Sach IELTS 1 - Reading - in Class

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Week /
Contents Page
Session
Skimming vs scanning
1 2
Matching – sentence completion
Locating information
11
2 Classification
Short answers
3 Completion tasks - Part 1 20

4 Completion tasks – Part 2 31
True – False – Not Given
5 40
Yes – No – Not Given
6 Multiple choice 52
7 Full Cambridge pratice test 1 61
8 Full Cambridge practice test 2 73
# IELTS Reading Vocabulary 84
1
WEEK 1 - SESSION 1
SKIMMING & SCANNING
MATCHING
TASK TYPES
1/ Sentence completion + Matching headings – passage 1.1 - Space
2/ Sentence completion + Matching headings – passage 1.2 – The meaning and
power of smell
3/ Matching names – passage 1.3 - Designing And Shipping After The Restriction
Of Hazardous Substances (Rohs) Directive
2
READING PASSAGE 1
SPACE
Is humanity running out of space or will we find new frontiers?
As populations grow, people have to look for more innovative ways to provide space
Section A able, by and large, to feed the people

The world has changed dramatically flocking to these great metropolises, the
since Thomas Malthus’s work ‘An Essay expansion of the human race is fuelling
on the Principle of the population’, first an unprecedented appetite for real
published in 1798, argued that by the estate. Space, whether it be for personal
mid-1800s the unrestricted expansion of or public use, corporate or national,
the human population would outgrow human or flora/fauna is now at a
the agricultural land available to supply premium as we move into a new
humanity with food. Over 150 years century. Not only is more land required
have passed since this theoretical for accommodation, but also for a wide
milestone but mankind, admittedly range of infrastructure facilities.
somewhat more cramped, is still Transport systems including roads
expanding and will continue to do so. within and between cities need to be
constructed or upgraded to create
motorways; green fields are turned into
Section B airports; the virgin forest is stripped to
provide food and firewood. In poorer
The impact of unfettered population
regions, this newly exposed land
growth is clear for all to see. becomes desert completing the cycle of
Urbanization is now a more evident destruction.
worldwide phenomenon than previously
as even greater numbers of people drift
from rural areas to vast cities all over Section C
the world like Tokyo, Mexico City and
Mumbai (26.4 million, 18.4 million and Hitherto, the most common practice for
18.1 million inhabitants in 2000, the utilization of expensive space for
respectively) in their quest for a better living and working has been to build
life. These mega-cities, i.e. upwards; hence, the demand for ever
conurbations with an estimated higher buildings, both apartment and
population of more than 10 million commercial, in major cities like New
people, are springing up in every York, Shanghai and Singapore all vying
continent. Now teeming with humanity, with each other for the tallest buildings.
they are hungry for one increasingly There has also been a tradition for
valuable resource: land. building underground, not just for
transport systems, but for the storage of
While developments in agricultural waste, depositories for books etc. as in
technology ensure humanity may be London, where The British Library
3
housing millions of books has been built throughout the solar system by the year
largely underground. 3000, with the majority living in the
Recent years have seen more novel asteroid belt. Arthur C Clarke, a fervent
construction developments around the supporter of Savage, now argues that by
world. In the past, in many countries, the year 2057 there will be humans on
Holland and the UK included, marshes the Moon, Mars, Europa, Ganymede,
and floodplains have been reclaimed Titan, and in orbit around Venus,
from the sea. Like the city of Venice in Neptune and Pluto. Feeman Dyson
Italy, housing complexes and even (1999) favors the Kuiper belt as the
airports have now been constructed off- future home of humanity, suggesting this
shore to amazing effect. In Japan, could happen within a few centuries.
Kansai International Airport has been
built off-shore on a man-made island at Section E
vast expense and in Dubai, a very
imaginative and expensive housing Habitation in outer space in huge
complex in the shape of a palm tree is stations is no longer just a dream, but a
being built just off the coast on land reality. A permanent international space
created by a construction company. station now orbits the earth. The first
However, these and other developments commercial tourist recently went into
are at risk from rising sea levels as a outer space with more trips planned for
consequence of global warming. the near future. This is only the
beginning, but the development of space
hotels is not far-off. There is no knowing
Section D where mankind may end up. But the
But where will the human race go when ideas about off-world habitation are not
planet earth is full? There have been fanciful and I am sure I am not alone in
many theories put forward about the fantasizing about summer holidays
human population moving to outer spent watching the moons rising in some
space. Marshall Savage (1992, 1994), for far-flung planet or on a floating hotel
example, has projected that the human somewhere on the Andromeda nebula.
population will reach five quintillions
4
Questions 1-4
Reading passage 1 has five sections A-E.
Choose the correct heading for sections B-E from the list of headings below.
List of Headings Example Answer

i. How the problem of land scarcity has been overcome in the Section A v
past
Questions
ii. Various predictions about future solutions to a lack of space
1. Section B
iii. The effects of population growth on land availability
2. Section C
iv. The importance of the new British Library
3. Section D
v. An expanding population
4. Section E
vi. A description of a mega-city
vii. A firm belief that human habitation of outer space will occur
viii. The importance of having an international space station
Questions 5-8
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
5. The movement of rural people to cities is a………………………..

6. The land is now very………………………, as a result of the growing demand for space.
7. The feeding of the human race will perhaps be guaranteed by changes in………………….
8. Besides the demands of accommodation, the land is needed for various…………….
5
READING PASSAGE 1.2
The meaning and power of smell
The sense of smell, or olfaction, is powerful. Odours affect us on a physical, psychological
and social level. For the most part, however, we breathe in the aromas which surround us
without being consciously aware of their importance to us. It is only when the faculty of
smell is impaired for some reason that we begin to realise the essential role the sense of
smell plays in our sense of well-being.
A A survey conducted by Anthony Synott at Montreal's Concordia University asked

participants to comment on how important smell was to them in their lives. It became
apparent that smell can evoke strong emotional responses. A scent associated with a
good experience can bring a rush of joy, while a foul odour or one associated with a bad
memory may make us grimace with disgust. Respondents to the survey noted that many
of their olfactory likes and dislikes were based on emotional associations. Such associations
can be powerful enough so that odours that we would generally label unpleasant become
agreeable, and those that we would generally consider fragrant become disagreeable for
particular individuals. The perception of smell, therefore, consists not only of the sensation
of the odours themselves, but of the experiences and emotions associated with them.
B Odours are also essential cues in social bonding. One respondent to the survey believed
that there is no true emotional bonding without touching and smelling a loved one. In fact,
infants recognise the odours of their mothers soon after birth and adults can often identify
their children or spouses by scent. In one well-known test, women and men were able to
distinguish by smell alone clothing worn by their marriage partners from similar clothing
worn by other people. Most of the subjects would probably never have given much thought
to odour as a cue for identifying family members before being involved in the test, but as the
experiment revealed, even when not consciously considered, smells register.
C In spite of its importance to our emotional and sensory lives, smell is probably the
most undervalued sense in many cultures. The reason often given for the low regard in
which smell is held is that, in comparison with its importance among animals, the
human sense of smell is feeble and undeveloped. While it is true that the olfactory
powers of humans are nothing like as fine as those possessed by certain animals, they
are still remarkably acute. Our noses are able to recognise thousands of smells, and to
perceive odours which are present only in extremely small quantities.
D Smell, however, is a highly elusive phenomenon. Odours, unlike colours, for instance,
cannot be named in many languages because the specific vocabulary simply doesn't
exist. 'It smells like ... ,' we have to say when describing an odour, struggling to express
our olfactory experience. Nor can odours be recorded: there is no effective way to either
capture or store them over time. In the realm of olfaction, we must make do with
descriptions and recollections. This has implications for olfactory research.
6
E Most of the research on smell undertaken to date has been of a physical scientific
nature. Significant advances have been made in the understanding of the biological and
chemical nature of olfaction, but many fundamental questions have yet to be answered.
Researchers have still to decide whether smell is one sense or two - one responding to
odours proper and the other registering odourless chemicals in the air. Other
unanswered questions are whether the nose is the only part of the body affected by
odours, and how smells can be measured objectively given the nonphysical components.
Questions like these mean that interest in the psychology of smell is inevitably set to
play an increasingly important role for researchers.
F However, smell is not simply a biological and psychological phenomenon. Smell is

cultural, hence it is a social and historical phenomenon. Odours are invested with
cultural values: smells that are considered to be offensive in some cultures may be
perfectly acceptable in others. Therefore, our sense of smell is a means of, and model
for, interacting with the world. Different smells can provide us with intimate and
emotionally charged experiences and the value that we attach to these experiences is
interiorised by the members of society in a deeply personal way. Importantly, our
commonly held feelings about smells can help distinguish us from other cultures. The
study of the cultural history of smell is, therefore, in a very real sense, an investigation
into the essence of human culture.
Questions 27-32: Reading Passage has six paragraphs, A—F.

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i—viii, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
27 Paragraph A i The difficulties of talking about smells
28 Paragraph B ii The role of smell in personal relationships
29 Paragraph C iii Future studies into smell
30 Paragraph D iv The relationship between the brain and the nose
31 Paragraph E v The interpretation of smells as a factor in defining groups
32 Paragraph F vi Why our sense of smell is not appreciated
vii Smell is our superior sense
viii The relationship between smell and feelings
7
Questions 37-40
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.
37 Tests have shown that odours can help people recognise the __________________
belonging to their husbands and wives.
38 Certain linguistic groups may have difficulty describing smell because they lack the
appropriate__________________
39 The sense of smell may involve response to __________________ which do not smell, in
addition to obvious odours.
40 Odours regarded as unpleasant in certain __________________ are not regarded as

unpleasant in others.
READING PASSAGE 1.3

Designing And Shipping After The
Restriction Of Hazardous Substances (Rohs)
Directive
1. Almost two months after the European Union’s ban on the use of six
environmentally unfriendly materials went into effect, designers have clear
evidence that failure to meet the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS)
directive means lost sales. Palm Inc. recently announced that its Treo 650
smartphone is no longer being shipped to Europe since it doesn’t meet RoHS
requirements. And several Apple Computer Inc. products will not be sold in Europe
for the same reason.
2. The EU directive, which took effect on 1st July, covers lead, mercury, cadmium,
hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl
ethers. Electronics vendors worldwide are working to eliminate those substances
from nearly all new products developed for the European market, while also
adapting their manufacturing processes to a lead (Pb)-free environment.
3. But that is only the beginning. Other countries, including China, Taiwan and South
Korea, and certain U.S. states are creating their own “green” or RoHS-like
8
legislation. That means RoHS compliance must become an integral part of a
designer’s development process, with RoHS checks at each step: concept,
development, prototype, first builds and volume production.
4. Major companies will run the gamut from finding component databases of qualified
green components to taking due care to prove compliance and developing processes
that allow for the higher-temperature requirements of Pb-free manufacturing. And
for designers, those are just the tip of the iceberg. A host of technical and reliability
issues remain to be sorted out in Pb-free board processing and soldering.
5. What it comes down to is what Ken Stanvick, senior vice president at Design Chain
Associates, calls a lack of ‘tribal knowledge’ on design RoHS compliant systems. ‘We
had great tribal knowledge when it came to dealing with leaded systems, but we
haven’t built up that same amount of knowledge for Pb-free,’ he said. ‘Every problem
will be blamed on Pb-free until it’s been worked out. We need to figure out tests that
replicate more of the environment and different stresses that we’re going to see in
this new system.’
6. Manny Marcano, president and CEO of EMA Design Automation Inc. (Rochester, N.Y.),
cited the impact of parts obsolescence, including the need to redesign older
products and the resultant emphasis on component engineering at the expense of
conceptual design. A key challenge is identifying RoHS design specifications as early
as possible in the design process, he said.
7. But even before they get to that point, designers must understand whether they are
designing a fully compliant product or one that’s subject to some exemptions, said
Robert Chinn, director for consultant firm PRTM (Mountain View, Calif.). ‘This affects
their design parameters,’ he said. ‘Previously, they looked at components based on
size, performance, electrical parameters, features and functionality. Now they have
to add on a new constraint, revolving around environmental compliance: Is it RoHS
6-compliant or is it RoHS 5-compliant?’ (RoHS 6 components eliminate all six of the
banned substances, while RoHS 5 models, because of exemptions, still contain lead.)
8. If designers do not take RoHS seriously, any country that can prove a product does
not comply can levy fines against the vendor. That can cost market share, Marcano
said, since noncompliant companies become noncompetitive. And then, not being
prepared can mean belatedly diverting resources to RoHS compliance, causing
missed market opportunities.
9. But many industry observers believe smaller and medium-size companies will
continue to be complacent about the RoHS transition until some major company is
cited for non-compliance. ‘When that happens, there will be an earthquake
throughout the industry, and it will wake up every design engineer,’ said Steve
Schultz, director of strategic planning and communications at Avnet Logistics and
program manager for the distributor’s compliance efforts for RoHS in the Americas.
10. ‘The product developer’s RoHS concerns center on the fear of lost revenue – from a
product ban, a customer who demands a RoHS-compliant product that the company
doesn’t have, or competition’, said Harvey Stone, managing director for consultancy
9
GoodBye Chain Group (Colorado Springs, Colo.). ‘With price, quality and service being
relatively equal, a savvy customer is going to choose a RoHS-compliant product,’ he said.
11. Meanwhile, designers are looking over their shoulders at several other – and
potentially stricter – environmental regulations in the pipeline. These include the
EU’s Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals legislation, which could
restrict the use of thousands of chemicals, and its Energy-using Products (EuP)
directive, which will initially target energy-efficiency requirements.
Questions 1-4:
Look at the following people and the list of statements below.
Match each person with the correct statement. Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 1-4
on your answer sheet.
List of People List of Statements:

14. Manny Marcano A. believes that the ED directive requires no action
15. Harvey Stone B. claims that old products need to be redesigned
16. Steve Shultz C. claims that customers will want a RoHS compliant
17. Ken Stanvick product
D. states that many products will be RoHS exempt
E. is involved in planning and communications
F. predicts that design engineers will like RoHS
G. claims that more knowledge about Pb-free systems is
needed
10
WEEK 2 – SESSION 2
• LOCATING INFORMATION
• CLASSIFICATION
• SHORT ANSWERS
1/ LOCATING INFORMATION - Passage 2.1 – let’s go bats

2/ CLASSIFICATION/ CLASSIFYING - Passage 2.2 – Early childhood education
3/ SHORT ANSWERS - Passage 2.3 – Seaweed for human consumption
11
READING PASSAGE 2.1
LET’S GO BATS
A Bats have a problem: how to find their way around in the dark they hunt at flight, and
cannot use light to help them find prey and avoid obstacles. You might say that this is a
problem of their own making one that they could avoid simply by changing their habits
and hunting by day. But the daytime economy is already heavily exploited by other
creatures such as birds. Given that there is a living to be made at night, and given that
alternative daytime trades are thoroughly occupied, natural selection has favored
bats that make a go of the night-hunting trade. It is probable that the nocturnal trades
go way back in the ancestry of all mammals. In the time when the dinosaurs dominated
the daytime economy, our mammalian ancestors probably only managed to survive at
all because they found ways of scraping a living at night. Only after the my stenos mass
extinction of the dinosaurs about 65 million years ago were our ancestors able to
emerge into the daylight in any substantial numbers.
B Bats have an engineering problem: how to find their way and find their prey in the
absence of light. Bats are not the only creatures to face this difficulty today. Obviously,
the night-flying insects that they prey on must find their way about somehow. Deep-
sea fish and whales have little or no light by day or by night. Fish and dolphins that live
in extremely muddy water cannot see because, although there is light, it is obstructed
and scattered by the dirt in the water. Plenty of other modern animals make their living
in conditions where seeing is difficult or impossible.
C Given the questions of how to manoeuvre in the dark, what solutions might an
engineer consider? The first one that might occur to him is to manufacture light, to use a
lantern or a searchlight. Fireflies and some fish (usually with the help of bacteria)
have the power to - manufacture their own light but the process seems to consume a
large amount of energy. Fireflies use their light for attracting mates. This doesn't
require a prohibitive amount of energy: a male's tiny pinprick of light can be seen
by a female from some distance on a dark night since her eyes are exposed directly to
the light source itself. However, using light to find one's own way around requires vastly
more energy, since the eyes have to detect the tiny fraction of the light that bounces off
each part of the scene. The light source must, therefore, be immensely brighter if it is to
be used as a headlight to illuminate the path, than if it is to be used as a signal to
others. In any event, whether or not the reason is the energy expense, it seems to be the
case that with the possible exception of some weird deep-sea fish, no animal apart from
man uses manufactured light to find its way about.
D What else might the engineer think off? Well, blind humans sometimes seem to have
an uncanny sense of obstacles in their path: it has been given the name’ facial vision',
because blind people have reported that it feels a bit like the sense of touch, on the face.
One report tells of a totally blind boy who could and his tricycle at good speed round
the block near his home, using facial vision. Experiments showed that, in fact, facial
12
vision is nothing to do with touch or the front of the face, although the sensation may be
referred to the front of the face, like the referred pain in a phantom limb. The sensation
of facial vision, it turns out really goes in through the ears. Blind people, without even
being aware of the fact are actually using echoes of their own footsteps and of other
sounds, to sense the presence of obstacles. Before this was discovered, engineers had
already built instruments to exploit the principle, for example, to measure the depth of
the sea under a ship. After this technique had been invented, it was only a matter of time
before weapons designers adapted ft for the detection of submarines. Both sides in the
Second World War relied heavily on these devices, under such code names as Asdic
(British) and Sonar (American), as wall as Radar (American) or RDF (British), which
uses radio echoes rather than sound echoes.
E The Sonar and Radar pioneers Didn’t know it then, but all the world now knows that
bats, or rather natural selection working on bats, had perfected the system tens of
millions of years earlier, and their radar achieves feats of detection and navigation that
would strike an engineer dumb with admiration. It is technically incorrect to talk about
bat 'radar’, since they do not use radio waves. It is sonar. But the underlying
mathematical the ones of radar and sonar are very similar, and much of our scientific
understanding of the details of what bats are doing has come from applying radar
theory to them. The American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was largely responsible for
the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the term 'echolocation' to cover both sonar and
radar, whether used by animals or by human instruments.
Questions 1-5
Reading Passage 1 has five paragraphs, A-E.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter. A-E, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1) examples of wildlife other than bats which do not rely on vision to navigate by
2) how early mammals avoided dying out
3) why bats hunt in the dark
4) how a particular discovery has helped our understanding of bats
5) early military uses of echolocation
Question 10-13
10 Long before the invention of radar, …………… had resulted in a sophisticated radar-
like system in bats.
13
11 Radar is an inaccurate term when referring to bats because …………… are not used in
their navigation system.
12 Radar and sonar are based on similar……………
13 The word 'echolocation' was first used by someone working as a ……………
READING PASSAGE 2.2

EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
New Zealand's National Pony spokesman on education, Dr Lockwood Smith,
recently visited the US and Britain. Here he reports on the findings of his trip
and what they could mean for New Zealand's education policy.
A/ 'Education To Be More' was published last August. It was the report of the New
Zealand Government's Early Childhood Care and Education Working Group. The report
argued for enhanced equity of access and better funding for childcare and early
childhood education institutions. Unquestionably, that's a real need; but since parents
don't normally send children to pre-schools until the age of three, are we missing out
on the most important years of all?
B/ A 13-year study of early childhood development at Harvard University has shown
that, by the age of three, most children have the potential to understand about 1000
words - most of the language they will use in ordinary conversation for the rest of their
lives.
Furthermore, research has shown that while every child is born with a natural curiosity,
it can be suppressed dramatically during the second and third years of life.
Researchers claim that the human personality is formed during the first two years of
life, and during the first three years children learn the basic skills they will use in all
their later learning both at home and at school. Once over the age of three, children
continue to expand on existing knowledge of the world.
C/ It is generally acknowledged that young people from poorer socio-economic
backgrounds tend to do less well in our education system. That's observed not just in
New Zealand, but also in Australia, Britain and America. In an attempt to overcome that
educational under-achievement, a nationwide programme called 'Headstart' was
launched in the United States in 1965. A lot of money was poured into it. It took children
into pre-school institutions at the age of three and was supposed to help the children of
poorer families succeed in school.
14
Despite substantial funding, results have been disappointing. It is thought that
there are two explanations for this. First, the programme began too late. Many children
who entered it at the age of three were already behind their peers in language and
measurable intelligence. Second, the parents were not involved. At the end of each day,
'Headstart' children returned to the same disadvantaged home environment.
D/ As a result of the growing research evidence of the importance of the first three
years of a child's life and the disappointing results from 'Headstart', a pilot programme
was launched in Missouri in the US that focused on parents as the child's first teachers.
The 'Missouri' programme was predicated on research showing that working with the
family, rather than bypassing the parents, is the most effective way of helping children
get off to the best possible start in life. The four-year pilot study included 380 families
who were about to have their first child and who represented a cross-section of socio-
economic status, age and family configurations. They included single-parent and two-
parent families, families in which both parents worked, and families with either the
mother or father at home.
The programme involved trained parent-educators visiting the parents' home
and working with the parent, or parents, and the child. Information on child
development, and guidance on things to look for and expect as the child grows were
provided, plus guidance in fostering the child's intellectual, language, social and motor-
skill development. Periodic check-ups of the child's educational and sensory
development (hearing and vision) were made to detect possible handicaps that
interfere with growth and development. Medical problems were referred to
professionals.
Parent-educators made personal visits to homes and monthly group meetings
were held with other new parents to share experience and discuss topics of interest.
Parent resource centres, Located in school buildings, offered learning materials for
families and facilitators for child care.
E/ At the age of three, the children who had been involved in the 'Missouri' programme
were evaluated alongside a cross-section of children selected from the same range of
socio-economic backgrounds and Family situations, and also a random sample of
children that age. The results were phenomenal.
By the age of three, the children in the programme were significantly more
advanced in language development than their peers, had made greater strides in
problem solving and other intellectual skills, and were further along in social
development. In fact, the average child on the programme was performing at the level of
the top 15 to 20 per cent of their peers in such things as auditory comprehension,
verbal ability and language ability.
Most important of all, the traditional measures of 'risk', such as parents' age and
education, or whether they were a single parent, bore little or no relationship to the
measures of achievement and language development. Children in the programme
performed equally well regardless of socioeconomic disadvantages.
15
Child abuse was virtually eliminated. The one factor that was found to affect
the child's development was family stress leading to a poor quality of parent-child
interaction. That interaction was not necessarily bad in poorer families.
F/ These research findings are exciting. There is growing evidence in New Zealand that
children from poorer socio-economic backgrounds are arriving at school less well
developed and that our school system tends to perpetuate that disadvantage.
The initiative outlined above could break that cycle of disadvantage.
The concept of working with parents in their homes, or at their place of work,
contrasts quite markedly with the report of the Early Childhood Care and Education
Working Group. Their focus is on getting children and mothers access to childcare and
institutionalised early childhood education.
Education from the age of three to five is undoubtedly vital, but without a
similar Focus on parent education and on the vital importance of the first three years,
some evidence indicates that it will not be enough to overcome educational inequity.
Questions 1-4
Reading Passage 79 has six sections, A-F.
Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
1/ details of the range of family types involved in an education programme

2/ reasons why a child's early years are so important
3/ reasons why an education programme failed
4/ a description of the positive outcomes of an education programme
Questions 5-10: Classify the following features as characterising
A the 'Headstart' programme

B the 'Missouri' programme
C both the 'Headstart' and the 'Missouri' programmes
D neither the `Headstart' nor the 'Missouri' programme
Write the correct letter A, B, C or D in boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet.
5. was administered to a variety of poor and wealthy families

6. continued with follow-up assistance in elementary schools
7. did not succeed in its aim
8. supplied many forms of support and training to parents
9. received insufficient funding
10. was designed to improve pre-schoolers' educational development
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READING PASSAGE 2.3
SEAWEED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
A/ Seaweeds are algae that live in the sea or in brackish water. Scientists often call
them ‘benthic marine algae’, which just means ‘attached algae that live in the sea’.
Seaweeds come in three basic colors: red, green, and brown: dulse is the red seaweed;
sea lettuce is amongst the green algae, and the brown is a wrack. Red and brown algae
are almost exclusively marine, whilst green algae are also common in freshwater and in
terrestrial situations. Many of these algae are very ancient organisms, and although
lumped together as ‘algae’ are not actually closely related, having representatives in
four of the five kingdoms of organisms. There are about 10,500 species of seaweeds, of
which 6,500 are red algae (Rhodophyta).
B/ The trend today is to refer to marine algae used as food as ‘sea-vegetables’. The main
species used in Ireland at present are dulse, carrageen moss, and various kelps and
wracks. Dulse – also known as dillisk in a number of areas – is a red alga that is eaten on
both sides of the North Atlantic. Generally only eaten in Ireland after it has been dried, it
is frequently sold in small packets, most commonly in the west and north. About 16
tonnes are used in Ireland at present; the species is also eaten in Canada, Iceland,
Norway, France, and Scotland. About 53 tonnes of carrageen moss were gathered in
Ireland in 1994.
C/ Whilst dulse and carrageen moss are worthy sea-vegetables with a history of
utilization and a small but proven market, other species also show considerable
promise. Our kelp resources are considered underutilized. All of the kelp species are
edible but Laminaria saccharina is probably the most palatable as it has a somewhat
sweet taste, probably due to its high levels of mannitol, and it also looks better.
D/ Two other brown algae with potential as food are currently under investigation by
us: Himanthalia elongata, known in some places as thongweed, and Alaria esculenta,
also known as dabberlocks or murlins. Himanthalia is eaten in France after drying or
pickling (‘Spaghettis demer’), and plants are sold in Ireland dried. After soaking in water
it makes a surprisingly fine accompaniment to a mixed salad; it does not have the
strong seaweedy taste that some dislike. With the aid of a basic research grant from
Forbairt, the Irish research, and development body, we are examining the growth and
life cycle of populations of this species on the west coast. Plants are easy to collect but
must be dried quickly and packaged well to preserve their excellent taste and
mouthfeel.
17
E/ Alaria is a large, kelp-like brown alga that grows on exposed shores; In Ireland,
plants grow to considerable sizes, being found up to 6m in length in some areas, but
these are dwarfed by some Pacific species that may grow to 18m in length and to 2m in
width. With Marine Research Measure funding, a study of the possibility of developing
fast-growing hybrids of this species by crossing species from the Atlantic and Pacific is
being carried out. We have grown in culture isolates of A. esculenta from Ireland,
Scotland, France, Norway, and Atlantic Canada and other species from British Columbia
and Japan. Species of this genus are ideal for cross-breeding studies as the males and
females are tiny filamentous plants that are relatively easy to grow and propagate in
culture under the red light which stimulates reproduction in our growth rooms. Male
and female reproductive structures occur on different plants so that we can put plants
from one country in with those from another to see if they are sexually compatible.
F/ To date, we have obtained interesting results with A.praelonga, a large species from
Japan that co-operates sexually with A. esculenta from the Aran Islands and other Irish
sites. The resulting Irish/Japanese progeny are grown initially in sample bottles
agitated on a small shaker and their growth rates compared with plants that have
resulted from self-crosses. Preliminary results are very encouraging, with hybrid
plants showing relatively high growth rates. We hope by this method to obtain sterile
hybrids that will not reproduce in the wild so that we can introduce foreign genetic
material without the fear that some sort of a triffid will be introduced that will take over
the west coast of Ireland.
G/ While studies of these two food species are very promising, we must bear in mind
that the market for such sea-vegetables is very small and needs development and
investment. Nutritionally, sea-vegetables are as good as any land-vegetable and are
superior in their vitamin, trace element, and even protein content. The increase in
catholic food tastes in Europe should see greater utilization of sea-vegetables in the
next 20 years.
18
Questions 1-5: Classify the following features as characterizing
A. brown algae
B. green algae
C. red algae
D. Brown and red algae
Write the correct letter A, B, C or D in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
1. are being investigated as possible food sources.

2. are now called sea-vegetables.
3. make up more than half of all seaweed species.
4. are found on land and in freshwater.
5. are nearly all marine.
Questions 10-13
Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage
for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.
10. What does the red light in the growth rooms do?
11. What are initial growth rates shown to be?
12. What does the sea-vegetable market need?
13. What increasingly should lead to greater consumption of sea-vegetables?
19
COMPLETION TASKS – PART 1
1/ FLOW-CHART COMPLETION – passage 3.1 - The Serious Search for an Anti-Aging Pill
2/ FLOW-CHART COMPLETION – passage 3.2 - Producing olive oil
3/ FLOW-CHART COMPLETION + DIAGRAM LABELING – passage 3.3– Migratory beekeeping
4/ DIAGRAM LABELING – passage 3.4 – Dung beetles
20
READING PASSAGE 3.1
THE SERIOUS SEARCH FOR AN ANTI-AGING PILL
In government laboratories and elsewhere, scientists are seeking a drug able to prolong
life and youthful vigor. Studies of caloric restriction are showing the way.
A/ As researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the market today has been
proved to slow human aging - the build-up of molecular and cellular damage that
increases vulnerability to infirmity as we grow older. But one intervention,
consumption of a low-caloric yet nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well
in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health. Those
findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in
humans, too.
B/ Unfortunately, for maximum benefit, people would probably have to reduce their
caloric intake by roughly thirty percent, equivalent to dropping from 2,500 calories a
day to 1,750. Few mortals could stick to that harsh regimen, especially for years on end.
But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating
less without actually forcing people to eat less? Could such a ‘caloric-restriction
mimetic’, as we call it, enable people to stay healthy longer, postponing age-related
disorders (such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis, heart disease and cancer) until very
late in life? Scientists first posed this question in the mid-1990s, after researchers came
upon a chemical agent that in rodents seemed to reproduce many of
caloric restriction’s benefits. No compound that would safely achieve the same feat in
people has been found yet, but the search has been informative and has fanned hope
that caloric-restriction (CR) mimetics can indeed be developed eventually.
The benefits of caloric restriction
C/ The hunt for CR mimetics grew out of a desire to better understand caloric
restriction’s many effects on the body. Scientists first recognized the value of the
practice more than 60 years ago, when they found that rats fed a low-calorie diet lived
longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had a reduced incidence of conditions
that become increasingly common in old age. What is more, some of the treated animals
survived longer than the oldest-living animals in the control group, which means that
the maximum lifespan (the oldest attainable age), not merely the normal lifespan,
increased. Various interventions, such as infection-fighting drugs, can increase a
population’s average survival time, but only approaches that slow the body’s rate
of aging will increase the maximum lifespan.
D/ The rat findings have been replicated many times and extended to creatures ranging
from yeast to fruit flies, worms, fish, spiders, mice and hamsters. Until fairly recently,
the studies were limited to short-lived creatures genetically distant from humans. But
caloric-restriction projects underway in two species more closely related to humans -
21
rhesus and squirrel monkeys - have made scientists optimistic that CR mimetics could
help people.
E/ The monkey projects demonstrate that, compared with control animals that eat
normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the
pancreatic hormone insulin, and they retain more youthful levels of certain hormones
that tend to fall with age.
F/ The caloric-restricted animals also look better on indicators of risk for age-related
diseases. For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels
(signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease), and they have more normal blood
glucose levels (pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes, which is marked by unusually
high blood glucose levels). Further, it has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys
kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended time (nearly 15 years) have less chronic
disease. They and the other monkeys must be followed still longer, however, to know
whether low-calorie intake can increase both average and maximum lifespans in
monkeys. Unlike the multitude of elixirs being touted as the latest anti-aging cure, CR
mimetics would alter fundamental processes that underlie aging. We aim to develop
compounds that fool cells into activating maintenance and repair.
How a prototype caloric-restriction mimetic works
G/ The best-studied candidate for a caloric-restriction mimetic, 2DG (2-deoxy-D-
glucose), works by interfering with the way cells process glucose. It has proved toxic at
some doses in animals and so cannot be used in humans. But it has demonstrated that
chemicals can replicate the effects of caloric restriction; the trick is finding the right one.
H/ Cells use the glucose from food to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the
molecule that powers many activities in the body. By limiting food intake, caloric
restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP
generation. When 2DG is administered to animals that eat normally, glucose reaches
cells in abundance but the drug prevents most of it from being processed and thus
reduces ATP synthesis. Researchers have proposed several explanations for why
interruption of glucose processing and ATP production might retard aging. One
possibility relates to the ATP-making machinery’s emission of free radicals, which
are thought to contribute to aging and to such age-related diseases as cancer by
damaging cells. Reduced operation of the machinery should limit their production and
thereby constrain the damage. Another hypothesis suggests that decreased processing
of glucose could indicate to cells that food is scarce (even if it isn't) and induce them to
shift into an anti-aging mode that emphasizes preservation of the organism over such
‘luxuries' as growth and reproduction.
Questions 6-10
Classify the following descriptions as relating to
A caloric-restricted monkeys
B control monkeys
22
C neither caloric-restricted monkeys nor control monkeys
6 Monkeys were less likely to become diabetic.

7 Monkeys experienced more chronic disease.
8 Monkeys have been shown to experience a longer than average life span.
9 Monkeys enjoyed a reduced chance of heart disease.
10 Monkeys produced greater quantities of insulin.
Questions 11-13
Complete the flow-chart below.
How a caloric-restriction mimetic works

CR mimetic
less 11 is processed
production of ATP is decreased
↙ ↘
Theory 1: Theory 2:
cells less damaged by disease because

cells focus on 13
fewer 12 are emitted because food is in short supply
23
READING PASSAGE 3.2
PRODUCING OLIVE OIL
IN TRADITIONAL AND COMMERCIAL WAYS
1. Olive trees can live to be hundreds of years old and produce large amounts of fruit in their
lifetime. People have been making olive oil in countries around the Mediterranean Sea for
many centuries, and this can be done by simply crushing the olives. Modern commercial
extraction is a more complex process, although the same basic principle of crushing the
fruit to release the oil is in play.
2. The olive harvest is the first step in making olive oil. Traditional producers use a number of
low-tech means to gather the olive crop. One common method is for workers on ladders to
simply pick the olives by hand and put them into baskets tied around their waists. Or
workers may beat the branches with broomsticks, collecting the olives on the ground.
Commercial processors use electronic tongs to strip olives off the branches and drop
them into large nets spread out below the trees. It is then important to get the olives to the
mill as quickly as possible, before the level of acidity becomes too great, as this can spoil
the flavour of the oil.
3. After the harvested olives have been brought to the mill, traditional producers pick through
the olives by hand to remove dirt, leaves and twigs. Commercial producers use cleaning
machines to accomplish the same goal. Fans blow away the majority of smaller particles and
another machine picks out any remaining larger bits. The olives are then turned into a paste
as they pass through the mill. Large ‘millstones’ are used for this purpose by traditional
makers, whereas commercial production involves the use of a mechanised alternative,
known as a hammermill. Once milled the olive paste is ready for a process called
malaxation. In this stage of the process, the milled paste is stirred and mixed for 20 to 40
minutes. This is done with wooden spoons by traditional producers, while commercial
producers use a mixing machine with a metal spiral blade. The stirring causes the smaller
droplets of oil released by the milling process to form larger drops. The larger drops can be
separated from the paste more easily. Heating the paste during the malaxation stage
increases the yield of oil. However, the use of higher heat affects the taste and decreases
shelf life. To compromise, commercial producers usually heat the paste to only about 27
degrees Centigrade. Oxidation also reduces the flavour, so commercial producers may fill
the malaxation chamber with an inert gas such as nitrogen so the paste avoids contact with
oxygen.
4. Next, the oil must be separated from the paste. Traditionally, the paste is spread onto fibre
discs that are stacked on top of each other in a cylindrical press. Heavy stones are placed
on top of the discs, squeezing out the liquid. The oil thus produced is called first press or
cold press oil. The paste is then mixed with hot water or steam and pressed once more. The
second press oil doesn’t have such an intense flavour. The modern commercial method of
olive oil extraction uses a machine called an industrial decanter to separate the oil from
the paste. This machine spins at approximately 3000 revolutions per minute. The paste and
oil are easily separated because of their different densities. This is essentially the same
method that is used to separate milk from cream.
24
5. After the separation process, the oil is bottled, and the bottle is capped and labelled. Small,
traditional producers often do this by hand, while commercial producers use assembly line
techniques. The leftover paste is sometimes used for animal feed or it can be further
chemically processed to extract more olive oil, which is usually blended with other oils or
used for processes such as soap making.
Questions 1-12: Complete the notes below.

HOW OLIVE OIL IS MADE

TRADITIONAL METHOD COMMERCIAL METHOD
Harvesting Harvesting
Manual labourers climb 1 __________ to reach 2 __________ are used to remove olives from the
the olives. Picked by hand. trees.
Cleaning Collected in 3 __________ on the ground.
Dirt, leaves and twigs removed by hand. Cleaning
Milling Mechanical methods.
5 __________ are used to turn olives into paste. 4 __________ remove most unwanted material.
Malaxation Milling
Paste stirred with 7 __________ to create
larger drops of oil within the paste. A machine called a 6 __________ is used.
Pressing Malaxation
Paste applied to 9 __________ in a cylindrical Paste mixed in a machine.

press. 10 __________ are used to force the oil
out of the paste. Paste heated to about 27ºC.
Final stages 8 __________ is used to retain flavour.
Oil bottled, capped and labelled by hand. Pressing
An 11 __________ is used to remove oil from the

paste.
Final stages
12__________ methods are used to bottle, cap and
label the oil.
25
READING PASSAGE 3.3
MIGRATORY BEEKEEPING
A/ Of the 2,000
commercial beekeepers
in the United States about
half migrate This pays off
in two ways: moving
north in the summer and
south in the winter lets
bees work a longer
money — for their
keepers. Second,
beekeepers can carry
their hives to farmers
who need bees to
pollinate their crops.
Every spring a migratory
beekeeper in California
blooming season, making
more honey — and may
move up to 160 million
bees to flowering fields in
Minnesota and every
winter his family may haul the hives back to California, where farmers will rent the bees
to pollinate almond and cherry trees.
B/ Migratory beekeeping is nothing new. The ancient Egyptians moved clay hives,
probably on rafts, down the Nile to follow the bloom and nectar flow as it moved toward
Cairo. In the 1880s North American beekeepers experimented with the same idea,
moving bees on barges along the Mississippi and on waterways in Florida, but their
lighter, wooden hives kept falling into the water. Other keepers tried the railroad and
horsedrawn wagons, but that didn’t prove practical. Not until the 1920s when cars and
trucks became affordable and roads improved, did migratory beekeeping begin to catch
on.
C/ For the Californian beekeeper, the pollination season begins in February. At this
time, the beehives are in particular demand by farmers who have almond groves; they
need two hives an acre. For the three-week long bloom, beekeepers can hire out their
hives for $32 each. It’s a bonanza for the bees too. Most people consider almond honey
too bitter to eat so the bees get to keep it for themselves.
D/ By early March it is time to move the bees. It can take up to seven nights to pack the
4,000 or so hives that a beekeeper may own. These are not moved in the middle of the
26
day because too many of the bees would end up homeless. But at night, the hives are
stacked onto wooden pallets, back-to-back in sets of four, and lifted onto a truck. It is
not necessary to wear gloves or a beekeeper’s veil because the hives are not being
opened and the bees should remain relatively quiet. Just in case some are still lively,
bees can be pacified with a few puffs of smoke blown into each hive’s narrow entrance.
E/ In their new location, the beekeeper will pay the farmer to allow his bees to feed in
such places as orange groves. The honey produced here is fragrant and sweet and can
be sold by the beekeepers. To encourage the bees to produce as much honey as possible
during this period, the beekeepers open the hives and stack extra boxes called supers on
top. These temporary hive extensions contain frames of empty comb for the bees to fill
with honey. In the brood chamber below, the bees will stash honey to eat later. To
prevent the queen from crawling up to the top and laying eggs, a screen can be inserted
between the brood chamber and the supers. Three weeks later the honey can be
gathered.
F/ Foul smelling chemicals are often used to irritate the bees and drive them down into
the hive’s bottom boxes, leaving the honeyfilled supers more or less bee free. These can
then be pulled off the hive. They are heavy with honey and may weigh up to 90 pounds
each. The supers are taken to a warehouse. In the extracting room, the frames are lilted
out and lowered into an “uncapper” where rotating blades shave away the wax that
covers each cell. The uncapped frames are put in a carousel that sits on the bottom of a
large stainless steel drum. The carousel is filled to capacity with 72 frames. A switch is
flipped and the frames begin to whirl at 300 revolutions per minute; centrifugal force
throws the honey out of the combs. Finally the honey is poured into barrels for
shipment.
G/ After this, approximately a quarter of the hives weakened by disease, mites, or an
ageing or dead queen, will have to be replaced. To create new colonies, a healthy double
hive, teeming with bees, can be separated into two boxes. One half will hold the queen
and a young, already mated queen can be put in the other half, to make two hives from
one. By the time the flowers bloom, the new queens will be laying eggs, filling each hive
with young worker bees. The beekeeper’s family will then migrate with them to their
summer location.
Questions 13-19
The flow chart below outlines the movements of the migratory beekeeper as described in
Reading Passage 2.
Complete the flow chart. Choose your answers from the box at the bottom of the page
and write your answers in boxes 13-19 on your answer sheet.
27
LISTS OF WORDS/ PHRASES
Smoke Combs Light Pay Prepare
Barrels Full Machines Charge Queens
Set off Chemicals Screen Split
Pollinate Protection Empty Supers
Questions 20-23
Label the diagram below.
Choose ONE OR TWO WORDS from the
Reading Passage for each answer and
Write your answers in boxes 20-23 on
your answer sheet.
28
READING PASSAGE 3.4
DUNG BEETLES
[Note: This is an extract from an Academic Reading passage on the subject of dung
beetles. The text preceding this extract gave some background facts about dung beetles,
and went on to describe a decision to introduce non-native varieties to Australia.]
A/ Introducing dung beetles into a pasture is a simple process: approximately 1,500
beetles are released, a handful at a time, into fresh cow pats in the cow pasture. The
beetles immediately disappear beneath the pats digging and tunnelling and, if they
successfully adapt to their new environment, soon become a permanent, self-sustaining
part of the local ecology. In time they multiply and within three or four years the
benefits to the pasture are obvious.
B/ Dung beetles work from the inside of the pat so they are sheltered from predators
such as birds and foxes. Most species burrow into the soil and bury dung in tunnels
directly underneath the pats, which are hollowed out from within. Some large species
originating from France excavate tunnels to a depth of approximately 30 cm below the
dung pat. These beetles make sausage-shaped brood chambers along the tunnels. The
shallowest tunnels belong to a much smaller Spanish species that buries dung in
chambers that hang like fruit from the branches of a pear tree. South African beetles dig
narrow tunnels of approximately 20 cm below the surface of the pat. Some surface-
dwelling beetles, including a South African species, cut perfectly-shaped balls from the
pat, which are rolled away and attached to the bases of plants.
C/ For maximum dung burial in spring, summer and autumn, farmers require a variety
of species with overlapping periods of activity. In the cooler environments of the state of
Victoria, the large French species (2.5 cms long), is matched with smaller (half this size),
temperate-climate Spanish species. The former are slow to recover from the winter cold
and produce only one or two generations of offspring from late spring until autumn.
The latter, which multiply rapidly in early spring, produce two to five generations
annually. The South African ball-rolling species, being a sub-tropical beetle, prefers the
climate of northern and coastal New South Wales where it commonly works with the
South African tunneling species. In warmer climates, many species are active for longer
periods of the year.
29
Questions 6 – 8
Label the tunnels on the diagram below using words from the box.
Dung Beetle Types

French Australian native
Spanish South African
Mediterranean South African ball roller
30
COMPLETION TASKS – PART 2
TASK TYPES
1/ SENTENCE COMPLETION + TABLE COMPLETION – passage 4.1 – Physician, rule thyself!
2/ SENTENCE COMPLETION – passage 4.2 - Much ado about almost nothing
3/ NOTE COMPLETION – passage 4.3 – Information theory – the big idea
4/ SUMMARY COMPLETION – passage 4.4 – The evolution of museums
31
READING PASSAGE 4.1
PHYSICIAN, RULE THYSELF!
Professions and self-regulation
A. The public needs experts to offer them specialist advice, but because this advice is
specialized they are not in a position to know what advice they need: this has to be
defined in conversation with the professional. Professional judgement could be at
odds with client satisfaction since the latter cannot then be “the chief measure of
whether the professional has acted in a trustworthy fashion.” Professional elites
have negative potential: to exploit their power and prestige for economic goals; to
allow the search for the necessary theoretical or scientific knowledge to become an
end in itself; to lose sight of client well-being in the continuing fragmentation of
specialist knowledge.
B. Professions in different cultures are subject to different levels of state intervention,
and are shaped by this. In England, our relatively weak state and the organic growth
of professional groups, many of them licensed by Royal Charter, means that
regulation became an arrangement among elites. Similarly, in the US. where liberal
market principles have had a free rein, academic institutions have had more
influence than the state in the development of the professions. By contrast, in many
European countries, the state has defined and controlled the market for the
professions since the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. In all cases, the
activities of the professions affect the public interest, and so the state has a
legitimate interest in them.
C. In general, the higher the social status of a profession the greater the degree of public
trust in it, and the more freedom to operate it enjoys. There are, however, certain
features which appear to be common to most, if not all, professions. In addition to a
specialized knowledge base, it appears that there is an agreed set of qualifications
and experience which constitutes a license to practice. There is also frequently an
agreed title or form of address, coupled with a particular, often conservative,
public image, and an accepted mode of dress. Standards are maintained mainly
through self-regulatory bodies. Also, financial rewards may be increased through
private practice.
D. Within different cultures, and at different times, the relative status of different
professions may vary. For example, in Western Europe, the status of politicians has
been in long-term decline since the middle of the twentieth century. Teachers would
appear to have the higher status in France and Italy than in the UK, where medicine
and the law have traditionally been the ‘elite professions’.
32
E. The higher a profession’s social status the more freedom it enjoys. Therefore, an
occupation wanting to maintain or improve its status will try to retain as much
control as possible over its own affairs. As in so many other areas, socio-cultural
change has affected the professions considerably in recent years. Market forces and
social pressures have forced professionals to be more open about their modes of
practice. In addition, information technology has enabled the public to become
much better informed, and therefore more demanding. Moreover, developments in
professional knowledge itself have forced a greater degree of specialization on
experts, who constantly have to retrain and do research to maintain their position.
F. Self-regulation then becomes an even more important thing for a profession to
maintain or extend. But in whose interests? Is self-regulation used to enable a
profession to properly practice without undue interference, or is it used to
maintain the status of the profession for its own ends? Is it used to enable those with
appropriate education and training to join the profession? Another question that
needs to be answered is whether self-regulation restricts access so that the
profession retains its social and economic privileges? Or again is it used to protect
clients by appropriately disciplining those who have transgressed professional
norms or to protect the public image of the profession by concealing allegations
that would damage it?
Questions 6-10: Complete the sentences.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
6. Professionals cannot always ensure that the……………………….given will satisfy the client.
7. Liberal market principles in the US have meant that the state has had less impact on the
development of the professions than……………………..
8. An agreed set of qualifications and experience give professionals a……………………
9. Over the past 50 years or so, the status of politicians has been in…………………..
10. There is a doubt as to whether…………………..is a mechanism to safeguard a profession’s
social and economic privileges.
Questions 11-13: Complete the table.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your
answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.
Impact of socio-cultural change on professions
Factors Implications
33
Various public influences professionals 11 ……………………… about work.
Modern technology people more knowledgeable and so more

12 …………………………………….
Progress in professional knowledge a greater degree of 13 …………………. needed
READING PASSAGE 4.2

MUCH ADO ABOUT ALMOST NOTHING
The public outcry over genetically modified food offers several lessons for those
working and investing in nanotechnology
1. “The time for discussion of the rights
and wrongs of GM crops has passed. 3. In a neglected corner, amid thousands
Intense and consistent economic of participants at a Nanotech conference
sabotage and intimidation are what will held in Boston last week, Jeffrey Matsuura,
make the commercialisation of GM crops a law professor at the University of
an unattractive option.” Dayton, in Ohio, stood next to his
unprepossessing poster of his work. His
warning, however, was pertinent to
2. Words like these, from an article in the
everyone there – especially the investors
current edition of Earth First!, a radical
who were scouring the conference for
environmental journal, send shivers down
opportunities. And this is that several of
the spines of those involved in
the factors that created a public backlash
commercialising biotechnology. The
against biotechnology are already at work
strength of public disapproval of
within nanotechnology. Dr Matsuura says
genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
that biotechnologists assumed that the
was a shock and a surprise to most of
public would quickly recognise and
those involved. Now, some people are
appreciate biotech’s potential for
wondering whether nanotechnology – a
improving the quality of life. Instead, the
term that covers the manipulation of
risks captured the attention of the media
matter at scales of a millionth of a
and much of the general public. Well-fed
millimetre – could be in for similar
European consumers met the suggestion
treatment and, if so, whether there are
of cheaper food, in particular, with
lessons that its protagonists can learn
scepticism. Many felt that the gains
from the public backlash against
would accrue to the companies which had
biotechnology.
developed GMOs, while the risks of
34
growing and consuming the crops would that novel ‘nanoparticles’ might have real
be taken on by the public. toxicological risks.
4. Dr Matsuura believes that public 6. Nanoparticles are so small that, if

perception of nanotechnology is inhaled, they could become lodged in the
developing along a similar track. Like lungs. In theory, they are small enough to
those of biotechnology, the first enter living cells and accumulate there.
applications of nanotechnology will bring And in January Ken Donaldson, a professor
little obvious benefit to consumers. Better, of respiratory toxicology at the
cheaper materials, and hidden University of Edinburgh, told a Royal
manufacturing efficiencies that benefit Institution seminar in London that, once
producers first, are redolent of the inhaled, ultrafine carbon particles can
‘advantages’ of biotech – namely reduced move to the brain and blood.
applications of agricultural chemicals,
7. There are already several products that
which help to keep the cost down while
use nanoparticles already on the market,
raising yields. Obvious consumer benefits,
such as sunscreen and car parts. Though
such as improvements in medicine, are
all this may sound alarming, people are
further away.
already exposed to nanoparticles of many
different kinds and have been throughout
5. This should not matter – consumers do history. Soot, for example, is composed of
benefit eventually, even from cost savings. carbon nanoparticles. Nevertheless,
And yet, in alliance with a feeling that nanoparticles from sources such as diesel
there are hazards involved, an absence of soot, welding fumes and photocopier
immediate benefits could turn public toner are already associated with ill-
opinion against nanotech quite rapidly. health. The prospect of more such
And potential hazards there are. Concerns particles is likely to worry many. No
over out-of-control, self-replicating wonder that several people at the
‘nanobots’ that would eventually consume conference in Boston mentioned the need
and transform the entire planet into a to address public fears over
‘grey goo’ are absurd. And yet, it is true nanotechnology “aggressively”.
Questions 5-8: Complete the sentences.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
5. Strong public disapproval of…………………….came as a shock to those working in the area.

6. Europeans reacted to the suggestion of cheaper food with………………….
35
7. Anxiety about ‘nanobots’ that would in time change the planet is …………………………………
8. Nanoparticles from photocopier toner are already linked to…………………………
READING PASSSAGE 4.3

INFORMATION THEORY – THE BIG IDEA
Information theory lies at the heart of everything - from DVD players and the genetic code
of DNA to the physics of the universe at its most fundamental. it has been central to the
development of the science of communication, which enables data to be sent electronically
and has therefore had a major impact on our lives.
A. In April 2002 an event took place which demonstrated one of the many applications
of information theory. The space probe, Voyager I, launched in 1977, had sent back
spectacular images of Jupiter and Saturn and then soared out of the Solar System on a
one-way mission to the stars. After 25 years of exposure to the freezing temperatures
of deep space, the probe was beginning to show its age, Sensors and circuits were on the
brink of failing and NASA experts realized that they had to do something or lose contact
with their probe forever. The solution was to get a message to Voyager I to instruct it to
use spares to change the failing parts. With the probe 12 billion kilometers from Earth,
this was not an easy task. By means of a radio dish belonging to NASA’s Deep Space
Network, the message was sent out into the depths of space. Even travelling at the speed
of light, it took over II hours to reach its target, far beyond the orbit of Pluto. Yet,
incredibly, the little probe managed to hear the faint call from its home planet, and
successfully made the switchover.
Questions 33-37: Complete the notes below.

Choose N0 MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer
Write your answers in boxes 33—37 on your answer sheet.
The Voyager 1 Space Probe

▪ The probe transmitted pictures of both 33 ..................., and ................ , then left the 34
................
▪ The freezing temperatures were found to have a negative effect on parts of the space
probe.
36
▪ Scientists feared that both the 35 ............. and .............. were about to stop working.
▪ The only hope was lo tell the probe to replace them with 36 ................ - but distance
made communication with the probe difficult.
▪ A 37, ................ was used to transmit the message at the speed of light.
▪ The message was picked up by the probe and the switchover took place.
READING PASSAGE 4.4

THE EVOLUTION OF MUSEUMS
Part A
1. The very first museums of the world were private collections of objects by wealthy
people and institutions. The objects in these museums were displayed in Cabinets of
Curiosities, also called Cabinets of Wonder or Wonder Rooms. The word “cabinet” was
then used to describe a room and not a piece of furniture. The oldest recorded example
of such was the Ennigaldi Nanna’s museum that was located in Mesopotamia. It was
founded in 530 BC.
2. Before the 18th century, only elite or respectable members of society, by the
standards of that era, could visit museums with permission from the owner and the
staff. The first museums to be opened for the general public were the British Museum
in London in 1759 and the Uffizi Gallery in Florence in 1765. However, even though they
were no longer exclusive places, only people from the middle and upper class were
privileged with a written permission request. Also, the visitations were often limited
to a few hours. The first public museum in its true sense was the Louvre in Paris which
was opened in 1793 to people of any status and age, emerging as an agent of
nationalistic fervor.
3. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, societies began to regard
museums as centers of the production of new knowledge. Historical museums shifted
focus to display scientific discoveries and artistic developments with collections that
could be useful for research also. Over the twentieth century, as cities increased in size,
wealth, and population, more museums developed. These were shaped by the public
response to education and entertainment. Greater funding was directed towards the
development of modern museums. Study programs dedicated to the field of art and
37
culture were created to promote the growth of museums, and activities such as the
collection and preservation of artifacts such as paintings or sculptures had
consequently become more organized. Even wealthy industrialists such as Henry Ford
and Henry Mercer contributed their collections leading to the development of more
privately run museums.
Part B
4. A breeze of change was once again felt in the early 21st century. Museums were no
longer anchored to the national ideal and today’s new museums attract intellectuals
as well as tourists and students. Attitudes toward museums have become more
favorable as people no longer view them as boring, cold places that drag you to the past.
5. One of the main factors that have contributed to this is technology. Modern museums
have embraced technology with considerable use of multimedia, digital displays, touch
screens as well as other interactive technologies. Some museums, such as the
Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, use technology that allows visitors to see the
objects, hear or read about the collection on their smartphones by scanning the artwork.
Other national museums have also followed suit by embracing mobile interactivity. The
Smithsonian Institution, which is the world’s largest museum and research complex
containing 19 museums and galleries, provides cell phone tours, interactive games like
Pheon, which is a multimedia scavenger hunt game, multilingual slideshows, and even
augmented reality apps such as one from the postal museum showing Owney, the
mascot of the Railway Mail Service.
6. Additionally, there are some museums such as the National Museum of African Art
that have the Artists in Dialogue 2 app, which allows for visual calls and responses that
cut across physical and political borders. The app facilitates a guided tour of the
museum with the curator virtually, and also allows the user to experiment with the
artistic technique in a virtual art-development game. The user can even communicate
with active groups of the museum on social media.
7. So far, technology has provided modern-day museums with the opportunity to share
images and works of art with more people than ever before. However, the conclusion is
that technology is enhancing and not replacing the brick and mortar museums since
technology cannot replace a live experience for the viewer such as live interaction with
the experts, emotional reactions, and the physicality of artworks.
38
Questions 1 - 5
Complete the summary below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY from Part A of the passage for each answer.
The earliest museums displayed personal 1______ belonging to rich people, and until the
eighteenth century, only the elite class could visit these places. In the latter half of the
century, the British Museum and the Uffizi Gallery opened their doors for the 2 _______,
but not without restrictions. Finally, in 1793, the Louvre in Paris allowed access
irrespective of class and 3 _______ and became a key factor in promoting nationalistic
emotions.
By the early twentieth century, museums had started gaining recognition as centers of
knowledge. The 4 ______ had moved from history to art and science. During this century,
with urbanization and more funds coming in, museums were modified to provide
learning as well as 5 _______.
Questions 6 - 9
Complete the summary based on Part B of the passage using the list of words, A- G, below.
Museums of 21st century
Modern museums have become 6 ________ places to visit with the adoption of various
interactive technologies. In the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, visitors can
get 7________ about any artwork by scanning it through their smartphones. The National
Museum of African Art provides the opportunity for a virtual 8 ________ with the curator,
artists, and social media groups through an app. Thus, the latest technology is 9 _______
the existing museums by giving an enriched experience to the visitors.
A - dull E - interesting
B - communication F - complementing
C - information G - replacing
D - tour
39
TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN
& YES/ NO/ NOT GIVEN
TASK TYPES
1/ TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN – passage 5.1 - Air traffic control in the USA
2/ TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN – passage 5.2 – Raining Ice
3/ YES/ NO/ NOT GIVEN – passage 5.3 – Making Every Drop Count
4/ YES/ NO/ NOT GIVEN – passage 5.4 – Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project
40
READING PASSAGE 5.1
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL IN THE USA
A An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the
establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee
the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite
congested. The resulting structure of air traffic control has greatly increased the safety
of flight in the United States, and similar air traffic control procedures are also in place
over much of the rest of the world.
B Rudimentary air traffic control (АТС) existed well before the Grand Canyon disaster.
As early as the 1920s, the earliest air traffic controllers manually guided aircraft in the
vicinity of the airports, using lights and flags, while beacons and flashing lights were
placed along cross-country routes to establish the earliest airways. However, this
purely visual system was useless in bad weather, and, by the 1930s, radio
communication was coming into use for АТС. The first region to have something
approximating today's АТС was New York City, with other major metropolitan areas
following soon after.
C In the 1940s, АТС centres could and did take advantage of the newly developed radar
and improved radio communication brought about by the Second World War, but the
system remained rudimentary. It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale
regulation of America's airspace took place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent of
the jet engine suddenly resulted in a large number of very fast planes, reducing pilots'
margin of error and practically demanding some set of rules to keep everyone well
separated and operating safely in the air.
D Many people think that АТС consists of a row of controllers sitting in front of their
radar screens at the nation's airports, telling arriving and departing traffic what to do.
This is a very incomplete part of the picture. The FAA realised that the airspace over the
United States would at any time have many different kinds of planes, flying for many
different purposes, in a variety of weather conditions, and the same kind of structure
was needed to accommodate all of them.
E To meet this challenge, the following elements were put into effect. First, АТС extends
over virtually the entire United States. In general, from 365m above the ground and
higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace. In certain areas, mainly
near airports, controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground, and, in the
immediate vicinity of an airport, all the way down to the surface. Controlled airspace is
that airspace in which FAA regulations apply. Elsewhere, in uncontrolled airspace, pilots
are bound by fewer regulations. In this way, the recreational pilot who simply wishes
to go flying for a while without all the restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay
41
in uncontrolled airspace, below 365m, while the pilot who does want the protection
afforded by АТС can easily enter the controlled airspace.
F The FAA then recognised two types of operating environments. In good
meteorological conditions, flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR),
which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of
safety. Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR), under which
the pilot relied on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane's
instrument panel to fly safely. On a clear day, a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a
VFR or IFR flight plan, and the FAA regulations were devised in a way which
accommodates both VFR and IFR operations in the same airspace. However, a pilot can
only choose to fly IFR if they possess an instrument rating which is above and beyond
the basic pilot's license that must also be held.
G Controlled airspace is divided into several different types, designated by letters of
the alphabet. Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F, while controlled airspace
below 5,490m above sea level and not in the vicinity of an airport is Class E. All airspace
above 5,490m is designated Class A. The reason for the division of Class E and Class A
airspace stems from the type of planes operating in them. Generally, Class E airspace is
where one finds general aviation aircraft (few of which can climb above 5,490m
anyway), and commercial turboprop aircraft. Above 5,490m is the realm of the
heavy jets, since jet engines operate more efficiently at higher altitudes. The difference
between Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, all operations are IFR, and pilots must
be instrument-rated, that is, skilled and licensed in aircraft instrumentation. This is
because АТС control of the entire space is essential. Three other types of airspace,
Classes D, С and B, govern the vicinity of airports. These correspond roughly to small
municipal, medium-sized metropolitan and major metropolitan airports respectively,
and encompass an increasingly rigorous set of regulations. For example, all a VFR pilot
has to do to enter Class С airspace is establish two-way radio contact with АТС. No
explicit permission from АТС to enter is needed, although the pilot must continue to
obey all regulations governing VFR flight. To enter Class В airspace, such as on approach
to a major metropolitan airport, an explicit АТС clearance is required. The private pilot
who cruises without permission into this airspace risks losing their license.
42
Question 20-26
Do the following statements agrees with the given information of the reading passage?
In boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet, write:
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
20. The FAA was created as a result of the introduction of the jet engine.
21. Air traffic control started after the Grand Canyon crash in 1956.
22. Beacons and flashing lights are still used by the ATC today.
23. Some improvements were made in radio communication during World War II.
24. Class F airspace is airspace which is below 365m and not near airports.
25. All aircraft in class E airspace must use AFR.
26. A pilot entering class C airspace is flying over an average-sized city.
READING PASSAGE 5.2

RAINING ICE
1/ In May 2012, disaster struck a mountainous region of China's Gansu province. 40
people were killed and 29,300 people evacuated when a brief but extremely violent
hailstone storm swept across Min County. Houses collapsed, roads were blocked and
crops were destroyed. The extreme weather also affected the power supply and
communications in the region. When you consider that hailstones can reach sizeable
proportions, the damage they can cause is understandable. The world's largest hailstone
was found after a storm in South Dakota and measured 20.5 cm in diameter with a 47
cm circumference - this was after melting caused it to lose 5 cm from its original size.
Apart from China and the US, other parts of the world that frequently suffer from
hailstorm damage include Russia, India and northern Italy.
2/ Hail is a form of solid precipitation created within cumulonimbus clouds.
Cumulonimbus clouds are caused by heating from below and cooling from above. As the
earth is heated during the day by the sun, air close to the ground becomes warmer. Hot
air is less dense than cold air and therefore lighter so it rises and, as it does so, it
becomes cooler. The warm air reaches a cold point called the condensation level where
43
the water vapor condenses and turns back to a liquid form. As the warm air rises to
the condensation level, it becomes less able to keep its moisture and condenses into
large clouds, which are often called thunderheads. The process of condensation
releases heat into the surrounding air making the air rise even faster and release more
moisture. These huge clouds are complex systems in their own right, containing large
amounts of energy resulting in updrafts and downdrafts - vertical winds that can reach
speeds over 176 km per hour and help in the formation of hail.
3/ Hail grows in the thunderhead's main updraft where most of the cloud is
'supercooled' water: water that is still liquid even though its temperature is below 0°C.
This water will stay in liquid form until it encounters something on which to freeze.
There are other particles within the cloud - small frozen raindrops or soft ice particles -
called graupel. When the supercooled water hits the graupel, it freezes around it,
creating a hailstone. However, this is just the start of the hailstone's journey. A
hailstone's eventual size depends upon the intensity of the storm in which it is born. To
form a golf ball-sized hailstone requires over ten billion supercooled drops of water and
a time span of between five and 10 minutes. This accumulation of additional ice is a
process called accretion and takes place in areas of the cloud rich in supercooled water.
Accretion takes place in two ways, resulting in two distinguishable kinds of hailstone.
In the first process, strong updrafts, which lift the top of the cloud into part of the
atmosphere known as the troposphere, take the hailstone through the supercooled
layer where it accretes ice, making it heavy enough to fall back through the cloud. On
falling, it encounters other strong updrafts, which take it back though the supercooled
layer where it grows and falls again. An updraft of 35-55 km per hour will form small
hailstones; hailstones that are 5 cm in diameter require updrafts of 88 kph and
hailstones that are 12 cm in diameter need updrafts of 160 kph to grow. The other
process involves the hailstone falling slowly through a layer of the cloud rich in
supercooled water.
4/ The first process results in hailstones with concentric layers usually alternating
between clear and cloudy ice, indicating how it was produced. The opaque layer forms
when supercooled water drops freeze quickly onto the growing hailstone and trap tiny
air bubbles inside the ice giving it a milky appearance. The next layer - the transparent
layer - forms when larger drops of supercooled liquid water hit the hailstone. Here the
freezing process is slower, allowing air bubbles to escape and clear ice to form.
Hailstones showing little of this layering may have been subject to the second process of
formation. Instead of being pushed up through the cumulonimbus by updrafts and
pulled back through by gravity several times, these hailstones simply fall slowly
through the cloud gathering mass as they drop.
5/ The interior of a cumulonimbus cloud is a place of extreme violence. As the
hailstones rise and fall, they collide with each other. The result of this can be their
breaking up or the formation of large irregular shaped hailstones. Hailstones are
44
categorised according to their size. The Tornado and Storm Research Organisation
classifies hailstorms according to their destructive power, ranging from HO - hard hail
composed of hailstones of 5 mm in diameter, which do not cause damage - through H5
storms, destructive enough to damage glass, roofs and injure people, to the most severe
- H10 or 'super hailstorms', which cause extensive structural damage and can fatally
injure people caught out in the open.
6/ The rate at which they fall varies but can be faster than 160 kph for larger hailstones
as they become too heavy for the updraft to support or if a downdraft catches them and
blows them violently back to earth. It is estimated that between 40 and 70% of
hailstones never reach the earth, melting instead inside the cloud, colliding with and
smashing into smaller pieces on their way through the air, or melting in the
atmosphere to fall as rain.
Questions 1-8
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage:
Write:

1. Hailstone storms last a long time and cause considerable damage.

2. The world's largest hailstone had lost volume before it was found.
3. Cumulonimbus clouds hold significant quantities of energy.
4. Cumulonimbus clouds are called 'thunderheads' because they are the cause of
thunder and lightening storms.
5. Water always turns to ice when it is under 0°C.
6. A slow freezing rate creates clear ice.
7. Hailstones are classified according to their destructive power.
8. Many hailstones stay within the cloud and do not reach the ground.
45
READING PASSAGE 5.3
MAKING EVERY DROP COUNT
A
The history of human civilization is entwined with the history of ways we have
learned to manipulate water resources. As towns gradually expanded, water was
brought from increasingly remote sources, leading to sophisticated engineering efforts
such as dams and aqueducts. At the height of the Roman Empire, nine major systems,
with an innovative layout of pipes and well-built sewers, supplied the occupants of
Rome with as much water per person as is provided in many parts of the industrial
world today.
B
During the industrial revolution and population explosion of the 19th and 20th
centuries, the demand for water rose dramatically. Unprecedented construction of tens
of thousands of monumental engineering projects designed to control floods, protect
clean water supplies, and provide water for irrigation and hydropower brought great
benefits to hundreds of millions of people. Food production has kept pace with soaring
populations mainly because of the expansion of artificial irrigation system that
makes possible the growth of 40% of the world's food. Nearly one-fifth of all the
electricity generated worldwide is produced by turbines spun by the power of falling
water.
C
Yet, there is a dark side to this picture: despite our progress, half of the world's
population till suffers, with water services inferior to those available to the ancient
Greeks and Romans. As the United Nations report on access to water reiterated in
November 2001, more than one billion people lack access to clean drinking water: some
two and half billion do not have adequate sanitation services. Preventable water-
related diseases kill an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 children every day, and the latest
evidence suggests that we are falling behind in efforts to solve their problems.
D
The consequences of our water policies extend beyond jeopardizing human health.
Tens of millions of people have been forced to move from their homes - often with little
warning or compensation - to make way for the reservoirs behind dams. More than
20% of all freshwater fish species are now threatened or endangered because dams
and water withdrawals have destroyed the free-flowing river ecosystems where they
thrive. Certain irrigation practices degrade soil quality and reduce agricultural
productivity. Groundwater aquifers* are being pumped down faster than they are
46
naturally replenished in part of India, China, the USA and elsewhere. And disputes over
shared water resources have led to violence and continue to raise local, national and
even international tensions.
E
At the outset of the new millennium, however, the way resource planners think about
water is beginning to change. The focus is slowly shifting back to the provision of basic
human and environmental needs as a top priority - ensuring 'some for all,' instead of
'more for some'. Some water experts are now demanding that existing infrastructure be
used in smarter ways rather than building new facilities, which is increasingly
considered the option of last, not first, resort. This shift in philosophy has not been
universally accepted, and it comes with strong opposition from some established water
organizations. Nevertheless, it may be the only way to address successfully the
pressing problems of providing everyone with clean water to drink, adequate water to
grow food and a life free from preventable water-related illness.
F
Fortunately - and unexpectedly - the demand for water is not rising as rapidly as some
predicted. As a result, the pressure to build now water infrastructures has diminished
over the past two decades. Although population, industrial output and economic
productivity have continued to soar in developed nations, the rate at which people
withdraw water from aquifers, rivers and lacks has slowed. And in a few parts of the
world, demand has actually fallen.
G
What explains this remarkable turn of events? Two factors: people have figured out how
to use water more efficiently, and communities are rethinking their priorities for water
use. Throughout the first three-quarters of the 20th century, the quantity of freshwater
consumed per person doubled on average; in the USA, water withdrawals increased
tenfold while the population quadrupled. But since 1980, the amount of water
consumed per person has actually decreased, thanks to a range of new technologies that
help to conserve water in homes and industry. In 1965, for instance, Japan used
approximately 13 million gallons* of water to produce $1 million of commercial output;
by 1989 this had dropped to 3.5 million gallons (even accounting for inflation) - almost
a quadrupling of water productivity. In the USA, water withdrawals have fallen by more
than 20% from their peak in 1980.
H
On the other hand, dams, aqueducts and other kinds of infrastructure will still have to
be built, particularly in developing countries where basic human needs have not been
met. But such projects must be built to higher specifications and with more
accountability to local people and their environment than in the past. And even in
47
regions where new projects seem warranted, we must find ways to meet demands with
fewer resources, respecting ecological criteria and to smaller budget.
Question 21-26
Do the following statement agree with the information given in Reading Passage 65:
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
21 Water use per person is higher in the industrial world than it was in Ancient Rome.
22 Feeding increasing populations is possible due primarily to improved irrigation
systems
23 Modern water systems imitate those of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
24 Industrial growth is increasing the overall demand for water.
25 Modern technologies have led to reduction in the domestic water consumption.
26 In the future, governments should maintain ownership of water infrastructures.
48
READING PASSAGE 5.4
Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project
Section B
When the project began Makete District was virtually totally isolated during the rainy
season. The regional road was in such bad shape that access to the main towns was
impossible for about three months of the year. Road traffic was extremely rare with the
district, and alternative means of transport were restricted to donkeys in the north of
the district, people relied primarily on the paths, which were supper and dangerous
during the rains.
Before solutions could be proposed, the problems had to be understood. Little was
known about the transport demands of the rural households, so Phase I, between
December 1985 and December 1987, focused on research. The socio-economic survey
of more than 400 households in the district indicates that a household in Makete spent,
on average, seven hours a day on transporting themselves and their goods, a figure
which seemed extreme but which has also been obtained in surveys in other rural areas
in Africa. Interesting facts regarding transport were found- 95% was on foot, 80% was
within the locality and 70% was related to the collection of water and firewood and
travelling to running mills.
Section C
Having determined the main transport needs, possible solutions were identified which
might reduce the time and burden During Phase II. from January to February 1991, a
number of approaches were implemented in an effort to improve mobility and access
to transport.
An improvement of the rotted network was considered necessary to ensure the import
and export of goods to the district. These improvements were carried out using
methods that were heavily dependent on labour. In addition to the improvement of
roads, these methods provided training in the operation of a mechanical workshop and
bus and truck services. Howerer, the difference from the conventional approach was
that this time consideration was given to local transport needs outside the road
network.
Most goods were transported along the paths that provide shortcuts up and down the
hillsides, but the paths were a real safety task and made the journey on foot even more
arduous. It made sense to improve the paths by building steps, handrails and
footbridges.
It was uncommon to fix the means of transport that were more efficient than walking
49
but less technologically advanced than motor vehicles. The use of bicycles was
constrained by their high cost and the lack of available spare parts. Oxen were not used
at all but donkeys were used by a few households in the northern part of the district.
MIRTP focused on what would be most appropriate for the inhabitants of Makete in
terms of what was available, how much they could afford and what they are willing to
accept. After careful consideration, the project chose the promotion of donkeys - a
donkey costs less than a bicycle - and the introduction of a locally manufacturable
wheelbarrow.
Section D
At the end of Phase II, it was clear that the selected approaches to Makete's transport
problems had had different degrees of success. Phase III, from March 1991 to March
1993, focused on the refinement and most of these activities.
The road improvements and accompanying maintenance system had helped make the
district centre accessible throughout the year. Essential goods from outside the district
had become more readily available at the market and prices did not fluctuate as much as
they had done before.
Paths and secondary roads were improved only at the request of communists who were
willing to participate in construction and maintenance. However, the improved paths
impressed the inhabitants, and requests for assistance greatly increased soon after only
a few improvements had been completed.
The efforts to improve the efficiency of the existing transport services were not very
successful because most of the motorised vehicles in the district broke down and there
were no resources to repair them. Even the introduction of low-cost means of transport
was difficult because of the general poverty of the district. The locally manufactured
wheelbarrows were still too expensive for all but a few of the households. Modifications
to the original design by local carpenters cut- production time and costs. Other local
carpenters have been trained in the new design So that they can respond to requests.
Nevertheless, a locally produced wooden wheelbarrow which costs around
500QTanzanian shillings (less than US$20) in Makete, and is about one-quarter the cost
of a metal wheelbarrow, is still too expensive for most people.
Section E
It would have been easy to criticize the MIRTP for using in the early phases a top-down
approach, in which decisions were made by experts and officials before being handed
down to communities, but it was necessary to start the process from the level of the
governmental authorities of the district. It would have been difficult to respond to the
requests of villagers and other rural inhabitants without the support and understanding
of district authorities.
50
Section F
Today, nobody in the district argues about the importance of improved paths and
inexpensive means of transport. But this is the result of dedicated work over a long
penned particularly from the officers in charge of community development. They played
an essential role in raising awareness and interest among the rural communities.
The concept of integrated rural transport is now well established in Tanzania, where a
major program of rural transport is just about to start. The experiences from Makete
will help in this initiative, and Makete District will act as a reference for future work.
Questions 31-35
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 154?
In boxes 31-35 on your answer sheet write:

31. MIRTP was divided into five phases.

32. Prior to the start of the MIRTP, the Makete district was almost inaccessible during
the rainy reason.
33. Phase I of MIRTP consisted of a survey of household expenditure on transport.
34. The survey concluded that one-fifth or 20% of the household transport requirement
as outside the local area.
35. MIRTP hopes to improve the movements of goods from Makete district to the
country's capital.
51
MULTIPLE CHOICES
TASK TYPES
1/ TYPE 1 – passage 6.1 - The various software tools for research.
2/ TYPE 1+2- passage 6.2 – Grey workers
52
READING PASSAGE 6.1
The various software tools for research
A. The software tools of research are individual’s performance in some activity

typically more abundant than hardware at some point in the future. They do not
tools in the social sciences. The software is require any specific prior learning
usually thought of as meaning computer although basic knowledge related to
programs that tell the hardware what to reading and writing is usually required
do, but any tool not related to a physical and some preparation, such as studying up
device can be considered software. on math formulas or sentence structure,
Included in this category are published can be helpful. A well-known example of
tests and questionnaires. this type is the Scholastic Achievement
Test (SAT), designed to predict future
college performance.
B. Often researchers want to gather
information related to a general area such
as personality or intelligence. For these E. Interest inventories also require only
instances, the use of a standardized test general knowledge but no preparation is
may be the best choice. With already needed. These tests look at an individual’s
published tests you can be sure of both subjective interests in order to make
validity and reliability and can save a lot predictions about some future behavior or
of time that might otherwise be spent on activity. Perhaps the most used interest
test construction. Standardized tests can inventory is the Strong Interest Inventory,
be classified into five main categories: which compares interests related to
achievement, aptitude, interest, specific careers in order to help guide an
personality, and intelligence. individual’s career path. Endorsed
interests are compared with the interests
of successful individuals in various fields
C. Achievement tests are designed
and predictions are made regarding the
specifically to measure an individual’s
test-taker’s fit with the various career
previously learned knowledge or ability.
fields.
They are available for many topic areas
related to psychology, education, business, F. Typically designed to assess and
and other fields. Achievement tests diagnose personality and mental health-
require that prior learning take place and related disorders, personality tests are
that this learning is demonstrated in order used extensively by psychologists in
to pass. clinical, educational, and business-related
settings. By far the most widely used test
of this type is the Minnesota Multiphasic
D. Aptitude tests attempt to predict an
53
Personality Inventory, Second Edition H. Self-response questionnaires are a
(MMPI-2), which compares an individual’s great way to gather large amounts of
responses on a series of true-false items to information in a relatively short amount of
those suffering from various mental time. A questionnaire, similar to a survey
disorders such as depression, you might see on a web page, allows
schizophrenia, and anxiety. The theory subjects to respond to questions, rate
behind the test argues that if you endorse responses, or offer opinions. Their
items similar to the items endorsed by responses can then be used to place them
those with depression, for example, then in specific categories or groups or can be
the chances that you are also depressed compared to other subjects for data
increases. analysis. A concern with self-report,
however, is the accuracy of the responses.
Unlike direct observation, there is no way
G. Intelligence tests could be classified as
of knowing if the subject has told the truth
aptitude tests since they are sometimes
or whether or not the question was
used to predict future performance. They
understood as intended. There are several
could also be classified as personality tests
different methods for gathering
since they can be used to diagnose
information on a questionnaire or survey,
disorders such as learning disabilities
including a Likert scale, the Thurstone
and mental retardation. However,
technique, and the semantic differential.
because of their limited scope, we will
The Likert scale is a popular method used
place them in their own category. The
in surveys because it allows the
purpose of an intelligence test is to attain a
researcher to quantify opinion based
summary score or intelligence quotient
items. Questions are typically grouped
(IQ) of an individual’s intellectual ability.
together and rated or responded to based
Scores are compared to each other and
on a five-point scale. This scale typically
can be broken down into different
ranges in order from one extreme to the
subcategories depending on the
other, such as (1) very interested; (2)
intelligence test used. The most commonly
somewhat interested; (3) unsure; (4) not
used tests of this type are the Wechsler
very interested; and (5) not interested at
Scales, including the Wechsler
all. Items that might be rated with this
Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS),
scale representing the subject’s level of
the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for
interest could include a list of careers or
Children (WISC), and the Wechsler
academic majors, for example.
Preschool and Primary Scale of
Intelligence (WPPSI).
54
Questions 7-10
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
7. Tests that are already on the market 9. With interest inventories, subjective
interests are examined to
A. need some form of reconstruction.
A. test people’s general knowledge.
B. fail to ensure validity and reliability.
B. help people change their career.
C. guarantee validity and reliability.
C. compare individual’s backgrounds.
D. waste large amounts of time.
D. forecast future behavior or activity.
8. Some knowledge of reading and

10. Intelligence tests could come under
writing
aptitude tests
A. is commonly not necessary for aptitude
A. because they can be used to forecast
tests.
future performance.
B. is normally a requirement in aptitude
B. since they are not used very widely.
tests.
C. as they can be broken down into different
C. is less important in aptitude tests than
sub-groups.
other tests.
D. because they are sometimes used to
D. is as important as prior learning in
diagnose learning disabilities.
aptitude tests.
Questions 11-13
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage? In
boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet, write:
YES if the statement reflects the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks of this
11. The Wechsler Scales are the only type of intelligence test now used.
12. Where large quantities of data need to be collected fairly quickly self-response
questionnaires work well.
13. The Likert Scale ensures greater accuracy than other techniques.
Question 14
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Which of the following is the most suitable heading for Reading Passage?
A. Different types of intelligence test C. The importance of aptitude tests

B. How personality can be tested D. The various software tools of research
55
READING PASSAGE 6.2
GREY WORKERS
A
Given the speed at which their workers are growing greyer, employers know
surprisingly little about how productive they are. The general assumption is that the old
are paid more in spite of, rather than because of, their extra productivity. That might
partly explain why, when employers are under pressure to cut costs, they persuade the
55-year-olds to take early retirement. Earlier this year, Sun Life of Canada, an insurance
company, announced that it was offering redundancy to all its British employees aged
50 or over “to bring in new blood”.
B
In Japan, says Mariko Fujiwara, an industrial anthropologist who runs a think-tank for
Hakuhodo, Japan’s second-largest advertising agency, most companies are bringing
down the retirement age from the traditional 57 to 50 or thereabouts – and in some
cases, such as Nissan, to 45. More than perhaps anywhere else, pay in Japan is linked to
seniority. Given that the percentage of workers who have spent more than 32 years
with the same employer rose from 11% in 1980 to 42% by 1994, it is hardly surprising
that seniority-based wage costs have become the most intractable item on corporate
profit-and-loss accounts.
C
In Germany, Patrick Pohl, spokesman for Hoechst, expresses a widely held view: “The
company is trying to lower the average age of the workforce. Perhaps the main reason
for replacing older workers is that it makes it easier to ‘defrost’ the corporate culture.
Older workers are less willing to try a new way of thinking. Younger workers are
cheaper and more flexible.” Some German firms are hampered from getting rid of older
workers as quickly as they would like. At SGL Carbon, a graphite producer, the average
age of workers has been going up not down. The reason, says the company’s Ivo
Lingnau, is not that SGL values older workers more. It is collective bargaining: the union
agreement puts strict limits on the proportion of workers that may retire early.
D
Clearly, when older people do heavy physical work, their age may affect their
productivity. But other skills may increase with age, including many that are crucial for
good management, such as an ability to handle people diplomatically, to run a meeting
or to spot a problem before it blows up. Peter Hicks, who co-ordinates OECD work on
the policy implications of ageing, says that plenty of research suggests older people are
paid more because they are worth more.
56
E
And the virtues of the young may be exaggerated. “The few companies that have kept
on older workers find they have good judgment and their productivity is good,” says Mr
Peterson. “Besides, their education standards are much better than those of today’s
young high-school graduates.” Companies may say that older workers are not worth
training, because they are reaching the end of their working lives: in fact, young people
tend to switch jobs so frequently that offer the worst returns on training. “The median
age for employer-driven training is the late 40s and early 50s,” says Mr Hicks. “It goes
mainly to managers.”
F
Take away those seniority-based pay scales, and older workers may become a much
more attractive employment proposition. But most companies (and many workers)
are uncomfortable with the idea of reducing someone’s pay in later life – although
workers on piece-fates often earn less over time. So retaining the services of older
workers may mean employing them in new ways.
G
One innovation, described in Mr Walker’s report on combating age barriers, was
devised by IBM Belgium. Faced with the need to cut staff costs, and have decided to
concentrate cuts on 55-60-year-olds, IBM set up a separate company called SkillTeam,
which re-employed any of the early retired who wanted to go on working up to the age
of 60. An employee who joined SkillTeam at the age of 55 on a five-year contract would
work for 58% of his time, over the full period, for 88% of his last IBM salary. The
company offered services to IBM, thus allowing it to retain access to some of the
intellectual capital it would otherwise have lost.
H
The best way to tempt the old to go on working may be to build on such “bridge” jobs:
part-time or temporary employment that creates a more gradual transition from full-
time work to retirement. Mr Quinn, who has studied the phenomenon, finds that, in the
United States, nearly half of all men and women who had been in full-time jobs in middle
age moved into such “bridge” jobs at the end of their working lives. In general, it is the
best-paid and worst-paid who carry on working: “There are”, he says, “two very
different types of bridge jog-holders – those who continue working because they have to
and those who continue working because they want to, even though they could afford to
retire.”
I
If the job market grows more flexible, the old may find more jobs that suit them. Often,
they will be self-employed. Sometimes, they may start their own businesses: a study by
57
David Storey of Warwick University found that, in Britain, 70% of businesses started by
people over 55 survived, compared with an average of only 19%. To coax the old back
into the job market, work will not only have to pay. It will need to be more fun than
touring the country in an Airstream trailer, or seeing the grandchildren, or playing golf.
Only then will there be many more Joe Clarks.
Questions 1-4
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
1 Insurance company Sun Life of Canada made the decision that it would hire more Canadian
employees rather than British ones in order to get fresh staffs.
2 Unlike other places, employees in Japan get paid according to the years they are employed
3 Elder workers are laid off by some German companies which are refreshing corporate
culture
4 according to Peter Hicks, companies pay older people more regardless of the contribution
of they make.
Questions 5-6
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, D, E.
According to the passage, there are several advantages to hire elder people,
please choose TWO from below:
A their productivity is more superior than the young.
B paid less compared with younger ones.
C run fast when there is a meeting
D has a better inter-person relationship
E identify problems in an advanced time
58
Questions 7-8
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, D, E.
According to Mr Peterson, Compared with the elder employee, young graduates have
several weaknesses in the workplace, please choose TWO of them below:
A they are not worth training.
B their productivity is lower than counterparts.
C they change work more often
D their academic criteria is someway behind elders’.
E they are normally high school graduates.
Questions 9-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
9 According to paragraph F, the firms and workers still hold the opinion that:
A Older workers are more likely to attract other staff
B people are not happy if pay gets lower in retiring age.
C Older people have more retaining motivation than young people
D young people often earn less for their piece-rates salary.
10 SkillTeam that has been founded by IBM conducted which of the following
movement:
A Ask all the old worker to continue their job on former working hours basis
B Carry on the action of cutting off the elder’s proportion of employment
C Ask employees to work more hours in order to get extra pay
D Re-hire old employees and kept the salary a bit lower
11 Which of the followings is correct according to the research of Mr Quinn:

A About 50% of all employees in America switched into ‘bridge’ jobs.
B Only the worst-paid continue to work.
C More men than women fell into the category of ‘bridge’ work.
59
D Some old people keep working for their motive rather than an economic incentive.
12 Which of the followings is correct according to David Storey:

A 70% business is successful if hire more older people.
B Average success of a self-employed business is getting lower.
C Self-employed elder people are more likely to survive.
D Older people’s working hours are more flexible.
13 What is the main purpose of the author in writing this passage?

A there must be a successful retiring program for the old
B order people should be correctly valued in employment
C old people should offer more helping young employees grow.
D There are more jobs in the world that only employ older people
60
CAMBRIDGE FULL PRACTICE TEST 01
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading
Passage 1 below.
Could urban engineers learn from dance?

A/ The way we travel around cities has a major impact on whether they are
sustainable. Transportation is estimated to account for 30% of energy consumption in
most of the world’s most developed nations, so lowering the need for energy-using
vehicles is essential for decreasing the environmental impact of mobility. But as more
and more people move to cities, it is important to think about other kinds of sustainable
travel too. The ways we travel affect our physical and mental health, our social lives,
our access to work and culture, and the air we breathe. Engineers are tasked with
changing how we travel round cities through urban design, but the engineering industry
still works on the assumptions that led to the creation of the energy-consuming
transport systems we have now: the emphasis placed solely on efficiency, speed, and
quantitative data. We need radical changes, to make it healthier, more enjoyable, and
less environmentally damaging to travel around cities.
B/ Dance might hold some of the answers. That is not to suggest everyone should dance
their way to work, however healthy and happy it might make us, but rather that the
techniques used by choreographers to experiment with and design movement in dance
could provide engineers with tools to stimulate new ideas in city-making. Richard
Sennett, an influential urbanist and sociologist who has transformed ideas about the
way cities are made, argues that urban design has suffered from a separation between
mind and body since the introduction of the architectural blueprint.
C/ Whereas medieval builders improvised and adapted construction through their
intimate knowledge of materials and personal experience of the conditions on a site,
building designs are now conceived and stored in media technologies that detach the
designer from the physical and social realities they are creating. While the design
practices created by these new technologies are essential for managing the technical
complexity of the modern city, they have the drawback of simplifying reality in the
process.
61
D/ To illustrate, Sennett discusses the Peachtree Center in Atlanta, USA, a development
typical of the modernist approach to urban planning prevalent in the 1970s. Peachtree
created a grid of streets and towers intended as a new pedestrian-friendly downtown
for Atlanta. According to Sennett, this failed because its designers had invested too
much faith in computer-aided design to tell them how it would operate. They failed to
take into account that purpose-built street cafés could not operate in the hot sun
without the protective awnings common in older buildings, and would need energy-
consuming air conditioning instead, or that its giant car park would feel so
unwelcoming that it would put people off getting out of their cars. What seems entirely
predictable and controllable on screen has unexpected results when translated into
reality.
E/ The same is true in transport engineering, which uses models to predict and shape
the way people move through the city. Again, these models are necessary, but they are
built on specific world views in which certain forms of efficiency and safety are
considered and other experience of the city ignored. Designs that seem logical in models
appear counter-intuitive in the actual experience of their users. The guard rails that
will be familiar with anyone who has attempted to cross a British road, for example,
were an engineering solution to pedestrian safety based on models that prioritise the
smooth flow of traffic. On wide major roads, they often guide pedestrians to specific
crossing points and slow down their progress across the road by using staggered
access points divide the crossing into two – one for each carriageway. In doing so they
make crossings feel longer, introducing psychological barriers greatly impacting those
that are the least mobile, and encouraging others to make dangerous crossings to get
around the guard rails. These barriers don’t just make it harder to cross the road: they
divide communities and decrease opportunities for healthy transport. As a result, many
are now being removed, causing disruption, cost, and waste.
F/ If their designers had had the tools to think with their bodies – like dancers – and
imagine how these barriers would feel, there might have been a better solution. In order
to bring about fundamental changes to the ways we use our cities, engineering will need
to develop a richer understanding of why people move in certain ways, and how this
movement affects them. Choreography may not seem an obvious choice for tackling
this problem. Yet it shares with engineering the aim of designing patterns of movement
within limitations of space. It is an art form developed almost entirely by trying out
ideas with the body, and gaining instant feedback on how the results feel.
Choreographers have deep understanding of the psychological, aesthetic, and
physical implications of different ways of moving.
G/ Observing the choreographer Wayne McGregor, cognitive scientist David Kirsh
described how he ‘thinks with the body’, Kirsh argues that by using the body to
simulate outcomes, McGregor is able to imagine solutions that would not be possible
using purely abstract thought. This kind of physical knowledge is valued in many areas
62
of expertise, but currently has no place in formal engineering design processes. A
suggested method for transport engineers is to improvise design solutions and instant
feedback about how they would work from their own experience of them, or model
designs at full scale in the way choreographers experiment with groups of dancers.
Above all, perhaps, they might learn to design for emotional as well as functional effects.
Questions 1-6
Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
1 reference to an appealing way of using dance that the writer is not proposing
2 an example of a contrast between past and present approaches to building
3 mention of an objective of both dance and engineering
4 reference to an unforeseen problem arising from ignoring the climate
5 why some measures intended to help people are being reversed
6 reference to how transport has an impact on human lives
Questions 7-13
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Guard rails
Guard rails were introduced on British roads to improve the 7…………………… of
pedestrians, while ensuring that the movement of 8……………………. is not disrupted.
Pedestrians are led to access points, and encouraged to cross one 9…………………….. at a
time.
An unintended effect is to create psychological difficulties in crossing the road,
particularly for less 10………………….. people. Another result is that some people cross the
road in a 11……………………. way. The guard rails separate 12……………………., and make it
more difficult to introduce forms of transport that are 13…………………….
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READING PASSAGE 2
Passage 2 below.
Should we try to bring extinct species

back to life?
A
The passenger pigeon was a legendary species. Flying in vast numbers across North
America, with potentially many millions within a single flock, their migration was once
one of nature’s great spectacles. Sadly, the passenger pigeon’s existence came to an
end on 1 September 1914, when the last living specimen died at Cincinnati Zoo.
Geneticist Ben Novak is lead researcher on an ambitious project which now aims to
bring the bird back to life through a process known as ‘de-extinction’. The basic
premise involves using cloning technology to turn the DNA of extinct animals into a
fertilised embryo, which is carried by the nearest relative still in existence – in this
case, the abundant band-tailed pigeon – before being born as a living, breathing
animal. Passenger pigeons are one of the pioneering species in this field, but they are
far from the only ones on which this cutting-edge technology is being trialled.
B
In Australia, the thylacine, more commonly known as the Tasmanian tiger, is another
extinct creature which genetic scientists are striving to bring back to life. ‘There is no
carnivore now in Tasmania that fills the niche which thylacines once occupied,’
explains Michael Archer of the University of New South Wales. He points out that in the
decades since the thylacine went extinct, there has been a spread in a ‘dangerously
debilitating’ facial tumour syndrome which threatens the existence of the Tasmanian
devils, the island’s other notorious resident. Thylacines would have prevented this
spread because they would have killed significant numbers of Tasmanian devils. ‘If that
contagious cancer had popped up previously, it would have burned out in whatever
region it started. The return of thylacines to Tasmania could help to ensure that devils
are never again subjected to risks of this kind.’
C
If extinct species can be brought back to life, can humanity begin to correct the damage
it has caused to the natural world over the past few millennia? ‘The idea of de-extinction
is that we can reverse this process, bringing species that no longer exist back to life,’
says Beth Shapiro of University of California Santa Cruz’s Genomics Institute. ‘I don’t
think that we can do this. There is no way to bring back something that is 100 per cent
64
identical to a species that went extinct a long time ago.’ A more practical approach for
long-extinct species is to take the DNA of existing species as a template, ready for the
insertion of strands of extinct animal DNA to create something new; a hybrid, based on
the living species, but which looks and/or acts like the animal which died out.
D
This complicated process and questionable outcome begs the question: what is the
actual point of this technology? ‘For us, the goal has always been replacing the extinct
species with a suitable replacement,’ explains Novak. ‘When it comes to breeding, band-
tailed pigeons scatter and make maybe one or two nests per hectare, whereas
passenger pigeons were very social and would make 10,000 or more nests in one
hectare.’ Since the disappearance of this key species, ecosystems in the eastern US have
suffered, as the lack of disturbance caused by thousands of passenger pigeons wrecking
trees and branches means there has been minimal need for regrowth. This has left
forests stagnant and therefore unwelcoming to the plants and animals which evolved to
help regenerate the forest after a disturbance. According to Novak, a hybridized band-
tailed pigeon, with the added nesting habits of a passenger pigeon, could, in theory, re-
establish that forest disturbance, thereby creating a habitat necessary for a great many
other native species to thrive.
E
Another popular candidate for this technology is the woolly mammoth. George Church,
professor at Harvard Medical School and leader of the Woolly Mammoth Revival Project,
has been focusing on cold resistance, the main way in which the extinct woolly
mammoth and its nearest living relative, the Asian elephant, differ. By pinpointing
which genetic traits made it possible for mammoths to survive the icy climate of the
tundra, the project’s goal is to return mammoths, or a mammoth-like species, to the
area. ‘My highest priority would be preserving the endangered Asian elephant,’ says
Church, ‘expanding their range to the huge ecosystem of the tundra. Necessary
adaptations would include smaller ears, thicker hair, and extra insulating fat, all for the
purpose of reducing heat loss in the tundra, and all traits found in the now extinct
woolly mammoth.’ This repopulation of the tundra and boreal forests of Eurasia and
North America with large mammals could also be a useful factor in reducing carbon
emissions – elephants punch holes through snow and knock down trees, which
encourages grass growth. This grass growth would reduce temperature, and mitigate
emissions from melting permafrost.
F
While the prospect of bringing extinct animals back to life might capture imaginations,
it is, of course, far easier to try to save an existing species which is merely threatened
with extinction. ‘Many of the technologies that people have in mind when they think
about de-extinction can be used as a form of “genetic rescue”,’ explains Shapiro. She
65
prefers to focus the debate on how this emerging technology could be used to fully
understand why various species went extinct in the first place, and therefore how we
could use it to make genetic modifications which could prevent mass extinctions in the
future. ‘I would also say there’s an incredible moral hazard to not do anything at all,’ she
continues. ‘We know that what we are doing today is not enough, and we have to be
willing to take some calculated and measured risks.’
Questions 14-17
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
14 a reference to how further disappearance of multiple species could be avoided.
15 explanation of a way of reproducing an extinct animal using the DNA of only that
species
16 reference to a habitat which has suffered following the extinction of a species
17 mention of the exact point at which a particular species became extinct
Questions 18-22 Complete the summary below.
The woolly mammoth revival project

Professor George Church and his team are trying to identify the 18…………………… which
enabled mammoths to live in the tundra. The findings could help preserve the
mammoth’s close relative, the endangered Asian elephant.
According to Church, introducing Asian elephants to the tundra would involve certain
physical adaptations to minimise 19…………………… To survive in the tundra, the species
would need to have the mammoth-like features of thicker hair, 20………………….. of a
reduced size and more 21……………………..
Repopulating the tundra with mammoths or Asian elephant/mammoth hybrids would
also have an impact on the environment, which could help to reduce temperatures and
decrease 22……………………
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Questions 23-26
Look at the following statements (Questions 23-26) and the list of people below.
Match each statement with the correct person, A, B or C.
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.
23 Reintroducing an extinct species to its original habitat could improve the health of a
particular species living there.
24 It is important to concentrate on the causes of an animal’s extinction.
25 A species brought back from extinction could have an important beneficial impact
on the vegetation of its habitat.
26 Our current efforts at preserving biodiversity are insufficient.
List of People
A Ben Novak
B Michael Archer
C Beth Shapiro
67
READING PASSAGE 3
Passage 3 below.
Having a laugh
The findings of psychological scientists reveal the importance of humour
1/ Humans start developing a sense of humour as early as six weeks old, when babies
begin to laugh and smile in response to stimuli. Laughter is universal across all human
cultures and even exists in some form in rats, chimps and bonobos. Like other human
emotions and expressions, laughter and humour psychological scientists with rich
resources for studying human psychology, ranging from the development of language to
the neuroscience of social perception.
2/ Theories focusing on the evolution of laughter point to it as an important adaptation
for social communication. Take, for example, the recorded laughter in TV comedy
shows. Back in 1950, US sound engineer Charley Douglass hated dealing with the
unpredictable laughter of live audiences, so started recording his own ‘laugh tracks’.
These were intended to help people at home feel like they were in a social situation,
such as a crowded theatre. Douglass even recorded various types of laughter, as well as
mixtures of laugher from men, women, and children. In doing so, he picked up on a
quality of laughter that is now interesting researchers: a simple ‘haha’ communicates a
remarkable amount of socially relevant information.
3/ In one study conducted in 2016, samples of laughter from pairs of English-speaking
students were recorded at the University of California, Santa Cruz. A team made up of
more than 30 psychological scientists, anthropologists, and biologists then played these
recording to listeners from 24 diverse societies, from indigenous tribes in New Guinea
to city-dwellers in India and Europe. Participants were asked whether they thought the
people laughing were friends or strangers. On average, the results were remarkably
consistent: worldwide, people’s guesses were correct approximately 60% of the time.
4/ Researchers have also found that different types of laughter serve as codes to
complex human social hierarchies. A team led by Christopher Oveis from the University
of California, San Diego, found that high-status individuals had different laughs from
low-status individuals, and that strangers’ judgements of an individual’s social status
were influenced by the dominant or submissive quality of their laughter. In their
study, 48 male college students were randomly assigned to groups of four, with each
group composed of two low-status members, who had just joined their college fraternity
group, and two high-status members, older student took a turn at being teased by the
others, involving the use of mildly insulting nicknames. Analysis revealed that, as
expected, high-status individuals produced more dominant laughs and fewer
68
submissive laughs relative to the low-status individuals. Meanwhile, low-status
individuals were more likely to change their laughter based on their position of power;
that is, the newcomers produced more dominant laughs when they were in the
‘powerful’ role of teasers. Dominant laughter was higher in pitch, louder, and more
variable in tone than submissive laughter.
5/ A random group of volunteers then listened to an equal number of dominant and
submissive laughs from both the high- and low-status individuals, and were asked to
estimate the social status of the laughter. In line with predictions, laughers producing
dominant laughs were perceived to be significantly higher in status than laughers
producing submissive laughs. ‘This was particularly true for low-status individuals, who
were rated as significantly higher in status when displaying a dominant versus
submissive laugh,’ Oveis and colleagues note. ‘Thus, by strategically displaying more
dominant laughter when the context allows, low-status individuals may achieve higher
status in the eyes of others.’ However, high-status individuals were rated as high-status
whether they produced their natural dominant laugh or tried to do a submissive one.
6/ Another study, conducted by David Cheng and Lu Wang of Australian National
University, was based on the hypothesis that humour might provide a respite from
tedious situations in the workplace. This ‘mental break’ might facilitate the
replenishment of mental resources. To test this theory, the researchers recruited 74
business students, ostensibly for an experiment on perception. First, the students
performed a tedious task in which they had to cross out every instance of the letter ‘e’
over two pages of text. The students then were randomly assigned to watch a video clip
eliciting either humour, contentment, or neutral feelings. Some watched a clip of the
BBC comedy Mr. Bean, others a relaxing scene with dolphins swimming in the ocean,
and others a factual video about the management profession.
7/ The students then completed a task requiring persistence in which they were asked
to guess the potential performance of employees based on provided profiles, and were
told that making 10 correct assessments in a row would lead to a win. However, the
software was programmed such that is was nearly impossible to achieve 10
consecutive correct answers. Participants were allowed to quit the task at any point.
Students who had watched the Mr. Bean video ended up spending significantly more
time working on the task, making twice as many predictions as the other two groups.
8/ Cheng and Wang then replicated these results in a second study, during which they
had participants complete long multiplication questions by hand. Again, participants
who watched the humorous video spent significantly more time working on this tedious
task and completed more questions correctly than did the students in either of the other
groups.
9/ ‘Although humour has been found to help relieve stress and facilitate social
relationships, traditional view of task performance implies that individuals should
69
avoid things such as humour that may distract them from the accomplishment of task
goals,’ Cheng and Wang conclude. ‘We suggest that humour is not only enjoyable but
more importantly, energising.’
Questions 27-31
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
27 When referring to laughter in the first paragraphs, the writer emphasises
A its impact on language.
B its function in human culture.
C its value to scientific research.
D its universality in animal societies.
28 What does the writer suggest about Charley Douglass?

A He understood the importance of enjoying humour in a group setting.
B He believed that TV viewers at home needed to be told when to laugh.
C He wanted his shows to appeal to audiences across the social spectrum.
D He preferred shows where audiences were present in the recording studio.
29 What makes the Santa Cruz study particularly significant?

A the various different types of laughter that were studied
B the similar results produced by a wide range of cultures
C the number of different academic disciplines involved
D the many kinds of people whose laughter was recorded
30 Which of the following happened in the San Diego study?

A Some participants became very upset.
B Participants exchanged roles.
C Participants who had not met before became friends.
D Some participants were unable to laugh.
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31 In the fifth paragraph, what did the results of the San Diego study suggest?
A It is clear whether a dominant laugh is produced by a high- or low-status person.
B Low-status individuals in a position of power will still produce submissive laughs.
C The submissive laughs of low- and high-status individuals are surprisingly similar.
D High-status individuals can always be identified by their way of laughing.
Questions 32-36
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-H, below.
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet.
The benefits of humour

In one study at Australian National University, randomly chosen groups of participants
were shown one of three videos, each designed to generate a different kind
of 32………………….. . When all participants were then given a deliberately frustrating task
to do, it was found that those who had watched the 33…………………….. video persisted
with the task for longer and tried harder to accomplish the task than either of the other
two groups.
A second study in which participants were asked to perform a
particularly 34……………………… task produced similar results. According to researchers
David Cheng and Lu Wang, these findings suggest that humour not only
reduces 35…………………… and helps build social connections but it may also have
a 36……………………. Effect on the body and mind.
A laughter B relaxing C boring
D anxiety E stimulating F emotion
G enjoyment H amusing
Questions 37-40
In boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
FALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
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37 Participants in the Santa Cruz study were more accurate at identifying the laughs of
friends than those of strangers.
38 The researchers in the San Diego study were correct in their predictions regarding
the behaviour of the high-status individuals.
39 The participants in the Australian National University study were given a fixed
amount of time to complete the task focusing on employee profiles.
40 Cheng and Wang’s conclusions were in line with established notions regarding task
performance.
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CAMBRIDGE FULL PRACTICE TEST 02
READING PASSAGE 1
Passage 1 below.
Biological Control Of Pests

1/ The continuous and reckless use of synthetic chemicals for the control of pests
which pose a threat to agricultural crops and human health is proving to be counter-
productive. Apart from engendering widespread ecological disorders, pesticides
have contributed to the emergence of a new breed of chemical-resistant, highly lethal
superbugs.
2/ According to a recent study by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), more
than 300 species of agricultural pests have developed resistance to a wide range of
potent chemicals. Not to be left behind are the disease-spreading pests, about 100
species of which have become immune to a variety of insecticides now in use.
3/ One glaring disadvantage of pesticides' application is that, while destroying harmful

pests, they also wipe out many useful non-targeted organisms, which keep the growth of
the pest population in check. This results in what agro-ecologists call the 'treadmill
syndrome'. Became of their tremendous breeding potential and genetic diversity, many
pests are known to withstand synthetic chemicals and bear offspring with a built-in
resistance to pesticides.
4/ The havoc that the `treadmill syndrome' can bring about is well illustrated by what
happened to cotton farmers in Central America. In the early 1940s, basking in the glory
of chemical based intensive agriculture, the farmers avidly took to pesticides as a sure
measure to boost crop yield. The insecticide was applied eight times a year in the mid-
1940s, rising to 28 in a season in the mid-1950s, following the sudden proliferation of
three new varieties of chemical-resistant pests.
5/ By the mid-1960s, the situation took an alarming turn with the outbreak of four
more new pests, necessitating pesticide spraying to such an extent that 50% of the
financial outlay on cotton production was accounted for by pesticides. In the early
1970s, the spraying frequently reached 70 times a season as the farmers were pushed to
the wall by the invasion of genetically stronger insect species.
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6/ Most of the pesticides in the market today remain inadequately tested for properties
that cause cancer and mutations as well as for other adverse effects on health, says a
study by United States environmental agencies. The United States National Resource
Defense Council has found that DDT was the most popular of a long list of dangerous
chemicals in use.
7/ In the face of the escalating perils from indiscriminate applications of pesticides, a

more effective and ecologically sound strategy of biological control, involving the selective
use of natural enemies of the pest population, is fast gaining popularity — though, as
yet, it is a new field with limited potential. The advantage of biological control in contrast
to other methods is that it provides a relatively low-cost, perpetual control system with a
minimum of detrimental side-effects. When handled by experts, bio-control is safe, non-
polluting and self-dispersing.
8/ The Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control (CIBC) in Bangalore, with its global
network of research laboratories and field stations, is one of the most active, non-
commercial research agencies engaged in pest control by setting natural predators
against parasites. CIBC also serves as a clearing-house for the export and import of
biological agents for pest control worldwide.
9/ CIBC successfully used a seed-feeding weevil, native to Mexico, to control the

obnoxious parthenium weed, known to exert devious influence on agriculture and
human health in both India and Australia. Similarly, the Hyderabad-based Regional
Research Laboratory (RRL), supported by CIBC, is now trying out an Argentinian weevil
for the eradication of water hyacinth, another dangerous weed, which has become a
nuisance in many parts of the world. According to Mrs Kaiser Jamil of RRL, `The
Argentinian weevil does not attack any other plant and a pair of adult bugs could destroy
the weed in 4-5 days.' CIBC is also perfecting the technique for breeding parasites that
prey on 'disapene scale' insects — notorious defoliants of fruit trees in the US and India.
10/ How effectively biological control can be pressed into service is proved by the
following examples. In the late 1960s, when Sri Lanka's flourishing coconut groves were
plagued by leaf-mining hispides, a larval parasite imported from Singapore brought the
pest under control. A natural predator indigenous to India, Neodumetia sangawani, was
found useful in controlling the Rhodes grass-scale insect that was devouring forage
grass in many parts of the US. By using Neochetina bruci, a beetle native to Brazil,
scientists at Kerala Agricultural University freed a 12-kilometrelong canal from the
clutches of the weed Salvinia molesta, popularly called `African Payal' in Kerala. About
30,000 hectares of rice fields in Kerala are infested by this weed.
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Questions 1-4 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 01-04 on your answer sheet.
01 The use of pesticides has contributed to

A a change in the way ecologies are classified by agroecologists.
B an imbalance in many ecologies around the world.
C the prevention of ecological disasters in some parts of the world.
D an increase in the range of ecologies which can be usefully farmed.
02 The Food and Agriculture Organisation has counted more than 300 agricultural pests
which
A are no longer responding to most pesticides in use
B can be easily controlled through the use of pesticides.
C continue to spread disease in a wide range of crops.
D may be used as part of bio-control's replacement of pesticides.
03 Cotton farmers in Central America began to use pesticides

A because of an intensive government advertising campaign.
B in response to the appearance of new varieties of pest.
C as a result of changes in the seasons and the climate.
D to ensure more cotton was harvested from each crop.
04 By the mid-1960s, cotton farmers in Central America found that pesticides

A were wiping out 50% of the pests plaguing the crops.
B were destroying 50% of the crops they were meant to protect.
C were causing a 50% increase in the number of new pests reported.
D were costing 50% of the total amount they spent on their crops.
Questions 5-8
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet, write

05 Disease-spreading pests respond more quickly to pesticides than agricultural pests do.
06 A number of pests are now born with an innate immunity to some pesticides.
07 Biological control entails using synthetic chemicals to try and change thff genetic make-
up of the pests' offspring.
08 Bio-control is free from danger under certain circumstances.
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Questions 9-13
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A—I, below.
Write the correct letter, A—I, in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.
A forage grass.
B rice fields.
09 Disapene scale insects feed on
C coconut trees.
10 Neodumetia sangawani ate D fruit trees.
11 Leaf-mining hispides blighted E water hyacinth.
12 An Argentinian weevil may be successful in wiping out F parthenium weed.
13 Salvinia molesta plagues G Brazilian beetles.
H grass-scale insects.
I larval parasites.
READING PASSAGE 2
Passage 2 below.
The wild side of town

The countryside is no longer the place to see wildlife, according to Chris Barnes. These days
you are more likely to find impressive numbers of skylarks, dragonflies and toads in your
own back garden.
1/ The past half century has seen an interesting reversal in the fortunes of much of
Britain's wildlife. Whilst the rural countryside has become poorer and poorer, wildlife
habitat in towns has burgeoned. Now, if you want to hear a deafening dawn chorus of
birds or familiarise yourself with foxes, you can head for the urban forest.
2/ Whilst species that depend on wide open spaces such as the hare, the eagle and the
red deer may still be restricted to remote rural landscapes, many of our wild plants and
animals find the urban ecosystem ideal. This really should be no surprise, since it is the
fragmentation and agrochemical pollution in the farming lowlands that has led to the
catastrophic decline of so many species.
3/ By contrast, most urban open spaces have escaped the worst of the pesticide
revolution, and they are an intimate mosaic of interconnected habitats. Over the years,
the cutting down of hedgerows on farmland has contributed to habitat isolation and
species loss. In towns, the tangle of canals, railway embankments, road verges and
boundary hedges lace the landscape together, providing first-class ecological
76
corridors for species such as hedgehogs, kingfishers and dragonflies.
4/ Urban parks and formal recreation grounds are valuable for some species, and many
of them are increasingly managed with wildlife in mind. But in many places, their
significance is eclipsed by the huge legacy of post-industrial land demolished
factories, waste tips, quarries, redundant railway yards and other so-called
‘brownfield’ sites. In Merseyside, South Yorkshire and the West Midlands, much of this
has been spectacularly colonised with birch and willow woodland, herb-rich grassland
and shallow wetlands. As a consequence, there are song birds and predators in
abundance over these once-industrial landscapes.
5/ There are fifteen million domestic gardens in the UK, and whilst some are still
managed as lifeless chemical war zones, most benefit the local wildlife, either through
benign neglect or positive encouragement. Those that do best tend to be woodland
species, and the garden lawns and flower borders, climber-covered fences,
shrubberies and fruit trees are a plausible alternative. Indeed, in some respects,
gardens are rather better than the real thing, especially with exotic flowers extending
the nectar season. Birdfeeders can also supplement the natural seed supply, and only
the millions of domestic cats may spoil the scene.
6/ As Britain’s gardeners have embraced the idea of ‘gardening with nature’, wildlife’s
response has been spectacular. Between 1990 and the year 2000. the number of
different bird species seen at artificial feeders in gardens increased from 17 to an
amazing 81. The BUGS project (Biodiversity in Urban Gardens in Sheffield) calculates
that there are 25.000 garden ponds and 100.000 nest boxes in that one city alone.
7/ We are at last acknowledging that the wildlife habitat in towns provides a valuable
life support system. The canopy of the urban forest is filtering air pollution, and
intercepting rainstorms, allowing the water to drip more gradually to the ground.
Sustainable urban drainage relies on ponds and wetlands to contain storm water
runoff, thus reducing the risk of flooding, whilst reed beds and other wetland wildlife
communities also help to clean up the water. We now have scientific proof that contact
with wildlife close to home can help to reduce stress and anger. Hospital patients with a
view of natural green space make a more rapid recovery and suffer less pain.
8/ Traditionally, nature conservation in the UK has been seen as marginal and largely
rural. Now we are beginning to place it at the heart of urban environmental and
economic policy. There are now dozens of schemes to create new habitats and restore
old ones in and around our big cities. Biodiversity is big in parts of London. thanks to
schemes such as the London Wetland Centre in the south west of the city.
77
9/ This is a unique scheme masterminded by the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust to
create a wildlife reserve out of a redundant Victorian reservoir. Within five years of its
creation, the Centre has been hailed as one of the top sites for nature in England and
made a Site of Special Scientific Interest. It consists of a 105-acre wetland site, which is
made up of different wetland habitats of shallow, open water and grazing marsh. The
site attracts more than 104 species of bird, including nationally important rarities like
the bittern.
10/ We need to remember that if we work with wildlife, then wildlife will work for us
and this is the very essence of sustainable development.
Questions 14-19
In boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet write-

14. There is now more wildlife in UK cities than in the countryside.

15. Rural wildlife has been reduced by the use of pesticides on farms.
16. In the past, hedges on farms used to link up different habitats.
17. New urban environments are planned to provide ecological corridors for wildlife.
18. Public parks and gardens are being expanded to encourage wildlife.
19. Old industrial wastelands have damaged wildlife habitats in urban areas.
Questions 20-23
Answer the questions below, using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A
NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
20. Which type of wildlife benefits most from urban gardens?

21. What type of garden plants can benefit birds and insects?
22. What represents a threat to wildlife in urban gardens?
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23. At the last count, how many species of bird were spotted in urban gardens?
Question 24-26
Choose THREE letters A-G.
In which THREE ways can wildlife habitats benefit people living in urban areas?
A. They can make the cities greener.

B. They can improve the climate.
C. They can promote human well-being.
D. They can extend the flowering season.
E. They can absorb excess water.
F They can attract wildlife.
G. They can help clean the urban atmosphere.
Question 27
Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D.
Write your answer in box 27 on your answer sheet.
27. The writer believes that sustainable development is dependent on
A. urban economic policy.

B. large restoration schemes.
C. active nature conservation.
D. government projects.
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READING PASSAGE 3
Passage 3 below.
Alternative Medicine in Australia

The first students to study alternative medicine at university level in Australia began
their four-year, full-time course at the University of Technology, Sydney, in early 1994.
Their course covered, among other therapies, acupuncture. The theory they learnt is
based on the traditional Chinese explanation of this ancient healing art: that it can
regulate the flow of ‘Qi’ or energy through pathways in the body. This course reflects how
far some alternative therapies have come in their struggle for acceptance by the medical
establishment.
1/ Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative
attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr Paul Laver, a lecturer in
Public Health at the University of Sydney. ‘We’ve had a tradition of doctors being fairly
powerful and I guess they are pretty loath to allow any pretenders to their position to
come into it.’ In many other industrialized countries, orthodox and alternative
medicines have worked ‘hand in glove’ for years. In Europe, only orthodox doctors
can prescribe herbal medicine. In Germany, plant remedies account for 10% of the
national turnover of pharmaceutical. Americans made more visits to alternative
therapist than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about $US 12
billion on the therapies that have not been scientifically tested.
2/ Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative

therapies in Australia climb steadily during the past 20 years. In a 1983 national health
survey, 1.9% of people said they had contacted a chiropractor, naturopath,
osteopath, acupuncturist or herbalist in the two weeks prior to the survey. By 1990,
this figure had risen to 2.6% of the population. The 550,000 consultations with
alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth of the
total number of consultations with medically qualified personnel covered by the
survey, according to Dr Laver and colleagues writing in the Australian Journal of Public
Health in 1993. ‘A better educated and less accepting public has become disillusion
with the experts in general and increasingly skeptical about science and empirically
based knowledge,’ they said. ‘The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has
been eroded as a consequence.’
3/ Rather than resisting or criticizing this trend, increasing numbers of Australian

doctors, particularly younger ones, are forming group practices with alternative
therapists or taking courses themselves, particularly in acupuncture and herbalism. Part
80
of the incentive was financial, Dr Laver said. ‘The bottom line is that most general
practitioners are business people. If they see potential clientele going elsewhere, they
might want to be able to offer a similar service.’
4/ In 1993, Dr Laver and his colleagues published a survey of 289 Sydney people who
attended eight alternative therapists’ practices in Sydney. These practices offered a
wide range of alternative therapies from 25 therapists. Those surveyed had experience
chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little relief.
They commented that they liked the holistic approach of their alternative therapists
and the friendly, concerned and detailed attention they had received. The cold,
impersonal manner of orthodox doctors featured in the survey. An increasing exodus
from their clinics, coupled with this and a number of other relevant surveys carried
out in Australia, all pointing to orthodox doctors’ inadequacies, have led mainstream
doctors themselves to begin to admit they could learn from the personal style of
alternative therapists. Dr Patrick Store, President of the Royal College of General
Practitioners, concurs that orthodox doctors could learn a lot about besides manner and
advising patients on preventative health from alternative therapists.
5/ According to the Australian Journal of Public Health, 18% of patients visiting

alternative therapists do so because they suffer from musculo-skeletal complaints;
12% suffer from digestive problems, which is only 1% more than those suffering from
emotional problems. Those suffering from respiratory complaints represent 7% of
their patients, and candida sufferers represent an equal percentage. Headache
sufferers and those complaining of general ill health represent 6% and 5% of patients
respectively, and a further 4% see therapists for general health maintenance.
6/ The survey suggested that complementary medicine is probably a better term than
alternative medicine. Alternative medicine appears to be an adjunct, sought in times
of disenchantment when conventional medicine seems not to offer the answer.
Question 28 and 29
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write your answers in boxes 14 and 15 on your
answer sheet.
28. Traditionally, how have Australian doctors differed from doctors in many
Western countries?
A They have worked closely with pharmaceutical companies.
B They have often worked alongside other therapists.
C They have been reluctant to accept alternative therapists.
D They have regularly prescribed alternative remedies.
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29. In 1990, Americans
A were prescribed more herbal medicines than in previous years.
B consulted alternative therapists more often than doctors.
C spent more on natural therapies than orthodox medicines.
D made more complaints about doctors than in previous years.
Questions 30-37
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 30-37 on your answer sheet write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statements contradicts the views of the writer
30. Australians have been turning to alternative therapies in increasing numbers over
the past 20 years.
31. Between 1983 and 1990 the numbers of patients visiting alternative therapists rose
to include a further 8% of the population.
32. The 1990 survey related to 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists.
33. In the past, Australians had a higher opinion of doctors than they do today.
34. Some Australian doctors are retraining in alternative therapies.
35. Alternative therapists earn higher salaries than doctors.
36. The 1993 Sydney survey involved 289 patients who visited alternative therapists
for acupuncture treatment.
37. All the patients in the 1993 Sydney survey had long-term medical complaints.
Questions 38-40
Complete the vertical axis on the table below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the Reading Passage 3 for each answer.
Write your answer in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.
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83
IELTS READING VOCABULARY
WEEK 1
1. outgrow 35. apparent
2. milestone 36. evoke strong emotional responses
3. be cramped 37. associated with
4. unfettered population growth 38. a rush of joy
5. drift from 39. a foul odour
6. mega-cities 40. grimace with disgust
7. conurbation 41. respondents to the survey
8. spring up 42. cue
9. teeming with 43. feeble
10. an increasingly valuable resource 44. acute
11. by and large 45. perceive
12. flock to 46. elusive
13. fuel an unprecedented appetite for 47. to date
real estate 48. increasingly
14. flora/fauna 49. offensive
15. at a premium 50. interiorise
16. infrastructure 51. the essence of human culture
17. facilities 52. a ban on sth went into effect
18. virgin forest 53. vendor
19. strip 54. eliminate
20. to amazing effect 55. legislation
21. at vast expense 56. prototype
22. global warming 57. run the gamut
23. quintillion 58. the tip of the iceberg
24. asteroid belt 59. a host of
25. habitation 60. solder
26. orbit 61. tribal knowledge
27. fanciful 62. replicate
28. fantasize about 63. obsolescence
29. far-flung 64. at the expense of
30. olfaction 65. exemption
31. odour 66. functionality
32. aroma 67. levy fines against
33. mpaired 68. in the pipeline
34. a sense of well-being
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WEEK 2
1. natural selection 33. configuration
2. favored 34. foster
3. nocturnal 35. interfere with
4. mammalian 36. phenomenal
5. scrap a living 37. auditory comprehension
6. mass extinction 38. verbal ability and language ability
7. emerge 39. Child abuse
8. night-flying insects 40. virtually
9. obstruct 41. eliminate
10. scatter 42. initiative
11. manoeuvre 43. be undoubtedly vital
12. lantern 44. overcome educational inequity
13. searchlight 45. algae
14. bacteria 46. brackish water
15. fireflies 47. exclusively
16. a prohibitive amount of energy 48. terrestrial
17. a tiny pinprick of light 49. be lumped together
18. be exposed directly to 50. underutilized
19. immensely 51. edible
20. headlight 52. palatable
21. illuminate 53. a fine accompaniment
22. an uncanny sense of obstacles 54. be dwarfed
23. tricycle 55. fast-growing hybrids
24. phantom limb 56. genus
25. submarines 57. propagate
26. feat 58. culture
27. navigation 59. compatible
28. equity 60. agitate
29. missing out on 61. preliminary results
30. be suppressed 62. bear in mind
31. a pilot programme 63. catholic food tastes
32. be predicated on
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WEEK 3
1. molecular 31. strip olives off the branches
2. cellular 32. the level of acidity
3. infirmity 33. flavour
4. a low-caloric yet nutritionally 34. twigs
balanced diet 35. hammermill
5. increaselongevity 36. olive paste
6. prolong good health 37. malaxation
7. delay aging 38. be stirred
39. droplets of oil
8. caloric intake
40. compromise
9. regimen
41. oxidation
10. age-related disorders
42. be stacked
11. diabetes
43. a cylindrical press
12. arteriosclerosis
44. squeeze out
13. cancer 45. an intense flavour
14. rodents 46. an industrial decanter
15. the maximum lifespan 47. densities
16. infection-fighting drugs 48. be capped
17. indicator 49. assembly line techniques
18. age-related diseases 50. animal feed
19. chronic diseases 51. dung beetles
20. multitude 52. pasture
21. elixirs 53. a handful
22. anti-aging cure 54. pats
23. interfer with 55. ecology
24. retard 56. predators
25. constrain 57. burrow into the soil
26. hypothesis 58. bury
27. preservation 59. be hollowed out
28. crush 60. excavate
29. commercial extraction 61. offspring
30. broomstick 62. sub-tropical
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WEEK 4
1. in a trustworthy fashion 33. absurd
2. elite 34. inhale
3. fragmentation 35. accumulate
4. intervention 36. respiratory toxicology
5. have a legitimate interest 37. ill-health
6. a specialized knowledge base 38. spectacular
7. coupled with 39. exposure
8. conservative 40. spares
9. enable 41. the faint call
10. undue interference 42. switchover
11. restrict 43. wealthy
12. retain 44. be founded
13. social and economic privileges 45. respectable
14. transgress 46. were privileged with
15. professional norms 47. visitation
16. conceal 48. nationalistic fervor
17. allegations 49. artistic development
18. consistent 50. artifact
19. economic sabotage 51. sculpture
20. intimidation 52. wealthy industrialists
21. commercialisation 53. anchored to
22. radical 54. intellectuals
23. public disapproval 55. embrace
24. manipulation 56. scavenger
25. protagonist 57. multilingual
26. the public backlash 58. augment
27. be pertinent to 59. mascot
28. scour SW for STH 60. facilitate
29. scepticism 61. curator
30. the gains would accrue to 62. virtually
31. perception 63. a virtual art-development game
32. in alliance with 64. the brick and mortar museums
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WEEK 5
1. regulate 39. occupant
2. oversee 40. industrial revolution
3. rudimentary 41. population explosion
4. in the vicinity of 42. unprecedented
5. cross-country routes 43. irrigation
6. fortuitous 44. soaring population
7. the advent of 45. artificial irrigation system
8. be blanketed 46. reiterate
9. meteorological conditions 47. adequate sanitation services
10. reliance on 48. Preventable water-related diseases
11. necessitate 49. jeopardizing human health
12. altitude & navigational information 50. reservoir
13. commercial turboprop aircraft 51. endangered
14. be the realm of 52. thrive
15. encompass 53. degrade soil quality
16. rigorous 54. reduce agricultural productivity
17. explicit 55. aquifers
18. evacuate 56. replenishe
19. precipitation 57. tension
20. cumulonimbus clouds 58. millennium
21. water vapor 59. the provision of
22. condense 60. the pressing problem
23. moisture 61. diminish
24. thunderhead 62. quadruple
25. release 63. implemente
26. distinguishable 64. shortcuts
27. concentric layer 65. arduous
28. opaque layer 66. handrails
29. transparent 67. footbridges
30. gravity 68. be constrained by
31. collide 69. a locally manufacturable wheelbarrow
32. estimate 70. refinement
33. smash 71. maintenance
34. human civilization 72. criticize
35. entwined with 73. a top-down approach
36. manipulate 74. dedicated work
37. aqueducts 75. raise awareness and interest among
38. sewer the rural communities
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WEEK 6
1. abundant 18. differential
2. validity 19. anthropologist
3. reliability 20. thereabouts
4. aptitude 21. seniority
5. aptitude tests 22. seniority-based wage
6. interest inventories 23. intractable
7. subjective interests 24. corporate
8. endorsed interests 25. corporate culture
9. diagnose 26. hamper
10. mental health-related disorders 27. diplomatically
11. depression 28. blows up
12. schizophrenia 29. virtues
13. intelligence tests 30. exaggerate
14. learning disabilities 31. employment proposition
15. mental retardation 32. devise
16. intellectual ability 33. tempt
17. self-response questionnaires
WEEK 7
1. sustainable 17. unwelcoming
2. environmental impact 18. counter-intuitive
3. physical and mental health 19. guard rails
4. assumptions 20. prioritise
5. emphasis 21. stagger
6. radical changes 22. carriageway
7. choreographer 23. tackling this problem
8. sociologist 24. within limitations of
9. blueprint 25. psychological, aesthetic, and
10. improvise physical implications
11. conceive 26. simulate outcome
12. simplify 27. abstract
13. prevalent 28. expertise
14. pedestrian-friendly downtown 29. passenger pigeon
15. take into account 30. legendary
16. protective awnings 31. spectacle
89
32. come to an end 64. mitigate emissions
33. specimen 65. permafrost
34. de-extinction 66. prospect
35. premise 67. mass extinctions
36. a fertilised embryo 68. a sense of humour
37. band-tailed pigeon 69. stimuli
38. pioneering species 70. laughter
39. cutting-edge technology 71. chimps
40. trial 72. bonobos
41. carnivore 73. neuroscience
42. niche 74. evolution
43. occupy 75. indigenous tribes
44. a ‘dangerously debilitating’ facial 76. city-dwellers
tumour syndrome 77. high-status individuals
45. devils 78. low-status individuals
46. contagious cancer 79. dominant
47. burn out 80. submissive
48. reverse 81. being teased
49. identical 82. mildly insulting nicknames
50. strands 83. newcomers
51. died out 84. estimate
52. questionable outcome 85. respite
53. scatter 86. tedious
54. stagnant 87. replenishment
55. regenerate 88. ostensibly
56. hybridize 89. eliciting
57. woolly mammoth 90. contentment
58. resistance 91. persistence
59. genetic traits 92. consecutive
60. tundra 93. multiplication questions
61. repopulation 94. relieve stress
62. boreal forests 95. facilitate social relationships
63. reducing carbon emissions 96. energise
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WEEK 8
1. reckless 40. parasites
2. synthetic chemicals 41. defoliants
3. pose a threat to 42. flourishing
4. to be counter-productive 43. be plagued by
5. engender 44. hispides
6. widespread ecological disorders 45. indigenous
7. pesticides 46. devour
8. lethal 47. forage grass
9. developed resistance to 48. reversal
10. potent chemicals 49. burgeon
11. immune to 50. whilst
12. insecticides 51. hare
13. a glaring disadvantage 52. agrochemical pollution
14. wipe out 53. catastrophic
15. agro-ecologists 54. hedgerows
16. withstand 55. habitat isolation
17. offspring 56. species loss
18. havoc 57. the tangle of canals
19. basking in the glory of 58. railway embankments
20. boost crop yield 59. road verges
21. proliferation 60. boundary hedges
22. took an alarming turn 61. corridors
23. the outbreak of 62. hedgehogs
24. the financial outlay on 63. kingfishers
25. nvasion 64. dragonflies
26. mutations 65. be eclipsed by
27. adverse effects 66. legacy
28. escalating perils 67. post-industrial land
29. indiscriminate 68. demolish
30. natural enemies 69. waste tips
31. be fast gaining popularity 70. quarries
32. perpetual 71. birch and willow woodland
33. detrimental side-effects 72. benign neglect
34. self-dispersing 73. garden lawns
35. laboratories 74. climber-covered fences
36. a seed-feeding weevil 75. shrubberies
37. exert devious influence on 76. a plausible alternative
38. eradication 77. exotic flowers
39. nuisance 78. the nectar season
91
79. feeders 104. chiropractor
80. canopy 105. naturopath
81. filtering air pollution 106. osteopath
82. intercepting rainstorms 107. acupuncturist
83. drip 108. herbalist
84. sustainable urban drainage 109. medically qualified personnel
85. reed beds 110. disillusion
86. masterminded 111. skeptical about
87. a wildlife reserve 112. empirically based knowledge
88. hail 113. incentive
89. rarities 114. The bottom line
90. the bittern 115. general practitioners
91. the very essence of sustainable 116. clientele
development 117. the holistic approach
92. alternative medicine 118. coupled with
93. therapies 119. relevant
94. acupuncture 120. mainstream doctors
95. a very conservative attitude 121. musculo-skeletal complaints
96. natural or alternative therapies 122. digestive problems
97. pretenders 123. respiratory complaints
98. orthodox and alternative 124. candida
medicines 125. headache sufferer
99. orthodox doctors 126. general ill health
100. prescribe 127. general health maintenance
101. plant remedies 128. an adjunct
102. the national turnover of 129. complementary medicine
pharmaceutical 130. alternative medicine
103. disenchantment 131. conventional medicine
92

Sach IELTS 1 - Reading - in Class

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I

3 Completion tasks - Part 1 20

Section A able, by and large, to feed the people

List of Headings Example Answer

5. The movement of rural people to cities is a………………………..

A A survey conducted by Anthony Synott at Montreal's Concordia University asked

F However, smell is not simply a biological and psychological phenomenon. Smell is

Questions 27-32: Reading Passage has six paragraphs, A—F.

40 Odours regarded as unpleasant in certain __________________ are not regarded as

READING PASSAGE 1.3

List of People List of Statements:

1/ LOCATING INFORMATION - Passage 2.1 – let’s go bats

NB You may use any letter more than once.

READING PASSAGE 2.2

1/ details of the range of family types involved in an education programme

Questions 5-10: Classify the following features as characterising

A the 'Headstart' programme

5. was administered to a variety of poor and wealthy families

Write the correct letter A, B, C or D in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

1. are being investigated as possible food sources.

6 Monkeys were less likely to become diabetic.

How a caloric-restriction mimetic works

production of ATP is decreased

cells less damaged by disease because

Questions 1-12: Complete the notes below.

HOW OLIVE OIL IS MADE

Paste applied to 9 __________ in a cylindrical Paste mixed in a machine.

Final stages 8 __________ is used to retain flavour.

Oil bottled, capped and labelled by hand. Pressing

An 11 __________ is used to remove oil from the

Dung Beetle Types

Questions 6-10: Complete the sentences.

Questions 11-13: Complete the table.

Impact of socio-cultural change on professions

Modern technology people more knowledgeable and so more

Progress in professional knowledge a greater degree of 13 …………………. needed

READING PASSAGE 4.2

4. Dr Matsuura believes that public 6. Nanoparticles are so small that, if

Questions 5-8: Complete the sentences.

5. Strong public disapproval of…………………….came as a shock to those working in the area.

READING PASSSAGE 4.3

Questions 33-37: Complete the notes below.

The Voyager 1 Space Probe

READING PASSAGE 4.4

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

READING PASSAGE 5.2

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

1. Hailstone storms last a long time and cause considerable damage.

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

31. MIRTP was divided into five phases.

A. The software tools of research are individual’s performance in some activity

8. Some knowledge of reading and

A. Different types of intelligence test C. The importance of aptitude tests

11 Which of the followings is correct according to the research of Mr Quinn:

12 Which of the followings is correct according to David Storey:

13 What is the main purpose of the author in writing this passage?

Could urban engineers learn from dance?

Should we try to bring extinct species

The woolly mammoth revival project

28 What does the writer suggest about Charley Douglass?

29 What makes the Santa Cruz study particularly significant?

30 Which of the following happened in the San Diego study?