Corti) te Geometry CHAPTER 2 Straight Lines 2.1-2.38 Equation of Line in Different Forms 21 Equation of Line in Point-Slope Form 21 Equation of Line Passing Through Two Points (Two Points Form) 2.3 Equation of Line in Intercept Form 25 Equation of Line in Normal Form 27 Concept Application Exercise 2.1 28 Equation of Straight Line in Symmetric form (Parametric or Distance form) 29 Concept Application Exercise 2.2 211 Distance of a Point from a Line 2.11 Concept Application Exercise 2.3 214 Position of a Point w.r.t. a Line 215 Division of Plane by Line 217 Concept Application Exercise 2.4 219 Image of a Point in a Line and Equation of Angle Bisectors 2.19 Foot of Perpendicular Drawn from a Point on a Line and Image of Point in a Line 2.19 Equations of Bisectors of the Angles between the Lines 221 Bisector Containing the Given Point 2.21 Concept Application Exercise 2.5 2.24 Concurrency of Three Lines and Family of Straight Lines 2.24Concurrency of Three Lines Family of Lines Concept Application Exercise 2.6 Exercises Single Correct Answer Type Multiple Correct Answers Type Linked Comprehension Type Matrix Match Type Numerical Value Type Archives Answers Key 2.24 2.25 2.27 2.28 2.28 2.32 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.38EQUATION OF LINE IN DIFFERENT FORMS We know that equation of straight line is linear equation in variables x and y. The general form of equation of straight line is ax + by + ¢=0, where a, b, c © R and at least one of a and b is non-zero. We have different forms of equation of straight line depending upon through which point/points it is passing and in which direction it is drawn, Here, direction of line means slope of line. EQUATION OF LINE IN POINT—SLOPE FORM Let the line having slope m pass though the point A(x), 4). Py a ie Gyr, foxx 2-8 AG 9) For any point P(x, y) on the line, we have Pry xo or yyy = mlx) This is the required equation of straight line. This is the most commonly used form of straight line. If the line is passing through the point A(x, »4) and is inci at an angle @ with positive x-axis, then its equation is Yay, = (tan OY) Equation of Line Parallel to an Axis Let the line pass through the point A(x), y;) and be parallel to a-axis, i.e., horizontal. d y Poy) Aton 99, Here, slope of line is zero or we can say that m = 0. So, equation of line is y—y, = 0 or y=, For any point on the line, the value of ordinate is y, i.c., each point on the line is at distance |),| from x-axis. So, equation of locus is y=) Let the fine pass through point A(x, y) and be parallel to y-axis, Le., vertical Here, slope of line is infinity, So, equation of line is 4 > 00, For any point on the line, the value of abscissa is x, i.e., each point on the line is at distance |x,| from y-axis. So, equation of locus is x=, Equation of Line Parallel or Perpendicular to the Given Line Let the given line be ax + by +c=0. Slope of line is are Then slope of line parallel to given line is = So, equation of line parallel to given line is ax + by +=0. The value of 2 can be obtained using some condition given in question, " eb Now, slope of the line perpendicular to given line is ~ . So, equation of line perpendicular to given line is bx ~ ay + 2=0. Find the equation of line passing through point (2, 3) which is (@ parallel to the x-axis Gi) paraltel to the y-axis2.2 Coordinate Geometry [SAD Equation of the line passing though (2, 3) which is (i) parallel to x-axis is y= 3 and (ii) parallel to y-axis is.x = Find the equation of line passing through point (2, ~5) which is (parallel to the line 3x + 2y—4 (ii) perpendicular to the line 3x-+2y—4=0 (Sol) (i) Equation of line parallel to the line 3x + 2y — 4 = 0 is 3x+2y+A=0. If this line passes through (2, ~5), then 3(2)+2(-5) +2 =0 an4 So, equation of line is 3x + 2y + 4= 0. Alternative method: ; Slope of given line 3x + 2-4 = Ois ~ > ‘Thus, equation of line through point (2, ~5) having slope 3 8 yt5=-36-2) or 3x4 2y4+4=0 (ii) Equation of line perpendicular to the line 3x + 2y—4=Ois 2x-3y+A=0. If this line passes through (2, -5), then 2(2)-3(-5) +A =0 =-19 So, equation of line is 2x 3y— 19 = 0. Alternative method: Slope of line perpendicular to the line 3x+2y—4 ; . 2 ‘Thus.equation of line through point (2,~S) having slope is 2 p4+5=<(x-2 y 36 ) or 2x-3y-19=0 Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line ‘segment joining the points A(2, 3) and B(6,-5). [SBD The slope of 4B is given by 5-3 2 m ‘Therefore, the slope of the line perpendicular to AB is ive Let P be the midpoint of 4B. Then, the coordinates of P are (45354pie.a.—p ‘Thus, the required line passes through P(4, —1) and has slope 1/2. So, its equation is, ytl=fo-4) [Using y~y, = mex] or x-2y-6=0 Find the locus of a point P which moves such that its distance from the line y = V3x —7 is the same as its distance from (2N3,-1). [SA The point (2V3,-1) lies on the line y= J3.x-7. Therefore, locus of the point is a straight line perpendicular to the given line passing through the given point, i, 1 yt =F) or xtV3y= 8 Considera triangle with vertices A(1, 2), BG, 1), and C(-3, 0). Find @ the equation of altitude through vertex 4. ii) the equation of median through vertex 4. Gii) the equation of internal angle bisector of 24. AU,2) i) Let the altitude through 4 be AD. Now, ADL BC 1 Slope of BC= = 5 Slope of AD =-6 Ba) D 63,0) Therefore, the equation of altitude AD is y-2=-6(x=1) or 6r+y-8=0 i) The median through A passes through the midpoint of BC, Now, the midpoint of BC is E(3 — 3)/2, (I + 0)/2) or EQ, 1/2). AQ, 2) ‘Therefore, the equation of median AE is y-2= 2) =) BG” E (1,2) or3x—2y+1=0 3,0) (iii) Let the internal bi the side BC in F. Now, the point F'di ratio -ctor of A meets ides BC in the BE AB NS 1 CF AC 20 2 Therefore, the coordinates of F are eau 20+10)) (1 3) 2417 2et J 3 BG.) F 0-3, 0) Therefore, the slope of 4 Hence, the equation of AF is x —Straight Lines 2.3 Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point P(1, -2) on the line » = 2x + 1. Also, find the image of P in the line. HED Given tine isy= 20+ 1. Let M be the foot of the perpendicular drawn from P(1, ~2) on the line given line, PUL, 2) Slope of given line (4B) is 2. Slope of PM = 2 ‘Thus, equation of line PM is (x=) or x+2y+3=0 2 Solving equations (1) and (2), we get M(-1, -1), which is the required foot of the perpendicular on given line. Also, if Q is image of P in the line, then M is the midpoint of PQ. Therefore, coordinates of point Q are (-3, 0). Iftheline ~ + =1 movesinsuchawaythat 1, 1 ab FRc where c isa constant, then prove that the foot of perpendicular from the origin upon the straight line describes the curve vtyae. (SAD Given variable li Line perpendicular to (1) and passing through the origin is a) Q) Now, foot of perpendicular P(h, k) from the origin upon the line (1) is the point of intersection of lines (1) and (2). @) and @ sis sls ‘Squaring and adding (3) and (4), we get 1 +R @ +B Hence, equation of locus of P is x? +? =c?. EQUATION OF LINE PASSING THROUGH TWO. Points (TWO POINTS FORM) Let a line passes through points A(x, y) and B(x», y9). Now, consider a variable point P(x, y) on this line. We have to find the equation of locus of point P. Clearly, Slope of AP wo 7 This is the required equation of straight line. Also, we have Slope of BP = Slope of AB Q) Equations (1) and (2) represent the same straight fine. Further, since points 4, B and P are collinear, we have my WO @) lz 2 This is the equation of line in determinant form, We can get the equation of line using section formula also. Since point P lies on the line through points 4 and B, it divides, 4B in some ratio say “7. +3 mt al Eliminating ¢, we get the required equation of straight line In what ratio does the line joining the points (2, 3) and (4, 1) divide the segment joining the points (1, 2) and (4, 3)? « where is parameter. (SGD The equation of the line joining the points (2, 3) and 4, Dis y-3=4 3 6-2) or = y-3=-x42 or xty-5=0 a Suppose the line joining (2, 3) and (4, 1) divides the segment joining (1, 2) and (4, 3) at point P in the ratio : 1. Then the coordinates of P are (es)24 Coordinate Geometry Clearly, P lies on (1). Therefore, A+], BA+2_5 atl Att or a= Hence, the required ratio is 4: 1, ie, 1:1 ABCD is a square whose vertices are A(0, 0), B(2, 0), CQ, 2), and D(O, 2). The square is rotated in the X¥-plane through an angle 30° in the anticlockwise sense about an axis passing though 4 perpendicular to the XY-plane. Find the ‘equation of the diagonal BD of this rotated square. (SAD We have B=(2.c0s30°,2 sin 30°) = (V3, 1) D=(2sin30?,2.c0s 30°)=(-1, V3 ) Hence, the equation of BD is = (v3-2\0— v3) » @=v3)ety=2N3-2 Ina triangle ABC, side 4B has the equation 2x + 3y = 29 and side AC has the equation x + 2y= 16. Ifthe midpoint of BC is, (5, 6), then find the equation of BC, ‘sou 4 Qe + 3y= 2! x+2y=16 DG, 6) C6210) Vertex C lies on the line x + 2y = 16. So, let point C be (16 ~ 2, 0). D(5, 6) is midpoint of BC. So, point B is (2-6, 12-1) Point B lies on the line 2x-+ 3y—29=0 (21-6) + 312-1) -29=0 => 15 Hence, point B is (4, 7) Therefore, equation of line BC is yoT= ° 3-4 or xty=U Two consecutive sides of a parallelogram are 4x + Sy =0 and Tx +2y =0, If the equation of one diagonal is ILx + 7p = 9, find the equation of the other diagonal. (SGM Let the equations of sides 4B and AD of the parallelogram ABCD be as given in (1) and (2), respectively, ice. a and Te+2y=0 2 Solving (1) and (2), we have AQ,0) 4 +5V=0 Lx +Iy=9 ‘The equation of one diagonal of the parallelogram is lx +1y=9 @) Clearly, A(0, 0) does not lie on the diagonal as shown in (3) ‘Therefore, (3) is the equation of diagonal BD. Solving (1) and (3), we get B = (5/3, -4/3). Solving (2) and (3), we get D = (-2/3, 7/3). Since His the middle point of BD, we have Now, the equation of diagonal AC which passes through 4(0, 0) and H(1/2, 1/2) is, 0-02 y-0=9 aye Oory—x=0 Ifone of the sides of a square is 3x — 4y— 12 = 0 and the center is 0, 0), then find the equations of the diagonals of the square. (SO The diagonals of square are inclined at an angle of 45° with the sides. Slope of the line 3x —4y— 12 = 0 is 3/4. Let the slope of the diagonal be m. Then, -(/4) I+ ey tan 45° 4+3m=4(4m—3) or 443m=4m—3 ord +3m=3—4mStraight Lines 2.5 or m=Torm=5 Therefore, the equations of diagonals are 7x—) A vertex of an equilateral triangle is (2, 3) and the equation of the opposite side isx + = 2. Find the equation of the other sides of the triangle. AD Given line is xty-2 Its slope is m, = —I. Let the slope of the line be m which makes an angle of 60° with the line in (1). Then, =Oandx+7y=0. 40,3) ay 60° 2 ¢ or or 1+m=4N3(m=1) or B+ B-1 V3+1 =2+ 3,2-v3 Therefore, the equations of other two sides of the triangle are y-3=(2+V3)(@@-2) (2 — V3) (x - 2) A line 4x + y = 1 through the point A(2, -7) meets the line BC whose equation is 3x ~ 4y + 1 = 0 at the point B. Find the ‘equation of the line AC, so that AB = AC. and y= AQ,-1) 4c ty-1=0 Bo oR-4s1-0 © Let the equation of BC be 3x-4y+1=0 ay and the equation of 4B be @) C, we have ZABC = ZACB =a (say) Slope of line BC= 3 and Slope of AB Let the slope of AC be m. Equi the two values of tana, we get Therefore, the equation of AC is y+7=—(3) (2) or S2x+89)+519=0 A ray of light is sent along the line x ~ 2y ~ 3 = 0. Upon reaching the line 3x ~ 2y ~ 5 = 0, the ray is reflected from it. Find the equation of the line containing the reflected ray. (SGD incident ray is along the line x-2y-3=0 wo Mirror is along the line 3x-2y-5=0 Q) Inthe figure, incident ray PA strikes the mirror at point A. Solving the incident ray and mirror line, we get A = (1,-1). Let the slope of AQ be m. Ll Also, slope of LM is 3 and slope of PA ist Now, ineident ray and reflected ray make same angle 0. with the mirror line. Let the slope of reflected ray be m. Now, ZLAP=ZQAM= a 3 pee = 3, 14+ m3) 5 = = = 22 i But slope of incident ray is 29 Thus, slope of reflected ray is Henee, the equation of reflected rays is x-1) or 29x-2y-31=0 EQUATION OF LINE IN INTERCEPT FORM One of the important aspects of straight line is its intercepts. Line has two intercepts: x-intercept and y-intercept.2.6 Coordinate Geometry Ofe— intercept —o A(a.0), ‘intercept —>] Ifthe Line intersects axes at A(a, 0) and B(0, 6), then a and bare called its x-intercept and y-intercept, respectively. For example, line 2x — 3y + 6 = 0 intersects axes at P(-3, 0) and O(0, 2). So, x-intercept of line is ~3 and y-intercept is 2 Conversely, if the line has intercepts a and b on axes, then it - b meets the axes at 4(a, 0) and B(0, 6) and slope of line is ~~ A line having equal intercepts, cuts the positive axes or negative axes. Slope of such line is 1 Slope-intercept Form of Line For a line, let the y-intercept be c and the slope be m. Line meets y-axis at (0, ). So, using point-slope form, equation of line is y=c=m(x~0) ory=mx+e This form of line is called slope-intercept form. Here, c is y-imtercept of the line. This form of straight line is useful in expressing linear function as f(x) = mx +e. Intercept Form of Line Let x-intercept and y-intercept of line be a and b, respectively. Clearly, line meets the axes at A(a, 0) and B(0, b). 0-b Slope of line =——— lope of line =F So, equation of line is (x-a) x4221, ab This is the intercept form of line. Find the equation of the line which intersects the y-axis at a distance of 2 units above the origin and makes an angle of 30° with the positive direction of the x-axis. or 1 (SD Here, = 2 and m = tan 30° = Thus, the required equation of line is 1 a ae or x-V3 yp +2v3 =0 Find the equation of a straight line cutting off an intercept —1 from the y-axis and being equally inclined to the axes. [SAD Since the required line s equally inclined with the coordinate axes, it makes an angle of either 45° or 135° with the x-axis, So, its slope is either m=tan 45° orm=tan 135°, .¢,,m=Lor—1, Itis given that e=~1. Hence, the equations of the lines are ~ Landy Find the equation of a line that has y~ intercept 4 and is perpendicular to the line joining (2, ~3) and (4, 2). x= [SAD Let m be the slope of the required line. Since the required line is perpendicular to the line joining AQ, ~3) and B(4, 2), we have ‘mx Slope of AB=~1 243 or mx SHR or m=-§ The required line cuts-off an intercept of 4 on the y-axis. So, = 4, Hence, the equation of the required line is grt or 2x Sp—20=0 Find the equation of the line passing through the point (2, 2) and cutting off intercepts on the axes whose sum is 9. [SAB The equation of a line in the intercept form is 2,2 aob This line passes through (2, 2). Therefore, 2,2 =+==1 1 a6 a Itis given that a+ 5=9, ie., b=9-a Q) From (1) and (2), we get 2, 2 a 9-a or = a@—9a+18 or (a-6(a~3)=0 a=6 orStraight Lines _2.7 Ifa=6 and b= 9 ~ 6 =3, then the equation of the line is +221 orx+2y-6=0 673 Ifa=3 and b=9~3~6, then the equation of the line is, = 42% =1or2x+y-6=0 376 Find the equation of the straight line that (i makes equal intercepts on the axes and passes through, the point (2, 3). Gi) passes through the point (-5, 4) and is such that the portion intercepted between the axes is divided by the point in the ratio 1:2. (i Let the equation of the line be 22a} a’b ce it makes equal intercepts on the coordinates axes, we have a= b. So, the equation of the line is x4) ata orxty=a ‘The line passes through the point (2, 3). Therefore, 2+3=a or a=5 Thus, the equation of the required line is x + y= 5. ii) Let the equation of the line be Clearly, this line meets the coordinate axes at A(a, 0) and BQ, b), respectively. ‘The coordinates of the point that divides the line joining Aa, 0) and B(0, b) in the ratio 1:2 are (@ (a) 1) 20). (22.8) ~TFE 142 "(303 Itis given that the point (~5, 4) divides 4B in the ratio 1 : 2 Therefore, 2a/3 =-S and b/3=4, ic, HS nde 7 and b= 12 Hence, the equation of the required line is, » x4 2 ~ 1572 * 12 or &r=5y+60=0 Line segment 4B of fixed length slides between coordinate axes such that its ends A and B lie on the axes. If O is origin and rectangle OAPB is completed, then show that the locus of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from P to AB is 202 2 x+yiacd, (c cos a, ¢ sina) (0,esin a} v a (c cosa, OP As shown in the figure, A is on x-axis and B is on y-axis, AB =e (given) Given that OAPB is a rectangle. Let ZB40 OA =c cos @and OB =e sin a (c cos a, ¢ sin a) Equation of AB is x: 6 ccos a esin a or —-xsin a+ycos @=c sin @cos & a) Equation of PN (perpendicular from P to AB) is y-esin sot a(x —c cos a) = x cos a —y sin a= e(cos" a ~ sin” a) @ Nis point of intersection of (1) and (2). Solving (1) and (2), we get cos* 0%, ae ° omar (3) sina = (:) 5 ei Squaring and adding, we get GF - or94 73 sin a 3, which is the required locus. EQUATION OF LINE IN NORMAL FORM Let the line Z be such that (@ length of the perpendicular (normal) from origin to the line is p, and (ii) angle which normal makes with the positive direction of xeanis is 0. (, p cose «)B In the above figure, line L meets x- positive sides. Also, OP is perpendicular to the line L. From the figure, x-intercept of line is (p sec a) and y-intercept is (p cosec a). is at A and y-axis at B on2.8 Coordinate Geometry So, intercept form of line is x +—_ =1 pseca peoseca or —-xcoser+ysinar= p The angle @ of normal with positive x-axis for different orientations of line is as shown in the following figures. y y Reduce the line 2x ~ 3y + 5 = 0, in slope-intercept, intercept and normal forms. Also, find the distance of the line from origin and inclination of normal to the line with x-axis. (SAD Equation of given line is 2x—3y+5=0 oy This is of the form y= mx +c. 2 Slope of the line is m = tan = < and y-intercept is ¢= 3 Here, 8s the angle of the line with positive x-axis. Intercept form of the line is —" + 2. = 1, where x-intercept (- a) 2 5 and y-intereept is b= =. ( Further to get the equation in normal form, divide both sides by VP+¥ =Vi5 2x 3y 5 ‘So, equation of line becomes == + = = == " Vo Vs VB Comparing with standard normal form x cos a + y sin «= p, we get isa 2 cos a= ———, sin a VB 5 ne P= Fy = Distance of line from origin As Also, inclination of normal to the line with x-axis is a= 180°—sin Find the equation of the line which is at a perpendicular distance of 5 units from the origin and the angle made by the perpendicular with the positive x-axis is 30°. [SAD Data given in the question is for normal form of the line, Standard equation of normal form is x cos or+ y sin y p= Sunits and a= 30°. Thus, the required equation of the given line is 0s 30° + sin 30°= 5 or V3x+y=10 for} ee, Goa ral get 1, Find the equation of the right bisector ofthe line segment joining the points (3, 4) and (-1, 2) 2. If the coordinates of the points 4, B, C, and D are (a, b), (a, 6), (a, B), and (a, ~b'), respectively, then find the equation ofthe line bisecting the line segments 4B and CD. 3. If the coordinates of the vertices of triangle ABC are (1, 6), (3, -9), and (5, ~8), respectively, then find the equation of the median through C. 4. Find the equation of the line perpendicular to the line %—7-= 1 and passing through a point at which it cuts the Saxis, 5. If the middle points of the sides BC, CA, and AB of triangle ABC are (1, 3), (S, 7), and (-5, 7), respectively, then find the equation of the side AB. 6. Find the equations of the lines which pass through the origin and are inclined at an angle tan 'm to the line mx +e. 7. If (-2, 6) is the image of the point (4, 2) with respect fo line L = 0, then find the equation of line L. 8. Find the area bounded by the curves x + 2)p| 9. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the intersection of the lines x ~ 2y = 1 and x + 3p = 2 and parallel to 3x +4y = 0, 10. If the foot of the perpendicular from the origin to a straight line is at (3, ~4), then find the equation of the line. 11. A straight line through the point (2, 2) intersects the lines V3x + y= 0 and V3x~y =0 at the points 4 and B, respectively. Then find the equation of the line AB so that triangle OAB is equilateral. 12, Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point (4, 3) and making intercepts on the coordinate axes whose sum is —1 13, A straight line through the point A(3, 4) is such that its intercept between the axis is bisected at 4. Find its equation, 14, A straight line is perpendicularto the line Sx—y= 1. The area of the triangle formed by line L and the coordinate axes is 5, Find the equation of line L. 15, One side of a rectangle lies along the line 4x + Ty + 5 = 0. Two of its vertices are (-3, 1) and (1, 1). Find the equations of the other three sides. and.x=0.Straight Lines 2.9 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 2. 2, 23. 1 & % nl. 13. 16. 18. A line L, = 3 ~ 2x ~ 6 = 0 is rotated about its point of intersection with the y-axis in the clockwise direction to make it L> such that the area formed by L, La, the x and line x = 5 is 49/3 sq. units if its point of intersection with x =5 lies below the x-axis. Find the equation of L>. The diagonals AC and BD ofa thombus intersect at (5,6). If. = (3, 2), then find the equation of diagonal BD. Find the equation of the straight line which passes through the origin and makes angle 60° with the line x + 3 y-+3 V3=0. A line intersects the straight lines Sx ~ y ~ 4 = 0 and 3x4 -4=Oat A and B, respectively. Ifa point P(1, 5) ‘on the line AB is such that AP : PB = 2: | (internally), find point 4 In the given figure, POR is an equilateral triangle and OSPT is a square. If OT = 22 units, find the equation of lines OT, OS, SP, OR, PR, and PQ. ‘Two fixed points A and B are taken on the coordinates axes such that OA = a and OB = b. Two variable points 4’ and B' are taken on the same axes such that 4’ + OB' = OA + OB. Find the locus of the point of intersection of AB’ and 4’B. A regular polygon has two of its consecutive diagonals as the lines V3x + y= V3 and 2y = V3. Point (1, c) is one of its vertices. Find the equation of the sides of the polygon and also find the coordinates of the vertices. Find the direction in which a straight line must be drawn through the point (1, 2) so that its point of intersection with the linex+ y=4 may be at a distance of 3 units from this point. ANSWERS: x+y 2. 2ay —2B'x = ab— ab’ x + l4y +47= ay 13x + lay +47= 0. ao; 6 y=Oy 8.12 10. 3x —4y= x-y+12 14, x+5y+5V2 =0 17.2y+x-17=0 19. (75/17, 307/17) 23, Parallel to the x-axis EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINE IN SYMMETRIC FORM (PARAMETRIC OR DISTANCE FORM) Consider a fine passing through the point P(r, y) and making an angle 6 with positive x-axis. Equation of line is tan (x—x) or (say) cos@ sind x=x,+re0s and y=y, +rsin @ Here, (x, +r cos @, y; + sin 8) are coordinates of point which is lying at distance r from the point P(x;, y) on the above line. In fact, there must be two points at distance rfrom point P on the line The coordinates of other point are (x; —r cos 6, y; —rsin 8). In the above figure, OA Intriangle PMQ, QM = | OB=0A+ AB=OA+ PM=x, + ros 0 and BQ=BM+OQM=AP+QM=y,+rsin® 4. Q= (x, +rcos Oy, +rsin 8) Similarly, in triangle PNR, PN'= sin Band RN'=r cos 8 OC = 04 AC= OA-RN=x,—re0s 0 and CR=AN=AP-PN=y,—rsin® Rx (x, 100s 8,9, —rsin 8) This form of straight line is effective tool in solving geometry related problems. A straight line is drawn through the point P23) and is inclined at an angle of 30° with the x-axis. Find the coordinates of two. points on itat a distance of 4 units from P. [BAD Here, P(x,, y;) = PC. 3), 0= 30°. So, the required coordinates of points at distance 4 units from point P are (x) eos 8,» sin 6) = (24 cos 30°, 3 +4 sin 30°) (24 8 seat] 2 in Oand PM = cos 8 2 = (2+2V3, 5), (2-2V3, 1)240 Coordinate Geometry The line joining two points A(2, 0) and BG, 1) is rotated about A in anticlockwise direction through an angle of 15°. Find the equation of the line in the new position. If B goes to C in the new position, then what will be the coordinates of C? [SAP The slope of the line 4B is 1-0 3-2 So, inclination of line AB with x-axis is 45°. y m tan 45° Nov, 4B is rotated through an angle 15° in anticlockwise direction about A and point B goes to C. So, inclination of line AC is 60°. Hence, equation of line AC is x-2 _ y-0 cos60° sin 60° 0 x-2_y oa ea) AC= AB = y(3-2) +(1-0) =V2 So, for point C, r =v2 x-2_y-0 v2 W/2 3/2 1 1 = 242 V2 =24+ and y = re2ty v2 + ypand y 1 ve Therefore, C= [2+ =, b+a3) ‘A line through point (1, 3) and parallel to the linex—y + 1=0 meets the line 2x — 3y + 9 = 0 at point P. Find distance AP without finding point P. Slope of fine x—y+ 1 =0 is 1, ie, tan 45°, So, the equation of line through 4(1, 3) and having slope 1 is x-l _ y-3 cos45° sin 45° on Fe year (say) V2 2 This line meets the given line 2x ~3y +9 = 0 at point P. Let AP=r.Then P= (5 Bat point P lies on the line 2x Two adjacent vertices of a square are (1, 2) and (-2, 6). Find the other vertices. [SAD Given two adjacent vertices are A(1, 2) and B(-2, 6). Then, AB=5S Also, the slope of 4B is 6-2 Man a Slope of AD = 3. tan 6 The coordinates of D and DY are (1450086, 2+5sin@) (uisd.2e or D(S, 5) and D3, -1) Similarly, the coordinates of C and C’ are (2454, 0253) 5 5 (-2 £5080, 645sin 9) or C(2, 9 and C(-6, 3) A line through the variable point 4 (k + 1, 2k) meets the lines Tx+y~16=0, 5x—y—8=0and.x—5y+8=0, at B, Cand D, respectively. Prove that AC, AB and AD are in H.P. BSA Let the line passing through point A(k + 1, 2k) make an angle 6 with positive x-axis direction, ‘Then equation of line is cos 8 where AB =r), AC= Be ((k+1) +7, c0s 8, 2k+r; sin 6) (K+ 1) +73 608 82k + ry sin @) (k-+ 1) +13 c0s 8, 2k + rs sin 8) Points B, C and D satisfy lines 7x + y—16=0, Sx—y—8=0 and x—5y+8=0, respectively.Straight Lines 2.41 So, putting these points in the corresponding lines, we get Area of triangle PAB = = BD ' Teos@+sin@"'* Scos@—sind 9- and 15> F3in @= cos 8 Sos 5 sin 6 ~cos 8) ~ XK ci = (ax, + by, +e) 1 M1— &) c | i + by +0) 5 w __ 150s @—3sin 6 +5 sin @— cos 0 i - ol) Also, area of APAB = ABX PM _ cos +2sin@_ 2 1 iz 91 — Ri ey Clearly, AC, AB and AD are in H.P. < 2 3 roa poe wal ° Ene Bena et Prof) and coffers Be 1, Two particles start from the point (2, 1); one moves e units along the line x += 1 and the other moves $ units (as + Oy +e) =|] at +0? a along the line x ~ 2y = 4. If the particles move upward ‘wart, coordinate axes, then find their new positions. Pala in, +c . The centre of a square is at the origin and one vertex is la +b AQ, 1). Find the coordinates of other vertices of the nt suermanion 2.28 The straight line passing through P(x,, y)) and making an - a. angle o with x-axis intersects Ax + By + C= 0 in Q. Find es Dc the length PO. line 5 += 1, then prove that 5 |. The centroid of an equilateral triangle is (0, 0). If two P vertices of the triangle lie on.x + y = 2V2,, then find all [SGD The given line is the possible vertices of triangle. bx +ay~ab=0 a a Itis given that pis the length of the perpendicular from the origin to (1), that is, (2-v2, -1+V2) and (2+2V5, -14 V5) [b(0) + a(0) — ab| (2,-1, CA, 2)and (1, -2) [4x + By + Cl [A.cos a + B sin oF) 4. (22, -2V2), (v2-v6, v2 +6), (v2+v6, V2 -v6) DISTANCE OF A POINT FROM A LI Find the coordinates ofa point on x + y +3 =0, whose distance fromx + 2y+2=0is 5. The distance ofa point froma line is the length of the perpendicular (, (SOD Putting x= + inx+y+3=0, we get y=—3~1.So, let the required point be (1, ~3 ~ 1). This point is at a distance of V5 units from x + 2y-+2=0. Therefore, f = 6-242) _ og drawn from the point to the li Let L = ax+by+e=0bea line, whose distance from the point P (x),1)) isd. or Line L meets the axes at or ACefa, 0) and B(O, -cib). or Draw a perpendicular PM from the point P to the line L. Hence, the required points are (1, ~4) and (-9, 6).242 Coordinate Geometry Find the least and the greatest values of distance of the point (cos 6, sin 8), @ € R, from the line 3x—4y + 10= 0. istance of point (cos 6, sin 8) from the line Ois [3cos0—4sin@ +10) [3cos @—4sin@+10| 5 Now, -$<3cos 0-4 :sin 0< 5 5<3.cos 0-4 sin 8+ 10s 15 rz [Seas sind +10 en Hence, the least distance is 1 and the greatest distance is 3 Prove that the product of the lengths of the perpendiculars drawn from the points (a? — b*, 0) and Cle = 5,0) to the line * cos@ +> sin @= 1 is b a b [SAD The equation of the given line is cos +> sin O=1 b or br cos 6+ ay sin @—ab=0 a ‘The length of the perpendicular from the point (fa? — 87, 0) to line (1) is |b cos @ Ja” — b° +a sin 8 (0) - ab| 2 6? cos*O + a? sin"@ |b cos @ Ja” — b? - ab| @) The length of the perpendicular from the point (— 0) to line (1) is la? — b) +a sin 6 (0) — ab| _ [bcos 8 2? ——_—_ 4b? cos"@+ a? sin*@ @) PP cos*O+a" sin" _ |B? cos?@(a? — b?) — ab? | (° cos" + a” sin"@) _ |a?b* cos’@ - b4 cos*6 - ab? | BP cos°O + a” sin*@ _ Bla* cos’6 - b cos’@ = a? | BP c0s78 + a’ sin’ 0s°8 +a” sin" _ B°(b? c0s°6 + a” sin*@) (8? cos"@ + a” sin’@) Hence, proved. Find the least value of (x ~ 1)? + (y~ 2)? under the condition 3x+4y—2=0. [SGD (x - 1)? + (”— 2)’ is square of distances between the points A(1, 2) and P(x, »), where P lies on the line 3x + 4y—2=0. Least value of (x — 1)? + Q— 2)? = Square of shortest distance of point (1, 2) from the line 3r-+4y—2=0 p (maeat) o ABCis an equilateral triangle with A(0, 0) and B(a, 0), (a> 0). L, M, and N are the foot of the perpendiculars drawn from a point P to the sides AB, BC, and CA, respectively. If P lies inside the triangle and satisfies the condition PL? = PM - PN, then find the locus of P. [SGD The equations of lines AC and BCare, respectively, given by. po vBx=0 y+ WBa-a=0 Let P(h, k) be the coordinates of the point whose locus is to be found. Now, according to the given condition, we have y PM+ PN ie. [k-V3h|_ |k+y30r-a)| 7 2 2 (k— ¥3h) [k-+ V3(h—a)] [-- P lies below both the lines] 0 +R ah 3 Putting (x, y) in place of (/, &) gives the equation of the required locus as k=0 Sty nat Line L has intercepts a and b on the coordinate axes. When. the axes are rotated through a given angle keeping the origin fixed, the same line Z has intercepts p and q. Prove thatStraight Lines 2.43, As shown in the figure, axes are rotated by an angle @about origin in anticlockwise direction Line J has intercepts « and b on original axes an gon rotated axes. Equation of line L wart. original axe a Equation of line L war, rotated axes is =0 Q) Since origin and line L are not changing their positions, distance of line from origin remains the same even though the axes are rotated, So, comparing distances of lines given by equations (1) and (2) from origin, we get Distance between Two Parallel Lines Let the two parallel lines be ax+by+e=0 a and ax +by +e Q Distance between parallel lines is equal to the length of the perpendicular drawn from any point on line (1) to line (2) Consider point P(x,, y,) on line (1) ax, + by, += 0 @) Perpendicular distance d of point P from the line (2) is given by ax, +by, +c’| la? +b? le’=el fa? +b? MLLUSTRATION 2.36 ‘Two sides of a square lie on the lines x + y= 1 and x+y +2 0. What is its area? or [From (3), ax, + by; =-el (SAD Clearly, the length of the side of the square is equal to the istance between the parallel lines. xty-1=0 wo and x+y+2=0 2) Hence, side length = a. Therefore, area of squat Find the equation of the line which is equidistant from parallel lines 9x + 6y—7=0 and 3x + 2y+6=0. [SAD The equations of the given lines are Ox + 6y-7=0 a) and 3x+2y+6=0 or Ox F6y F18=0 Q The line parallel to the above lines is Ox+6y+e=0 @) The distance of line (3) from lines (1) and (2) is the same. Therefore, jc-18} le+7| VP +6 V9? +67 or e-18=-e-7 ul 2 Therefore, the equation of the line is 18x + 12y + 11 =0. If one side of the square is 2r —~y + 6 = 0 and one of the vertices is (2, 1) then find the other sides of the square. [SAD Vertex 4, 1) does not lie on the line BC = 2x—y+6=0 (1) Hence, one of the side of the square passing through 4 is parallel to BC. ‘Therefore, the equation of AD is y-1=2¢-2) or 2r-y-3 @* Another side AB of the square is passing through (2, 1) and is perpendicular to BC. Therefore, the equation of AB is © yoIs-$ 6-2) or x+2y-4=0 3) ‘The third side is parallel to AB, which has equation x+2y+e=0 «® Now, the distance between the lines BC and AD is 95. ‘Therefore, the distance between the lines (3) and (4) is exeAlEoe or-13 ‘Therefore, the equation of the third side is x+2y+5=0(6CD) or x+2y-13=0( CD)2.14 Coordinate Geometry Prove that the area of the parallelogrm contained by the lines 4y~ 3x—a=0, 3y— 4x + a=0, 4y— 3x -3a=0, and 3y—4x + 2a =0is (2/7)a°. json) p__4y-3x-a=0 3y-4r+2a=0 4y-3r-a=0 (43)-Gi4) 7 tan = V7 (a3) x@i)| ~ 24 or —cosec = 25. 7 l-a+3a|_|2a Now and | 5 2a 57 7 Area = (Area of AABD) (d d, an) = dd; cosec 0= ( i Find the equations of straight lines passing through (-2, ~7) and having an intercept of length 3 between the straight lines 4x-+3y=12 and 4x-+3y=3. [SAD Given lines are 4xt+3y-12=0 (I) and 4x+3y-3 @ \# 2a Given 4B=3. The distance between parallel lines (1) and (2), [1243] 9 Vea 5 From AdLB, we get LB’ = AB’ — AL? =37- 8 Lo Qlé 25 25 p= 12 5 AL 3 nee 1B 4 Also, tan @= Slope of line (1) = Let the slope of PB be m. Now, m=(-43 1+ m(—43) 3m+4| 3=4m tan = 3 = =worm=—2 or m=sorm=~34 ‘Therefore, the equation of the line is x+2=Oandy+7=-3y (+2) or x+2=Oand 7x+24y + 182=0 A line L is drawn from P(4, 3) to meet the lines Z, and Ly given by 3x + dy + 5 = 0 and 3x + dy + 15 = 0 at points A and B, respectively. From 4, a line perpendicular to Lis drawn meeting the line ZL, at 4. Similarly, from point B, a line perpendicular to L is drawn meeting the line L, at By. Thus, a parallelogram 4A,BB, is formed. Then find the equation of L so that the area of the parallelogram 44,BB, is the least. So. PG, 3) The given lines (L, and L,) are parallel and the distance between them (BC or AD) is (15 ~ 5/5 = 2 units. Let ZBAC So, AB = BC cose 0 = 2 cosee @ and Ad, = AD sec 0 =2 see 0. Now, the area of parallelogram 44, BB, is A=ABx AA, =4 sec cosec 0 __8 sin 20 Clearly, A is the least for = m/4. Let the slope of AB be m. Then, or 4m+3=(4—3m) orm=4 or -T Hence, the equation of Z is x-Ty+I7=0 or Ixty-31=0 CONCEPT APPLICATION EXERCISE 2.3 1, Find the points the on y-axis whose perpendicular distance from the line 4x ~ 3y 2. If p and p' are the distances of the origin from the lines x see @ + y cosee « = k and x cos @ ~ y sine =k cos 2c, then prove that 4p? +p" =, . Prove that the lengths of the perpendiculars from the points (m?, 2m), (mm, m +m’), and (m’, 2m’) to the line x+y+1=Oare in GP. Find the ratio in which the line 3x + 4y +2 =0 divides the distance between 3x + 4y +5 =O and 3x + 4y~5=0.Straight Lines 2.15 5. Find the incentre of a triangle formed by the lines 005% + ysin 9 NS mand x a xcos™ + ysin= 9 9 13a (=) xeos—" + ysin| —* |=, 9 9 6. Find the equations of lines parallel to 3x~4y~5=0 ata unit distance from it. 7. Find the equation of a straight line passing through the point (-5, 4) and which cuts off an intercept of V2 units between the lines x +y+1=Oandx-+y~1=0. ANSWERS: . (0, 1) and (0, -9) 43:7 5. (0,0) 6. 3x—4y—10=0 or 3x-4y=0 POSITION OF A POINT W.R.T. A LINE a lying on the line Let us find the condition for which P and @ lie either on the same side or on opposite sides of line (I) Let line (1) divide the segment joining the points P and Q in the ratio A: 1 at point R. a (# ta Ayr ty ) Ael Add Since point R lies on the line (1), we have Ayn +¥ o[ Bats] 2 )se0 ay thy te ax, thy, +e = S If points P and Q lie on the opposite sides of line, R will divide PQ internally. PO 94) axt by +e=0 St.¥) In that case, 2>0 ax thy, +e ax, thy, +e >0 ax thy te ax, thy, +e <0 Hence, ax +by, +e and ax; +by2 +e will have opposite signs. If points P and Q lie on the same side of line, R will divide PQ externally. Pov) Ory) ax t+ by+o=0 In that case, a<0 Mitte 9 ax, +by, +0 ax thy, te mith te, ax, thy, +e 0 Henee, a, +hy, +e and ar, +by, +¢ will have same sign. Are the points (3, 4) and (2, ~6) on the same or opposite sides of the line 3x 4y=8? [SOD We have line 3x—4y—8 =0. Let L(x,»)=3x-4y-8 1G,4)=3@)-4@4) Is and L(2,-6)=3(2)— 4(-6)-8=22 Since L(3, 4) and L(2, ~6) have opposite signs, point (3, 4) and (2, -6) lie on opposite sides of the line. Find the set of positive values of b for which the and the point (1, 1) lie on the same side of the straight line, a@x+aby+1=0,VaeR. Points (0, 0) and (1, 1) lie on same side of the line ax + aby +10. For (0,0), @(0) + ab(0) +1>0 Therefore, for (I, 1), we must have @+ab+1>0 VaeR D<0 B-4<0 or be (-2,2) But b>0 be (0,2) If point (a, a + 1) lies in the angle between the line 3x—y + I= 0 and x +2y~ 5 =0 containing the origin, then find the values of a. [SAD Given lines are L)=3x-y+1=0 a Ly=x+2y-5=0 2 P(a’,a + 1) lies in the angle formed by above two lines containing (0(0, 0). Then O and P must lie on the same side wert. both the lines216 Coordinate Geometry Now, £,(0,0)=1>0 So, we must have L(a@’,a+1)>0 or 3a’ —(a+1)+1>0 or aBa-1)>0 > ceca ou(h=) 6) L{0,0)=-S<0 So, we must have La’, a+1)<0 or a + Yat 1)-S<0 @+2a-3<0 = @-)@+3)<0 ae(3,1) @) From (3) and (4), eecs.ou(S) If the point (a, a) is placed in between the lines |x + y| = 4, then find the values of a, [SBD We have lines x+y-4=Oandx +y+4=0 Point (a, a) lies on the line y = x. Line y =x intersects the given lines at A(2, 2) and B(-2, ~2). So, if(a, a) lies on the line y=x between points 4 and B, we must have-20 = Ga-1la+1)>0 = a13 aw Also, origin and point P lie on the same side wart. line x+2y—3=0. L,(0,0)=-3 <0 So, we must have Ls(@, 2) = 0+ 207-3 <0 = Qar3(a-N<0 = 320 = Ga-1Qe~1)>0 = a@ 12 eo) From (1), (2) and (3), common values of erare (-3/2,—1) U (1/2, 1).Straight Lines 2.47 DIVISION OF PLANE BY LINE A line drawn on Cartesian plane divides it into two regions (above and below the line). Now, we have three sets of points on the plane w.r-t. a line; set of points lying on the line, set of points lying above the line and region of points lying below the line. All the points in a particular set satisfy a certain relation. Consider the straight line ax + by + © = 0. Let L(x, y) =ax+ byte. All the pk ax by+e=0. s lying on the line, satisfy the equation Pes) QA 99) art by+e=0 Consider the point P(x, y;) lying in the region above the line. Through this point, draw perpendicular to x-axis meeting line at O(4), ¥3) and x-axis at M. Clearly, PM > OM : Pd Let b>0. by > byy > ax, + by, +> ax, thy te > artby,+e>0 [As (x),.%3) lies on the line] ‘Thus, for all the points lying in the region above the line, we have ax+by+c>0. For point R(x,,.¥), we will find that ax, + by; +e <0. ‘Thus, for all the points lying in the region below the line, we have ax + by +c<0. Also, we have considered b> 0. So, we must have c <0 as the line is cutting positive x-axis 1(0,0)=e<0 So, forall the points in the region of the plane w.r.. line where origin ties, ax + by + © <0 and for the region where origin does not lie, ax + by +.e> 0. Similarly, for 6 < 0, we will find that the line divides the plane into two halves. In one half for all the points, L(x, y) > 0 and in other half for all the points, L(x, y) <0. Sketch the region in which the points satisfying the following inequality lie. (@ 2x-3y-s>0 (i) 3x+4y+7>0 (iii) x >2 (iv) y>-3 Sol ) 2x-3y-5>0 Let L(x,y)=2x—3y—5 1(0,0)= -5 <0 So, 2x ~3y ~ 5 > 0 represents the half region of the plane where origin does not lie, i.e, below line 2x —3y~5 = 0. 2x—3y-S=0 (i) 3x +4y+7>0 Let L(x, 9) =-3x + 4y+7 1(0,0)=7>0 So, -3x + 4y +7 > 0 represents the half region of the plane where origin lies, ie., above line —3x + 4y-+7= 0. (ill) x>2orx—2>0 Let L(x,y)=x-2 1(0,0)=0-2<0 So, x ~ 2 > 0 represents the half region of the plane where origin does of the line (iv) y> Bory +3>0 Let Loyy)=y+3 L(0,0)=0+3>0 So, y +3> O represents the half region of the plane where origin lies, i.e., above the line y +3 =0. Sketch the region in which the points satisfying the following inequalities lie. @ bty<2 Gi) 2x-y1>3 GD) | > bl248 Coordinate Geometry ) ii) bet yl<2 ns 2 oxty+2>Oandx+y-2<0 L(x,y) =x +y+ Zand Ly(x, y) =xty-2 1,(0, 0) =2 > 0 and L3(0, 0) =-2 <0 So, x +y-+2>0 represents the region where origin lies and x+y ~2 <0 also represents the region where origin lies. y Thus, in general, |ax + by + ¢|3 & Qe-y3 = 2x-y+30 Ly(x.y) =2x—y+3 and L(x, y) = 2x—y-3 1,(0,0)= 1 > 0 and L(0, 0)=-3 <0 So, 2x -y +3 <0 represents where origin does not lie and 2x —y—3 > 0 also represents the region where origin does not lie. tf ‘Thus, in general |ax + by + c| > d is the region of the points which does not lie between the lines ax + by + ¢ = d and art byte Ie bl Ifx, y>0, then we have x>y orx—y>0, Let L(x, 9 LQ, 0)=1-0>0. Hence, points satislying this inequality lie below the line x—y=0 in fist quadrant. Ifx>0,y<0, then we havex >-vorx+y>0. Let LO, y) =a Fy. + L,0)=140>0 Points satisfying this inequality lie above the line x + y = 0 in fourth quadrant. Similarly, we have one region in second quadrant and one in third quadrant. Combining all the cases, we have following region, Find the values of b for which the point (25 +3, b*) lies above the line 3x —4y—a(a—2)=0 V aeR. (BAD Given line is 3x —4y — a(a—2)=0 One of the possible lines is as shown in the following figure. Consider the point P(x,,.y;) lying above this line, Draw perpendicular from point P to the x-axis meeting the line at OC, 75) and x-axis at M. Clearly, PM> OM MPD. = Avs —4y2 = 3x; —a(a—2)—4y,< 3x, ala —2) — 4y, = 3x, a(a—2)~4y,<0 (As point Q lies on the line) => 3(2b+3)-a(a~2)-40°<0,V a@eR (Putting x; = 2b +3 and y, = 5) ?—2a+4b*—6b-9>0VaER Discriminant < 0 = 4-4(4b?-6b-9) <0 = 1-407 +6b+9<0 = #8 -36-5>0 > (26-5b+1)>0 5 > becau[S-)Straight Lines 2.19 Plot the region of the points P(x, ») satisfying |x| + yj < 1. [SAD Given that |x| +|y|<1. We have four cases, If x, y > 0, then we have xty max. thi, bi} [SAD We have 2 > max. {{x4, byl} 2> |x| and 2> | ie, -2. 1-2 si] | 2MORE ME] on no e+e e+e Therefore, equation of required line is 2(al + mby(ax+ by +e) — (a? + b?Y(lx + my +n) =O EQUATIONS OF BISECTORS OF THE ANGLES BETWEEN THE LINES Consider two lines L,= a,x + byy +c, =0 and L, =0, which intersect at point £. at + by +e We have a pair of acute angles, viz. BED and ZAEC and a pair of obtuse angles, viz. ZCEM and ZAED. Also, we have a pair of bisectors: B, for pair of acute angles and B, for pair of obtuse angles. In the figure, ZBED = 0. zep= cpED= 2 Now, ZCEB=180°-6 ZCEQ = ZOEB = 90° 3 ZOEP = ZOEB + ZBEP 0-5 , Thus, two bisectors are always perpendicular. Now, consider point P(x, ») on the bisector By. Draw perpendiculars PM and PN on the lines L, and Ly. Clearly, triangles PME and PNE are congruent, PM= PN ‘Thus, bisector is locus of point which moves in the plane of lines L, and L such that lengths of perpendiculars drawn from it to the two given lines (L; and >) are equal. From PM = PN, we have lax + by + 6 aa Jay’ +b, ax + yy + | lay? +b,* ax t by + 6 ya? +h? lay +b, ax + by oe Se Ww ya? +b? ax These are equations of two bisectors. To identify the acute angle and obtuse angle bisector, we choose one of the bisectors, say given in equation (1). Let the angle between this bisector and one of the given lines be @/2, where cris the angle between lines containing this bisector. Q) it I, then o> 90° ‘Then, chosen bisector is of pair of obtuse angles. To identify the acute angle and obtuse angle bisectors, we can use the following shortcut method also, Let the lines L,= a,x +byy +e, =0 and Ly= a3x + by +e, =0 be such that c, > 0 and c, > 0. If.a,a, + byb, <0, then ax t by fay? +5? bisector. axtbyta., DXF AY * will be acute angle lay? +by? If aya, + byb,> 0, then ax +b, @x + by +e Se = Se will be acute lay? +b? Jay +b: angle bisector. BISECTOR CONTAINING THE GIVEN POINT Lines Ly = a,x + by + ¢, = 0 and Ly = aye + by +c) = 0 divide the plane into four regions: two opposite regions where expressions f(x,y) = ajx + by’ + ey and f(x, y) = ayx + byy + ey have same sign and two opposite regions where expressions fis ¥) and f(x, y) have opposite signs. So, angle bisector axt byte _ ax + by a? +b? lay? +b? where expressions f(x, y) and /i(x, 3) have same sign and qxtbytq axthyte through the regions where these expressions have opposite signs, +e goes through the regions other angle bisector2.22 Coordinate Geometry From the above discussion, we understand that: (i if a,a+ b,B+ c; and aya. +b; + cz have same sign, then ax t+ by + nx + byy + Cy angle bisector “2! = “2° 2 2 goes, ay +b? lay +b, through the region which contains the point (a, f). (ii) if aa+ 5B +c, and a,cr+ b,B+ c, have opposite signs, . axthy +e, +byy + then angle bisector ===" =~ 2 =? goes jay +b? lay? +b,” through the region which contains the point (a, 8). Also, if c, and cy have same sign, then axthyto _axt+hyte, : St = SIs the bisector of the Vora? Yas +h? pair of angles which contains origin (0, 0). For the straight lines 4x + 3y—6=O and Sx + 12y +9 the equation of the: bisector of the obtuse angle between them ii) bisector of the acute angle between them. ii) bisector of the angle which contains (1, 2) (iv) bisector of the angle which contains (0, 0) [SA Equations of bisectors of the angles between the given lines are: de t3y-6 _ Set 12y+9 lq? 4.32 Is? +12? dxt3y-6 | Sxti2y +9 5 13 or 9x—Tp—41 =O and 7x + 9y-3=0 If @/2 is the acute angle between the line 4x + 3y —6 = 0 and the bisector 9x ~ 7y—41=0, then or Hence, 9x— Ty —41 = 0 is obtuse angle bisector. So, 7x + 9y—3=0 is acute angle bisector. Alternatively, given lines are—4v—3y-+ 6 =O and 5x+ 12y+9=0. Here, aya, + bib, = (ANS) + -3)(12) <0 So, acute angle bisector is, mAra3y+6 _ Sxt12y+9 Pee 5412? or AET3NHE _ Set 2y49 3 3 or Ix+9y-3=0 Now, fils, ») = 4x + 3y— 6 and f(x, y) = Sx + 12y+9 Al, 2)=4(1) + 32)—6> 0 Al, 2)=5(1) +122) +9>0 Hence, equation of the bisector of the angle containing the point (1, 2) is Ax+3y-6 _ Sx +12y +9 cn) Also, in original equations, ¢, or 9%x-Ty-41=0 ~6 and c=9, ‘Thus, c; and c, have opposite signs. Hence, angle bisector containing origin is 7x + 9y—3 = 0. The equation of bisector of two lines L; and Z, are 2x ~ 16p~ 5 = 0 and 64x + 8y + 35 = 0. Ifthe line L, passes through (11, 4), then identify the equation of acute angle bisector of L, and L>. 64r— Sy +35=0 \ From the figure, = PAD =16) — pikeeen w ‘ [4+ 256 265 — [64(-11) +8(4) +35) _ 637 [oar +8? 64.49 dydorb<-3Straight Lines 2.23 Two equal sides of an isosceles triangle are 7x —y +3=0 and x+y—3 = 0 Its third side passes through the point (1, -10), Determine the equation of the third side. [BAP Since triangle is isosceles, the third side is equally inclined to the lines 7x—y +3=Oandx+y—3=0. Hence, the third side is parallel to angle bisectors of the given lines. Bisector Tr-yt3=0 Bisector xt+y-3=0 ‘The equation of the two bisectors of given lines are Tx-y+3 xty-3 50 v2 or Byty— a and x-3y+9=0 Q) Equation of line through (1, 10) and parallel to (1) is 3rt+y+7=0. Equation of line through (1, 10) and parallel to (2) is x-3y-31=0, The vertices B and C of a triangle ABC lie on the lines 3y = 4x and y = 0, respectively. The side BC passes through the point (2/3, 2/3). If ABOC is a rhombus lying in first quadrant, O being the origin, then find the equation of the line BC. Diagonals of rhombus are equally inclined to the sides. So, diagonals are parallel to or coincident with the angle bisectors of sides. Equations of bisectors of sides OC and OB of rhombus are or x—2y=Oand 2x +y=0 Clearly, diagonal BC is parallel to the bisector 2x + So, equation BC is or. v+y-2=0 Two sides of a rhombus lying in the first quadrant are given by 3r—4y = 0 and 12x ~ Sy =0. Ifthe length of the longer diagonal is 12, then find the equations of the other two sides of the rhombus. [SAD 0B is along the acute angle bisector of the given lines: 3x—4y=O and 12x — 5 ‘The equation of acute angle bisector is Bx-4y__ 12x 3 or 9r-Ty=0 9 *. Slope of OB = tan =— Now, OB = 12. Therefore, the coordinates of B are 7 9 84108 (12 cos 6, 12 sin@) = (2 (38) AB is passing through B and is parallel to OC. Therefore, the equation of AB is Hs -2(,--H,) Yao 3° Yo BCiis passing through B and is parallel to OA. 108 Therefore, the equation of BCis y~—F5 = 7 The line ax + by = 1 passes through the point of intersection of y =x tan a+ p sec ocand y sin (30° a) — x cos (30° — a) = p. If itis inclined at 30° with y = (tan @) x, then prove that 3 Bef Pa Orta. EBD Given lines are sin ay cos c+ p=0 a and x c0s(30"— a) —y sin(30°— a) +p=0 or —_xsin(60° + ay cos(60° + a) + p Clearly, angle between lines (1) and (2) is 60°. Slope of line (1) is tan orwhich is parallel to the line y Given that line ax + y= 1 is inelined at 30° with y So, line ax + by + 1 is also inclined at 30° with line (1). Hence, line ax + by + 1 is along acute angle bisector of lines (1) and (2). Now, acute angle bisector is xrsin oy cos a+ p = (x sin(60° + a) — y cos(60" + a) + p) or (sin @ + sin(60° + @))x — (cos a+ cos(60° + ay + 2p =0 Comparing this tine with ax + by = 1, we get a b sina + sin(60°+a@) cosa + cos(60°+a) 2p y (as) @ tan ox. sina + sere and b= 282+ sere Squaring and adding, we get _ 1414200860" eS 2 a+b 2 a+b =2.24 Coordinate Geometry [eel peat LPL 1s Beetle d Find the equation of the bisector of the obtuse angle between the lines 3x — 4y + 7=0 and 12x + Sy—2=0. 2, ‘The incident ray is along the line 3x— 4y—3= 0 and the. reflected ray is along the line 24x + 7y +5 =. Find the ‘equation of mirrors. 3. If the two sides of rhombus are x + 2y + 2 = 0 and 2x-+y—3= 0, then find the slope of the longer diagonal 4. In triangle ABC, the equation of the right bisectors of the sides AB and AC are x + y = 0 and y— x = 0, respectively. If = (5, 7), then find the equation of side BC. Show that the reflection of the line ax + by + ¢= 0 in the line x+y +1=Ois the line bx + ay + (a + bc) =0, where ay b 6. Equations of two altitudes of equilateral triangle are 3x - y + 8 - 4y3 =0 and —J3x — y +12 + 4V3 =0 Find the equation of the third altitude. ‘The equations of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides AB and AC of triangle ABC are x—y +5 =0 and x+2y=0, respectively. If the point A is (1, -2), then find the equation of the line BC. 8. Two sides of a rhombus ABCD are parallel to the lines y=x+2and y= 7x +3. Ifthe diagonals of the rhombus intersect at the point (1, 2) and the vertex A is on the y-axis, then find the possible coordinates of A. ANSWERS: 1, 2lx+77y-101 2. Ox-+27y +20=0 or 39x— 13 3-1 4. l4y= 6. y=10 7. 14x+23y—40=0 8 (0, 0) or (0, 5/2) CONCURRENCY OF THREE LINES. AND FAMILY OF STRAIGHT LINES CONCURRENCY OF THREE LINES Three lines are said to be concurrent if they pass through a common point, i.e., they meet at a point. Thus, if three lines are concurrent, then the point of intersection of two lines lies on the third line. Let art byte, ay ax byt e=0 @) ant by toy eB) be three concurrent lines. Then the point of intersection of lines (2) and (3) must lie on line (1). ‘The coordinates of the point of intersection of (2) and (3) are (2a=42 byes edt = eas } agby = dyby” agby — aby This point lies on line (1). 5 «(aoa byes dsb, = abs)” = athe, ~ Bex) lee) ~ a9) =0 a hoa > a b &!=0 a he This is the required condition of concurrency of three lines. Another condition for three lines to be concurrent is that if there exist constants ,, Ay and Ay not all zero such that Ay(ayx + by + cy) + Aagx + by + cz) + Aslayx + by + c3) then lines are concurrent. Find the value of 4, ifthe lines 3x — 4y ~ 13 = and 2x ~3y +2 =0 are concurrent. x= 11y=33, (SO The given lines are concurrent if B-4 1 (8 11 -33/=0 23 A or 311A 99) +4 (81 + 66) 13 (-244 22) =0 or or Alternative method: The given equations are 3r-4y~13=0 a 8r- ly 33=0 Q and 2x—3y+4=0 @) Solving (1) and (2), we get x= LJandy= Thus, (II, 5) is the point of intersection of (1) and (2). The given lines will be concurrent if they pass through a common point, ie., the point of intersection of any two lines lies on the third. Therefore, (II, 5) lies on (3), Le., 2x11-3x S+4=0 or A= If the lines ajx + by + 1 = 0, ax + by + 1 = 0, and a;x + bsy + 1 = 0 are concurrent, then show that the points (ay, by), (ap, ba), and (as, b3) are collinear. (BAD The given lines are ayx+byyt1=0 a ax tbyy+1=0 @ and ax t+bsy+1=0 @) Ifthese lines are concurrent, we must have la, & la by = 0 lay by IStraight Lines 2.25 which is the condition of the collinearity of three points (ay, by), (ay, by), and (as, bs). Hence, if the given lines are concurrent, the given points are collinear. FAMILY OF LINES We know that through one given point, innumerable straight lines can be drawn, Let us get the general Ly equation of straight line passing through given fixed point in terms of two particular straight P) lines through the same point. Ly Consider two straight tines ix + by + ¢; = 0 and ayx + by + ¢) = 0 through fixed point P(x), ¥,)- General equation of line through point P(x,,.»,) is given by (ayx+ by + ¢)) + Mayr + byy + 6)=0,0 € R. x) + by, + 6; = 0 and asx, + byyy + cy = 0, above sfies the point P(x), »)) for all real values of 2. Note: © Consider variable straight line ax + by + ¢ = 0, where bce R. For randomly chosen values of a, 6 and c, lines obtained are not necessarily concurrent. Butifa, b, care related by equation al + m+n =0, where ,m,nare constants, then lines are concurrent for different values of a, b, ¢ which satisfy the above equation. Here, ‘only two of a, b and c can be chosen independently, al +b From the relation, e= = <= um Putting this value of ein the equation of line, we get ary 242m 7 “ o{x-1}+4(»-2)=0 a A ‘This is the equation of family of straight lines concurrent at (4.2) nn © A straight Line is such that the algebraic sum of the perpendicular drawn on it from any number of fixed points is zero. Then the line always passes through a fixed point ‘which is mean of the given points. Proof: Let the given fixed points be (x, y,); r= 1, 2, 3,-2.1 Also, let the variable line be a+ by+e=0 @ Given that = Sle, +y,+0=0 i Comparing (1) and (2), we find that Ah tact, eye ( w +ututh) n ‘This is the mean of given point through which variable line ax + by += 0 passes. From the above discussion, itis clear that in a triangle, line passing through centroid is such that the sum of algebraic distances from three vertices of triangle is zero. Show that the straight lines x(a-+ 25) + y(a + 36) = a+ b for different values of a and b pass through a fixed point. Find that point. ” [SAP Given equation of variable line is x(a +26) +y(a+3b)=a+b or a(ety—1) + 52x + 3y—1)=0 a At least one of a and will be non zero. Leta40. So, equation (1) reduces to & y+ bere3y-p= b 1)= 0, where A= Q This is the equation of family of straight lines concurrent at point of intersection of lines xty-1=0 @) and 2x-+3y-1=0 @ Solving (3) and (4), we get x= 1 Hence, given variable lines pass through the fixed point (2, -1) for all values ofa and b. Let ax + by + e=0 be a variable straight line, where a, b and care 1", 3” and 7" terms of an increasing A.P., respectively. Then prove that the variable straight line always passes through a fixed point and find that point. or oxty 1+ A(Qx+3y [SAP Let the common difference of A.P. be d. Then b= a+2d and e=a+ 6d. So, given variable straight line will be act (a+ dy +a+6d=02.26 Coordinate Geometry or ax+y+1)+dQy+6)=0 This is the equation of family of straight lines concurrent at point of intersection of lines x+y+ 1 =Oand 2y+6=0 which is (2,~3). Prove that all the lines having sum of the intercepts on the axes equal to half of the product of the intercepts pass through a fixed point, Also, find that fixed point. [SA Equation of tereept form is xyh 21 ab or bx bay=ab @ si _ ab Given thata += 5 2a+2b= ab So, equation (1) reduces to bx + ay=2a+26 or B(x =2) Faly—2)=0, This passes through fixed point (2, 2) forall real values of a and b. Find the straight line passing through the point of intersection of lines 2x + 3y +5 =0 and Sx~2y ~ 16 = 0 and through the point (1, 3) using the concept of family of lines. [SAD The equation family of lines through the point of intersection of the given lines is wt By +5 + ASx—2y- 16) a Ifa member of the above family of lines passes through the point (A, 3), then 2-1) + 3(3) + 5 + A(S(-1) ~ 2(3) — 16) =0 4 or A== 9 Putting this value 2 in equation (1), we get the required equation of line as 9(2x + 3y + 8) + 4(Sx —2y— 16) = 0 or = Qv+y-1=0 Consider a family of straight lines (x+y) + A(x —y+ 1) = Find the equation of the straight line belonging to this family that is farthest from (1, -3). Given lines are concurrent at point of intersection of lines xty=Oand2x-y+1 ~ownichis (4 ) We require a line through point P which is farthest from point QL, -3), ie., line whose perpendicular distance from point P is the greatest. We observe that perpendicular distances dd), d3.... of the lines Ly, Loy Ly, «ns Respectively, from point Q are less than distance d, of the line L, from Q. Line L, is perpendicular to the segment joining P and Q. Line L, is at greatest distance from point Q. 3 ist 3 Slope of PQ is mpg 2 Slope of the line Ly= = Therefore, equation of the required line is tbe) or = 6r=15y+7=0 Let the sides of a parallelogram be U= a, U= b, V= af and V=W,, where U=lx+my +n, V=Ex+mfy +n. Show that the equation of the diagonal through the point of intersection of ae Yisgivenby| a a’ 1 b PL U=a, V=a' and U=b, Y= (SGD) Parallelogram is formed by lines U= a, U= V= Bi, where U= b+ myn, V= x + m'y +a Let the required diagonal be AC. Since one end A of the diagonal AC passes through the point of intersection of lines U—a=0 and V—a/=0, its equations given by (U-a)+ MY ay @ But the other end C of the same diagonal passes through the point of intersection of lines U-b = 0 and V— bf =0. So, its equation is given by (Ub) +W(V—b)=0 Q) Equation (1) and (2) represents the same straight lines. atha’ Putting the value of A in (1), we get,Straight Lines 2.27 or ja a’ =0 This is the required equation of diagonal. Find the values of non-negative real numbers fh, ty. ys Koy 4k such that algebraic sum of the perpendiculars drawn from points (2, ,), (3, ha), (7, ha), (In, 4), (hia, 5), (hs, ~3) on a variable line passing through (2, 1) is zero. [SAM Let the equation of variable line be ax+by+e=0 ay It is given that 0, where (x,y); = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 are given yD, +b ]s 6 > | 2) 6 Comparing (1) and (2), we get This is the fixed point through which the variable (1) passes. But itis given that the variable line is passing through the point (2.1). and 1 2 +347+h thy thy 4 ay 6 = hy thy thy=Oandky +h k=0 Since My hay figs hyy kay hy are non-negative, fry = hy ele en aa tele} Ifa and 6 are two arbitrary constants, then prove that the straight line (a ~2b)x + (a + 3b)y + 3a + 4b = 0 will pass through a fixed point. Find that point. . If a, b, ¢ are in harmonic progression, then the straight line (x/a) + (9/6) + (We) =0 always passes through a fixed point. Find that point. |. Ifthe algebraic sum of the distances of a variable line from the points (2, 0), (0, 2), and (-2, ~ 2) is zero, then prove that the line passes through the fixed point. Find that point. Consider the family of lines 5x + 3y ~2 +4, ~~ 4) =Oandx—y+1+4,2x—y—2)=0. Find the equation ofa straight line that belongs to both the families. . If the straight lines x + y—2=0,2x—y +1=0, and ax+ by~e=0are concurrent, then at which point the family of lines 2ar + 34y-+e=0 (a, 6, care nonzero) is concurrent? ANSWERS: 2. (1,-2) 5. (1/6, -5/9) (1-2) Sx-2y-7=0 3. (0,0)2.28 Coordinate Geometry i Exercises ill Seas US Ill ns of the diagonals of square formed by lines sand y= 1 are Q) yanxty Q) 2y=xytx=3 4) y=2x,y+2e= 2. The coordinates of two consecutive vertices A and B of a regular hexagon ABCDEF are (1,0) and (2, 0), respectively. ‘The equation of the diagonal CE is () Vxt+y=4 (2) x+VBy+4=0 (3) x+VBp=4 (4) none of these 3. If each of the points (x, 4), (-2, y)) lies on the line joining the points (2, ~1) and (5, ~3), then the point P(«;,9) lies on the line (1) 6(¢+y)-25=0 (2) toy +1=0 (3) 2x+3y-6=0 (4) 6(e+y) +25=0 4. The equation to the straight line passing through the point (a cos’ 8, a sin’ @) and perpendicular to the line xsec 0+ y cose O= ais (1) xcos @~ysin @=a cos 26 (2) xe0s 6+ sin =a cos 20 (3) xsin 8+ y cos 0=a cos 20 (4) none of these The line PQ whose equation is x ~ y= 2 cuts the x-axis at P,and Q is (4, 2). The line PQ is rotated about P through 45° in the anticlockwise direction, The equation of the line PQ in the new position is () y=N2 (2) y=2 (Q) x (4) x= 6. A line moves in such @ way that the sum of the intercepts made by it on the axes is always c (constant). The locus of midpoint of its intercept between the axes is, (1) x+y=2c 3) 2u+y)=e 7. If the x-intercept of the line y then the gradient of the li mx + 2 is greater than 1/2, in the interval © (23) (3) Cx, -4) 4) (4,0) ‘The equation of a straight line on which the length of perpendicular from the origin is four units and the line makes an angle of 120° with the x-axis is (1) WB +y+8=0 2) 3 -y=8 (3) w3-y=8 (4) x-NBy+ 9. ABCD isa square. A= (1, 2), B= (3,~4). Ifline CD passes through (3, 8), then the midpoint of CD is () @,6) (2) (6,2) GB) @,5) (4) (28/5, 1/5) () C1,0) 10. ‘The equation of the straight line which passes through the point (~4, 3) such that the portion of the line between the axes is divided internally by the point in the ratio 5 :3 is, (1) 9x = 209 +96 (2) 9x +20y=24 (3) 20r+9y+53=0 (4) none of these II, A square of side a lies above the x-axis and has one vertex at the origin. The side passing through the origin makes an angle a (0.< ct < m/4) with the positive direction of the x-axis, The equation of its diagonal not passing through the origin is (1) (cos e+ sin a) +x(sin a ~ cos @) =a 2) (cos a +sin «) +x(sin c+ c0s of (3) H(cos @ + sin @) + x(cos a ~ sin @} (4) y(cos a ~ sin @) ~ x(sin a ~ cos @) =a 12, Let P= (-1, 0), O= (0,0), and R = (3, 33) be three points. Then the equation of the bisector of ZPOR is () (32x +y=0 Q) xt By @) Bxrty=0 (4) x+ (32-0 13. The equation of a line through the point (1, 2) whose distance from the point (3, 1) has the greatest value is Qy as 14, One diagonal ofa square is along the line 8x ~ 15y= 0 and one of its vertex is (1, 2). Then the equations of the sides of the square passing through this vertex are () Tx-8y+9=0, 8x + 79-22 =0 2) 9x 8y+7=0, 8x +9»-26=0 (3) 23x 7y-9=0, Tx + 23y-53=0 (4) none of these 15, The angle between the diagonals of a quadrilateral formed Zee x42 eS by the lines = + + aa = x 2 Q) 2 x a) = Os e rational slope, passes through the point is at a distance of 5 units from B(1, 3). The slope of line is o® 8 Q ts 3 8 Os Os 17. The line x + 3y ~ 2 = 0 bisects the angle between a pair of straight lines of which one has equation x ~ 7y+5=0. The equation of the other line is, () 3r+3y-1=0 (3) 5x+5y-3=0 2) x-3y+2=0 (A) none of theseStraight Lines 2.29 18. 19. 20. 2. 2, 23. 24, 25, 26. Given 4 = (1, 1) and 4B is any line through it cutting the x-axis at B. If AC is perpendicular to AB and meets the axis in C, then the equation of the locus of midpoint P of BCis Q) xty=1 Q) xty=2 (3) x+y=2y (@) 2x+2y=1 ‘The number of possible straight lines passing through (2, 3) and forming a triangle with the coordinate axes, whose area is 12 sq. units, is (1) one @) wwo (3) three 4) four ‘Two parallel lines lying in the same quadrant make intercepts a and b on x and y-axes, respectively, between them. The distance between the lines is () ya? +? 1 0 = Va +o The line L, = 4x + 3y ~ 12 = 0 imtersects the x- and y-axis at 4 and B, respectively. A variable line perpendicular to L, intersects the x- and the y-axis at P and Q, respectively. Then the locus of the circumcenter of triangle ABQ is (1) 3x-4y+2=0 Q) 4x+3y+7=0 (3) 6x 8y+7=0 (4) none of these A beam of light is sent along the line x ~ y= 1, which after refracting from the x-axis enters the opposite side by turning through 30° towards the normal at the point of incidence on the x-axis. Then the equation of the refracted ray is () Q-VByx-y=2 +93 Q) @+VB-y=24+V3 GB) @-Bw+y=2+ 13) (4) y=2-.B)@-1) ‘The number of integral values of m for which the x-coordinate of the point of intersection of the lines 3x + 4y=9 and y= mx +1 isalso an integer is (2 (2) 0 G) 4 @l Ifthe sum of the distances of point from two perpendicular lines in a plane is 1, then its locus is (1) asquare (2) acirele (3) astraight line (4) two intersecting lines ‘The equation of set of lines which are at a constant distance ‘of 2 units from the origin is () xty+2=0 (3) xeos ¢+ysin @=2 Q) xty+4=0 1 (A) xeos a+ysina= > The lines y = myx, y = myx, and y = myx make equal intercepts on the line x + y= 1. Then (1) 21+ my) (1 + m,) = (1+ mg) 2 +m, +5) (2) (1+ my) (1 ms) = (1 mg) CL + my +m) @) (+m) (1 +m) = (1 +m) 2 +m + m3) (4) 20. + my) (1+ ms) = (1 +m) +m, + ms) 27. ‘The condition on a and b, such that the portion of the line ax + by ~ 1 = 0 intercepted between the lines ax + y= 0 and x + by =0 subtends a right angle at the origin, is () a=6 Q) at+b=0 (3) a=2b (4) 2a=b 28. The area of the triangle formed by the lines y x+y a=0,and the y-axis is equal to 1 © area @ ita 1 & Ira 2 a @ Fa] 1 meets the x-axis at A, the y-axis at B, and the line y = at C such that the area of A4OC is twice the area of ABOC. Then the coordinates of Care 8) (2.3) (4) none of these 30. The line x/3 + y/4 = 1 meets the y- and x-axis at Aand B, respectively. A square ABCD is constructed on the line segment AB away from the origin, The coordinates of the vertex of the square farthest from the origin are @) (73) Q) 47), (3) (6,4) (4) GB,8) 31. The area ofa parallelogram formed by the lines ax + hx +e =0is (1) aby (2) 2c"ab) (3) e2ab (4) none of these 32. One diagonal of a square is 3x—4y + 8 =0 and one vertex is CL, 1), then the area of square is, 1 1 () Gp sunt 2) 35 sa unit 8 2 @) Gp sa-unit (4) Fy sae unit 33. Inn isosceles triangle O4B, O is the origin and 04 = OB = 6. The equation of the side 4B is x — y + 1 = 0. The area of triangle is (1) 221 2) Via @) olay @ cil 34. A straight line through the origin O meets the parallel lines 4x + 2y = 9 and 2x + y +6 = 0 at points P and Q, respectively. Then the point O divides the segment PQ in the ratio () 1:2 (2) 3:4 (@) 2:1 4) 4:3 35. The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular from the point (2, 3) on the line —y + 3x + 4 = 0 are given by (1) G7/10,-1/10) 2) CANO: 37/10) (3) (10/37, -10) (4) (2/3, -1/3)2.30 Coordinate Geometry 36. The straight lines 7x ~ 2y + 10 = 0 and 7x+2y—-10=0 form an isosceles triangle with the line y = 2. The area of this triangle is equal to (1) 15/7 sq. units (2) 10/7 sq, units (3) 18/7 sq, units (4) none of these 37. The equations of the sides of a triangle are x+y ~ 5 =0, x—y+1=0, and y~ 1=0. Then the coordinates of the circumeenter are Mad (2) (1,2) GB) 2-2) (4) (1-2) 38. Ifthe intercept made on the line y = mx by lines y = = 6 is less than 5, then the range of values of m is (1) (2, 413) U (423, +00) 2) 43, 413) (3) (-3/4, 4/3) (4) none of these and 39. The range of @ in the interval (0, 7) such that the points (3, 5) and (sin @, cos 6) lie on the same side of the line xty-1=0is x x 1) 0<0<> 2) 0<0<— NERS i Q) 2 x 3x een (3) 0<6 0) () 85q. unit (2) 165q. unit (3) 32sq. unit (4) 64 sq, unit Given 4(0, 0) and B(x, ») with x €(0, 1) and y>0. Let the slope of line AB be m,. Point C lies on line x= I such that the slope of BC is equal to my, where 0 Oandx-+y<1, then (1) P lies either inside the triangle OAB or in the third quadrant (2) P cannot lie inside the triangle OAB (3) P lies inside the triangle OAB (4) P lies in the first quadrant only Ina triangle ABC, the bisectors of angles B and Clie along the lines x= y and y= 0. IfA is (1, 2), then the equation of line BC is () 2e+y=1 (2) Be-y=5 (3) x-2y=3 (4) x+3y=1 Line ax + by + p = 0 makes angle m4 with x cos @ +y sin @ = p, p © R’. If these lines and the line x sin a —y cos a = 0 are concurrent, then () @+R=1 Q) @+h=2 3) 2@+B)= (4) none of these The equation of the line segment AB is y = x. If A and B lie on the same side of the line mirror 2x —y = 1, then the image of AB has the equation () x+y= (2) &+y=9 (3) 7x-y=6 (4) none of these The equation of the bisector of the acute angle between the lines 2x y+ 4=Oandx~ 2y= Lis () x+y+5=0 (2) x-y+1=0 @) x-y=5 (4) none of these The straight lines 4ax + 3by + ¢ = 0, wherea +b +e = 0, are concurrent at the point () (4,3) (2) (14, 1/3) (3) (1/2, 13) (4) none of these If the lines ax + y + 1 = 0, x + by + 1 = 0, and x+y+c=0(a,b,c being distinct and different from 1) are concurrent, then (A+ (h ao Qt Q) Va+b+o (4) none of these232 Coordinate Geometry 75. 16. 71. 8. 9. 80. 81. 82. If lines x+2y ax +y+3=0, and bx y+2=Oare concurrent, and ‘is the curve denoting the locus of (a, ), then the least distance of S from the origin is (1) SINT 2) SAST (3) SN5S (4) SA59 The straight lines x + 2y ~ 9 = 0, 3x + Sy ~ 5 = 0, and ax + by ~ 1 = 0 are concurrent, if the straight line 35x — 22y + 1 =0 passes through the point (1) @4) (2) (b,a) G3) Ca, ~6) (4) none of these If the straight lines 2x + 3y — 1 = 0, x + 2y— 1 = 0, and ‘ax+by—1=0 forma triangle with the origin as orthocenter, then (a, b) is given by (1) ©, 4) 2) (3,3) GB) (8,8) (4) 0,7) If 2= Vble + Veib, where a, b, ¢ > 0, then the vbe family of lines vax + Vby + V@ = 0 passes though the fixed point given by @ ap 2) (1-2) (3) C12) @ CLD If itis possible to draw line which belongs to all the given family of lines y ~ 2v-+ 1 +2,(2y—x~1)=0,3y~x~6 +4,{y — 3x + 6)=0, ax ty 2 +23 (6x + ay ~a)=0, then () a=4 Q) a=3 (G) a= (4) a=2 If two members of family (2 + Ax + (1 + 2Ayy — 3(1 +4)=0 and line x +y=0 make an equilateral triangle, then the incentre of triangle so formed is, 11 7 of) of 55 of) af The set of lines xtan™! a+ ysin 1 @€(0, 1), is concurrent at (3) (a2) If sin(ax + B) sin(at ~ B) = sin 7(2 sin B + sin 7), where 0 8/15 (QQ) x>8/5 @) y<-¥/5 (4) y<-8i15 2. If (x,y) is a variable point on the line y = 2x lying between. the lines 20+ 1) +y=0 and.x + 3(y~ 1) = 0, then () xe C12, 6/7) 2) x e-1/2, 3/7) @) yeCl.37 @) ye C167) 3. Let P(sin @, cos 8), (0 < @< 2x), be a point in a triangle with vertices (0, 0), (V3/2, 0), and (0, V3/2). Then, (1) 0<0< Wiz (2) Sni2<0< m2 (3) 0<0<5n2 (4) sni2<0 0), @ ay @ (-) @) @-2) ) G,3) 1, The straight line 3x + 4y~ 12 =0 meets the coordinate axes at A and B. An equilateral triangle ABC is constructed. The possible coordinates of vertex C are (2(-98)3(-)) 2) (20 +13), F0 43)) @) (20 +93), 3. 43) & (2(1+33)3(1+4)) 12. The equation of the (1, 0) and at a distance ¥: () Bx+y-B=0 2) x+Vy- (3) V3x-y-V3 (4) x-\3y—V3 13. The sides of a triangle are the straight lines.x + y= 1, Ty =x, and V3y +.x=0. Then which of the followin; interior point of the triangle? (1) Cireumeenter (2) Centroid (3) Incenter (4) Orthocenter 14, If the straight line ax + ey = 2b, where a, b, ¢ > 0, makes a triangle of area 2 sq. units with the coordinate axes, then (1) a,b, care in GP @) a,b, care in GP (3) a,2b,careinGP (4) a,-2b, care in GP 15. Consider the equation y ~ y, = m(x—x,). If mand x, are fixed and different lines are drawn for different values of Yip then (1) the lines will pass through a fixed point (2) there will be a set of parallel lines (3) all the lines intersect the line x = x, (4) all the lines will be parallel to the line y=.x, 16, Equation(s) of the straight line(s), inclined at 30° to the-x-axis such that the length of its (each of their) Tine segment(s) between the coordinate axes is 10 units, is (are) () x+%By+5V3=0 (2) x-VBy + 5V3=0 (3) x+V3p-5v3 =0 (4) x-\3y-5V3 =0 17. The lines x + y— 1 = 0, (m— I)x + (nm? — T)y —5 = 0, and (m—2)x+ (2m ~ S)y=Oare (1) concurrent for three values of m (2) concurrent for one value of m (3) concurrent for no value of m (4) parallel for m= 3 ines passing through the point 18. 19. 20. a. 2. 23. 24, 25. The equation of a straight line passing through the point (2, 3) and inclined at an angle of tan '(1/2) with the line ptoe=5 is 3 Q) x=2 (3) 3x4 4y—18=0 (@) 4x+3y-17=0 ‘The equation of the lines on which the perpendiculars from the origin make 30° angle with the x-axis and which form a triangle of area 50/3 with the axes are (1) Bx+y-10=0 2) Bx+y+10=0 (3) x+By-10=0 (@) x-By-1 A line is drawn perpendicular to line y = Sx, meeting the coordinate axes at A and B. If the area of triangle OAB is 10 sq. unit where O is the origin, then the sum of intercepts of the fine is M2 @-2 @) 10 (4) -10 Ifx—2y +4 =0 and 2x + y —5 =O are the sides of an isosceles triangle having area 10 sq. units, then possible equation of the third side is () x4 3y=4 (2) x+3y=19 (3) 3x-y=-9 (4) 3x 1 Find the value(s) of a for which the given lines are concurrent. 2x+y-1=0; ax + 3y— 3x+2y-2=0. M3 @- Ql a4 Three lines px + qy+r=0, qx +ry+p=0, and rx+py+q =0 are concurrent if () ptq+r 3) p+ qi +r =3pqr 6, and 6, are the inclination of lines L, and L, respectively, with x-axis. If L; and L pass through P(x), y,), then equations of angle bisectors of lines are Q) Pe + P= prt ppg (4) none of these x-x =(@8) al 2 a Q) (3) @) Consider the lines L, = 3x—4y+2=Oand L,=3)—4x—5=0. Now, choose the correct statement(s).. (1) The line x + y +3 = 0 bisects the acute angle between L, and L; containing the origin, (2) The line. x—y +1 = 0 bisects the obtuse angle between L, and L; not containing the origin.2.34 Coordinate Geometry (3) The fine.x + Obisects the obtuse angle between L, and L, containing the origin, (4) The line x—y + 1 =O bisects the acute angle between L, and Ly not containing the origin. 26, The sides of a rhombus are parallel to the lines x+y — 1 = and 7x—y—5=0. Itis given that the diagonals of the rhombus intersect at (1, 3) and one vertex, 4 of the rhombus lies on the line y = 2x. Then the coordinates of vertex 4 are (1) 5, 16/5) (2) (715, 14115) (3) 5, 12/5) (4) (4/15, 8/15) 27. ‘Two straight lines u = 0 and v = 0 pass through the origin and the angle between them is tan”'(7/9). If the ratio of the slope of v= 0 and w= 0 is 9/2, then their equations are (1) y+3x=0 and 3y-+2x=0 (2) 2y+3x=0 and 3y+x=0 28, Let u = ax + by + aVb = 0, v = bx - ay + bNa = 0, a, b & R, be two straight lines, The equations of the bisectors of the angle formed by kw ~ kv = 0 and kyu+ kg =0, for nonzero and real k, and ky, are Qu 2) kyu k= (3) ku-kyv=0 (4) v=0 29. Two sides of a triangle are parallel to the coordinate axes. Ifthe slopes of the medians through the acute angles of the triangle are 2 and m, then m= @ 12 @2 @)4 48 30. A line which makes an acute angle 0 with the positive di- rection of the x-axis is drawn through the point P(3, 4) to meet the line x = 6 at R and y= 8 at S. Then, (1) PR=3 sec @ (2) PS=4 cosee 0 2(3sind +4c0s6) 3) PR+ PS= ° sin20 9 16 4) +oo1 o (PRY (PS) ee Rta eu as eunys Ill For Problems 1-3 Let Z be the line belonging to the family of straight lines (a +25) x+(a~3b)y +a~8b=0, a, b € R, which is the farthest from the point (2, 2). 1, The equation of line L is (1) x+4y+7 (2) 2x+3y+4=0 (3) 4v-y-6=0 (4) none of these 2, Area enclosed by the line Land the coordinate axes is (1) 4/3 sq. units (2) 9/2sq. units (3) 49/8 sq. units (4) none of these 3. If L is concurrent with the lines x ~ 2y + 1 = 0 and 3x—4y +=, then the value of A is (1) 2 QI a4 5 For Problems 4-6 The equation of an altitude of an equilateral triangle is Y3x +y = 2V3, and one of the vertices is (3,V3). 4. The possible number of triangles is agi 2) 2 GB) 3 (4) 4 5. Which of the following is not one of the possible vertices of the triangle? (1) (0,0) (2) (0,23) G) BB) (4) None of these 6. Which of the following is one of the orthocenters of the triangle? @ d,x3) 2) 0,3) @) (0,2) (4) none of these For Problems 7-9 A variable line L is drawn through ©(0, 0) to meet the lines Ly and L> given by y—x—10=0 and y —x~20=0 at points A and B, respectively. 7. A point P is taken on L such that 2/0P = 1/04 + VOB. Then the locus of P is (1) 3x+3y=40 (2) 3x+3y+40=0 (3) 3x-3y=40 (4) 3y-3r=40 8. Locus of P, if OP? = OA * OB, is. qa) 00 (2) @+a7 =50 GB) O- 00, (4) none of these 9 Locus of P, if (/OP*) = (I/OB?) + (1/04"), is 0 Q) (=x = 100 4 (4) none of these @ oar (@) Oa For Problems 10-12 The line 6x + 8 48 intersects the coordinate axes at A and B, respectively. A line L bisects the area and the perimeter of triangle OAB, where O is the origin. 10. The number of such lines possible is mi Q)2 @) 3 (4) more than 3 11. The slope of line L can be (1) (10 + 5v6y/10 (3) (8 +3V6y/10 12. Line L (1) does not intersect AB (2) does not intersect OB (3) does not intersect OA (4) can intersect all the sides For Problems 13-15 AQ, 3) and C(-2/5, -2/5) are the vertices of a triangle ABC and the equation of the internal angle bisector of ZABC is x + y = 2. (2) (10-Sv6y/10 (4) none of theseStraight Lines 2.35 13. ‘The equation of side BC is (1) Te 3y- Q) Ix+3y+4=0 (3) Ie-3y+4=0 (4) Ix-3y- 14, The coordinates of vertex B are (1) G10, 17/10) (2) (17/10, 3/10) (3) ©5/2, 9/2) @ 0) 15, The equation of side 4B is (1) 3x4 7y=24 (3) 13e+7y+8=0 For Problems 16-18 Let ABCD be a parallelogram whose equations for the diagonals AC and BD are x+ 2y=3 and 2x +y = 3, respectively. 16. If length of diagonal AC is 4 units and the area of parallelogram ABCD is 8 sq. units, then the length of other diagonal BD is (2) 3x+7y+24=0 (4) 1Bx-7y+8=0 () 103 @2 (3) 203 (4) none of these 7. The length of side AB is equal to (1) 2V58/3 (2) 4V58/9 (3) 3YS8/9 (4) 4N58/9 18. The length of BC is equal to () 2vT0/3 (2) 4103 (3) svI03 For Problems 19-21 Consider a triangle POR with coordinates of its vertices as P(-8, 5), OCS, -19), and R(1, -7). The bisector of the interior angle of P has the equation which can be written in the form ax +2y+e=0. (4) none of these 19, The distance between the orthocenter and the circumcenter of triangle POR is (1) 25/2 (2) 292 (3) 3772 (@ 512 20. The radius of the in circle of triangle POR is, (4 Qs G) 6 a8 21. The sum a+ cis () 129 Q) 78 () 89 (4) none of these For Problems 22-24 The base of an isosceles triangle measures 4 units andits base angle is equal to 45°. A straight line cuts the extension of the base at a point M at the angle @ and bisects the lateral side of the triangle which is nearest to M. 22. The area of quadrilateral which the straight line cuts off from the given triangle is 1 3+tan@ 9) 34+S5tan@ © Tr tan@ @ Ty tan 6 3+ tan @ 3+2tan@ @ ae os tan 0 1+ tan @ 23, The possible range of values in which area of quadrilateral which straight line cuts off from the given triangle lie in 57 ay (. 3) 2) 4,3) (3) (4,5) @) G4) 24, The length of portion of straight line inside the triangle may lie in the range 3 Q) (= 8) (4) W2.¥3) () 2,4) (3) (2,2) For Problems 25-27 Consider point A(6, 30), point B(24, 6) and line AB: 4x +3y= 114, Point P(O, A) is a point on y-axis such that 0 < 2 <38 and point (0, 4) isa point on y-axis such that > 38. 28, Forall positions of point P, angle APB is maximum when point P is, (1) (0, 12) ) (0, 15) 3) (0, 18) @) 0.21 26. The maximum value of angle APB is x n 2n 3n OF @F OF OF 27. Forall positions of point Q, angle AQB is maximum when point Q is (1) (0,54) (2) (0, 58) ee lll Consider the lines represented by equation (x° + xy - x) (e=y) =0 forming a triangle. Then match the following lists: 3) (0,60) (4) @1) List 1 List IT a.Orthocenter of triangle |p. (1/6, 12) 4g. (12 +22), 1/2) (0, 1/2) s. (1/2, 1/2) b. Circumcenter ce. Centroid d. Incenter 2. Consider the triangle formed by the lines y+ 3x+2=0,3y-2x-5=0,4y+x-14=0 Match the following lists: List 1 List Ir a. Values of cif (0, a) lies in- side the triangle p. %,7/3)U(3/4, 2) . Values of c if (a, 0) lies in- side the triangle 43

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