TISSUES - Epithelial tissue are classified

- masses of similar cells (and their extracellular according to the number of cells layers
matrix) that combine with other tissues to form and the shape of the superficial cells.
membranes and organs (BY LAYER)
- A group cells with similar structures and  Simple- one layer (or stratum)
function that have similar extracellular of cells
substance located between them.  Stratified- more than one layer
- The characteristics of the cells and the of cells (TWO OR MORE)
surrounding materials determines the functions  Pseudostratified- name of this
of the tissues. category means “false
stratified”.
4 major types of tissues - looks as if it were stratified but
 Epithelial tissue is really only one layer
 Connective tissue - (ONE BUT APPEARS MORE)
 Muscular/ muscle tissue If your sample is pseudostratified, you
 Nerve tissue must determine whether it is ciliated or
nonciliated.
HISTOLOGY – study of tissue structures and Cilia- short, hair like projections from
types. each cell’s free surface that propel
material along the epithelial surface.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- Epithelium non vascular, they solely rely to - The cells can be, squamous, cuboidal,
diffusion columnar, and transitional.
- Can have 2 basic roles: COVERS/ LINING AND (BY SHAPE)
GLANDULAR  Squamous (flat and scale-like)
 COVERING OR LINING - shaped like fish scales
- Found in sheets that covers the body - wider than they are tall
structures or lines the body spaces. - Nuclei may be absent in cross
- Has one side that is exposed (inward/ section
or outward)  Cuboidal (cube shaped)
- Cells form a continuous sheet, which - roughly cube- shaped, being
are held together very tightly and have about as tall as they are wide.
very little matrix. > height and width are
- BASEMENT MEMBRANE- consist of approximately the same
meshwork of protein molecules and - more often resemble rounded
acts as a filter and barrier for the cells. squares or even circles
Also holds the epithelium in place and  Columnar (column-shaped)
permeable to water and other - columnlike cells are taller than
substance. they are wide (small intestine)
 GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM  Transitional- change shape as
- forms the glands in the body the need arises, being stretched
 EXOCRINE GLAND- glands that or compressed into any of the
secretes substances into ducts three shapes already listed.
and empty it to the epithelial - found as a hodgepodge of
surfaces. different cell shapes in
 ENDOCRINE GLANDS- galnds membranes subject to a great
that secrets substances into the degree of stretching and recoil.
bloodstream (hormones)
- In some stratified squamous tissues, the upper Goblet cell- A special cell that is often
layers of the cells are dead, and are filled with a interspersed among the other columnar cells
tough water proof material, “keratin” - namesake, “wine goblet”
- it has a large, cuplike vesicle that may open
Keratinized Squamous Epithelium onto the free surface
1. The cells of few outer layers of stratified - Mucus secreting cells (provide lubrication and
squamous epithelium replace their cytoplasm protection for the epithelial lining)
with a hard water proof protein. Ex: Linings of digestive tracts, reproductive
2.The layers of flat dead cells-stratum corneum organs and excretory ducts.
or cornified layers are present.
3. It forms epidermis of the skin of land 4) Stratified squamous epithelium
vertebrates. - has multiple layers of columnar, followed by
4. It prevents loss of water and mechanical cuboidal and tapped by the squamous cells
injury. - mainly for the protection against abrasions,
forms barrier against infections and helps
Non-keratinized Epithelium reduce loss of water
1. It has living squamous cells at the surface Ex: Mouth, outer layer of the skin and
2.Stratum corneum absent as non- esophagus.
keratinization or cornification occurs.
3. It is formed in lining of cornea, mouth, 5) Transitional epithelium
pharynx, esophagus, vocal cords, vagina, cervix, - they are always stratified. Their shapes veries
etc. as the need arises; stretched or compressed
4. It provides mechanical protection from injury (could be ciliated and non ciliated)
Ex: Urinary bladder, upper respiratory tract
EPITHELIAL TISSUES MICROSCOPIC SPECIMENS
1) Simple squamous epithelium Pseudostratified cells (lining of the repiratory
- single layer of flattened cells system – bronchi)
-forms the thin lining found in the blood vessels,
alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs 6) Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
- Their main function is for diffusion, filtration - single layer of columnar cells that all attach to
and some are protection against friction. the basement membrane.
Ex: Blood vessels, alveoli, lining of serous
membranes.

2) Simple cuboidal epithelium

- single layer of cube shaped(rounded) cells.
- found mostly in secreting organs
-The facilitate, active transport and facilitated
diffusion
- forms kidney tubules, specialized for water
reabsorption and ion movement.
Ex: Kidney tubules, chloroid plexus of the brain,
surface of ovaries.

3) Simple columnar epithelium

- single layer of tall cells
- forming linings specialized for absorption and
secretion