NMAT Biology MSA Concepts:
Taxonomic classification
I. Erythtocyte solution: due to osmosis
a. Hypertonic: higher concentration
b. Hypotonic: lower concentration
c. Isotonic: equal concentration
II. Membrane proteins: enzymes and receptor sites,
transport, communication and attachments
- Smooth and Rough ER and Golgi body is
responsible for formation and transport of
vesicles
III. Lymphocytes:
a. T cell: cell mediated response processed
in thymus: infected and cancer cell
b. B cell: humoral immune response,
nonspecific defenses (neutrophil,
interferon)
IV. Mutation
a. Frameshift: whole frame is changed
b. Point: only one nucleotide is changed
c. Silent: no change in activity
d. Missense: change in activity
e. Nonsense: shorter than usual
V. Population density
a. Density dependent: intensifies as
population increases
b. Density independent
VI. Adaptation: adjust, Growth: increase, Homeostasis:
stable internal, Development: immature to mature
VII. Derivative meristems
a. Procambium to vascular tissue
b. Protoderm to surface or dermal tissue
c. Ground meristem to fundamental or
ground tissue (parenchyma,
collenchyma, sclerenchyma)
d. Cork cambium to protective bark
VIII.
a. Kingdom: monera, Protista, animalia,
plantae, fungi
o Prokaryotes do not have nuclear
membrane, DNA exposed in cytoplasm
b. Phylum
c. Class
d. Order
e. Family
f. Genus
g. Species
IX. Genetics:
a. Genotype: genetic make up; allele pair
of genes
i. Dominant
ii. Recessive
b. Phenotype: physical appearance
X. Blood:
a. A: antigen A antibody B
b. B: antigen B antibody A
c. AB: antigen A and B, no antibody
d. O: no antigen, has antibody A and B
XI. Process of development:
1. Gametogenesis
2. Fertilization
3. Cell division (cleavage)
4. Germ layer (gastrulation)
- Ectoderm: skin and organ of nervous system
- Mesoderm: skeletal muscle and blood vascular
- Endoderm: digestive tract and glands
5. Tissue and organ (organogenesis)
6. Growth and differentiation
XII. Biome: ecological community
a. Taiga: heavy snowfall, conifers
b. Desert: sandy, less rainfall
c. Savannah: grassland and seasonal rain
d. Tundra: cold
e. Estuary: river and sea
f. Tropical rainforest: abundant rainfall,
richest biome
XIII. Mosses have dominant haploid gametophyte, ferns,
pine trees and common weeds have dominant
diploid
XIV. Mitosis and Meiosis (Meiosis II and mitosis same)
a. Prophase: condensation of chromosomes
(coiling)
b. Metaphase: alignment at equatorial plate
c. Anaphase: separation of sister
chromatids
d. Telophase : disassembled
XV. Parts of heart:
a. Sinoatrial node: right atrium, atrial
systole, pacemaker
b. Atrioventricular node: heart’s electrical
system, activated by SA node
 c. Bundle of his: passed impulse, - Development of neural crest: after formation of
ventricular systoe three germ layer
XVI. Woody eudicot: XXVI. Catabolic vs anabolic
a. Cortex XXVII. Genetic diseases:
b. Primary phloem - Aneuploidy: extra or missing chromsome
c. Secondary phloem - Polyploidy: addition of entire complement of
d. Vascular cambium haploid like triploidy XXX XXY XYY
e. Secondary xylem 1. Turner syndrome: XO
f. Primary xylem 2. Trisomy 13: Patau syndrome, polydactyly, cleft
g. pith lip and palate
XVII. Cell membrane and nuceus on both animal and 3. Trisomy 18: Edwards syndrome, severe
plant, cell wall on plant, centriole on animals psychomotor and growth retardation
XVIII. Ethylene for fruit ripening, carbon dioxide 4. Trisomy 21: own syndrome, depressed nasal
prevent ripening bridge, shortened extremities and mental
XIX. Amino acids retardation
XX. Cell cycle XXVIII. Posterior pituitary: neurohypophysis;
a. Interphase: anterior pituitary: adenohypophysis
i. G1: growth, increase in number XXIX. Muscle: myofibril
ii. G2: organization of specialized - Actin: thin protein
structure - Myosin: thicker protein
iii. S: DNA replication
b. Dividing or M phase
c. G0: non-dividing
XXI. Across the cell membrane:
a. Small polar uncharged molecules: water
and CO2
b. Hydrophobic molecules
c. Large polar uncharged: proteins and
sugars cannot pass
d. Transport protein or channel: Na, K, Cl,
H
XXII. Sodium Potassium pump:
- Active transport to form ATP
- Charge difference for nerve cell membrane XXX. Macronutrients: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen,
potential nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium,
- Conformational changes in transmembrane phosphorus, sulfur
protein XXXI. Primary ecological succession: taiga
XXIII. Reproductive: 1. Rubble left behind
a. Corpus luteum: progesterone, inhibit 2. Mosses and lichens
FSH, prepare uterus for pregnancy 3. Draft willows
b. Infundibulum: funnel shaped distal end 4. Spruce-hemlock
of fallopian tube 5. Alders form dense strand
c. Graafian follicle: mature ovarian follicle XXXII. Neuron
d. Seminiferous tubule: spermatogenesis 1. Dendrite: receive message
XXIV. Terms: 2. Axon: send message
a. Natural selection: survival of fittest 3. Soma: cell body where nucleus is located
b. Genetic drift: change in allele XXXIII. Comparative mebryology
frequencies
c. Migration: population exchange
members
d. Theory of use and disuse: when
continuously used, elongates or enlarges
XXV. Achieved by cell after cleavage: formation of
blastula, increase cell number, increase amount of
genetic material