will not covered in this study because the impact of health is long term. The execution phase of construction in Addis Ababa, will not include the after construction period > the Construction projects in Addis Ababa ‘Sample projects that are currently under construction‘CONSTRUCION HEALTH & SAFETY IN ADDIS ABABA CHAPTER TWO. 2. Review of literature 2.1 Introduction Whats Safety? Safety in general means to identify and become aware of possible hazards that can be preventable before they happen. Risk of human lif, loss of property the environment lncluding fauna, flora and biodiversity are among the things exposed for risks and concem of safety (NIOSH, 2016). ‘Construction Safty: Construction work s 8 dangerous jb. Some construction sie jobs include: building houses, roads, workplaces and repair and maintain infrastructures. This work includes. ‘many hazardous task and conditions such as working with height, excavation, noise, dust, power tools and equipment. Construction work has been increasing in developing and undeveloped countries over the past few years. With an increase inthis type of work occupational fatalities, have increased. Occupational fatalities are individuals that pass away while on the job of performing work related tasks. Within the field of construction itis important to have safe ‘construction sites (NIOSH, 2016). 2.2 Construction in Ethiopia Ethiopia is a nation with ancient history. Ethiopian architecture continued to expand from the Aksumite style, bt also incorporating new traditions with the expansion of the Ethiopian state Aksumite architecture and influences and its monolithic tradition persisted, with its influence strongest in the early medieval (Late Aksumite) and Zagwe periods (when the churches of Lalibela were carved) (Keys, 2016), Castes were built especially beginning with the eign of Sarsa Dengel around the Lake Tana region, and subsequent Emperors maintained the traition, eventually resulting inthe creation ofthe Fasil Ghebbi (royal enclosure of castes) in the newly founded capital (1635), Gondar (Keys, 2016). Ethiopia is Africa's second most populous country and occupies a highly sensitive geopolitical sition, and its economic performance does indeed deserve attention. The country has made spectacular leaps on multiple development fronts in recent years (Arkebe, 2015). ‘The construction sector has contributed significant role in economic growth of Ethiopia. Ethiopia hhas launched growth and transformation plans in every 5 years segment. Mega projects of dam ‘construction, road construction, rail road projects and urban development infrastructures are being implemented ‘The first Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP!) culminated with registering remarkable ‘achievements in real GOP growth, infrastructure development, social development and capacity ‘building at al levels. During the implementation period of GTP |, pubic partcipation and, ‘COTMS241: Research Methods And Technical Report Writing BIABC 4‘common development spirit and sense of ownership has been stimulated on key national ‘development issues. The achievements of the development Plan at al levels through community ‘mobilization have st the foundation for economic transformation an the countrys Renaissance journey (Commission, 2016) 2.3 Construction Safety in Ethiopia Inlight ofthe fact that Ethiopia has chosen the construction sector as its main driving force of development, significant portion of ts annual budget is being pumped in this sector, so many construction projects; dams, roads, ralroads are being built. Noone denies that modern ‘construction is new practice to Ethiopia. Lack of experience, knowiedge and expertise willbe the big challenge to meet the required aspiration ofthe nation Safety should be major concern to ‘minimize wastage, protect environmental from degradation and the public safety Since Ethiopia thas relatively low experience for construction the cost of learning could be high. The country's ‘budget comes party from foreign loans and proper use of this financial resource will support nation’s capacity to pay its debts, Safe construction will contribute developmental programs and inorder projects to become successful 124 Theoretical background, Hazards in Construction Stes: ‘According to OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Adminstration), 2005, potential hazards {for workers in construction includ: + Falls (rom heights); + Trench collapse; + Scaffold collapse; + Electric shock and arc astVarc blast; + Failure to use proper personal protective equipment; and + Repetitive motion injuries (OSHA, 2005) Safety policies Safe and healthy working conditions do not happen by chance. Employers need to have a written safety policy for their enterprise setting out the safety and health standards which iis thelr ‘objective to achieve. The policy should name the senior executive who is responsible for seeing ‘that the standards are achiewed, and who has authority to allocate responsibilities to ‘management ‘and supervisors a alllevels and to see they are carried out (Office, 1995), ‘The safety policy should deal with arrangements for training at al levels, Particular attention ‘needs to be given to key workers suchas scaffolders and crane operators whose mistakes can be ‘especially dangerous to other workers. Safe methods or systems of work for harardous ‘operations, the workers carrying out these operations shouldbe involved in their preparation. ‘Duties and responsibilities of supervisors and key workers should be clearly stated and directives ‘shouldbe issued, arrangements should be known by which information on safety and health is to ‘COTMS241: Research Methods And Technical Report Writing, BARC 5bbe conducted. Safety committees will beset up to analyze and plan safety sues, Selection and control of subcontractors willbe made carefuly to insure safety (Office, 1995). ‘Training & awareness for workers: Training on construction workers is a wide-ranging and far-reaching system project. More preparation may quicken the speed in doing work. The investment that subcontracting enterprises put in security training is fr smaller than the losses the accident cost. Enterprises should form a comprehensive training system from top to bottom and set up an authoritative ‘professional training institution, aso seriously take the personnel training into consideration (Fengshou, 2016). When they make the long-term, systematic safety education and training plans, construction enterprises must fist determine their security goals and targets, purposes ofthe training and the results to be achieved, in order to ensure the ficient functioning of safety education and training system. At the same time, quality training on construction workers should develop diverse forms of training and targeted training content in relation to their age, educational and technical level (Fengshou, 2016), Training system should be designed to conform tothe trend of the times and to reflect characteristics of construction industry, as well sto reflect the latest industry achievements. \What’s more, training system should highlight the personality and the actual needs of workers with practical and easily operation, which fully embodies the timeliness and pertinence ofthe training system. In addition, industry authorities and local governments also need to take ‘advantage of industry management to atively provide policy support (Fengshou, 2016). Safety kis: ‘Where adequate protection agains the isk ofacident or injury to heath including exposure to averse conditions, cannot be ensured by other means, suitable personal protective equipment and protective clothing, having regard to the type of work and risks should be provided and ‘maintained by the employer, without cost to the workers, as may be prescribed by national laws cor regulations (Labor, 2017) Workers shouldbe required to make proper use of and to take good care of the personal protective equipment and protective clothing provided for their use. Workers shoul e instructed inthe use of personal protective equipment and protective clothing (Labor, 2017) ‘Workers working alone on construction sites in confined spaces, enclosed premises orn remote ‘or inaccessbe places shouldbe provided with an appropiate alarm and the means of rapidly summening assistance nan emergency (Labor, 2017). Safety helmets: or hard hats to protect the head from injury due to fling or fying objects, or due to striking against objects or structures” (Labor, 2017), ‘COTMS241: Research Methods And Technical Report Writing BIABC 6CONSTRUCION HEALTH & SAFETY IN ADDIS ABABA ye & face protection: Many eye injures occur a a result of fying material, ust or radiation some ofthese hazards canbe removed permanenty by proper machine guarding, exhaust ventlation or work design. For many hazards, for example, stone cutting or dressing, personal eye protection (goles, safety lasses or shields) is the only practical solution (Labor, 2017). Safety Shoes: The type of safety shoes or boots to be used will depend on the nature of the work {(e-g.the presence of ground water on construction stes,but al safety foot wear should have an Impenetrable sole and uppers wit a steel toe-cap (bid 2017) Table 2:1 Hazard Assessment _Hazard type | Examples of Hazard | Common Related Tasks Flying objects such as | C™9PiNE grinding, machining, masonry ties work, wood working, swing, drilling, Impact | lerue chin, agents chiscling, powered fastening riveting, particles, sand, and dirt. | SN | ‘Anything emitting Fumace operations, pouring, casting, hot Heat ‘extreme heat. | dipping, and welding. ‘Splash, fumes, vapors, | Acid and chemical handling, degreasing, it : ating. ‘Woodworking, bulling, and general dusty ‘Hand protection: Hands are extremely vuinerable to accidental injury, and in construction more Injuries are caused to hands and wrists than to anyother part of the body. Open wounds, ‘abrasions, fractures, dislocations, strains, amputations and burns occur Gloves are one ofthe cheapest and most obvious tems, yet they can serve an important function. Nevertheless, many workers ae not supplied with gloves so they have to work with their bare hands (Labor, 2017). Insurance for workers: ‘Occupational safety and health research and surveillance are essential forthe prevention and ‘contro of injuries, illnesses and hazards that arise from the workplace. Research and surveilance ‘an fil gaps in knowledge about where hazards exist and what interventions are effective at ‘reventing workplace injuries, illnesses and fatalities. Workers’ compensation insurance records {are a resource used for these primary prevention purposes. in addition, workers’ compensation ‘COTMS241; Research Methods And Technical Report Writing, TBIABCrecords may be used for eatly detection of health outcomes in populations of workers which is part of secondary prevention. They may also be used to help identity effective medical treatment which is pat of tertiary prevention (Utterback, 2015). Fist ad at site: Records of injuries ilnesses, ‘near miss’ incidents and other information that has already been ‘obtained to assist in controling risks at the workplace willbe useful to make appropriate decisions about fst ai (Practice, 2015), Safety data sheets (SDS) should be checked any hazardous chemicals that are handled, used or stored at workplace, ‘The distance of the workplace from ambulance services, hospital and medical centers should be taken into account when determining your first aid requirements. For example, life-threatening {injuries o ilnesses could occur and timely access to emergency services cannot be assured, a ‘person trained in more advanced firs aid techniques (such as the provision of oxygen} willbe needed (Practice, 2015) Safety Officer: Asafety officer monitors workplace activities to ensure that workers comply with company polices and government safety regulations. The duties ofthis job vary by employer, but safety ‘officers typically ave responsibilities pertaining to policy development, safety inspections, safety training and compliance with the federal Occupational Safety & Health Administration, ‘commonly known as OSHA. Some safety officers, such a those in the construction industry, ‘mst have several years of field experience to quality for this type of job (Morgan, 2010}. 25 Duties of Responsible Persons: The Real state Developers Association of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong Construction ‘Assocation hand book aifies that a succesful corporate safety programme should include ear statement of policy bythe clentor owner, expressly showing management support for meeting safety objectives an the envlvement of diferent stakeholders in the management system (Construction Assocation, 2005). Clents: ‘Cents should put safety and health on the top of the agenda along with financial considerations, Tocensure that all contracts are completed on time, on budget and safely, clients should ensure that safety and health is not compromised. During the design stage safety and health ‘considerations must be putin place. The clients should also allow sufficient time and resources for implementing the contractors safety programme (bid 2005) Contractors: Contractors should plan for emergency routes and exis, traffic routes, danger areas, loading etc, they must also ensure provision of safe work equipment, with due care to theisuitability, selection. Safety features, trainin, information, inspection and maintenance are also ‘necessary. Excavators need safe working slopes. To prevent roll-over or overturn design and. “anchor fort trucks and dump trucks are required. Contractors should also provide suitable safety signs and warning notices. Personal protective equipment, eg reflective clothing that shouldbe ft, comfortable and well maintained. Workplace should be fre from hazards and suitable communication and information wil let employees know how to protect themselves ‘against hazards, Conducting regular jobsite safety inspections and assign trained fst aid ‘personne! on site and/or putin place an emergency response system bid 2005) Employes: Employees flow al sfety rules, ensure that all safety features and equipment Installed ae functioning property. They must replace damaged or dull hand tools immediately, ‘Avoid horseplay or ater activities that create a hazard f they are nt wel or physical not fi todo the job they must not imvohe in working. Workers should report any unsafe work practice and anyijury or accident to the ine supervise. Senor se management: Inform workers of the rks present an the control measures required Evaluate risks that cant be aveided and combat risk at source. Establish emergency procedures by ensuring appropriate traning is given to avoid al risks to workers. ‘Architects, structural engineers, and other designers Architects, structural engineers, and other designers should discuss and agree the safety and ‘heath terms with client. They will also plan for safety and health in layout and design drawings, with due regard to buldabiity, future maintenance and repairs, They must provide information ‘about the safety and health risk ofthe design after the clent has decided on which contractors) {o.use.Periaic checks and sort out interface problems with different contractors and certify contractors caims fr safety payment and conclude the final account (Construction- ‘Association, 2005). Safety professionals and supervisors Safety professionals and supervisors identity hazards inthe workplace by giving advice and ‘suggesting options for solving safety or health problems. They aso suggest ifferent kinds of help available, such as specialists in chemical, electrical and mechanical engineering safety to sort out issues at stake. Accidents/incidents remedial measures shouldbe investigated for recommendation, Period checks are carried out and report provided by summarizing the findings. ‘in addition, effective safety and health programs are important, for example training employees (Construction association, 2008) 26 Safe design in construction ‘According to Behm, (2011), influences onthe eventual safety and health outcomes during a ‘COTMS241: Research Methods And Technical Report Writing BIABC 9construction project are multifaceted and vast. The design of a construction project can have an influence on the safety and health of workers involved throughout the project's if cycle including during construction, operation, maintenance, refurbishment, and decommissioning. In recent years design has become a focal point of researchers and regulators. ‘According to Fair, at onetime it was the job ofan engineer simply to make things work. However, to achieve better safety throughout produc lfecycles, orn construction and, more specically, the bult environment and its ifecycle, tis recognized tat the role a much bager. How the abiities of engineers can be harnessed to this effect raises a number of questions such as the conceptualization of design, the possiblities fr integration of safety in design, the prediction of human actions downstream of design decisions and design methods. These ‘questions tackle the concepts that underpin the work of engineers and their response, Their way ‘of thinking really is key to whether the benefits that those in the occupational health and safety arena envisage can actually be delivered and by what means (Behm, 2011). What is Safety by Design? ‘The process of considering construction site safety and health in the design of a project ' Designing for safety constructabilty Prevention through design “Addeessing occupational safety and health needs in the design process to prevent or minimize the work-related hazards and risks associated with the construction, manufacture, use, ‘maintenance, and disposal of facilites, materials, and equipment." (NIOSH, 2016) ‘According to American Society of Civil Engineers’ Code of Ethics: Engineers shall recognize that the Ives, safety, health and welfare ofthe general public are dependent upon engineering decisions Considering Safety During Design Offers the Most Payoft )\ Concept Oxsgn banat ame resent ss Sa Xx monte me sito ‘Source: safety by design Mike Toole (PhD) Benefits of Safety by Design ‘© Reduced site hazards - fewer injuries and fatalities ‘reduced workers compensation premiums ‘increased productivity ‘COTMS241: Research Methods And Technical Report Writing, BIABC 10‘CONSTRUCION HEALTH & SAFETY IN ADDIS ABABA © fewer delays due to accidents during construction allow continued focus on quality ‘© Encourages designer-constructor collaboration (Toole, 2014) 2.7 Workmanship & Construction Safety: ‘Many defects in construction projets are due to human error. In ather words, we can say that human error happened due to poor performance in workmanship during construction of a building. Poor workmanship in housing construction, and poor management and control of building contractors have contributed to the housing problem. According to research conducted by the Building Research Establishment (BRE), 30% of buildin failures are due to problems arising inthe design and construction stages. These problems include poor communication, Inadequate information of failure to check information, inadequate checks and controls, lack of technical expertise and sil, and inadequate feedback leading to recurring errors. The quality |ssues of low cost housing nowadays begin to arise as there are many complaints about defects ln some ofthe building elements of the house. One of the causes of this condition is due to poor uality of workmanship during construction. This will affect the quality of ie of occupants and also giving bad image ofthe partes involved inthe construction of low cost housing. (Othman, 2014) The future effectiveness of the construction industry depends on the quality ofthe workforce it educates and trains. This requires strong commitment from construction firms and the government to maintain requisite training levels (Greenwood, 2003). ‘Appropriate training can only be developed if training needs are carefully identified. This requires interested parties in the industry to understand and anticipate the sills need of their workforce. This can only be achieved if they are in possession of detailed information on the availabilty of labor resources in the industry. Such information includes the skils needed by professional and technical staff in both the public and private sector, elected local authority ‘members and members of local strategic partnerships. The gaps and shortcomings in skills and capacity tobe improved and filed in the future (Greenwood, 2003), Develop mechanisms for sharing knowledge, good practice and experience of ways in which these skis can be provided across the country, and develop new approaches (Greenwood, 2003}. Engineering contractors encounter serious challenges inorder to sustain their businesses, especialy in a weak economic climate. A certain eve of construction experience, expertise and training are required to manage a sustainable construction company (Allopi, 2014). Construction is where designs are put into practice and the owner starts paying. No matter how 00d the design is, itis only as good as what the construction stage ofthe processes makes In construction and engineering projects the nature and type of defect vary drastically, as at the point at which they become apparent; at one end of the scale minor defect can easily be corrected before the building is handed over tothe client, while a the other extreme, significant defects may occur long afte the orignal work has been completed and require extensive ‘COTMS241: Research Methods And Technical Report Writing BIABC 11‘CONSTRUCION HEALTH & SAFETY IN ADDIS ABABA ‘remedial works to fix (Femi, 2014). Faulty construction is problem for people working on a building, as well as for people who will center the building after ts completed. When safety and building code are not followed, the result is an unsafe structure that can pose many dangers. Faulty construction practice cause massive loss of resources, there are many deflects in ‘construction that can be categorized under faulty construction practices, and any ofthis can lead {to Serious issues throughout the life of the bulding while contractor licensing and building code ‘seek to eliminate faulty construction practice, I's not always possible to detect problems lmmediately, or ever, if the event that reveal the fault never transpire; Al Hammadet, a. (1987) ‘maintains that, provision of adequate structural design, hiring of qualified architects and building ystems design professionals, and provision of sufficient detalls in construction drawings are some of the measures that could be employed to improve building maintenance (Femi, 2014). Is very common to see a higher incidence of faulty construction practice during period of very fast construction, inspectors are overworked, and building authorities are under constant [pressure to issue permits and move the workload through their office. Faulty construction practice may not be intentional it could be a design flaw thatthe architect didn’t detect before ‘passing down the blueprint for construction. Element of the design might not have been carried ‘out precisely as depicted on the blueprint (Femi, 2014). ‘Aconstruction worker may accidentally assemble something wrongly. There may be ‘undetectable flaw in the materials used. inexperience, such as may be the case when clients ‘choose todo their own construction which i a common practice this may lead to faulty construction. (Femi, 2014) 12.8 Quality Material for safety: Formwork (Temporary Structures) Definition: ‘Any means or methods which provide temporary support, access, enhancement, or otherwise facilitate the construction of permanent structures (Nemat, 2007), Necessity: Temporary structures form the interface between design and construction, Most ‘permanent structures simply could not be built without temporary structures, Impact on Schedule, Cost, and Quality ‘Losses in time and money will occur if the temporary structures ae not planned and coordinated withthe same degree of thoroughness as the permanent structures (Nemat, 2007). Safety Failure of temporary structures have been responsible for hundreds of deaths on construction sites. Safety should be the overtiding priority of contractors and designers responsible for implementing temporary structures (Nemati, 2007) Responsibity ‘The norm in the construction industry is to place the responsiblity for temporary structures solely on the general contractor. However, architects and engineers must at least have ‘COTMS241: Research Methods And Technical Report Writing BIABC 12CONSTRUCION HEALTH & SAFETY IN ADDIS ABABA formulated their own method of construction. Coordinating the design of permanent structure with the temporary structures that will be required can lead to more efficient and cost effective construction (Nema, 2007). Laboratory for quality: Designers and builders of construction projects no longer can consider quality contol testing an option or convenience. In the past decade, testing for the quality of materials and finished construction has become a necessity that no responsible ble can neglect (Kishore, 2015). ‘The truth of this statement is proved not only by construction delays and cost overruns but also by catastrophic failures of major structures. uch catastrophes include dam failures, collapses ‘and foundation breakdowns in muitistoried office and apartment structures; and other failures in stadia, factories, schools, auditor, public buildings and bridges (Kishore, 2015). ach construction project determines its own individualized testing needs. A variety of factors lnfluence the type of testing required. Among these factors are size ofthe structures, terrain, type of sol and subsurface conditions atthe construction site and other conditions peculiar to the specific location, The expertise ofthe construction engineers and technical personnel working on the project wil abo have an influence on the testing and inspection need. Testing facilities may range from a simple, inexpensive test kit carried ina portable chest toa fully equipped Central Testing Laboratory (Kishore, 2015) Purchasing quality material: Construction organizations are not proficient at identifying the capabilities of their suppliers and ‘sometimes rationalize decisions for the selection of materials suppliers based on convenience. This integral function—materials supplier selection process —should be integrated into the supply chain management environment so that the avalabilty of bulk materials is ensured (Benton, 2010), ‘The mistakes made by many organizations in supple selection can be avoided with thee factors for success, Prime contractors should assess the core competencies and capabilities of each supplier and then ask if that supplier could be replaced. Since firms exit the market for various ‘reasons, prime contractors shouldbe prepare to establish alternative partnerships. stl, the prime contractor should share information with al team members and request their input (Benton, 2010) ES ‘COTM5241: Research Methods And Technical Report Writing BIABC 13(CHAPTER THREE. ‘3. Research Design and Methodology Research design isa framework or structure for data collection and analyst isa plan for conducting research, which usually contains specifications of elements to be investigated and the procedures to be followed, Its about organizing research activities, including data collection, and analyzing it in such ways that help to achieve the research aims. In this study descriptive survey method will be employed, descriptive research sets out to describe and to interpret what i. It looks 2 individuals, groups, institutions, methods and materials in order to describe, compare, contrast, classify, analyses and interpret the entities and the events that constitute the various feds of inquiry. It aims to describe the state of affairs as it exists, Since the study is planned to examine and describe the major cause of improving safety practice in construction (the case of government building in Yeka Sub city of Addis Ababa). Therefore, the researchers proposed to use bath quantitative and qualitative methods to find out the major problems in wider manner. ‘M1 Data Sources ‘The researcher will have primary and secondary data gathering sources in the study, The primary ‘datasources for the study will be the first hand information that will be obtained from site supervisors, contractors, and owners. In ation wo this reated documents books, journals, research papers, published and unpublished imaterils and annual abstracts wil also be used forthe study. 13.2. Procedures of the Study Questionnaires will be established based on the study basic questions: The draft of the ‘questionnaires will also be modified in accordance with comments that would be obtained from the researchers advisor. We wll goto meet the stakeholders ofthe samples under question. After that, the questionnaires wil be distributed, and an interview will be held with the respective participants 33. Instruments of Data Gathering Close-ended questionnaires will be distributed 0 site supervisors, workers, suppliers and ‘contractors. And structured interview willbe eld with workers and site supervisor to get frst- ‘hand information. Besides, Personal observation and experience wil also be made. ‘COTMS241: Research Methods And Technical Report Writing BIABC 143.3.1 Questionnaire The questionnaire in this study is decided to be used because it is relevant to the research {questions. The questionnaire included issues that will help the researchers to assess the actual activities on the improvement of formwork in construction. The close ended questions will be administered to the two groups of respondents (workers and site supervisors). The questionnaires were divided into two major parts background information of the respondents and the major problems of improvement of safety practices in construction process. A five point rating Likert scale (Strongly Agree, Agree, Undecided, Disagree, Strongly Disagree) wil be employed to get Information from respondents. 3.32 Interview Interview questions were used to collect data to get useful information from the stakeholders about the sample site to assure the comparability ofthe data obtained from questionnaires. 3.4. Sample population’ and Sampling Technique 342, Sampling Technique Deliberate sampling: - is also known as purposive or non-probabilty sampling. This sampling ‘method involves purposive or deliberate selection of particular units of the universe for constituting a sample which represents the universe. When population elements are selected for inclusion in the sample based on the ease of access. It is a group of subjects selected because of availablity. Therefore Daily workers and site supervisors wil be selected by using purposive sampling due to their postion33.1 Questionnaire ‘The questionnaire in this study is decided to be used because itis relevant to the research ‘questions. The questionnaire included isues that will help the researchers to assess the actual ‘activities on the improvement of formwork in construction. The close ended questions will be administered to the two groups of respondents (workers and site supervisors). The questionnaires, were divided into two major parts background information of the respondents and the major problems of impravement of safety practices in construction process. A five point rating Ukert scale (Strongly Agree, Agree, Undecised, Disagre, Strongly Disagree) will be employed to get {formation from respondents. 33.2 Interview Interview questions were used to collect data to get useful information from the stakeholders about the sample site to assure the comparably of the data obtained from questionnaires. 3.4, Sample population” and Sampling Technique 3.4.2. Sampling Technique Deliberate sampling: - is also known as purposive or non-probabilty sampling. This sampling ‘method involves purposive or deliberate selection of particular units of the universe for ‘constituting a sample which represents the universe. When population elements are selected for Inclusion in the sample based on the eate of access. It isa group of subjects selected because of availability, Therefore Daily workers and site supervisors wil be selected by using purposive sampling de to their postion, ‘COTMS241: Research Methods And Technical Report Writing BABC 15CONSTRUCION HEALTH & SAFETY IN ADDIS ABABA {In analyzing the findings of the study, the collected data from respondents will be organized in tabular forms and frequency counts, percentage and means computed to provide answers to the research questions 1. Budget (cost Breakdown) ‘COTMS241: Research Methods And Technical Report Writing EIABC 16References ‘lop, 0. (2024). impact of inadequate Experience and Skill an the Construcion Sector in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Durban: Department of Chil Engineering & Surveying Durban University of Technology. Ametepey, 5.0. (2015). Impacts of Construcion Actities on the enviranment: The Case of Ghana. Kumast: Department of Building Technology, Cape Coast Polytechnic. Arkebe, ©. (2015). Made in Africa. 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