4.

3B: Cooley
In 1902, Charles Horton Cooley created the concept of the looking-glass self, which explored how identity is formed.

Learning Objectives
Discuss Cooley’s idea of the “looking-glass self” and how people use socialization to create a personal identity and
develop empathy for others

Key Points
The looking-glass self is a social psychological concept stating that a person’s self grows out of society’s interpersonal
interactions and the perceptions of others.
There are three components of the looking-glass self: We imagine how we appear to others, we imagine the judgment of
that appearance, and we develop our self ( identity ) through the judgments of others.
George Herbert Mead described self as “taking the role of the other,” the premise for which the self is actualized. Through
interaction with others, we begin to develop an identity about who we are, as well as empathy for others.

Key Terms
George Herbert Mead: (1863–1931) An American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist, primarily affiliated with the
University of Chicago, where he was one of several distinguished pragmatists.
Looking-Glass self: The looking-glass self is a social psychological concept, created by Charles Horton Cooley in 1902,
stating that a person’s self grows out of society’s interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others.
Charles Horton Cooley: Charles Horton Cooley (August 17, 1864-May 8, 1929) was an American sociologist and the son
of Thomas M. Cooley. He studied and went on to teach economics and sociology at the University of Michigan, and he was
a founding member and the eighth president of the American Sociological Association.
The looking-glass self is a social psychological concept created by Charles Horton Cooley in 1902. It states that a person’s self
grows out of society’s interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others. The term refers to people shaping their identity
based on the perception of others, which leads the people to reinforce other people’s perspectives on themselves. People shape
themselves based on what other people perceive and confirm other people’s opinion of themselves.
There are three main components of the looking-glass self:
First, we imagine how we must appear to others.
Second, we imagine the judgment of that appearance.
Finally, we develop our self through the judgments of others.
In hypothesizing the framework for the looking glass self, Cooley said, “the mind is mental” because “the human mind is
social. ” In other words, the mind’s mental ability is a direct result of human social interaction. Beginning as children, humans
begin to define themselves within the context of their socializations. The child learns that the symbol of his/her crying will
elicit a response from his/her parents, not only when they are in need of necessities, such as food, but also as a symbol to
receive their attention. George Herbert Mead described the self as “taking the role of the other,” the premise for which the self
is actualized. Through interaction with others, we begin to develop an identity about who we are, as well as empathy for
others.
An example of the looking-self concept is computer technology. Using computer technology, people can create an avatar, a
customized symbol that represents the computer user. For example, in the virtual world Second Life, the computer-user can
create a human-like avatar that reflects the user in regard to race, age, physical makeup, status, and the like. By selecting
certain physical characteristics or symbols, the avatar reflects how the creator seeks to be perceived in the virtual world and
how the symbols used in the creation of the avatar influence others’ actions toward the computer user.

2/13/2020 4.3B.1 https://socialsci.libretexts.org/link?7972