TheFirstCrusade 10243550

T H E F IR S T C R U S A D E
TH E A C CO U N TS O F EYE -
W ITN E S S E S
A N D PA R T I CIPA N T S
BY
“
A U G U ST 0 . KR EY
A S S O C I A T E P R O F E S S O R O F H I S T O R Y I N TH E
U N I V E R S I TY O F MI N N E S O TA
PR I N C E TO N U N IV E R S ITY P R E S S
P R I N C E TO N
L O N D O N : H U M P H R E Y MI L F O R D
O XF O R D U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S
1 92 1
P R I Mem o N U N
-
IV E R S I TY PR
ES S
D A N A C AR L ET O N MU N R O
" '
O
D DG E PRO F E SS OR OF M E D I A E VA L H I S T OR Y
IN PR I N CE T O N U N I VE R S I T Y
PR E F A CE
W h e n H en r y A d ams s o u g h t i a n g u la t e th e p r o g r e s s o f
to t r
mo d e r n c i v i l i z a t i o n h e fix e d h is h i st o r i ca l t r a n s i t a t M o n t S t .
M i ch e l an d Cha r t r e s i n t h e d a y s o f t h e F i rs t Cr u s a d e a n d s i g h te d
f r o m th e m a c r o ss t h e c e n t u r i e s N o e a rl i e r p la c e i n th e M idd l e
.
A g e s w o ul d h av e a ff o r d e d a f o u n d a t i o n o f e qu al b rea d t h in it s
d e s c r i pt i o n o f s o c i ety Th e s p i r i t u a l c h a r ac t e r o f th e Cr u sa d e
.
l e n t a hal o t o ev e n t h e mo s t co m m o n pl a c e d e ta i l s c o n ne cte d w i t h
i t a n d th u s g a ve to th em a l i te ra ry i mm o r t al i t y h i th e r t o c o n fi n e d
r a t h e r n a r r o w ly t o m a tt e r s o f e ccl e s i as t i ca l i n t er es t Th e w id e .
sp r ea d e nt h u s i a s m for th e mo v e me n t a n d p a r t i c i pa t i o n i n i t a s
su r e d it s c o m m em o ra t io n not o n ly i n m on u me n t s o f s t o n e b u t
i n a v a r i e t y o f w r i t i ng s as w el l T h e a u th o r s o f t h e s e a cc o un t s
.
w e r e n e i th e r s op h i s t i cat e d nor h i g hly t ra i n e d i n t he i r a rt T h e .
p i ct u r e o f s o c i e t y w h i c h t h ey d re w t h o u g h rela t i v el y c o m pl e t e
, ,
h a s s t o o d f o r th w i t h a l l th e s i m pl e a n d s t a r k r eal i s m o f a c h a r
c oal s k e t ch f ul l o f f eel i n g ac t i o n a n d s ce n e r y b u t la ck i n g i n
, , , ,
finish . T h e po l i s h a n d fi n i sh h a v e c o me w i th t h e l a te r ce n t u
ries . F o r t h o s e h o w ev e r w h o w o ul d u n d e r s ta n d t h a t s o c i e ty
, ,
ev e n i n it s m o r e fi n i sh e d f o r m a k n ow l e d g e o f t h e p r el i m i n a ry
,
sk etch i s s t i l l e s s en t i al .
I n t h ese l a ck o L a t i n d ay s s t u d e n t s s eek i n g t o a c c o m pl i s h t h i s
- -
fi n d t h e i r pa t h t oo m u c h bese t w i t h l i n gu i s t i c ob s ta cle s I t i s to .
a m el i o ra t e t hes e di fficu l t i e s t ha t t h e p r e s en t v o l u m e h a s bee n co m

p i le d . T he pla n o f t h i s w o r k w i l l b e f o u n d r e m i n i s cen t o f
Arc h er s Cms a a e of R ich ard I an d the P ara l l el S ou rc e P robl ems
’ ’
of M edia ev a l H is tory . The au th o r g ra t e f ull y a ck n o w le d g e s in
d eb t ed n es s t o both . F or a s s i sta n c e i n t he p r epa r a t i o n of th es e

vi P RE F A C E
t r a ns la t i o n s h e is u n d e r g r eat ob l i g a t i o n to s eve ral of h is fo rmer

s t u d en t s . S pec i al a ck n o w l e d g m en t is d u e to S i st e r F r a n c es R i ta
Ry a n M A ( S i s t er s o f S t J o sep h ) fo r h e r c o n t r i b ut i o n s o f th e
,
. . .
p a s sa g e s f ro m F ul ch e r a n d t o Mrs W i l l o u g h b y M B abc o ck M A
. .
,
. .
fo r a l i k e se r v i c e i n t he ca s e of E kk eh a r d . B o th h av e a l s o as
s i s t e d i n r ea di n g t h e p r o o f s h e e t s . I n t h e p rep a r a t i o n of the in
t ro d u c t ion and n o te s th e w o rk s of n u m e r o u s sc h ol a r s i n the
fi el d h a v e bee n pl a ce d u n d e r c o n t r ib ut i o n . A few of th e s e are

m en t i o n e d bu t i t , w o u l d b e qu i t e
i m po s s i bl e t o en u m e ra t e t h e m
a ll T h e a u t h o r m u s t c o n t en t h i m sel f w i t h t h e ex p r e s s i o n o f his
.
g ra t i t u d e t o Pro fe s s o r D C M u n r o th r o u gh w h o s e s em i na r he
. .
, ,
l i k e s o m a ny o t h e r s w as fir s t i n t r o d u ce d t o th e s t u d y o f t h i s
,
period F i n a ll y I w i s h t o a ck n o w l e d ge m y i n d eb t e d n e s s t o m y
.
,
w i f e w i t h o u t w h o s e h el p a t a l l s ta g e s t h i s w o rk w o u l d n o t h av e
,
b ee n c o m pl ete d .
A C K
. . .
M in n eap ol i s M i n n ,
.
M ay 3 1 1 92 1 ,
.
TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S
I nt rod u cti on
Prol og u e
Cha p ter I The S u mmons

.
Con d iti o n s in E ur op e a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e Cr u s ad e
—
I .
2 U rb an s p l ea fo r a Cr u s ade 3 Th e i mmed i ate r e s p on s e

’
—4 U r b an s i ns tru cti on s t o a s s embl i ng Cru s ader s

. .
’
. .
Ch ap ter I I . Th e M a rch t o Const antino p le

1 . Th e D ep art u r e— 2 Th e M a r c h o f t h e P ea s ant s —
.
3 . Th e
M ai n B ody .
Chapte r I I I . Al e x i u s an d
th e C r u sa ders
1 A l e x i u s a nd t h e P e as a n t s F at e o f t h e P e a s a nt s Cru s ad e ’
Th e E mpe r or s tr e a t men t o f H u gh— 3 Go d fr ey at Co n

. .
’
2
—
. .
s t a n t in op l e 4 A l e x i u s a nd t h e mi n o r l ea d e r s 5 B ohe
mu nd a n d t h e E mp er or— 6 R ay mo nd an d t h e E mp ero r
. .
7 Ro b e rt o f N or ma n dy an d S t ep he n a t t h e E mp e ro r s Co u rt
’
8 S i e g e a n d c ap t u r e o f N i c a e a— 9 A l e x i u s a t t h e s u r
.
r end er o f N i c aea— Io Th e vi ew s o f A l e x i u s o n h is re l a ti on s
. .
w it h th e Cr u s a d e r s .
Ch ap te r I V From N i c a e a to Anti o ch
.
I B a tt l e o f D o ry l a e u m
. 2 H a r d s h i p s o f t h e ma r c h thr ou g h
-
.
A s i a M i n or 3 B a l d w i n a n d T a n c r e d d e p a rt fro m t h e ma i n
.
4 Th e ma r ch thr o u gh A rm e ni a 5 B e g i nn i n g o f
—
a r my . .
t h e s i e g e o f A n ti oc h 6 S u mma r y o f t h e ma r c h t o A nti oc h /
.
a n d t h e b eg i nn i n g o f t h e s i e g e 7 Th e fo r ag i n g e x p ed iti o n .
o f B oh e mu n d R ob e rt o f F l a n d er s 8 S u ff eri n g s in
—
and
f
.
c a mp b e fo r e A n ti oc h 9 Ca ll for r e i n fo r c e me nt s 1 0 Th e
. .
e r e c ti o n o f a fo rtr e s s F i g h t s w ith t h e T u r k s I I Ca p t u r e
—
. .
o f A n ti och 12 S u mma ry o f t h e s i eg e o f A n ti o ch
. .
Cha p ter V . K e rb ogh a an d

th e Fi ndi ng o f t h e L a nc e
I . K e rbog h a l ay s s i e g e t o t h e Cr u s a d e r s in A n ti oc h— 2 D ir e .
s tr a it s o f t h e Cr u s ad e r s 3 R ev e l a ti on o f t h e L an c e
—
.
4. D e fe a t o f K e rb o g h a 5 S u mma ry o f ev en t s .
TA B LE O F C O N TE N T S
Ch ap te r V I D i ssen si on a mong th e l e a ders

.
I .D i s or g an i z a ti on o f t h e ar my — 2 D is p u t es b et w een R a y
.
-
w
mo n d a n d B oh emu n d 3 R ay mo n d fi n a ll y s t a rt s fo r J e r u
.
s a l em A rc h a s
.
4 C o nti n u e d qu a rr e l s a mon g t h e l eade r s
. .
Th e tri a l o f t h e L a n c e 5 A not h e r V i e w o f t h e r ev e l a ti on /
.
a n d t ria l o f t he L a n c e .
Ch ap te r VII C a p t u r e o f J e r u s a l em
. .
I M a rch t o J e ru s a l e mfi —z Th e S ie ge 3 Fi n a l a s s au l t and
—
. .
c apt u r e A rr m t h l i g r m 5 B at
—
4 . an g e e n s f o r o d n J e u s a l e .
t l e o f A s c a lo n é B ohe mu n d a nd B a l d w i n fu lfil th e ir v o w
—7 O ffi c i al S u mmary o f th e Cr u s ade
.
N otes
I N TR O D U C T I O N
It is n ow
mo re th an eight h un d r ed ye a rs si nce Ch ri sti a n Eu rop e
w a s fi rst a rou se d to a rms i n a n e ffo rt t o w r est th e H oly L a n d f rom
th e hands o f t he I nfi del an d yet the i nter est in t hose ex p editi on s
,
sti ll p ersi sts S c a rcely a gener a ti on h a s p a sse d with o u t d em a n ding

.
a f u lle r a n d f reshe r a ccount o f the Crus a des for i ts own

p e ru sal .
S obe r h i sto ri a n s h a ve s ought e a rnestly to a n swe r the ca l l but , ,
v oluminou s a s thei r work h a s been the f a n ci f u l poet an d n ovel is t

,
h a ve su cceeded i n keep i ng a p a ce i n a dv an ce I t wo uld requi re many .
p a ges t o li st only th e t itles o f the books a n d a rti cle s wh i ch th e l a s t

gener a tion a lon e h a s p rod uced A p p a rent l y the s u bj ect wi l l n ot
.
ce a se to ap p e a l to th e i nte rest o f th e wo rl d s o long a s the h i sto ry o f

Sy ri a remain s a t re a s u r ed m emory An d the sto ry o f the fi r st a nd
’
‘
.
most success ful Ch ri sti a n e ffo rt t o r et a ke p o sse ssi on o f the H oly

Lan d wi ll conti nu e to b e rea d wi th feeli ng by th e des cend ants b loo d ,
an d s p i r itu a l o f th os e fi r st C r u s a ders I t seems there fo re n ot

, .
, ,
ou t o f p l a ce to m a k e a vai l a bl e fo r the Engli sh re a de r the sto ry o f
that ex p edit ion a s related by the men who witnes sed i t an d p a rti
c ip at e d i n it .
I . GE N ER A L
I M POR T A N CE O F TH E C H RO N I CL E S
M o dern w ri ters h av e viewe d th e C r u s a de s wit h v a rying o p ini on .
“
S cho l a rly enthusi a sts h ave seen i n the m the fi rst gre a t e ffo rt o f
m edi a ev a l l i fe t o go beyon d th e p u rs u it o f selfi sh an d i sol a te d a m
bi ti on s ; t h e t ri a l fe a t o f the yo u ng w orl d e s s ay ing to u s e .
,
t o t he glo ry o f Go d an d th e ben efi t o f m a ny th e a rms o f its n ew ,
kn ighthoo d ”
.Others l ike Gibbon mor e cyn ic a l i n thei r atti t u de
1
, , ,
h ave seen i n them only th e mo u rn ful s p ect a c l e o f h u n d reds o f

thou s a nd s o f hum a n beings l ed on to i n evi t abl e sl a u ghte r by a spi r i t
o f i gnor a nt fan atici sm 2
H o wever va ried th e o p ini on on the wi sd om
.
a n d th e ex p edi ency o f th e unde rt a king the re is l ess room fo r ,
di ffe rence i n rega r d to the i m p o rt a nce o f th e movemen t a s a p h a se

i n th e d evelo p ment o f E u ro p e a n civil i z a ti on T he highly l oc a li z ed .
l i fe o f th e eleventh cent u ry i n wh i ch th e i mmedi ate ho ri z on s o o ften

,
se rve d to l imi t men s vi si on o f knowl edge w a s sh aken f rom en d to

’
,
en d N ot al l wh o st a rted on thi s e x p edit ion to th e H oly L an d ever

.
re a ch ed the other en d o f E u ro p e to b e su re b u t even these s aw

'
, ,
fo r the fi rst time str a nge citi es a n d men an d ret u rn ed home i f not ,
with gl ory ce rt a i nly with mo re ex p eri en ce th a n they h a d h ad be fo re

,
.
2 T H E F I RST C R U SA D E
As fo r th e thou s a nd s wh o fi n al l y s u ccee de d i n ove rcoming th e al most

s u p erh u m a n ob st a cl es i nv olve d i n th e conq u est o f t h e ho l y p l a ces ,
w h a t wond er s d i d th ey n ot have t o relat e ! I n d ivi d u a l s a n d o cc a

-
s io n a l ban ds o f
p i l gri m s h a d j o u rn eye d over th e s a me r out e be f o r e
th e Cr u s a de rs b u t they we re rel a t ively s o f ew th a t t hei r ex p eri en ces
,
were ab sorbed wi thin th ei r own l imited loc al i tie s an d le ft few t r a ces .
Th e Fi rst Cr u s a d e h ow eve r enl i ste d peopl e o f a l l c l a sses o f b oth

, , ,
sexes a n d eve ry age d r a wing t h em fro m p ra cti cally al l p a rt s o f

, ,
Ch ri st i a n E u ro p e As th e fi rst b a n ds p ro ceeded th ro u gh d i stri ct

.
a fter di st ri ct oth er s c a ught th e s p i rit a n d st a rted a fte r t hem An d

, .
th u s th e n a r row h igh w a ys we r e choke d with a con stant stre a m o f

Cr u s a der s some h u r ryin g e a stw a rd oth e rs retu rni ng home N o r
, ,
.
di d t he movemen t ce a se w ith th e c a pt u re o f J eru s a l em Ten ye a r s .
l a te r th ere we re Cr u s a de rs stil l going E a st i n an swe r to Urb a n s ’
c a l l fo r t h e Fi rst Cr u s a de whi l e the a ct u a l p o sse ssi on o f the H ol y

,
Ci ty by th e Cr us a de rs a ffo rd ed th e n e ce s s a ry im p etu s for a steady

‘
st re a m o f p i lg ri ms between West a n d E a st Wi th th e p i l gri m an d .
th e Cru s a de r wen t a l so th e me rch a n t co u ri e r mi nst rel an d a d , , ,
ventu rer Th u s w ay f a ri ng w i th a l l i ts a tten d a nt good an d evi l

.
, ,
be c am e a h abi t ove r a l l o f Eu ro p e W h a t t h i s exch a nge o f i de a s

.
a n d w a re s me a n t t r a n scen d s st a t i sti cs a n d mu st be l ooked fo r i n
the accele r a te d p rogress o f E u ro p e wh ic h f o l lowed i n th e s o call e d ,

-
Ren a i s s a n ce o f the T w el fth Cent u ry

—
.
! uite a p art f rom th e Cr u s a d e i t sel f th e eye w itn ess

,
a ccou nts o f
th e ex p ed iti on have a p e c u l i a r v a l u e f o r th e st u d ent o f h i sto ry a s
th e fi rst fa i rly fu l l d escri p ti on o f Eu ro p e a n so ciety si nce th e f a l l
.
o f the Rom a n Em p i re i n the We st I t i s di f fi c u l t to fi nd i n th e

.
p erio d bet ween the fi fth a n d t wel fth cent u ri es a n y w rit ings whi ch
desc ribe contem p o r a ry l i fe an d soci ety Einh a rd s L if e of Ch a r l e
’
.
magn e i s the striki ng exce p ti on J u st a s th e me agre German ia

.
o f T a ci t u s h a s been remorsel es s l y tort u re d i nto a con fes si on o f
Germ a ni c c ivili z a ti on f req u ently ma de t o serve al l cent u ri es f ro m

,
t h e p reh i stor i c t o th e eighth an d even beyon d so Ei nh a rd wi th

, , ,
b u t l ittle h e l p h a s be en p res sed int o eq u a l l y heroi c se rvi ce f o r

,
the eighth a n d n i nth cent u ri es Th e n e x t two centuri es fo r l a ck

.
,
o f a T a c i t u s o r a n Ei nh a rd h ave been con st r a i ned to l i nge r u n de r

,
“
th e i n fa my o f th e n a me D a r k Ages ”
Th i s d a rkn es s li OWe ve r i s
.
, ,
e ffectively di s p el l ed at th e en d o f th e el eve nth cent u ry l a rgely ,
th ro u gh these ch roni cl es o f the Fi rst Cru s a de s whi l e th e ste a di ly ,
swel l i ng vol u m e o f w ritings there a fte r obvi a tes th e d a nger fo r s u c

c e e d ing a ge s .Th e r el igio u s ch a r a cte r o f th e Cru s a d es d rew th e
sym pa theti c a ttenti on o f cler ic a l w ri te rs t h e on l y write rs o f the ,
”
time Al l th a t the le a de rs di d on th i s j o u rney o f the Lo rd
. ,
TH E F I RST C R U SA D E 3
wh ethe r petty o r gre a t t r ivi a l o r im p ort a nt w a s thought wo rthy o f

, ,
commemo r a tion for the b en efi t o f p o steri ty Un de r th e ci rcum .
st a nces th e v a rie d com p os i tion o f th e cr u s a di ng ho st wa s pa r

,
t icu l a rl y fort u n a te Pr a ct i c a lly th e only cl a sses o f E u ro p e n ot

.
p e rson a lly re p resented o n the Crus a d e w ere E m p ero r a n d Ki ng ,
Po p e an d Archbi sho p I n o th e r wo rds th a t p o rti on o f society

.
,
wh ich a lon e w a s deemed wo rthy o f a ttenti on i n th e o r di n a ry bri e f

a nn a l s a n d ch ron i c les o f th e t im e w a s a b sen t a n d t hos e wh o d e ,
t a i le d th e sto ry o f th e ex p ed i tion l a vi sh ed th ei r enthus i a s m u p on

o rdin a ry nobles knights a n d foo t s ol d i ers ev en th e p oo r bei ng
, , ,
a cco rded a gen ero u s m e a s u re o f n oti ce These a cco unts a c co rd .

,
ingly p resent a p i ct ure o f so ciety in wh i ch the r el a ti onshi p o f a l l

,
cl a sses ecclesi a sti c a l a n d l ay m a s c u l i n e a n d f emi nin e i s po rtr a ye d

, , ,
i n i ts i nti m a te a s p ects Alth ough o rdin a ry a ffa i rs a re a t ti mes

.
s l ighted th e e x t r a o rdin a ry rec u r s o f req u ently a n d w i th su ch v a ri ety

,
a s to m a ke the in fe ren ce o f th e o rd in a ry f a i rly e a sy T h e d es c rip .
t ion s a re s o fu ll an d touch s o m a ny a ctiviti es o f s oci ety th a t they

i ll u m i ne n ot only the c ivi li z a tion o f th e time b u t also c a s t c on ,
s id e ra bl e light on the
p receding an d f ol lowing 2 p er i od s As a _re 3
. z
s u l t i t h a s bee n a co mmo n p r a ct i ce f o r m a ste r hi sto ri a n s to i n iti a te

,
thei r a p p ren ti ces in to th e st u dy o f E u ro p e a n h i story th ro u gh th e

a cco u nts o f th e Fi r st Cr u s a de .
The li ter a ry v a l u e o f these w ritings is r a th er i n d ir ect th a n othe r

wi se Th ey h a ve a ffor de d a pp a rently i nexh a ustibl e ma teri a l fo r
.
li te r a t u re b u t a s l i ter a ry p rod u ct ion s them selves h a ve been on ly

,
lightly a pp r a i sed N evertheless th ey a re fa i r s p eci men s o f th e

.
,
w ri tings o f th a t ti me an d a s s u ch th ey deserve some cons i d er a tion

, , ,
i n a com p reh en sive hi story o f l ite r a t u re S om e o f them such a s th e .

,
letters o f S te p hen of B lois and An selm o f Ribemont h a ve a ch a r m

fl ,
whi ch en t itl es them to m u ch hi ghe r c onsi de r a tio n H e re a n d ther e .
i n the ch ronicl es th e a u thors so a r to f a i r l y gre a t height s I t wo u l d . .
be di ffic u l t to fi nd a nywh er e a mor e gr a p hi c d esc ri p tion o f dee p

d es pa i r th a n i s p resente d by the a nonymou s a u tho r o f th e Ges ta
i n hi s a c count o f t he r ece ptio n by Al e x i u s an d h i s a rmy o f th e fat e
_
o f t he Crus a d ers a t Antioch I n l ike m a n ner th e f a n ci ful a cco u n t

.
,
o f the i ntervi ew o f K e rbogh a a n d h i s mothe r be fo re Antioch ma y
b e r a nked wi th m a ny a bett er known p i ece o f i m a ge ry I n gen er a l ,

.
,
however the l iter a ry m er it o f th e followi ng a ccounts con si sts ch i efl y

,
i n th ei r vivi d re a l i sm whi ch th e v ery c ru den es s o f exp res sion o nly

,
serves t o a ccent u a t e Th e h_ o p es an d fe a rs mou rn ful sor row s an d

.
,
.
ex ult a nt j oys th e pro foun d des p a i r an d te rro r o f th e a rmy as it

, ,
’
m a rched th ro u gh on e t ri a l a fte r a noth er a re descr ib ed w i th t h e ,
a w fu l e a rnestness a n d s in cerity o f men who h a v e a ctu a l ly sh a re d

thes e ex pe ri ences I t i s thi s qu a l ity wh i ch c au ses th e ch ron i cles

.
the mselv es to be re a d with i nterest long a fte r thei r m a teri a l h a s been

a do rned wi th fi ne r l a ngu age by mo re ski l fu l w rite rs
’
II . T H E D I STR I BU T I O N OF N EW S
B ut t he absen ce o f a p ol i she d l iter a ry fin i sh w a s not wholly d ue
to a l a ck o f sk i l l o n th e p a rt o f th e w rite rs I t w a s p a rtly due a lso .
, ,
t o th e f a ct th a t thes e w ri ti ngs w er e i ntende d for th e i n for m a ti on

o f the contempor a ry wor ld T hey w ere th e n ew s p ap er s o f th e ti m e
.
a n d i n th i s they m a rk a di stin ct a dv a nc e i n the a rt o f di ss emin a ting
c u r rent i n fo rm a tion H i therto w riting h a d been a lmost ex cl usively

.
,
confine d to the L ati n l ang u a ge an d hen ce to chu rchmen Th e f ew , ,

.
exce p tion s i n ve rn a c u l a r t ongue s be fo r e th e t wel fth century h a v e

been de served l y t re a su re d a s r a re monument s o f phi lology I n the .
L a tin wr iti ngs o nly s u ch m a tters a s w ere o f i nter est to the cl ergy
wer e a cco rd ed mu ch con si de r a tion T he ologi c a l w ri ti ngs S c ri p tu re
.
, ,
the wri ti ngs o f the Ch u rch F a the rs book s o f Ch u rch servi ce text , ,
boo k s fo r the schools a n d t re a ti s es o n k in dre d s u bj e cts con sti t u ted

,
th e ch ie f themes fo r w ri te rs L a ws o f ki ngdoms a n d me a gre en tri e s

.
in mon a s ti c a n n a ls com p osed th e ma j o r p o rtion o f sec u l a r i n fo rm a

t i on committed t o w ri ting O cc a s ion a l ly the c a ree r o f some r u l e r
.
w a s ch roni c l e d i n p a negy ri c fa sh i on u s u a l ly bec a u se o f som e pa st o r

,
ex p ected fa vo r to th e Ch u rch Even th e hi sto ri e s o f n a ti ons

.
Th e H is t ory of t h e F ra n ks by Grego ry o f To u rs o r Th e E c cl e s ias t i ,
c a l H is t ory of E ngl a nd by th e Vene r a ble B ede we re ecclesi a sti c a l

h i s tor i es i n whi ch the p u rely s ec u l a r p l ayed b u t a n in cid ent a l p a rt
,
.
T h e w r i tte n descri p ti on o f contem p o r a ry events fo r contem

o r a r men w a s le ft to letters B u t i n th e n a rro w l i f e o f th e ti me
p y .
p peo le were r a rely s o fa r removed f rom thei r f riend s th a t they
fo u n d i t necess a ry t o reso rt to s u ch me a n s fo r exch a nging in fo rm a

ti on . The churchmen who se o rg a ni z a ti on r a di a ted f ro m Rome
, ,
a n d whos e tr a i n ing h a d m a de them mo re fa mi li a r w ith the a rt o f
w ri ting a lon e em p l oyed letter s to an y gre a t extent H e re aga in

,
.
,
howeve r e cclesi a s ti c a l an d s chol a sti c m a tter s received the p re

,
on der a n t sh a re o f a ttenti on tho u gh o fte n c u r rent bits o f g ene r a l

p ,
i nteres t we re i n cl u d ed Thes e l a tte r i tems might be t r a n smitted to

.
Ch u rch ga therings an d doubtl ess we re f requently s o tre a ted B u t

, ,
.
fo r th e most p a rt the new s o f th e d ay w a s p a sse d o r a ll y f rom

neighb or to n eigh b o r o r w i de r a re a s w er e moment a ri l y l inked
,
together by th e t a le s o f som e w a r f a r i ng minstrel o r o the r tr a vel ler .
As th e mon a ster ie s an d c a stle s w er e mo st f a mo u s fo r th ei r hos

it lit s o th ese wer e th e best i n fo rmed center s o f the ti me
p a y .
Th e Cr u s a de howeve r cre ated ab norm a l con d iti ons M ost o f

, ,
.
the peo p l e wh o went on th e ex p ed ition d i d so w i th th e ex p ect ati on

o f r etu rni ng home a fte r t h e f u lfil lment o f thei r p u rpos e As a re .
s ul t the s oci a l i nterests o f the loc a l com mun iti es we r e su d denly ex

,
pa n d e d even to P a l estin e i tsel f S i nce mo reove r ther e wer e f ew

.
, ,
region s o f wes ter n Eu rope wh ich d i d no t fu rn i sh some o f thei r

p eo p l e for the c a u s e m a ny di ffe rent l ine s o f i nterest fo cused th em
,
s elves u p o n t h e a rmy a n d wer e c on st a ntly c ro ssi ng on e a nother .
S ecul a r E u r o p e w as n o longer limit ed by a lo c a l ho ri zon ; i t w a s

ever e age r fo r n e ws a n d mor e n ews f rom th e E a s t N eighbo rh ood
, , .
goss i p coul d serve o nly a s a l oc a l di str ib u ting a gen cy i n thi s wo rk .
Wa y f a re rs we re e age rly a ccosted fo r n ew s a n d p rob ably su pp li ed

th e lo c a liti es wi th much re a l i n fo rm a ti on B u t where the i nterest .
w a s gre a t a n d s o con st a nt the t em p t a ti on to e x p a n d sm a l l i tems

,
t o m a gn ifi cent pro p o rti on s w a s too gre a t to be resi sted a n d m a ny a

gl ib —
,
tong u e d i m p osto r exchanged th e fabri c a tion o f h i s fe rti l e im

a gin a t ion fo r full f a re a n d com f o rtable lo dgi ng S om e o f thes e .
wi l d t a l es fou n d th ei r w ay i nto w ri ting a n d we r e t r a nsmitt ed to

a credu lo u s po st erity wi th a ll th e a uth ori ty wh i ch th e wr i tten p a ge
co u l d l en d Authent i c i n fo rmati on —an d even the common wo rl d

w a s s oo n fo r ce d t o d i s c ri min a t e between k ind s —h a d to be obt a i ned
.
thro u gh mo re a ssu re d cha nnel s Th e se rvi ce o f co uri ers long

.
,
known to th e o ffici a l wo rld w a s ex p ande d to meet th e n eed

, .
III . L ETT E R S
I n th e e a rli er st ages o f the m a rch i t w as a rel a ti vely e a sy ma tte r

to det a ch sq u i res o r foot — sol di e rs an d s end them b a ck with m es s ages
a n d n ew s . Th i s contin ued even t o th e ti me when th e a rmy l e ft
N i c a e a ; the re a fte r t h i s m eth o d be c a me i m p r a ct i c able i f not q u ite ,
i m p oss ib le .Ch a nce meetings wi th shi p s f rom th e West the n

-
o ffere d a lmost the on ly o ppo rtuni ty to exch a nge greetings a n d a s , ,
th e a ccount s show th es e opportu nities o ccu rred but r a rely Lette rs

,
.
a lone co u l d b e used u n de r s uch ci rcumst a n ce s I t w a s t h ere fo re .

, ,
f ortun ate th a t th e e x p edi tion re p res ented a u n i o n o f e ccl es i a sti c a l

a n d sec u l a r in terests fo r the chu rchmen p riests o r cle ri cs lent
them selv es wil lingl y to th e t a sk o f dra w ing u p l ette rs —in Latin o f
, , ,
cou rse Th e chu r chmen i n t h e West u p on receivi ng t hese l ette rs

.
, ,
co p i ed th em an d r ap i dly p a s sed o n th e i n fo rm a ti on t o th e w a it in g
wo rl d S u ch l ette rs even wh en a d d res sed t o i ndivi d u a l s we re re
.
, ,
g a r de d as co mmon pro p erty unl es s they we r e care full y s e a l ed an d

, ,
thei r contents w ere w i dely di ffu s ed u su a l ly a t Chu rch g at he rings o f

,
some so rt H ow e a gerly th e congr egation s everywh er e must h a ve

.
l ooke d fo rw a r d to s u ch meetings fo r n ews f rom rel a ti ve s f ri end s , ,
a n d a cq u a i nt a n ces gone s o long a nd s o far away !

,
3
Th ese l etter s o f wh ich fo u rteen a re he re t r a n s l a ted and d is t rib
,
u t e d a t thei r a p p ro p ri a te p l a ces i n th e n a r r a tive constitute th e mos t ,
i m p ort a nt s o u rces o f o u r kno w ledge o f th e ev ents whi ch they d e

sc ri be Th e a u tho rs a re a l l men o f p rominence a n d res p on sibi l ity
. .
Tw o o f th e lette rs a re from p o p es O ne i s fr om th e Em pe ro r .
Al exi u s Fi ve a re f ro m th e l e a de rs o f th e C r u s a de a n d may b e re
.
g a rd ed a s o ffici a l re po rt s o f p rogress wh i le th e rem a ining f o u r , ,
tho u gh a l so th e w o r k s o f le a de rs a re o f a mo re p ers on a l n a tu re
, .
Th e two l etters o f S te p hen o f B loi s to hi s wi fe Adel e a re among , ,
the l ite r a ry gems o f the p e ri od I n a dditi on to the respons ib l e ch a r

.
a cte r o f th ei r wri ters the l ette rs have th e fu rth er me ri t o f gre at e r

,
p roxi mi ty both o f ti me a n d p l a ce to t he even ts wh i ch they n a rr a te .
T he em o tions o f th e momen t gri p th e w ri ters i r res i st ibl y b eyon d the ,
p owe r o f e p i stol a ry f orm a l i ty to e ff a ce a n d thu s lend a vivi dne s s

whi ch t he l a te r ch ro ni cl es s omet imes l a ck O u r ch i e f regret is th a t .
ther e a re not mo re o f them .
IV . CH RO N I CL E S
Th e i nte rest o f th e wo rl d in th e events o f th e Fi rst Cru s a de
co u ld no t be s a t isfi ed by letters a lon e N u me ro u s motive s combine d .
to k ee p th i s interest i n fl a med P a t rioti c p ri de i n th e a chi evement s

.
o f cou nt ryme n n a t u r a l e nj oymen t o f th e m a rvelo u s an d a d ven

,
t u ro u s th e conti n u ed n ee d o f both men an d m on ey to in su r e the

,
p erm a nence o f th e c onq u est a n d n o l ess th e p a rdon abl e p ri de o f th e

, , ,
Cr u s a ders t hem selve s i n p res erving the memo ry o f t hei r dee ds

'
a ll these i nfl uences ten de d to t he telling a n d the retelling o f t h e
sto ry . B ook m a king i n i tsel f o ffered l ittle i n d u cement fo r the ab

-
sen ce o f p ubli shi ng h ou ses a n d th e l a ck o f co p yrigh t l a ws deni ed

p ros p e cti ve a utho rs ho p e eithe r o f f a me o r we a lth P u bl i shi ng i f .
,
th e m u lti p li c a tion o f co p i e s by the l abo ri o u s p ro c ess o f h a n d w riting -
may b e s o c a lle d w a s do n e ch i e fl y i n the sc ri p to r i a o f mon a steri es

,
o r e p i sco p a l school s B u t pa rchm ent w a s ex p ensive a n d only th e

.
,
cle ric s co u ld w ri te O rdi n a ri ly t he mi li t a ry e x ploi ts o f contem

.
p o r a ry men seemed too e p heme r a l t o j u sti fy des c ri p ti on H ow .
eve r th e Cr u s a d e w a s a di ffe rent ma t te r i n t hat i ts ex p loi ts

, ,
though l a rge ly mi li t a ry an d m a teri a l nev e rtheles s h a d a dee p ,

’
rel igio u s signifi c a n ce U rb a n s r em a rk at Cl e rmont th a t t he re
.
,
c o ve ry o f the Holy L a n d woul d be a deed com p a r a bl e to thos e
o f t h e M a cc abees w a s n ot fo rgotten
,
The tho u ght t h a t h e w a s.
r e a lly a d ding a ch ap te r to S a c re d H istory served to c a r ry more th a n

o n e wri te r ove r de p res sing p e ri o ds o f d i s cou r a gement to the s u c
ce s s fu l com p l eti on o f h i s hi story o f t he ex p edition Th ese v a ri e d .
m ot ives both sac re d a n d p ro f a ne combi ned to in spi re th e com

, ,
p osi tion of
the f ol lowi ng d et a il ed a cco u nts o f th e Fi rs t Cru s a de 4
.
The fi rs t com p lete a ccount o f the Cr u sad e wh i ch h as come down

t o us is common ly known a s th e G es ta I ts a utho r has a tt a ine d some .
meaSii feO f di sti ncti on a s th e Anonymou s Wh a t i s known t o h i m

'
.
,
the re fo re res ts s olely u p on th e i n fe rences t o b e d r a wn f rom hi s

,
wo rk . H e a ccom pa ni e d the I t a l i a n N o rm a n p rin ce B oh emu n d , ,
f rom th e s iege o f A ma lfi t o th e c a pt u re o f Anti och

'
F rom .
the r e he w ent to J er u s a lem with the gen er a l b a nd u n de r R ay

’
mon d s l e a de rsh i p whethe r w ith R aymon d h imsel f o r wh i ch
, ,
i s mo re likely w i th T a n c red o r Robe rt o f No rm a n dy wh o w ere

, ,
a sso ci a ted wi th R aymon d i s no t cl e a r ,

H i s book w a s w ritte n .
be fo re the clos e o f 1 1 0 1 f o r Ekkeh a r d s a w an d use d a copy o f i t a t

J er us a l e mi n th a t ye a r S o much may b e st a ted f a i rly p o sitively ;
,
the rest i s o nly i n f erenti a l f o r i n h is book pe rson a l re fe rences a re

,
s ingula rly f ew Th ere i s no p re fa ce o r de d i c a ti on n o p a rt ing re

.
,
m a rk to the re a der H ow eve r cert a in exp res sion s cer t a i n mod ifi ca

.
, ,
ti on s o f the La ti n wh i ch h e em p loys bet r a y a h igh degre e o f f a mil i ,
a rity with the ve rb a l h a bi ts o f so u the rn I t a ly wh i le h i s co nst a n t ,
l a ud a ti on o f B oh e mu n d even tho u gh h e a b a ndon ed h i m a fte r th e

,
c a ptur e o f Anti och ten d s t o con fi rm the beli e f th a t h i s hom e w a s

,
i n th a t region H e may h ave b een a No rm a n ; i f s o h e le ft No r

.
,
m a n dy l on g b e fo re the Fi rs t Cr u s a de H i s somewh a t secul a r poi nt .
o f V ie w i n reg a r d to event s o cc a sion a l i m p e rson a l remark s upon

,
the cle rgy or particip a ti on i n b a ttle h a ve le d m odern c rit i cs to the

, ,
be li e f th a t h e w a s a kn ight th ou gh h i s l a ck o f i nt i m a cy w ith the

,
le a de rs wo ul d in di c a te th a t h e w a s a l es se r knigh t Th e styl e o f .
h i s wo rk an d the gener a l l a ck o f l iter a ry a l lusi on s d o not bes pe a k

a very high degree o f e d u c a ti on H i s u se o f l angu a ge i s th a t o f an
.
a m a te u r a n d hi s v o c a b u l a ry i s d eci dedly l i mi ted

,
Un abl e a d equ a tel y .
to d escribe th e a chi evements o f th e v a ri ous c ru s a de rs h e str a in s ,
th e su p er l a tive de gree o f h i s a d j ect ives s o con st a ntly th a t o cc a

s ion a lly h e fi n ds i t n ec es s a ry to la p s e i n to th e s im p l e p os iti ve a s a
me a n s o f a ctu a l di s ti ncti on Th e B ibl e i s p r a cti c a l ly th e only wo rk

.
whi ch h e q u ote s H i s re a l p i ety i s s u st a i ne d both i n h i s book an d

.
i n h i s ow n c a r ee r a s is i ndi c a ted by the f a ct that h e cho se to go on t o

,
J e r u s a lem in ste a d o f r em a i ning with h i s le a der a t Antio c h Wh a t

, .
h e l a ck s el sew her e i s gre a tly outweigh ed by h i s j udg men t i n ev a l

u a t in g th e rel a tive i m p ort a nce O f events hi s rest r a int i n p reventi ng ,
i nti m at e det a i l s f ro m obsc u ri ng t h e p e rs p e ct ive o f h i s s to ry hi s ,
unusual f a i rness a n d im pa rti a l ity tow a r d th e r iv a l Ch ri sti a n l e a ders ,
a s wel l as t o w a r d h i s T u rki sh foes a n d a ce rt a i n n a tive i n sti nct fo r

,
the d r a m a ti c a ppa rent th ro u gho u t the b ook G u ib ert B al d e ric a nd .

, ,
Rob ert th e M onk al l c riti c ize d h i s s tyle bu t u nwitti ngly p a i d hi m ,

th e lavi sh com p li men t o f i n co r p o rating n e a rly th e who l e o f h i s

“ ”
wo rk i n thei r lite r a ry a ccou nt s o f t h e ex p e di tion Th e gre a t h i s .
to ric al va lue o f th e wo rk r est s no t on ly i n th e f a ct th a t i t w a s

w ri tt en by an eye wi tnes s an d pa rt i ci p a n t bu t a l so u p on th e f a ct
-
th a t i t w a s p rob a bly c om p ose d f ro m ti me to tim e on the j ou rney

a n d fi ni sh ed im med i a tely a fte r t h e b a ttle o f As c a lon i n S e p temb e r
"
1 09 9, th e l a st eve n t wh i ch i t m enti ons I t i s th e fi rs t f u l l accoun t .
O f the Cru sa de st ill extant a n d al most eve ry oth e r h istory o f t h e

,
Fi rs t C rus a de i s b a sed ei the r di rectl y o r i ndi re ctly u p on i t S ix .
M S co p i es o f i t sti l l rem a i n and all o f th e m at e ri a l h a s b een p re

,
se rved in one fo rm or a nothe r i n t he l a ter a ccounts o f th e Cr us a d e .
Th e s econ d c hro ni cl e l iste d on th e o the r h a n d does n ot a t al l

, ,
e ffa ce it s a u tho r for the p re f a ce s ets forth t he a u tho rs h i p a n d the

,
p u rpo se i n full :
“
To my Lo r d B i sh o p o f Viv ier s an d to al l th e o rt h odox from ,
Po nti u s o f B a l az u n an d Ray mon d C a no n o f Pu y ; greeting a n d a

, ,
sh a re i n ou r l abo r .
“
We have con cl ude d t h a t w e o u ght to m ak e cle a r to you an d
t o all wh o dwell a c ro s s the Al p s th e gre a t deed s whi ch Go d i n the
u sua l m a n ne r o f H i s love pe r fo rme d a n d d i d not ce a s e co n st a ntly
,
to p er fo rm th rough u s ; especi a lly s o s i nc e the un warlike a nd t h e

, ,
f ear f u l l e ft u s a n d s trove t o substi tute fal sehoo d f o r the t ruth .
B ut let h i m w h o sh a l l s ee th ei r a p ost a cy sh un thei r wor ds an d com

p a n ion s hip ! F or th e army o f God even i f i t bo re the p u ni shment ,
o f th e Lo r d H i msel f fo r i ts si ns o u t o f H i s com p a ssion a l so sto o d

,
forth v i cto r o v er a l l p a g a n i sm B u t s i n ce so me wen t th rough

.
S l avo ni a othe r s t h ro u gh H ung a ry o the rs th ro ugh Lo ngob a rdy

, , ,
a n d yet o th ers by s ea i t woul d be te di ou s fo r u s t o w rite a bout e a ch

,
.
The re fo r e w e h a ve o mitted t h e sto ry o f o the rs a n d h ave t ak en i t

a s ou r t a sk to w rit e about th e Co u nt the B i sho p o f Puy an d t hei r
, ,
”
a rmy .
Ponti u s o f B alaz u n a kni ght i n the P roven ca l a rmy w a s ki lled a t

, ,
A rc h a s a n d R a ymo nd w a s thus l e ft to com p lete th e t a sk a lon e

,
.
Raymon d h a d been elevat e d to the p r iest hoo d wh i le on the Cr u s a de

a n d had b ecom e the chaplai n o f Coun t R a ymon d o f Toulou s e who ,
w as the we a lthi est le a de r o n th e ex p edition Th e e x p en se o f comp il .
i ng the b o ok w a s th e re fo re a t rivi al m a tte r H i s i nti m a cy w i th

, ,
.
Count R aymon d a n d w i th B i sho p Adh em a r g a v e hi m a ccess to muc h

in fo rm at ion n ot av a i l abl e t o s uch w rit e rs as the Anonymo u s Criti cs .
have been exceed in gly h a rsh i n thei r condemn a tion o f both t h e for m
a n d th e conten t o f th e book T h ey condemn i t a s cr u de bigoted
.
, ,
i nten sely pa rti s a n and a ma ss o f con fuse d an d c red u l ous my sti ci sm

,
.
P a rti s a n i t u n d oubtedly i s f o r R ay mon d w a s w ri ting t o co rrect a

,
f ri en d s I t fi r st ap p eared i n 1 1 0 5 an d the w el com e then a ccor d ed

.
,
i t encou r a ge d hi m to go on w ith i t Th e l a tte r p a rt o f h i s work .
tak es the fo rm o f a n a nn a l i sti c a cco u n t o f the L a ti n Kingdom o f

J erus a lem for the e a rly h i sto ry o f whi ch i t is u ndo ubtedly the most
,
i mport an t s i ngle sou rce o f i n fo rm a ti on H e seems to h ave r ev ised .
t h e e a r lie r po rti on s o f h i s hi sto ry a t le a st tw i ce and th e fi na l ,
ve rsio n en ds some wh a t ab r u p tly wit h the m enti o n o f a p lag u e o f

r a t s i n th e ye a r 1 1 2 7 F nl c h e r a pp a ren tly h a d a m o re exten sive
.
l ite r a ry t r a in i ng than e ithe r o f the t w o p re c ed i ng w r iters His .
f ondnes s fo r quot a ti on h as b een ch a rged a g a i ns t him a s a n a ffect a

ti on by mode rn c riti cs but a s a f a ult i t ma r s only the l a tter p o rti on
, , ,
o f h i s wo rk w ritten w hen h e w a s qui t e o l d

, O n t h e whole h i s book .
,
i s f ree f rom e ithe r p a rti sanshi p o r bias H e seem s to h ave bee n fl

.
i nte reste d chi e fly i n d es c ribirf g fh e events as they o cc u r re d w ith

m g
po ssibly an a d dition a l desi re to a ttr a ct s ol die rs f rom th e West t o

th e s u p po rt o f the n ee d y L a ti n st a t e in Syr i a H e d i s p l ays a strong .
inte r est i n n a t u re a n d d esc rib es s t r a nge pl a nts a n im a l s a n d n a tu r a l

-
, ,
p h enomen a i n a n a 1 ve m a nn er H i s i nte re st i n t he i nt rigue s o f th e

.
lo rd s both l ay a n d eccl e si a st i c a l i s very sligh t but the gener a l w e l

, , ,
f a re o f th e p eople h e vi ew s wi th a ll th e ki ndly c oncern o f a sim p l e

French c u r é A s a wh ol e th e b ook i s exceedingly v a lu abl e a nd
.
,
v ery soon w a s w i dely re a d a nd copi ed I t wa s se con d on ly to the

.
G es ta a s a m in e fo r ex p lo i t a ti o n by late r w riter s on th e Cr u s a d e .
M o re th a n fi fteen M S co p ie s o f th e ori gi na l a re stil l ext a nt .
O f th e w ri ti ngs wh i ch cont rib u te eye wi tnes s testimony t o but -
a p o rti o n o f th e hi sto ry o f th e Cr us a de th e A l ex ia d by Ann a , ,
Comn e na i s o n e o f th e mos t i m p or t a nt
,
T he w ri ter was the .
d a u ghte r o f Al ex i u s a n d th o u gh s h e w a s b a rel y fo u rt een ye a rs o f

, ,
a ge when th e C ru s a d er s c a me to Con st a nt i no p l e i t may be assume d ,
th a t th e p resen ce o f s o m a ny r u de st r a ngers i n the i m p e ri a l city

m a de a most vivi d i m p ress ion on he r mi n d B oth Ann a an d he r .
h u sb a nd N ic eph o ru s B rie nn iu s h a d been highly ed u c a ted a n d wh en

, , ,
th e pa l a ce i ntrig u e i n whi ch th ey we re both concern e d p roved nu

’
s u cces s f u l a n d s h e w a s sh u t u p i n a convent by he r b roth e r s o rde r ,
s h e und ertook t o c om p lete the h i story w h ich h er hu sb a n d h a d begun .
Fo rty ye a rs a fter th e fi rst C r u s a de r s h a d p a sse d th ro ugh Anti o ch

s h e beg a n he r t a sk I n th e m e a nti me t h e re h a d been v a riou s b a nd s
.
o f Cr u s a de rs f rom th e W est B oh e mu n d h a d t a ken Anti och i n

.
defi a n ce o f the Em p e ro r a n d h a d even m a de w a r u p o n hi m T he .
rel a ti on s o f Al e x i us wi th Co u nt R aymond o f To u lo u s e h a d unde r

gone ch a nges a n d m a ny o the r even ts r el a ting to th e La tin s a n d
,
th e C rus a des h a d o ccu rre d T hus w i th s o m u ch to con fus e he r

.
,
TH E F I RST C R U SA D E I I
memo ry he r c h ro nology i s u nce rt a i n he r s tatemen t o f fact O ften

, ,
i nacc u rate a n d he r styl e highly rheto ri ca l a n d a ffected N eve r v ery

, .
ce rt a i n o f t h e i dentity o f the L a ti n l e a d e r s a s sh e h ers el f co n ,
f e sses sh e c a l l s the m a l l co u nts a n d con f u ses o ne gro u p w ith anothe r

,
‘
i n h o p el ess f a sh i on Nevertheles s he r w ork i s exceedi ngly v a lu abl e
.
,
a s a p re sentation o f th e Byz a ntin e a tt i t u de to war d the L a tin s an d ,
h er conce p ti on o f he r fathe r s feel ing tow a rd th e We st ern ers c an ’
p robably be rel i ed u p on a s co r rect A M S co p y o f th e a cco u nt .

,
co r rected by Anna he rsel f i s p reserve d at Fl orence Othe r frag , .
men ts als o rem a in .
I t i s n e cess a ry t o i n cl u d e i n th e l i st o f eye witnes s a cco unt s o f -
the Fi rs t Crus a d e th e wo rk by Pete r Tu d eb od e a p r iest o f Civ r a y 5

,
.
Th i s wo rk once reg a rde d a s t h e o riginal o f the Ges ta h as been

, ,
d eth rone d fro m th a t p os iti on by recent c riti ci sm I t i s almost a .
ve rbati m Copy o f th e l atte r w ith po rt ion s a d d ed f rom the a c count ,
o f R a ymon d o f A gill e s togeth e r w ith a very few p erson a l rem a rk s

,
a n d o bservat ion s H e s p e a k s o f th e de a th o f hi s br othe r i n Anti och

.
a n d h i s ow n sh a r e i n the f u ne r a l se rvi ces H i s a cco u n t di ffe rs .
f rom th a t o f the Ges ta p r im a ri ly i n th e ch a nge o f adj ective s qual i fy

i ng R a ymon d O f Toulo u s e an d B oh emu n d for Tu d eb o de w as a ,
followe r o f Co u n t R aymon d H o weve r thi s p ol i cy i s not con .

,
s is t en t ly m a i ntaine d At be st th e wo rk may b e reg a rde d as an eye

.
,
wi tnes s c o r robo ra tion o f th e Ges ta I t w a s w ritten a fte r both th e .
a c co u nt by th e Anonymo u s an d by R a ym on d h a d been co m p o sed

'
an d someti me be fo re 1 1 1 1 a fte r wh ich d a te i t w a s q u ote d by othe r

,
w ri ters Fo u r M S co pi es a re p rese rved

. .
E kkeha rd o f A u r a wh o i s st i ll regarded a s on e o f th e gre a test

,
o f th e Germ a n h i stori a n s o f th e M i d dle Ages w a s a monk a t Co r ,
v ey when the F i rst Cr u s a de wa s p re a ched H e a ccom p a ni e d a .
l a te r ban d o f cr usad er s i n 1 1 0 1 a s far a s Con st a ntino p l e by l a n d ,
a n d by s ea f ro m there to Jo pp a At Je ru s a l e m h e s aw a copy o f .
th e Ges ta whi ch h e m a d e a b a si s fo r h i s o w n hi sto ry Th i s wo rk

,
.
h e w rote fo r t he Abbot o f Co rvey i n 1 1 1 2 a fte r h e h i m sel f h a d -
be come Abb ot o f A u r a T he l a ng u age a n d th e styl e o f thi s book

.
r eveal a gre ate r fam i l i a r i ty w ith cl a ss i c a l a u tho rs th a n i s sh ow n by

a ny o f the p rece ding a ccount s o f th e Cr u sa de I t s v a l u e re st s ch i efly .
u p on hi s eye wi tn es s a ccount o f th e C rus a de o f 1 1 0 1

-
a n d h i s b ri e f ,
items about th e Pe a sant s Cr u s a d e o f whi ch n o di rect ch roni cle

’
h as come down to u s Only th e l a tte r m a terial h a s b een i ncl u ded in

.
th e fol lowing tr a n sl a t ion S ix M S co p i e s o f the wo rk a re ext a nt

. .
R a oul d e C a en ,
a Nor man knight t oo young to a ccom p any th e
2 TH E F I R ST C R U SA D E
Cr u s a ders o f 1 0 9 6 en l i sted i n th e a rmy wh i ch B oh e mu n d a s
,
sembled i n 1 1 0 7 H e re a ch e d Sy ri a an d ente red th e se rvi ce o f

.
T a nc re d then p rin ce o f An ti och wh om he se rved unti l the latte r s

, ,
’
de a th I n h i s ea rly ye a rs h e h a d receive d in stru cti on i n l ette rs f ro m

.
A rn u l f wh o bec a m e P a tri a r ch o f J e ru s a l em a fte r 1 1 1 2 H e w as

, .
a n a c co m p l i she d kn igh t a n d seem s t o h a ve enj oyed th e f ri en d shi

p
o f T a n c red D u ri ng the fi rst five ye a r s o f th i s rel a ti onsh i p h e
.
le a rned m uch abo u t the Fi rst Cru s a d e es p eci a l l y Ta n cre d s vi ew ,

’
o f event s H e a l so vi s i ted J erus a l em an d th e re conve r sed wi th

.
hi s fo rmer te a che r A rn u l f n ow t he Patr i a rch t o w ho m h e de di c ate d

, , ,
h i s wo rk the Ges ta Ta ncre di Tho u gh an i m p ortan t so urce o f in

, .
f orm a ti on thi s w o rk i s n ot stri ctl y s p e a ki ng a n eye w i tnes s a cc o u nt

, , ,
-
I t i s a p a negy ri c o f th e No rm a n p ri n ce s o f Anti och a n d i s v ery hosti l e

to th e Em p ero r Alex i u s a n d to Co unt R aymon d I t de a l s wi th the .
h i story o f th e Fi rs t Crus a d e and o f T a n cre d u p t o 1 1 0 5 a n d it s ,
chi e f v a l u e l ie s i n th e refl ect i on o f t he N o rm a n o f v i ew It .
a lso cont a i n s some i n fo rm a ti on n ot a ff o rde d b y Othe r w ri te rs Th e .
L a ti n i s p ol i sh ed an d a dorn ed with n u merous p a s s age s a n d q u ot a

tion s f rom c l a s si c a l a u tho rs Rao u l w rite s ch i efly i n p rose bu t h e
.
,
someti mes a ttem p t s to so a r to p oeti c fo r m i n desc ribi ng u nu s u a l ly

gre a t a ch i evement s O n th e w h ol e P a tr i a rch Arnu l f h ad re a so n
.
,
t o be p ro u d o f hi s fo rmer p u pi l s a chi evement Th e book w a s ’

.
w r itten sometime between Tan c re d s de at h in 1 1 1 2 an d th a t o f ’
Arn u l f i n 1 1 1 8 A singl e M S co py i s p re serve d at th e Roy a l Libr a ry

.
o f B r u s sel s H is a cco u n t o f th e H o l y L a n ce i n w hi ch h e t a kes

.
,
a n o pp osite vie w f ro m R a ymon d i s h ere t r a n sl at ed i n fu l l Other , .
m a ter i a l f rom t he wo rk i s i ncl ude d i n th e n otes .
The v al u e o f th e a cco u n t by Albe rt o f Ai x h a s b een m u ch di s

p u t e d. Litt l e i s kn own o f th e a u th o r who i s s a i d to h a ve been a ,
c a non O f th e ch u rch o f Ai x l a Ch ap el l e about th e mi d dl e o f the - -
t wel fth cent u ry By h i s own con fes si on he n eve r vi sited th e H oly

.
L a n d h i msel f N eve rth el e ss he w rote a h i sto ry o f th e Fi r st Cr u s a d e

.
,
a n d the L a ti n Ki ngdom o f J er u s a l em down t o the ye a r 1 1 2 0 of ,
w hi ch twe l ve M S co p ies exi st Th e d a te o f t hi s w ri ting h a s the re .

,
fore been p l a ce d somewhe re bet ween 1 1 2 0 a n d the mi ddle o f th e

,
c ent u ry H e obt a in ed h i s i n fo rm a ti on h e s ays from th e oral an d

. , ,
w ritten t esti mony o f p a rt i ci pa nt s M u c h o f th e m a teri a l i s p a l pably .
l egen d a ry ; mo re o f i t howeve r seem s e nt i rely p rob ab l e an d st a nd s

, ,
the te st o f com p a r i son wi th wel l est ab l i sh e d a cco u nts T h e wo rk .
cont a i ns so m u ch n ot t re a ted by oth e r w riters a n d the re fo r e ih , ,
c a p abl e o f cor rob o r a tion th a t i ts v a l u e m u st st a nd o r fa l l with the

re a de r s a tti t u d e tow a rd the au tho r I t h a s been conj ectured th a t
’
.
much o f the materi a l w a s t aken from a Lo r rain e ch roni cle now l ost ,
an ex p l a n at i on pl a u sible enough th ough thu s fa r n o t sub st a nti ated

, .
At a ny rate his i tems o f i n fo rmati on cann ot be ignor ed a nd th ey

, ,
may be o f full v a l u e Unti l fu rth e r evi d en ce is di scove red th e

.
,
q u esti on c a nnot be settled p os itively 6

Only exce rpts on th e Pea S .
l
’ ’
a n ts C r u s a de an d God f rey s m a rch t o Co n stant i nopl e a re h e re
'
tran sl a ted f rom Albert .
The oth er th ree w orks i n cl u de d i n thi s t ran slati on because thei r

a uthors we re p r e sent at the Counci l o f Cle rmont may b e grou p e d
toge th e r as l it er a ry h i stori es N on e o f th e w riter s a cco mp a ni e d th e
.
ex p edi tion b u t each w rote a hi story O f _the whol e Cr u sa de t hu s

, ,
i ll u str a ti ng th e deep i nt er est o f t h e p e op l e o f Eu rope i n t he subj ect

-
.
All th ree were chu rchmen o f high po si ti on an d ea ch s ought t o ,
r ew ri te the cru de account o f th e Ges ta i n m ore li te ra ry f o rm They .
s u cceede d i n v a r y i ng degree b ut thei r n a me s ar e remembered wh i l e

, ,
th a t o f th e o rigi nal auth o r h as been i r ret ri evably lo st _Robe rt the .
M onk i s gen eral ly i dent ifie d a s t he monk c h os e n Abbot o f S a i nt

_
R érrii of Rh ei ms i n 1 09 4 a n d later f orce d t o reti re t o the p ri o ry o f

’
S enu c H i s wo rk wa s w ri tten at th e reques t o f B e rn a r d Abbot o f

.
,
M armouti e r sometime b e fo r e 1 1 0 7
, I t a dd s l ittl e t o th e Ges ta .
,
but wa s ve ry p o p u l a r i n th e twel fth cent ury M ore th a n e ighty .
M S copies o f i t a re stil l extant B al d e ric Abbot o f B ou rgeu il .

, ,
an d A r chbi sho p o f D ol a fte r 1 1 0 7 a d de d l i ttle mo re than Robe rt ,
to th e Cc s ta a ccount H i s w o rk w a s w ritte n a fte r 1 1 0 7 an d was

-
a l so qui te p o p u l a r S even M S co p i es r em a i n
. The best o f th ese .
three a cco u nts i s th a t o f Guibert wh o was Abbot o f N ogen t from ,
1 1 04 t o 1 1 2 1 H e com p ose d h i s bo ok between 1 1 0 8 an d 1 1 1 2 a nd

.
d ed i c a te d i t t o L is iard B i sh op o f S o i ss on s Guibe rt w a s o ne o f
, .
th e l eadi ng s chol a r s o f hi s time w el l ve rse d i n cla s si cal lo re wh i ch

, ,
h e u sed t o a do r n hi s a c counts o f th e C rus a d e H e w a s a lso f a i r l y .
we ll in fo rmed abo u t m a tt ers i n no rth ern Fr a n ce H i s additi ons t o .
th e Ges ta contai n m a ny v a lu able i tems a b ou t t h e c rus a ding lea d e rs

fro m th a t regi on Fou r M S co p i es o f hi s work ar e p rese rve d
. .
V . T E R M I N O L O GY .
I n the t r a nsl at i on o f th es e a ccou nt s a cons ciou s e ff o rt has been

m a de t o re p ro du ce a s n e a rly a s p oss ibl e th e sty le an d man ner o f
ex p res si on o f th e o rigi n a l Tho u gh t h e w ri te r s al l used the s a me
.
l a ngu age th ey em p loye d di ffer ent w o rds an d i dioms to describe

,
t h e s a me o c c u rr en ce s even the o rdi na ry i nci d ents o f l i fe

,
Un der .
th e ci rc u mst a n ces i t w a s f e l t th a t t oo mu ch woul d b e lo st i f the

'
ex p r es si ons w er e al l t ran sl a ted i n th e s t an d a r d i di om o f to d a y .
The person o f th e t wentiet h cent u ry wh o i s i ntereste d in the ma n

14 TH E F I RST C R U SA D E
n ers and cu stoms o f th a t ti me wi l l fi n d enough p l e a su re a n d p rofi t
l n th i s t re a tment i t i s hoped t o re pa y him fo r wh a teve r con fus ion
, ,
the va ri ety o f ex p res si ons may c re ate A b ri e f explan a tion o f some .
o f th e mo re d i stin ct ive h a bi ts i n th e te r mi nol ogy o f the er i od

p
may be o f u s e .
1 . N me s of pers ons a nd pla c es

a .
Th e names o f the s a me p erson s and the same p lace s ar e spel led

i n many di ffe ren t way s not only by t h e di fferen t w ri ters but O ften , ,
t oo by t h e s a m e w ri te r
, Whi l e thi s i s mo re t rue o f E a ste rn p e rso n s
.
a n d p l a ces it is a lso q u i te gen eral l y t ru e w i th regar d t o th e We st a

, , , ,
r evel a ti on o f h o w mu ch o f th e wo rl d w a s str a nge t o t he p eopl e o f

el event h centu ry Eu r op e I t m u st b e remembe red howeve r
.
, ,
th a t d i ct iona ri es ga ze ttee rs an d s i m ila r w ork s o f re feren c e wh i ch

, , ,
greet th e t wentieth cent u ry pe rson a t every t u rn we re vi rtu a lly u n ,
k no wn wh il e n ew s pa pers a n d oth e r p er i o di c a l s wh i ch se rve to

, ,
st a n d a r di ze s o m u c h o f l i fe t od a y d i d n ot then exi st Almost th e

, .
only common d es c ri p ti on s o f t h e w o rl d kn o wn a t th at t ime we re

thos e co ntai ned i n ei th e r th e cl a s si c a l w ri tings o r i n th os e o f th e
Ch u rch f ath e rs I t i s n ot st range the re fore to fin d th e n a mes o f
.
, ,
o l d Rom a n p r o vince s a n d citi es a p p l ie d t o p laces by some o f t h e
mor e hi ghly ed u c ate d w ri te rs such a s Ekkeh a rd R a o u l o r G u ibe rt

Les s t ra i ne d w riter s—an d most o f ou r w riter s f a l l withi n thi s
.
, , ,
c a tego ry _ h a d to t rust ch iefly t o th ei r p owe rs o f h e a ring a n d t hei r

-
a bi l ity t o r e p ro d u ce i n w r it ing wha t th ey he a r d T hey h a d to fol l o w .
thei r own r u les o f p hon eti c s p e ll in g an d c on si de ri ng the d i fficu lti es

, ,
u n de r wh i ch t he y l a bo re d th ei r res u lt s d ese rv e gen u i n e a dmi r a ti on

,
.
I n o rde r t o avoi d un d u e co n f u s i on a u n i fo rm s p el l ing h a s been ,
a d o p ted f or th e n a me s o f place s wh i ch h a ve b e en i d entified In .
most c a se s th e m edi a ev a l n a me h a s been em p loyed b u t where the ,
mod er n eq u i v a le n t i s m u c h bette r known th a t fo rm h as been chosen .
The i dent ifi c a ti o n o f t h e pl a ces menti one d by the w riter s p re sents

co nsi de r abl e d i ffic u lty at t i mes I t w oul d be a sk ing a l mos t too much
.
t o ex p ect the ch ron i cle rs t o rec a ll v ivi dly a n d co r rectly both t h e

n a me an d ex a ct l oc a tion o f al l the st r a nge p l a ces whi ch they mention
fi v e o r mo re ye a r s a fter they h a d p a s se d th ro u gh th em I m p o rtan t .
town s a n d p l a ces i n wh i c h th ey s p ent some t i me o r wi th wh i ch ,
th ey we re abl e t o a s soci a te some d r a mati c event a re u s u ally loc a te d ,
quite a ccu r at ely ; ot he r l e s se r p l a ces c annot a l w ays be p ositive ly

i dentifi ed Al l p l a ce s m enti on ed wh ose l oc a ti on c an be i d enti fied
.
a p p e a r o n th e a cc om p a nyi ng m a p s The oth ers wh ose l oc a tion i s

.
,
u n cert a i n h a ve b een i t a l i ci zed

,
.
N ames o f per sons s u ch a s Robert Go d f rey B a l d win a n d

, , , ,
S tephen we r e co mm on en o u gh and littl e var i a ti on oc cu rs But , .
Adhema r p a pa l le a d e r o f th e ex p edi ti on s eems to h av e h a d a

,
-
b affl ing n a me p rob ably d u e t o it s s imi l a rity to a v a riety o f n a mes

, .
As a resu l t h i s n ame ap pe a r s a s H ay ma ru s A ima ru s A d ema ru s

, , , ,
o r A dh e ma ru s o r no t a t al l ,
G u ibert i n desc ribing th e Po p e s .
,
’
a p poi nt ment o f a vic a r fo r th e Cr u s a de con fesse s th a t h e does not ,
k no w h i s name an i nte rest i ng comment on th e i sol at io n o f th e ti m e

, .
H i s u se o f the n a m e l ate r ma y b e an i nd i c a ti on that h e wa s u sing

h i s o rigin a l t oo closely for t h e a u tho r o f th e G es ta t oo w a s igno
, , ,
ran t o f th e name u nti l l a ter i n th e ex p edi ti on F o r th e p u r p oses o f .
th is t r a n sl ati on h oweve r th e n a me s o f th e W estern le a d ers a re

, ,
st a n d a rdi ze d Th i s is not th e c a se wi th O rient a l n a mes th e u n

.
,
u s u a l ch a ract e r O f whi ch o c c a s ione d th e ch r oni c l er s a gre a t d e a l
o f t ro u ble Th e nam e o f th e T u rk i s h r u l e r o f Antioch ma y be

.
c i te d a s a ty p i c a l i nst an ce Th e common spe l l ing o f hi s n am e t od ay

.
i s Y a gi S i a n o r I agi S i a n
-
I t a pp e a r s i n th e a cc o u nt s h o w eve r
-
.
,
-
w t h the L a ti n en ding a s o i a n u s Cla s s ian u s C a spi a n u s and -
,
-
,
-
eve n G ra c ian u s Fulche r who coi n ed th e fi rs t o f th es e s u ccee de d

.
, ,
rem a rk ably w el l on the wh ol e I n t he c a se o f l es s promin ent men .
w h o a re mentione d only onc e o r t wic e th e v a ri a t i on s hav e ca u sed ,
con si de rabl e con fu si on le a di ng even t o t h e b el i e f th a t th ey we re

di ffe rent p e r son s—e g God f rey o f L a s t ou rs who a pp e a r s a s Gul
,
'
, ,
fe rru s de D a t u rre G ol p riu s a e tu rribu s a n d G os frid u s d e D a s t u rs

’
.
, ,
Th i s ex am p l e seems to i ndi c ate the begi n ning o f th e u se o f s u rn a mes ,
b u t it i s p rob ably f ortun a t e fo r th e r e a de r th a t the movement ha d

n ot yet d ev eloped fa r T h e e ffo rts o f th e Cru sade rs t o di stingui s h
.
bet ween th e n u me ro us R a ymon ds Rob erts S te p hens B a l dw in s , , , ,
a n d Go d f reys a re o f in t e rest a s e a r l y f a cto rs i n the move ment wh i ch

,
l ed t o the gro wth o f he ral d ry an d th e multi p l i c a tion o f n am es .
2 . E xpres s ions f o time .
The re a de r wi ll do u btl es s b e i m p r es sed by t he absen c e i n th e

ch roni cle s o f p r eci se a nd m i n u te st a te men ts o f tim e whi ch a re s u ch ,
a m a rked f e a tu r e o f m odern i nd u stri a l l i fe T he ye a r see ms to .
have been o f little acco u n t a s a b a si s for reckoni ng time fo r the ,
a u tho r o f th e G e s ta menti on s i t on l y on ce d u ri ng th e whol e n a r
ra t ive wh i ch exten ds ove r a p eri o d o f fo u r y e a r s a n d R a ymon d o f ,
A gil l e s s c a rcely more o ften T h e mo re l e a rne d F u l cher u ses i t to

.
,
b e su re but r a th er a s a n o rn a ment th a n bec a u se he feel s the n ee d

,
o f s u ch a me a su r e o f tim e The gr e a t fe st iv a l days o f the Chu rch

.
const it u te d th e ch i e f st a nd a rd s o f t ime an d he re th a nk s t o t he in , ,
fl u en c e o f th e Ch u rch we fi n d a f a i r l y un i fo rm p r a cti c e among the

,
wr iter s The n eces si ty o f dete rmin i n g th e v a riabl e d ate o f E a ste r

.
com p el led the Chu rch to keep a c a len d a r w hil e the c u sto m o f ,
reg u l at ing the o rd ina ry a ffa i rs o f l i fe wit h re fe rence to t he c h i e f

f esti v a l d a ys o f th e Chu rch had long si nc e beco me a n estab li shed
habi t o f Ch ri sti a n E u rope T he ol d Rom a n C a len d a r t oo contin ue d
.
, ,
t o exert s ome i nfluen ce despit e the e fforts o f th e Ch u rch to su p plan t

i t wi th a Ch ri stian sch eme A s a r e sul t th e d ays o f t he month a re .
,
recko n e d both by Kalend s Non e s an d I de s a n d by th e n u me ri cal , , ,
coun t o f d ay s f ro m th e in coming o r o u tgo ing m onth D a ys o f the .
we ek bea r th e old Roman n a mes a nd th e c an oni cal en u m er a ti on

’
f rom the Lo rd s Day a s we l l Ti me o f d ay i s e x p res se d u su a l ly by
, .
mean s o f t he cano ni c a l hou rs M atin s P ri me Terce S ext N on e , , , , , ,
Ves p e rs a n d Com p li n e t ho u gh s u ch ex p ress i on s a s cock cro w

, ,
-
e a rli est dawn an d sun ri se a l so occ u r Ti me o f d a y an d d ay o f

, .
,
ye a r a re someti me s n oted by th e p s a lms a n d p raye rs custom a ry at

those ti mes Loca l v a ri a tion s i n reckoning th e begi nning o f the ye a r
.
a n d se a s on s o r i n ex p ressi ng d a tes by fe sti v a l s o f loy a l s a in ts

, a ,
p r a ctic e q u it e common in th e West a p p e a r rathe r i n f r eq u ently i n ,
the se a cco u nts 7

.
3 . N u mbers .
The figu res u se d by m ed i a eval w rite rs i n stati ng n u mbe r s o f

p eo p l e h a ve ba ffle d mo der n i nvesti gato rs I n o rde r to di scover th e .
a ctu a l n u mbe rs i nvolved i t ha s become al most a rul e to d ivi de th e

,
fig u re s o f the ch ron i clers by t en P erh a p s i t wo u l d be f ai re r to .
r ega rd almost a l l n u mbe r s over on e thou s a n d a s fi gu re s o f s p eech ,
inten ded on l y to convey t h e i m p re ssi o n o f a very l a rge n u mbe r .
Rom a n n u mer al s a l one were in u s e an d n ei the r t h e a ve r a ge w ri te r ,
n o r th e a ver a ge r e a de r o f th e p e ri o d h a d very m u ch t r a in i ng i n
a rith meti c I t w a s ce rt a inly a d i fficul t t a sk to desc ribe if not a
.
,
mo re di fficult t a sk to de ci p h e r a ve ry u neven numbe r o f S i x fi gu res ,
i n Rom a n nu mer a l s ! u ite a si de f rom t he mere mech an ic a l d iffi

.
c u lty o f th e t a s k f ew i f a ny p e rsons h a d h a d e x p e rienc e i n dea ling

, , ,
wi th l a rge n u mbers Nei the r co mmer ci a l e ccl esi a stic a l n o r mili t a ry

.
, ,
e st ab l i sh ment s de a l t a c c u r a tely i n very l a rge a mo u nt s o r n umbers

a t th i s t ime A S a re s u lt w h en these ch ron icle rs fo u n d themselves
.
,
i n the m i dst o f th e v a st host wh i ch com p ose d t h e cr u sading a rmy

th ey wer e str u ck wi th a m a zement N othi ng i n thei r p revio u s ex .
p e rien c e a ff or de d them a s a ti s fa cto ry b a si s fo r e stim a ting the si z e o f

th e a rmy T he n umber s i m p lie d i n thei r f req u en t reso rt to th e
.
“ ” “ ” “ ”
term co u ntles s a n d inn u me rabl e o r a s th e s a n d s o f the s e a , ,
”
an d a s the le a ves o f au tumn a re p rob a bly a lmost a s a cc u r a te a s
,
th e n ume r a l s wh i ch t hey em p l oy T he a ct u a l n u mber o f p erson s .
w ho took pa rt i n the Fi rst Cr u s a de c a nnot be fixed wi th a n y ce r

r ight exe rci sed by al l the gre a t fe u dal v a ss al s The re we re exp re s -
si on s o f v a l u e co mmon to a ll Eu ro p e —c g th e l iber o r pound

.
, , ,
wh ich equ a l l ed 2 0 s olidi o r shi ll ings wh i ch eq u a ll ed 2 40 d enarii o r

—
, , ,
p enni e s ; a n d a m ar c wh ich e q u a ll e d t w o th i rds o f a l ibe r o r 1 60 ,
d e narii .B u t wh e n th ese ter ms w e re a pp l i e d to coin s i n actual c i r

c u l a ti on thei r me a n ing va r ie d w i th th e ch a r a cte r o f th e coi n in
,
volve d Th e co i n i n mo st gen er a l u s e wa s th e d enariu s o r p enny

.
,
.
Thi s w a s u s u a l ly o f si lve r but mi gh t be made o f an a l loy o r so me

, ,
t i mes O i co pp e r a lone A l a rge a n d a s m a ll d enariu s w ere known

.
,
th e l atte r o ften c a l le d a n o bol Th e i nt ri nsi c v a lu e o f th e coi n .
v a ri e d somewh a t a c cord in g to th e p a rti c u l a r m in t at w hich i t wa s

coi ned wei ght constitut ing on th e wh ole th e s a fe st meth od o f
, , ,
d ete rmi ni ng v a l u e R aymon d men ti on s s even d i ffe rent d enarii

.
f rom a lim ite d region o f th e West a s c u r rent i n th e a rmy Va ri a .
t i on w a s c au se d by d eb a semen t th ro u gh co i n cli p pi ng a n d ki n d red -
p r a cti ce s wh i ch however a pp ea r to h ave been l es s common

, , ,
a t th i s t i me th a n l a ter I n v i e w o f s u ch f a cts gener al i z a ti on s

.
,
a bo u t mo net a ry m a tte rs a re exceedi ng l y h a z a rd o u s H oweve r i t .

,
i s u s u a lly s a fe to a s s u me when Weste rn co i n s a re m entioned tha t

d e nari i a re me a n t S olid i l ibe ri a n d mar ci a r e m oneys o f a ccount
.
, , ,
conveni en t i n ex p re ssing la rge sum s o f d ena rii Th e o rdin a ry si lver .
d en a rii i s weighe d f ro m 2 0 t o 2 4 gr as c om p a red with th e Ameri c a n .
d im e w h ich weighs gr I n th e E a st th e C r u s a de r s met wi th

.
go l d co i n s th e bes a n t a n d perperi i s o f Con st a ntin o p l e a n d the gol d

, ,
b es a nt o f t he Sa r a cens The bes arn t o f Con st a ntino pl e weighed

.
a bou t 6 5 gr a s com pa red wi th th e A me ric a n g o l d coin a ge

. whi ch ,
wei gh s abo u t 2 5 gr per dol l a r Th e per/ wri t s cal l e d a l so pu r

. .
,
pu ra tu s y perper a s y perperon an d perpre i s l ess well known

, , ,
It s ,
.
v a l u e a s st a te d by the au th o r o f th e Ges ta w a s equ a l to 1 5 s olidi

, , ,
o r 1 8 0 d ena r ii Th e gol d bes an t o f th e S a r a cen s a Latin te rm fo r

.
,
t he Ar abi a n d inar w as abo u t eq u a l i n weigh t an d int ri nsi c val u e t o

,
th e bes an t o f Con st anti no p l e I n seeki ng th e mode rn eq u iva l en ts

.
o f these co in s i t i s n e cess a ry to be a r i n min d the rel at ive v a l u e o f

,
gol d a n d si lve r i n th e mi dd l e a ges Anothe r coi n en co u ntere d i n .
th e E a st w a s the tartaroii wh i ch a pp ea r s t o have been a che a p

,
co p p e r coi n o f som e w h a t v a rying v a l u e .
Fro m a n e conomi c p oin t o f v ie w th e Fi rst Cru s a de mu st be re

g a rded a s on e o f th e mo st i mp ort a nt f a cto rs i n t r a n s forming th e
b a si s o f E u ro p e a n exch a nge f rom the n a tur a l to t he monet a ry Th e .
ch ange w a s by no me a n s c omplet e wi t h th e en d o f th e Cr u s a des ,
b u t a long ste p h a d been t a k en to w a rd th a t go a l wh en the fi rst o f

thes e e x p ed it ion s w a s l a u nched M oney w a s ne ce s s a ry to de fr a y .
th e o rd in a ry l ivin g ex p en ses on the march an d the Cru s a ders re ,

~
s o rted to a lmost every conceivab l e devi ce to obt a i n i t T hey to r .
t u re d Jews melted pl a te ,mortg age d thei r p os ses sions an d s ol d , ,
the i r goods for ri di c u lou sly sma l l s ums M oney o r din a ri ly s ca rce .
, ,
ro se i n v a l ue u nti l a s A l be rt recount s on e p e a s a nt sol d seven shee p

, ,
fo r a s ingle d e nariu s N o rm a lly a d enariu s w as th e eq u iv a len t o f

.
,
’
a wo rk m a n s dinne r b u t t h e Cr u s a de cre a ted abn orm a l con di ti on s
,
.
Un fo rt u n a tely thi s a bnor m a l st a te o f a ff a i rs a ccomp a ni e d t h e

,
C rus a de rs a long thei r whol e li ne o f m a rch fo r j ust a s thei r ar range ,
m ents fo r de p a rt u r e c a used the exch a nge v a l u e o f money to so a r s o ,
th e a rr iv a l O f s o ma ny peop l e a t o ne t ow n o r a not h er c a use d th e

l i mited foo d su pp ly to t a ke on in cre dibl e p r ice s O c c a sion al ly i n .
,
t i me o f fa mi ne foo d rose to a lmost i m p ossible heights s o th a t th e

, ,
p e a s a nt w h o ex ch a nge d h is s even shee p f o r on e d e nariu s i n th e

Rh in e country might h a ve exch a nged hi s d ena riu s i n tu rn for a , ,
s i ngle n ut a t Anti oc h d u ring it s si ege by K e rbogh a Th e stu d ent o f .
eco nomi cs wi ll be ab le t o fi n d m any s u ch equ a ti on s in th e following

p a ges T he C r u s a de rs h a d u nw i ttingly become ste a dy vi cti ms o f
.
th e la w o f sup p ly a n d dem a n d b ut fo r l a ck o f su ch know ledge th ey ,
bl a me d thei r mi s fo rtune s u p on th e cu p i d ity o f the Armen i a n s a n d

Greeks Thus ho weve r they le a rn e d to e steem t he po ss ess ion o f
.
, ,
money an d i n S a r a cen ter rito ry th ey lost few op p ortuni ti es to

,
secu re i t ei th er a s t r ibut e exto rti on o r p l a in robbe ry Sometime s , ,

.
t hey even burne d th e de a d bodi es O f th ei r f oe s to O bt a i n th e coi n s

whi ch the y bel i eve d th ese p eo p le h a d s w a l lowe d o r secrete d abo u t
thei r bodi e s Act u a l m oney a n d i ts v a lue w as on e o f the mo st
.
i m p ort a nt contributi on s o f th e ret u rni ng Cru s a de rs to Weste rn

l i fe s o mu ch s o th a t th e bes a n t o f Con st a nti nople a nd t h e Sar a cen
,
bes an t be c a me w ell k nown coi ns i n E u rop e .
5 . Military a rra ng e men ts .
A d efin i te o rg a n i z a tion o f the a rmy a s a whol e d id not exi st The .
Po p e s re p resent a tiv e Adh em a r wh o met all o f hi s ch a rges a t

’
, ,
N ic a e a fo r th e fi rst time was so ci a l a n d e cclesi a sti c a l he a d o f th e

,
ex p edi tion u nti l h i s d e a th at Antioch Augu st 1 1 09 8 Fo r mi lit a ry , ,

.
u
p p r os es th e Crus a de,
rs cho s e St e p hen o f B loi s a s thei r l e a de r o n
the m a r ch a c ros s Asi a M i no r a n d a fte r h i s w ith d r a w a l B o h e mu nd , , ,
act e d i n th a t c ap a city for a ti me Li ttl e re a l a uthori ty however .

, ,
w a s a cco rde d these le a der s ex ce pt fo r th e b ri e f pe ri od o f Ke r ,
b ogh a s S iege when B oh e mu n d w a s en t r u sted w ith f u l l p owe rs

’
.
,
O rdin a ri ly ma tter s o f p oli cy we re deci de d a t a counci l o f a l l th e

,
le a de rs both l a y a n d ecclesi a sti c a l Fo r a l l p r a cti c a l p u r p o ses e a ch

,
.
,
b a n d w a s a lmost a se pa r a te a rmy i n i tsel f a nd even wi thin e a ch ,
b a nd m a tte rs were u s u a l ly d eci ded by a com mon counci l Le a de r s .
o f th e se pa r a te b a n ds f requently h a d to r esor t t o a l l the a rt s o f

p e rsu a si on a t thei r comm a n d i n o r de r to keep thei r many mi n ded

-
a n d im p u l sive vass a l s i n le a sh Eloqu en ce ent re a ty O ffer s o f pay

.
, , , a
a n d ev en th re a t s we re use d t i me a n d tim e a g a i n Th e f e u d a l o a th
o f allegi a n ce o f v a ss a l to ove r —
.
l o r d w a s t h e only b a si s o f O bed ien ce ,
b u t th e con dit ion s u n de r wh i ch t h e c a mpaign w a s con ducted we r e

s o di ffe rent f rom thos e o f th e W est a s to ren de r th e o r din a ry
f eud a l ob lig a tion s q u i te i n a dequ a te As a res ult a dvent urous .

,
knights freq u ently wen t o ff o n r a i di ng e xpe d iti ons w itho u t r ega r d

fo r th e wi sh es o f t hei r lo r d s a n d com pa n i es o f knight s fo r th es e
,
for a ys we re fo rme d fro m m a ny di fferent b a n ds D i so rg a ni z a tion .
wa s f u rthe r i nc re a s ed by th e p resen ce o f gre a t n u mbers o f n on

combat a nts Pe rso ns o f both s ex es an d all a ges h a d att a ch e d them
s elves t o the a rmy f ro m v a ri ou s motives —
.
se r f s to p er fo r m meni a l
tasks ; pe a s a nts wi th thei r f a mi lies seeking im p rovement m a teri a l , ,
so ci a l or s p i ri tu a l ; wom en w ives o f Cr u s a de rs o r mer e a d ven

, , ,
t u rers ; p i ou s p i l grim s o f a l l a ges ; a n d cl ergy both regu l a r a n d ,
s ecul a r At N i c a e a thi s m ulti t u d e p rob ably la rgely o u tn u mber e d th e

.
figh ti ng men a n d a s a r u l e they w e re a gre a t h in d r a n ce to t h e a rmy

T h e fi ghti ng men wer e o f two cl a s ses —the mounte d a n d a r mo r ed
.
, , ,
kn i ght an d th e mo re o r l es s a rmo re d foot sol d ie rs At fi rs t th e

,
-
.
mounte d k night s we re p rob ably a l l o f n ob le b i rth b u t a s th e e xigen , ,
ci es o f the c a m p a ign m u lti p l i ed th i s con diti on w a s change d At , .
t imes n obl e k night s w ere c om p el le d t o r i de o n oxe n o r other

be a sts or to p roceed on f oot a n d ag a i n ignobl e foot —
,
sol d ie rs fo un d
, , ,
mounts a nd s ui ts O f a rmo r I n the cou rse o f ti me m any o f the .

,
l a tter p rove d them selve s wor thy o f knigh t h ood s o th a t by the t im e ,
th e a rm y re a ched Jer u s a l e m a gre a t numbe r o f the s o cal led knights -
were no t o f n obl e bi rt h .
The knight p rot ected by h i s b re a st p l a te a n d h i s s u it o f ch a i n

m a i l a n d equi p p ed wi th shi el d la n ce an d two —
,
,
e dged s wo rd w a s
, , ,
th e m a in stay o f the a rmy H i s sq u i res a l so mounted u s u a l ly a c

Th e foot —
.
, ,
com pa ni ed th e knight i n b a ttl e sol di ers w h os e ch ie f.

,
we a p on s were th e cross bow a n d j a vel i n w e re u sed both to b re a k

-
u p t h e l in e O f th e enemy i n th e openi ng ch a rg e a n d t o d i spose o f
th e d i smounte d en emy a f te r th e m a i n ch a rge o f the kn ights No n .
comb a t ant s wer e o f some s e rvice in re fresh ing th e fi ghte rs with '
d ri nks c a ri ng fo r th e wounde d an d h el p i ng to coll ect th e sp oi ls

, ,
.
Th e cle rgy p l a ye d a n i m po rt a nt p a rt by a dmi n i ster i ng th e s a c r a

ment be fore b a ttl e and o ffe ring u p p r ayers d u ring th e cou rse o f th e
fighting S u ch w a s t h e p r a cti ce a g a i nst a n enemy i n th e o p en fi el d
. .
Th e t a cti cs o f th e T u rk s however c a used some modi fic a ti ons, ,

.
Thi s foe u s u a lly mo u nted o n s wi ft h o rse s a n d a rme d with d a nger

,
o u s sm a l l bo ws insi sted u p on en ci rcl ing the Cr u s a d e rs without

,
com ing to clos e qu a rte rs Th ei r a r ro ws whi ch they shot q u ick l y

.
,
and i n p ro fus i on wer e c a lcu l a t ed t o S hatt er th e r a nk s o f the Cru

,
s a d e rs an d u sua lly did gre a t da ma ge t o t he l es s h ea vi ly

a rm ore d foot sol di ers I f thi s d evi ce f a i le d to op en u p th e r a nks
-
.
,
th ey s catte red i n feigned fl ight ho p ing th us to d raw th e Crus a de rs ,
a f te r them i n d i so rg a ni ze d p u rs u i t when i t w a s an easy m a tte r t o ,
tu rn an d cu t the m down T he Em p ero r Alexi u s g ave th e Cru .
s a d e rs some very v a l uabl e a dvi ce on t hes e m a tters Act u a l ex .
p e r i e n c e p roved a n even mo re e ffective te a che r s o that the Cr us a ders ,
regul a rly pl a c ed a st rong l ine at th ei r r e a r an d on the fl anks a s w e l l ,
a s i n f ron t a n d d i d not pu rsue th e enemy unti l they were actu a lly

,
i n rout .
To th e Weste rn ers si ege w a r fa re w as l es s wel l known th a n o p en

fi ghting I n most o f Western Eu ro p e ther e w a s l ittl e o f the he a vy
.
m a son ry o f Ro m a n d a ys s uch as ha d n eve r gon e ou t o f u s e i n th e ,
E ast Th e I t a l i a n s h a d h a d rel a tively mo re exp eri en ce th a n the

.
p eopl e north o f the Al p s b u t bot h h a d much t o le a rn T h e mi l it a ry

, .
engineer s o f Const a nti no p l e ga ve th e Crus a de r s so me i m p o rt a nt

l essons i n s i ege c ra ft a t N i cae a Th e development o f m o r e po wer
-
fu l h u rl ing engi ne s for both stones a n d a r ro ws b ec a me a n ecessi ty .
Th es e were o f t w o kin ds : t h e ballis tae u sed to s hoot l a rge a r ro ws ,
o r bolts w i th gr e a t f or c e a n d th e P e t ra ria wh i ch h u r le d l a rge , ,
stones Th e m otive p owe r w as p rovi de d by th e to rsi on o f t wi sted

.
ro p es o r the s ud d en r ele a s e o f a h eavy counte r p oi se an d gre a t -
i ngen uity w a s exerci se d to i n cre a s e th ei r fo rc e D ur i ng th e whole .
ex p edition h owever they we re not develope d su ffici ently t o m ak e

, ,
a ny con si der a bl e i mp ress i o n u pon t h e w a ll s Th ey w ere chi fly .
e ff ect i ve i n cle a rin g the w al l s o f de fen d ers wh ich f a ci lit a te d 0 her ,
si ege ope r a ti ons B a ttering r a ms o f v a ri ou s k inds w ere a ls o u se d

.
,
a n d as a p rotecti o n fo r th e m a ni u l a tors mantlets m a de o f w a t t l e d '
, p ,
st ak es were co nstru cted Un dermin ing the w a lls w a s a n o p er a ti on .
a lso r esorte d t o bu t th e mos t e ffect ive devi ces i n ove rcomi ng

,
st rongly fo rti fied town s wer e th e gre a t mov ab l e to we rs an d t he

block a de Th e fi rst w a s u se d su c ces s fully both at M a rr a an d J e ru
.
s a l em th e l a tte r a t N i cae a a n d Ant ioch Thes e a re ful ly des cribed

, .
i n the text ( s e e p a ges 2 5 6 2 0 5 S caling la dde rs o f woo d w e re, ,
o f s u b s i di a ry v a lue bu r pE y es a p a rt a t M a ,
a r ra a n d J e rusale m a n d
-
e s p eci a lly at C a es a re a I n all th es e o p e r a ti on s the r e w a s a gre a t

.
d em a n d fo r ski l fu l engi nee rs a s w ell as f o r un ski lled l a bo r It , .
i s s ign ificant th a t Greek engin eers w e re em p l oye d at N i c a e a a nd

Antio ch I t a l i a n a t Anti o ch a n d Jeru s a lem Th e We ste rn ers h a d
, .
m u ch t o le a rn i t i s t r u e bu t th a t they were qui ck to d o s o i s sh own

, ,
not only by thei r s u cces s at J er u s a lem but a lso by th e s tronge r ,
c a stl es a n d forti fic a ti on s wh ich a p pe a red i n Wester n Eu rope d ur ing

th e twel fth centu ry .
TH E FIR ST CR USADE
PR O O GU E
L '
( F u l ch er ) I t i s a j oy to th e liv i ng a n d even p rofi t a bl e t o th e

de a d wh en the d eed s o f b r a ve men an d es p eci a l ly o f th ose fighting ,
fo r Go d a re re a d f ro m w ri tings o r commi tte d to memo ry a re re

, , , ,
ci ted wi th p r u denc e i n th e mi dst o f th e f a i th fu l Fo r u p on h e a r ing

th e p io u s p u rpo s es o f t ho se w h o h ave gone b e fo re t he m—h ow re
.
j e c t in g th e h ono r o f th e w o rld le a v ing th ei r p a rents wives a n d

, , ,
goo ds o f wh a ts oeve r kin d they cl u ng to Go d a n d fol lowed H i m

,
a c co rdi ng to t he co u ns el o f th e Gospel — thos e who l iv e i n the w orl d
a re thems elve s a ni m a te d by H i s i n s p i r a ti on a n d a rou se d t o l ov e
H i m mo st a rdent ly I t i s ev en ben efi ci a l to tho se w h o a re de a d i n

.
t he Lo rd S i nce th e fa ith ful he a ri ng thei r goo d a n d p i o u s d eeds

, , ,
th e re fo re bl es s the i r so u l s a n d i n ch a rity O ffe r a l ms a n d p r a ye rs

for them whethe r the se d e a l w ere kno wn to them o r n ot
, .
M oved the re fo re by th e req u ests o f f ormer com r a des I have re

, , ,
l a te d i n c a re f u l a n d o rd e rly f a sh i o n th e i llustr i ou s d eed s o f the

F r anks i n h ono r o f th e S a vi o u r wh en a t the comm a n d o f G od t hey
,
m a d e a n a rmed p ilg ri m a ge t o J e r u s a l em I n homely sty l e b u t .

, ,
n eve rthel es s t r u ly I h ave r eco u nted wh a t I deemed wo rthy to be

, ,
commi tte d to memo ry a n d I h av e t ol d i t a s w ell a s I c a n a n d j u s t

,
.
a s I s a w i t my sel f . A lth o u gh I d o not d a r e to pu t th i s wor k o f th e

Fr a nks th a t I h ave men ti on ed on a n e q u a l i ty w i th th e d i sting u i sh ed
a ch i evements o f th e p eo p l e o f I s r a e l o r o f th e Ma c ca b ees o r o f ,
l
,
m a ny othe r p eo p l es who m Go d h a s ho n o red by s u ch f requent a n d

such won de r fu l m i r a c l e s stil l I consi de r i t no t fa r in feri o r to tho s e
,
wo r k s si n ce i n conn ecti on w i th i t m i r ac les w o rked by God were

,
O ften witn ess ed Th ese I h av e t a ken c a re to re p o rt i n w rit ing

. .
I n wh a t w ay i nd eed d o th ese Fr a nk di ffe r f ro m th e I s r a eli tes

, ,
s
a n d the M acc a b ees ? I n tho s e l a nd s ve ry S i de I h a ve seen , ,
t hem d ismembe red c r u ci fied fl a yed sh o t w i th a r ro ws b u tch ered o r

, , , , ,
ki l l e d by oth e r k in ds o f m a rty r dom fo r th e love o f Ch ri st ; o r I

h a v e he a rd o f i t when I w a s fa r a w ay An d yet they co u l d b e over .
come n ei the r by t h re a t s n o r b l a ndi sh ments ! N ay even i f the s l a y ,

’
e r S s wo rd h a d come m a ny o f u s wo u l d not h av e re fu se d t o p eri sh
,
fo r th e lov e o f Ch ri st Oh h ow m a ny tho u s a n ds o f m a rtyrs d i e d

.
,
a h ap p y de a th on th i s ex p e di ti on ! Wh o i s S O hard o f h ea rt th a t h e
T H E F I RST C R U SA D E 2 3
can hea r th es e deeds wi t h out b eing mov e d by dee p est p i ety to b reak
f orth i n H i s p r a i se ? Wh o wi ll not wonde r how we a f ew peopl e i n
,
the mi dst o f the l a nds o f ou r en emies were a b le not only to r esi st

, ,
bu t t o l ive ? Who h a s eve r he a rd s u ch th ings ? On one S i de o f u s

w ere Egy p t a n d Ethi op i a ; o n a no th er A r a bia , Ch a l de a Syri a
, ,
P a rthi a M esopot a mi a As syri a a nd M edi a ; on a nothe r Pe rs i a an d

, , ,
S cyth ia .
2
A g re a t s ea se pa rated u s f rom Ch ri stend o m a n d sh u t
u s u p i n th e h a n ds o f o u r d est royers a s i f Go d a l lo we d i t
, . B ut H i s
“
a rm me rci ful ly d e fended us . B l essed i nd eed i s th e n a ti on wh ose
”3
God is the Lo rd .
Th e h i s to ry wh ic h f ol l ow s sh a l l ex p l a i n h o w th i s w ork was b e
gu n and ho w a l l the p eo p l e o f the West o n ce a ro used to un de r
, ,
t a ke s o gre a t a n ex p editi on mo re th a n wi llingly a p p l ie d thei r hearts

,
a n d han d s t o i t.
C H A P TER I
THE SU MMONS
’
‘
( A ft er F u l ch e r s p r e fac e w h i c h s ee ms a d mir a bl y S u it e d t o t h i s ac c ou n t
t h e c h a p t er d ea l s w it h t h e c a ll fo r C r u s a d e r s fro m t h e W e s t Th e c ond iti o n
o f Eu rop e o n t h e e v e o f t h e Cr u s ad e i s t o o l a r g e a s u bj e c t t o be tr ea t e d
.
,
a d eq u a tel y h er e b u t F u l ch e r s b ri e f s u mma ry c on t a i n s a v ery s u gg e s tiv e

’
,
s u rv ey o f t h e s it u ati on a nd is i n t er e s ti n gl y s u p p l e men t e d by E kk e h a rd s
’
c o ntr as t o f c on d iti o n s in E a s t a nd W e s t F r a n kl a n d M o s t o f th e c au s e s .
o f t h e mov e me n t may b e i n fe rr e d fr o m U r b a n s s p eec h a t C l e r mo n t

’
.
Th e Co u n c i l o f Cl e r mon t w a s h e l d in N ov e mb er 1 0 9 5 a n d l a s t e d fo r t en
da y s fr o m t h e e i ght e en th t o th e t w e n ty e i g h t h o f t h e mon t h t h e fa mo u s
,
-
ad d r es s o f U rb a n b e i ng d e l iv e r e d o n t h e d a y b e fo r e t h e c l o s e o f t h e Co u nc i l .
Th e fou r w rit er s w ho w e r e p r e s u ma bl y p r es e n t w r o t e th e ir v e r s i o n s o f t h e
s p e e ch s ev e r a l y ea r s a ft e r it o c c u rr e d
‘
t h a t o f F u l ch er b ei n g p erhap s th e
,
ea r l i e s t
. E ac h may h a v e p re s erv ed n o t e s t ak e n a t th e ti me b u t it is e x ,
t re me ly i nt e r e s ti n g t o O b s e rv e th a t eac h s tr es s es t h a t p h a s e o f t h e s p e e ch
w hi ch e s p ec i a ll y a pp ea l e d t o h im
a s a p atri o ti c F r e n c h ma n
R o b e rt th e M o n k s e ems t o h av e r es p on d e d
.
B a l d e ric a s a me mb e r o f th e Ch u r c h hi er a r c h y
,
‘ ,
G u i b e r t a s a my s ti c F u l c h e r h e r e a s a l w ay s a s t h e s i mp l e c u r é—a l l a s
, , , ,
c h u rc h me n 4 . E nou gh h a s b e en a d de d by t h e w rite r s to i nd i c at e t h a t mo s t
o f U r b an s a u d i en c e w h i c h c o n s i s t e d p ri nc i p a ll y o f t h e c l e r gy b e ca me u n
’
, ,
o ffi c ia l p r eac h e r s o f t h e C r u s a d e w h e n t h ey r e t u r n e d t o th e ir o w n d i s tri c t s .
T h i s is i nd i c a ted a l s o by U rb a n s l ett e r t o t h e Cr u s a d e r s in F l a nd e r s w ritt en

’
l e s s th an a month a fte r th e Co u n c i l w hi c h w a s h a l f p l ea an d h a l f in s t ru c
,
ti on t o me n a l re ady a r ou s e d U r b a n hi ms e l f s p o k e a t o t h e r p l ac e s in F r a n c e
.
b e for e r etu r n i n g t o I t a l y t o s tir u p t h e p eop l e th er e bu t h e did not g o t o ,
G e r ma ny for t h e rea s on s men ti on ed by b ot h F u l c h e r a n d E kk e h a r d Th e .
a p p e a l th e r e th o u g h i nd ir e ct w a s p o w e r fu l a s th e s eco nd c h ap t e r p r ov e s
, , , .
Th e c a ll t o t h e Cr u s ad e w a s s o u n d ed a n d r e s ou n d ed by U r b a n ev e n t o t h e
.
t i me o f h i s d ea th a n d by h u n d r ed s o f o t h e r s b oth d u ri n g h is l i fe —
,
ti me a n d
l o n g th er ea ft er ) .
1
1 . Cond i t ions in E u r ope at th e b eginn ing of t h e Cru s a d es .
) I
( F u l ch er n the.ye a r o f o u r Lo rd 1 0 9 5 i n th e reign o f th e s o ,
c a lled Em p eror H en ry in Germ a ny an d o f Ki ng Ph i l i p i n F r a n ce

5
,
th ro u gh o u t Eu ro p e ev il s o f a l l ki nd s w a xe d st rong b ec au s e o f v a ci l
l a ting f a i th Po pe Urb a n I I th en r u led i n the ci ty o f Rome H e
.
6
.
w a s a ma n a dmi r a bl e i n l i f e and h a bi ts w h o a l w a ys st rov e wi sely ,
a n d ene rgeti c a l ly to r a i s e the st a t u s o f H o ly Ch u rch h igher a n d
highe r .
’
B u t th e devi l wh o alw a ys desi res m a n s de st r u cti on a n d goes
,
F or when th e he a d i s thu s st r u ck th e membe rs a t o nce a re s i ck ,

.
If th e he a d be si c k th e other membe r s su ffer

,
S in c e the head w a s .
th u s S i ck p a i n was engen de red i n the en feebl ed members ; fo r i n

,
a l l pa rts o f E u ro p e p e a c e good nes s f a i th w e re b ol d l y t r a m p le d u n

, , ,
de r foot w ith i n the ch u r ch a n d with out by th e high a s wel l a s by

, , ,
t he low I t w as n eces s a ry b oth th a t a n en d b e p u t to thes e ev i ls

.
,
a n d th a t i n a c co rd a n ce w i th t h e p la n s u ggested by Pop e U rb a n
, ,
they t u rn a g a in st th e p aga n s th e st rength f o rmerly u s ed i n p ro se

c u t ing b a ttle s a mong th ems elves .
H e s a w mo reove r th e f a ith o f Ch ri sten do m gre at ly degr a ded by

, ,
a ll ,
by the cle rgy as we l l a s by th e l aity a nd p e a ce tot a lly dis re ,
ga r d ed ; f o r th e p ri n ces o f t he l a n d w e re i nces santly eng age d i n

a rmed st ri fe no w th ese no w tho se q u a rr elli ng a mong themselv es
, ,
.
H e s aw th e go ods o f the l a n d s tolen f ro m the owner s ; an d m a ny ,
w h o we re u nj u stly t a ken c a ptive an d mo st b a rbarou sly c a st in to

foul p ri s on s h e s a w r a n so med fo r excessiv e s u ms o r to rmented
, ,
the r e by the t h ree ev i l s sta rv a tion th i rst an d cold o r al lo we d to

, , , ,
p e ri sh by u n seen de a th H e a l so S a w h oly p l ace s v iol a ted mon a s

.
,
t e rie s a n d vi l l a s d est roye d by fi re a n d no t a li ttl e hum a n su ffering , ,
both th e div i ne a n d th e h u man bei ng hel d i n deri si on .
When h e h e a rd t oo th a t i nte ri o r pa rts o f Rom a n i a we re h el d

, ,
o p p ress ed by th e T u rks a nd th a t Ch ri sti a n s we re s u bj e cte d to

,
d estr u ctive a n d s a vage a tt a cks h e wa s move d by com p a ss ion a t e ,
pity ; an d p ro m p ted by th e love o f Go d h e crossed th e Al p s an d

, ,
c a m e in t o G a u l H e the re c a lled a counci l a t Clermont i n Auvergn e

.
,
wh i ch coun ci l h a d been fi t t ingly p rocl a i me d by envoys i n a l l di r c e

tions I t is esti m a ted th a t the re we re th ree h u n d r ed a n d t en b i sh o p s
.
an
d ‘bb ts
a o wh o bo re the c rozi e r When th ey we re a ssembled o n t h e
.
d a y a pp oi nte d fo r th e co u n ci l U rb a n i n a n el oq u ent a d d ress fu ll o f

, ,
sweetn es s ma d e known the O bj ect o f t he meeting Wi th the pl a in

, .
t ive voi ce o f th e affli cted Ch u rch h e b ew a i le d i n a long di scou rs e

th e gre a t di stu rb a nce s wh i ch a s h a s been mention ed a bove a gi t a te d
, ,
th e w o r l d w here fa i th h a d been u nde rmin ed Th en a s a s u p p li c a n t .

, ,
h e exho rted a ll t o resume th e ful ln es s o f thei r f a i th a n d i n goo d ,
e a rn e s t to t ry dil igently to wi th st a nd th e d eceits o f th e d evi l a n d

-
to r a i se t o its p ri sti ne hono r th e s t a tu s o f Holy Chu rch n ow mo st ,
u nme rci f u l ly cri p p le d by th e w i cke d .
“ “
D ea rest b reth ren h e s a i d I U rb a n i nveste d by th e p e rm 15 5 1on
, , , ,
o f Go d wi th the p a p a l ti a r a and s p i ri tu a l r ul er ove r th e wh ol e wo rl d

, ,
h ave come h ere i n thi s gre a t c risi s to you s erv a nts o f God a s a , ,
mes senger o f divi ne a dmoniti on I w i sh those w h o m I have b e .
l ieve d goo d an d f a ith ful di s p en se rs o f th e mini st ry o f God to b e

foun d f ree f rom sh a me fu l d i ssi m u l a ti on F o r i f the re be i n you .
’
a ny d i s p osition o r c rooke dness c ont rary t o Go d s la w b eca use y o u ,
h av e l os t th e mo der a ti on o f re a so n a n d j u st ice I S h a l l e a rne stly en ,
d eavor t o co r rect i t a t once with d ivi n e assi stance ,

Fo r th e Lo r d .
h a s m a d e y ou st ew a rd s ove r H i s fa mi ly th a t you p rovi de i t w ith ,
p le a sant t a sting me a t i n se a son

-
You w il l b e bl es sed i ndee d i f th e

.
, ,
Lo rd sh a l l fin d y ou f a i th f u l i n stew a rd shi p Y ou a re a l so c a ll ed .
she p her d s ; s ee th a t y ou d o n ot t he wo rk o f h i rel i ngs B e t ru e .
sh ep herd s a n d h av e yo u r c roo k s alway s i n yo u r han ds S lee p n ot .

,
but d e fen d ev e rywhere th e fl ock commi tte d t o yo u r ca re For i f

‘
.
through yo u r c a rel es sn es s o r n egle ct th e wol f c a rri es O ff a shee p ,
do u bt les s y ou wi l l not only los e th e rewa rd p re pa re d fo r you by

o u r Lord b u t a fte r h a ving fi rst been t o rt u re d by th e st rokes o f th e
‘
, ,
licto r y ou w i ll a lso be s a v a gely h u rl ed i nto th e a bod e o f th e d a mned

‘
.
,
I n th e wo rd s o f th e gos p el Ye a re th e s a lt o f t he ea rth
,
? 9
B ut i t ’
i s a s k ed If ye fa i l whe rewi th sh a l l i t b e salted ? O h what a s a lt

, ,
’
i ng ! In deed y o u mu st striv e by th e s a l t o f yo u r w i sdom to c o r rect

,
th i s f oo li sh peo p le ove r e age r f o r t h e p l e a s u r es o f th e wo rl d l es t

,
-
t h e Lo r d fi n d the m i n si p i d an d r a n k co rru p te d by c ri me s a t th e ,
ti me when H e w i shes to s p e a k to them Fo r i f bec a u se o f you r .
sloth ful pe r fo rm a n ce o f d u ty H e sh a l l di scove r any wo rm s i n them ,
th a t i s to s ay a n y sin s H e wi ll i n contem p t o rde r th em to b e c a s t

,
fo rth wi th i nto th e abys s o f u n cle a nn es s ; a n d bec a u s e you w il l b e

u nabl e to m a ke goo d t o H i m s u ch a los s H e wi l l s u re l y b a n i sh ,
con demn ed by H is j u dgment f ro m th e p resen ce o f H i s l ove , .
one th a t s alt et h o u ght to be p rudent f o res ig hted l e a rn ed p e a ce f u l , , , ,
w a tch fu l res p ect a b l e p i o u s j u st f a i r min ded p u re F o r h ow c an

, , , ,
-
, .
t h e u n l ea rn ed m a ke othe rs l e a rned th e i mmo dest m a ke othe rs mod i

'
es t th e uncl e a n ma ke othe rs cle a n ? H o w ca n h e m ak e p e a ce w ho

‘
,
h a tes i t ? I f a nyone h a s soil ed h a n ds h ow ca n he c l e a n se th e s p ot s ,
f rom on e cont a minated ? Fo r i t i s w ri tten If th e bl i n d l ead th e ,
bl in d both s h a l l fa l l i nto th e p it
,
0
Ac co r din g l y fi r st c o r re ct yo u r
.
’1
selves s o th at wi tho u t re p ro a ch y ou c a n then co rrect those u n der

,
yo u r c a re If i ndeed you w i sh to be the f r ien d s o f Go d do gener

.
, , ,
o u s l y wh a t y o u s e e i s p l e a sing t o H im .
“
S e e to i t th a t th e a ffa i rs o f H oly Ch u rch es p eci a l ly a re m a in , ,
t a in e d i n th ei r ri ghts a n d th a t si mon i a c a l h eresy i n n o w ay t a ke s

,
root a mong y o u T a k e c a re le st p u rch a se rs a n d vende rs a l ike

.
,
s tr u ck by th e l a sh o f th e Lo rd b e d i sgr a ce f u lly d riven th rough n a r

,
row w ay s i nt o u tter c on f u sion Kee p t h e Ch u rch i n a ll i t s o rder s .
ent i re l y f ree f rom th e se c u l a r p owe r ; h a ve given to God faith fu lly

_
T m
o n e tenth o f the f rui ts o f h

-
ea rth n eithe r selling th em no r wit h , ,
ho l di ng t hem Wh oev er l a ys v i o l ent h an d s o n a bis h op let h i m be

.
,
consi de re d excomm u ni c a ted W h OeyCr Sh al l have sei z ed monks o r

-
- ’
.
,
p ri ests o r nun s a n d th ei r se rv a nt s o r p ilgri ms o r t ra der s an d
, , , , ,
sha l l h av e des p oil e d th em let h im b e accu rsed Let th i eve s a n d ,

.
bu rners o f h o u ses a n d th ei r a ccom p l i ces b e exco mmuni c a ted f rom

th e ch u rc h an d a c c u r sed T he re fo r e we m u st consi der e s p eci a lly .
, ,
a s Grego ry s a ys h o w gre a t wi l l be h i s p u ni sh men t who ste a l s f rom

,
a nothe r i f h e i ncu rs th e d a mn a t ion o f hel l w ho d oe s n o t di st r ibute

,
a l ms f rom h i s o w n p ossessi on s Fo r so i t h a p p ened to the ri ch .
ma n i n the G o s p el wh o w as pu n i she d n ot f o r ste a l ing anyth i ng

,
f ro m a n othe r b u t be c a u se h a v i ng receive d wealth h e u sed i t b a dly

,
11
, ,
.
“
By t h es e evi ls th e re fo re a s I h a ve s a i d d ea rest b reth ren y ou
, , , ,
h a ve seen the w o r ld di so rde red for a long ti me a n d t o s u ch a de ,
g re e th a t in som e p l a ces i n yo u r p rovi nces a s has been re p o rted to ,
us ( p e rh ap s d u e to yo u r w e a kn es s i n a dmi ni ste r ing j u sti ce ) on e ,
s c a rcely d a re s to t r avel fo r fe a r o f bei ng ki dna pp ed b y thi ev e s a t

nigh t o r h ig h w ay ma n by d ay by fo rce o r by c r a ft a t h om e o r , ,
o u t o f doo rs Wh ere fo re i t i s wel l t o e n fo r c e a n ew t h e T r u ce

.
2
, ,
1
commonly s o ca l led wh i ch w as long a go e sta bli sh ed by ou r ho l y

- -
f a th er s an d whi ch I most e a rne stly ent r e a t each o n e o f you to h a ve

,
observ ed i n hi s di oc ese B u t i f a ny one l e d on by p ride o r a m .

,
b it ion i n f ri nges thi s inj u nction vo l u n t a rily let h i m b e a n at hem a i n

, ,
vi rt u e o f the a u tho rity o f God a n d by th e s a nct i on o f the dec ree s

”
o f thi s co u n ci l .
When the se an d m a ny oth er thi ngs w er e wel l d i s p os ed o f a ll t hose ,
p resent p ri est s a n d p eo p l e a l ike g a ve th a nks to God an d w el comed

, ,
the a dvi ce o f th e Lo rd Po p e U rb a n a ss u ring h i m wi th a p romi se o f , ,
fi del ity th a t th ese dec rees o f h i s w o u l d be wel l k e p t

, .
Ur ba n ( Novembe r 2 7
pl ea for Cru s ad e
’
2 . s a .
,
( Ges ta ) When n ow th a t ti me was at h a n d whi ch t h e Lo rd

J es u s d a i l y p o i nts o u t t o H i s fa ith fu l es p e ci a l ly i n the Gos p el s a y , ,
~
“
i ng I f a n y ma n w o u l d come a fte r me let h i m den y h i msel f a n d
, ,
t a k e u p h i s c ro s s an d foll ow me ”
a mighty a gi t a t io n w a s c a rrie d ,
13
o n th ro u gh o u t a l l the regi o n o f G au l ( I ts t eno r w a s ) th a t i f .
a nyon e d esi red to f ol l o w t he Lo rd z e a l ou sly with a pu re h e a r t an d ,
mi nd a n d wi shed fa i th fu l l y to be a r th e cro ss a fte r H i m he wo u l d

, ,
no l onger h e sit a te to t a ke u p th e w ay to the H oly Se p ul ch re .
And s o Urb a n Po p e o f the Rom a n s e e with hi s archbi sh o p s

, , ,
b i sho p s a bb ot s a n d p ri est s set o u t a s q u ic k ly a s p o ssi bl e beyon d

,
-
, ,
th e mo u nta i n s a n d beg a n t o d el iver sermon s a n d to p re a ch eloq u ent

“
l y s ay ing :
,
Whoev e r wi she s t o s av e h i s so u l sho u l d not h es it at e
h u mbly to t a ke u p th e w ay o f the Lo rd an d i f h e lac ks s u ffici ent ,
money div i n e mercy wi l l giv e h im eno u gh

,
Then th e a p ostoli c .
“
l ord cont in u ed B reth ren w e o u ght t o en du re m u ch s u ffe ring fo r
, ,
th e n a me o f Ch ris t—mi sery p overty n a kednes s p er sec u ti on w a nt

‘
, , , , ,
i l lnes s h u nger th i rst a n d othe r ( i ll s ) o f th i s kin d j u st as t h e Lo rd

‘
, , , ,
s a i th t o H is di s ci p l es : Ye m u st s u ffe r m u ch i n M y n a me 14 ’
an d
‘
,
B e no t ash a me d to c on fe ss M e be fo re th e f a ce s o f men ; verily I

wi l l give yo u mouth an d wi s do m 15
a n d fi na l ly Gr e a t i s yo u r re ,
’
,
”16
w a rd in H eaven An d wh en th i s s p eech h a d al re a dy beg u n to
.
’
b e no i sed ab ro a d l ittle by l itt l e th rough a l l the regio n s and co u n

, ,
t ries o i G a u l th e Fr a nk s u pon he a r ing such re p orts forthw ith

, , ,
c a u sed cr os ses to b e se wed on th ei r right shou l de rs s ayi ng th a t they ,
fo l l owed wi th on e a cco rd t he footst e p s o f Ch ri st by w hi ch they h a d ,
been redeemed f ro m th e h a n d o f hel l .
( F u l c h er ) B u t th e P o p e a dde d at o nce th a t anothe r t ro u bl e not ,
l ess b u t sti l l mo r e gri evo u s th a n th a t a l ready s p oken o f an d even

, ,
the ve ry w o rst w a s besett i ng Ch ri sti a n ity from a nother p a rt o f th e

,
“
wo rl d H e s a i d :
. S i n ce O son s o f God you h a ve p romise d th e
, ,
Lo r d to m a i nt a i n p e a ce m o re e a rne stly t han h ereto f o re i n yo u r

mi dst an d f a i th fu ll y to s u st a i n th e ri ght s o f H oly Ch u rch there
, ,
st il l rem a i n s fo r y ou wh o a re newly aro u se d by thi s divi n e co r ree

,
tion a ve ry n ecessa ry w o rk i n wh i ch you c a n S h ow th e st rength o f

, ,
’
yo u r goo d wi l l by a cert a i n fu rthe r d u ty G o d S con ce rn an d y o u r ,
l
ow n . F o r y ou m u st h a sten t o c a r ry a id t o yo u r b reth re n d we l l i ng
‘
i n th e E a st who n eed yfi i r h é l pj which they o ften h a ve a ske d Fo r
'
’
.
,
th e T u rks a Per sian p eo p l e h a ve a tt ac ke d t hem a s m any o f you

, , ,
a l re a dy know a n d h a ve a dv a n ced a s fa r i nto the Ro m a n te rri

,
to ry a s th a t p a rt o f the M e dite r r a n e a n wh i ch i s c a l le d t h e Arm o f

S t Geo rge ; a n d by sei zi ng mo r e a n d mo r e o f th e lan d s o f the
.
,
Ch ri sti a n s th ey h av e a l re a dy o ften conq u e re d t hem in b a ttle h av e

, ,
ki ll ed a n d c ap t u red m a ny hav e d est roye d the ch u rch es an d h av e

, ,
dev a st a ted th e k ingdo m o f G o d I f y ou a llow the m to continu e .
m u ch longe r th ey wi l l subj u ga te Go d s faith f ul yet mo r e wi de ly ’
Whe re fo re I exho rt w i th e a rn est p r a ye r—not I b u t Go d—that

, .
“
, , ,
a s he r a l d s o f Ch ri st y ou u rge men by frequ ent exho rt a ti on men o f

, ,
al l ra n k s knights a s well a s foot so l di e rs ri c h a s well a s p oo r to

,
-
, ,
h a sten to exte rmin a te thi s vi l e r a c e f ro m the l a nd s o f you r b reth ren ,
a n d to a id th e Ch ri sti an s i n ti me I s p e a k to those p res ent ; I p ro .
cl a i m i t to th e ab sent ; mo reove r Ch ri st command s i t An d i f those , .
w ho s et ou t th i ther shou l d lose thei r l i ves on the way by l a nd o r i n ,
c rossi ng th e s ea o r i n fighting th e p ag a n s t hei r si n s sh a l l be re

, ,
mit t e d Th i s I gr a nt to a l l who go thro u gh th e p o we r vested i n

.
,
me by Go d Oh wh a t a di sgr a ce i f a r a ce s o d es p i s ed b a se an d
.
, , , ,
th e i nstr u ment o f demon s S ho u l d so ove rco me a p eo p le endo wed

w ith fa ith i n the a l l —
,
p o we r f u l God a n d res p l enden t w i th th e n a me ,
O f Ch ri st ! Oh w hat re p r oa ch es wil l b e ch a rged a ga in st you by

,
-
3 0 TH E F I RST C R U SA D E
th e Lo r d H i ms e l f i f you h av e n ot hel p e d th ose wh o a re c o u nted ,
l ike you rselve s o f the Ch ri sti a n fa i th ! Let th o se who h a ve been

,
a cc u stomed to m a k e p riv a t e wa r ag ai n st the f a ith f u l c a r r o n to a

w
“
y “ ,
su cces s fu l i s sue a wa r a g a i n st infi d el s w hi ch o ugh t t o h a ve been

,
begun e re n ow Let th es e w HO b a l on g ti me have been robbe r s

'
n ow become sold ie s o f Ch r ist Let those who once

r .
b rothe rs an d rel at ive s n o w fight ag a in st b a rb a rian s ,
Let th os e w h o h av e b een h i r eli ngs a t l o w wages no w labo r f or an

ete rn a l re war d Let tho Ss .w h o h ave been we a rin g th emse l v es o u t
.
’ -
t o th e det ri m en t o f body an d so u l no w l ab or f o r a d oub le glo ry .
O n the one h a n d wi l l b e th e sa d an d p oor on t he other th e j oyo u s ,
an d we a lthy ; h e re th e enem ie s o f th e Lo r d ; th e re H i s f ri en ds Le t .
n o obst a cl e st a nd i n th e w ay o f t hose wh o a re going but a fter , ,
thei r a ffai r s a r e settle d an d ex p en se money i s c ol l e ct ed wh en t h ,
w i nte r h as en ded an d s p ri ng h a s c o me l et th em ze a lou sly u nd e r

,
”
t a ke th e j o u rney u nd e r th e g u i d a n ce o f the Lo rd .
“
( R o b er t t h e M on k ) Oh ra ce o f Frank s r a ce f ro m a c ro ss
t he mo u nt a in s race cho se n a n d be l oved by G od—a s sh i ne s fo rth i n

.
, ,
v ery m a ny o f you r wo rks —set a pa rt from a ll natio n s by th e situa

,
ti o n o f yo u r count ry a s wel l a s by yo u r C a thol i c faith an d the h on o r

,
o f th e H oly Chu r ch ! T O y ou ou r di sco u rse i s a dd ressed an d fo ,
y ou ou r exho rt a ti o n i s in ten ded W e w i sh y ou t o kno w what a

.
grievo u s cau se h a s le d u s t o yo u r co u nt ry what p e ri l th reaten i ng , ,
y o u an d a ll th e f a ith ful h ,
a s b ro u gh t u s .
“
Fro m th e confi n es o f J er u sale m an d th e ci ty o f Con st a nt i no p l e a
h o r rib le t a l e h a s gone f orth an d very f req u ent ly h a s b e en b rou gh t ’
t o ou r e a rs ; n a me l y th a t a r a c e f rom th e kingdom o f th e Pe rsi a n s

, ,
a n a ccu rs ed ra ce ,a r a ce u tterly a l i en a t ed fro m God a gene r a tion , ,
fo rs ooth w hi ch h a s n eithe r di recte d i ts he a rt n o r entru ste d it s

,
s p i rit to God h a s i nv a de d th e l a nd s o f tho se Ch ri stians an d ha s

,
de p o p ul a te d t h em by th e swo rd p i ll a ge a n d fi re ; i t has led a w ay a

, ,
p a rt o f the c ap t ive s int o i t s o w n co u ntry a n d a p a rt i t h a s d est royed

,
by cruel to rt u res ; it h as ei the r enti rely dest royed the ch u rches Of

G o d o r a pp ro p ri a ted them for th e rites o f i ts o w n reli gion T hey .
des troy th e a lta rs a fte r h av i ng d e fi l e d them wi th thei r u n cleann ess

,
.
Th ey c i r c u mci se th e Ch ri st i an s an d th e blood o f th e ci r cu mci si on

,
they e ithe r s p re a d u p on the a lt a rs or p ou r i nto th e va ses o f the

b ap ti sm a l font Wh en they wi sh to to rt u re p eo p le by a b a se death
.
,
they p e r fo r a te th ei r n a vel s a n d d r a ggi ng fo rth th e en d o f t h e in

, ,
t es t in e s bi nd it t o a st a k e ; then wi th fl oggi ng th ey le a d th e vi cti m

,
a ro u n d u nt il h i s v i s c e r a h a ve g u sh c d fo rth a n d he fa l l s p rostr a te
-
u p on th e gro u nd . O thers they bin d to a p o st an d p ie rce w ith a r

ro ws Oth ers they com p el to exten d thei r n ecks a n d then att a ck
.
, ,
TH E F I R ST C R U SA D E 31
i ng them w i th naked s wo rds they a ttempt to cut th rough th e n eck ,
with a si ng l e bl ow What sh a l l I say o f th e abominabl e rape o f

.
th e women ? To s p e a k o f i t i s wo rse th a n t o be si lent Th e ki ng .
do m o f th e Greeks i s n ow d i smembere d by the m an d d ep rive d o f

te rrito ry s o va st in extent t h a t i t ca n not b e t r a ve rsed i n a marc h O f
t wo month s O n whom t he re fo re i s th e t a s k o f avengi ng the se
.
, ,
w r ongs a nd o f recov e ring thi s ter ri to ry i nc u mbent i f n ot u p o n you ? ,
Y ou u p on who m a bov e othe r n a ti on s Go d h a s con f er re d rema rk

,
~
able g l o ry i n a rm s gre a t co u ra ge bodil y energy an d th e st rength

, , ,
to h u mbl e the h a i ry s cal p o f th os e wh o re sist y ou .
“
Let t h e deed s o f you r a ncesto rs move you an d i n cite yo u r min d s
t o m a nly achi evement s ; li kewi s e th e gl o ry an d greatn es s o f Ki ng ,
Ch a rles the Gre a t an d hi s s on Lo u i s an d o f yo u r othe r ki ngs who

, , ,
h av e d est roye d th e k ingdo m s o f the p aga ns and h ave exten de d in ,
these l a n ds th e t er rit o ry o f th e H oly Ch u rch Let th e H oly S epu l .
ch re o f t he Lo rd ou r S avi ou r whi ch i s p o sses sed by u n clean n a

, ,
ti on s es p ecia l l y mov e y ou an d l ikewi se th e holy p l a ces whi ch are

, , ,
n o w t re a te d w ith ignomi ny an d i rrev erently p oll u te d wi th fil th in e s s .
Oh most v a li an t sol d ie rs an d des cen dant s o f i nv i n cib l e a ncesto rs

, ,
be no t d egene r ate b u t re c a l l th e valo r o f you r fo re f a thers !

‘ ‘
,
“
H o weve r i f yo u ar e h i n de red by l ove o f ch i l d ren p arent s an d
, , ,
w ives remembe r w h a t th e Lo rd say s i n th e Gospel H e th a t l ov eth

, ,
”7
fath e r o r mothe r mo re t han me i s n ot w orthy o f me
,
Every ,
o n e th a t hath fo rsak en h ouse s o r b reth ren o r s i sters o r fath er o r , , , ,

’
m othe r o r wi fe or chi ld ren o r l a n d s fo r my n a me s s a ke sh a ll re
, , ,
c e ive a n h u nd red fol d a n d sh a l l i nheri t ev e r l asting l i fe

’
-
18
Let none .
o f yo u r p os sess ion s detai n you n o sol icitud e fo r you r f a mi ly a ff a i r s , ,
s i n ce t hi s l a n d whi ch y ou i nhab it shut i n o n a l l si de s by th e s ea ,
a n d su rro u nded by mo u nta in p eak s i s too n a r row for yo u r l a rge ,
p o p ulati on ; no r doe s i t abo u n d i n we a lth ; an d i t fu rn i sh e s s c a rcely

fo o d en o u gh fo r i t s c ult iv a t or s H ence i t i s th a t y ou m u rder an d .
d evo u r on e anothe r th a t you w a ge w a r a n d th a t freq u ently you

, ,
p eri sh by m u tual w ound s Let the re fo re h a t red de p a rt f rom a mong

'
y ou l et you r q u a r rels end let w a rs ceas e a n d let all d i ssen si on s a nd

, , ,
controv ersi e s sl umb e r Ente r u p on th e roa d t o t he H oly S ep u l

‘
.
ch re ; w rest th a t l an d f ro m th e wi cked ra ce an d s u bj ect i t t o yo u r ,
s elve s That l a n d wh ich a s t he S cri p t u re s a ys fl

.
, ow et h wi th mi lk ,
a n d honey
’
19
wa s given by Go d i nto th e p os sessi on o f th e ch il d ren
o f I s r a el .
“
J eru s a le m i s th e n av el o f th e wo rl d ; th e l a n d i s f rui t f u l ab ove
oth ers l ike a nothe r p a r a di se o f d elight s T hi s th e Redeeme r o f
, .
th e h u m a n r a ce ha s m a de i llu st ri o u s by H i s a dvent h as b ea u t ifi e d ,
by H is p re sen ce has con secr a ted by s u ffe ri ng has redeemed by

, ,
3 2 TH E F I R ST C R U SA D E
de a th h a s glo ri fied by b u ri a l Th is roy a l ci ty t he re fo re s i t u a ted

,
.
, ,
a t th e cen te r o f th e w o rld i s n ow h el d c a p t ive by H i s enemi es a n d

, ,
i s i n s u bj e ct i on t o th ose w h o d o not kno w God to the wo rsh i p O f ,
th e h e a th en T h ere for e s h e see k s a n d de si res to be liber a ted an d

.
,
doe s not ce a se to i m p l o re y o u to come t o he r a id From you e s p e .

,
c ia lly
,
S h e a s k s s u cco r bec a u se a s we h a ve al re a dy s a i d Go d h a s
, , ,
c on fe r re d up on you ab o ve a ll n a ti on s gre a t g l o ry i n a rms A c

, ,
.
c o rd ing l y u n de rt a ke th i s j o u rney fo r the remi ssi on o f yo u r si n s

, ,
wit h t h e ass u r a nce o f the i m p eri sh able gl o ry o f the kingdom o f

h ea ven f
’
Wh en Po p e U rb a n h a d s a i d the se a n d v e ry m a ny si mi l a r thi ngs

i n h is u rb a n e di s co u rse h e so i nfl u enced to o n e p u r p o se th e desi res
‘
,
o f a l l wh o were p resent th a t they c ri e d ou t Go d w i ll s i t ! Go d

wi l l s i t ! ” ‘
When th e vene r a bl e Rom a n p ont i ff h e ai d f hi t, w i th eyes
,
u p li fted to heav en h e g a v e than k s to Go d a n d w ith h i s h a n d c om ,
m a n d ing si len c e s a i d :
‘
,
“
M ost belove d b reth ren to day i s m a ni fest i n y o u wh a t th e Lo r d
,
-
says i n the G o s p el Wh e re two o r th ree a re ga the re d togeth er i n

,
My n a me t her e a m I i n the mi ds t o f th em 20
Un l es s the Lo rd God .
’
ha d been p resent i n yo u r mi nds a ll o f y ou wo u l d not h ave u ttere d ,
the s a me c ry F o r a lth o u gh the cry i s s u ed fro m n u merou s mo u th s

.
, ,
ye t the o rigi n o f the c ry w a s one The re fo re I s ay to y o u th a t Go d .

,
wh o i m p l a nte d th i s i n you r b re ast s h a s d rawn i t fo rth from you

L et t h is th en b e you r b a tt l e —
.
,
c ry i n comb a t bec a u se th i s wo rd i s
‘
,
given to y o u by G o d When a n a rmed a tt a ck i s m a d e u p on th e

.
en emy le t thi s on e c ry b e r ai se d by a ll th e so l die rs o f Go d : Go d

,
w i l l s i t ! God wi l ls i t ! ’
An d we do n ot comm a n d o r a dv i se th a t t h e O l d o r th e f eeble , ,
o r th ose unfi t fo r b e a r i ng a rm s u nd ert a k e th i s j o u rn ey ; no r o u ght ,
women t o s et ou t at al l with o u t thei r h u sb an d s o r b rothe rs o r l ega l , ,
g u a rdi a n s F o r s u ch a re mo r e o f a hi n d r a nce th a n a id mo re o f a
.
,
b u rden th an a n a dv a nt a ge Let th e ri ch a id t he n e edy ; a n d a c

.
,
c o r di ng t o th ei r m e a n s l et them t a k e w ith th e m e x p e ri en ce d so l
,
d ie rs Th e p ri est s a n d cle rks o f a n y o rd e r a re n ot t o go w itho u t

'
the con sent o f th ei r bi sho p s ; f o r t h i s j o u rney wo u ld p rofit them

noth ing if they went w i th o u t s u ch p e rmi ssion Also i t i s not fitti ng .
,
th a t l a ymen sho u l d ente r u p on the p i l gri m a ge witho u t the blessi ng

o f t hei r p riest s .
“
Wh oeve r t h ere fo re sh a l l dete rmi n e u pon th i s h oly p i l grim age
, ,
a n d sh a ll m a ke h is vo w t o G o d to th a t e ffect a n d sh a l l o ffe r h i msel f
to H i m a s a l iv ing s a c rifi ce holy a cce p t ab l e u nto God sh a l l we a r

, , ,
th e S ign o f th e c ro ss o f th e Lo rd on hi s foreh e a d o r o n h i s bre a st ,

.
Wh en h av ing t r u l y f u l fill ed h is vo w h e wi she s to ret u rn l et hi m

, , ,
’
h u m a n an d d ivin e ? O f th e Lo r d s S ep u l ch re we h a ve r e f rai ne d
f ro m s p e a ki ng si n ce so me o f y ou with you r o wn eyes have s een t o
,
wh a t a bomi n a ti on s i t h a s been given ove r Th e T u rks v i ol ently .
took f rom i t th e o fferings whi ch y ou b rought the re fo r al m s i n su ch

v a st amou nt s an d i n a dd iti on t h ey sco ffed mu ch a nd o ften a t yo u r
, , ,
religi on An d y et i n th a t p la ce ( I s ay o nly wh a t you a l re a dy know )

.
reste d th e L o rd ; th ere H e d i ed fo r u s ; th ere H e w a s bu ri e d H o w

—
.
p re ci o u s wo u l d b e th e l onged fo r i n compa rable place o f the Lor d s ’
‘
,
b u rial ev en i f G O d fa i led th e re to p e r fo r m th e yea rly m i racle !

,
22
F o r i n th e d a ys o f H i s P a ssi on a l l th e l ights i n th e S e p u lch re a n d

r o u n d abo u t i n t h e chu rch w hi ch h ave been ext i ngu i sh ed a re re
, ,
l ighted by d iv i ne comm a n d Wh o se h e a rt i s s o stony b reth ren

.
, ,
th a t i t i s n ot to u che d by s o gre a t a mi racl e ? B el i eve me that man ,
i s b esti a l an d sen sele ss who se h e a rt s u ch d iv in ely mani fest gr a ce

do e s n ot move to fa i th ! An d yet t he Gent i les see th i s i n common
w ith th e C h ri sti a n s a n d a re n ot tu rne d f rom th ei r w ays ! T hey
a re i n deed a f r a i d but th ey a re not converte d to the f a ith ; n o r i s i t
, , ,
t o b e wond ere d a t for a bl i ndnes s o f mi n d r u les ov e r them W ith

, .
wh a t a ffl i cti on s th ey w ronged you wh o h a ve retu rned an d a re n ow

p i es e n t y o u yo u rse lves kn o w to o we l l you wh o the re s a c ri fi ced
, ,
yo u r s u bst a n ce a nd you r blo o d f o r Go d .
“
Th i s b e l ove d b reth ren we sh a ll s ay that w e may h av e y ou a s
, , ,
w i tnes s o f ou r wo rd s M o re s u ffe ri ng o f o u r b reth ren an d d e

.
v a st a t i on o f ch u r che s rem a in s th a n we can s p eak o f on e by on e for ,
w e a re o pp res sed by t e a rs a n d groan s s igh s a n d sobs We we ep an d , .
w a i l b reth ren a l a s l ike t h e Ps a l mi st i n ou r i nmo st h ea rt ! We

‘
, , , ,
a re w ret ched a n d u nh a pp y a n d i n u s i s that p ro p he cy fulfi l led :

,
God th e n a tion s a re come i nto th i n e i nhe rit a n ce ; thy h oly tem p le

,
h av e th ey d e fi l ed ; t hey h av e l a i d J e r u s a lem i n h e ap s ; th e d ea d
b od i es o f thy se rv a nt s h av e been given to b e food f or th e bi rd s o f
t h e heaven th e fl esh o f thy s a i nts u nto th e b e a sts o f th e e a rth
, .
Th ei r b loo d h a ve they shed l i ke w a ter ro u nd a bo u t J e r u s a lem an d ,

’
t he re w a s non e to b u ry t hem 23
Woe u nt o u s b reth ren ! We wh o
.
,
h ave a l ready b ecome a re p roa ch to o u r neighbo rs a s coffin g an d , ,
d eri si on to them ro u n d ab o u t u s l et u s a t le a st wi t h te a rs con do l e ,
a n d h a ve com pa ss ion u p on o u r b roth ers ! We wh o a re become the

s co rn o f a l l p eo p l es a n d wo r se th a n a l l let u s bew a i l the most
, ,
m on st ro u s dev a st ati on o f the H ol y La n d ! Thi s l a n d we hav e de

s e rve d ly c a lled h oly in wh i ch th ere i s n ot ev en a foot ste th a t th e
p
-
b ody o r s p i ri t o f th e S a vio u r d i d not ren de r gl orio u s an d bl esse d ;

whi ch embr a ce d th e h oly p resence o f th e mother o f God a n d th e ,
meeti ngs o f th e a p ostles a n d d r a nk u p th e bloo d o f th e m a rty r s

,
S he d th ere H ow b les sed a re the ston es whi ch c rowned y ou S te

.
,
p hen ,
th e fi rst ma rty r ! H o w h a p p y O J oh n th e B a p ti st th e w a te rs , , ,
o f th e J o rda n wh ich s erve d you i n b a p ti zing th e S a v i ou r ! T h e chi l

d ren o f I s rael who we re led ou t o f Egypt a n d who p refi gu red yo u
, ,
i n th e c ros sing o f t h e Re d S ea h ave t a ken th a t l an d by thei r a rms , ,
wi th J esu s as le a d e r ; they h ave d riven ou t th e J ebusi tes a n d othe r

24
i nh abi t a nts an d h a ve themselve s i nh abi te d e a rthly J eru s a lem t h ,
i m a ge o f cel esti a l J er u s a lem .
“
Wh a t a re w e s a yi ng ? Li sten and le a rn ! You gi rt a bou t w ith ,
th e b a dge o f knighthood a re a r roga nt wi th gre a t p r i de ; you r age ,
a g a i nst yo u r b rothe rs a n d c u t e a ch o th e r i n p i e ces Th i s i s not .
the ( t rue ) sol di ery o f Ch ri st w hi ch rend s a sun der the sh eep fol d o f -
the Redeeme r Th e H oly Chu r ch h as res erve d a sol die ry fo r h er

.
s el f t o h el p h e r p eo p le bu t y ou d eb a se h e r wi ckedly to he r h u rt Let
,
-
us con fe s s the t ru th whos e h e r a l d s w e ough t to be ; t ru ly y ou a re

, ,
n o t ho ldi ng t o the w ay wh ich l e a d s to l i fe Y o u the O pp re s s e rs o f .

,
ch i l d ren pl u nde re rs o f w i dows ; y o u g u ilty o f h omi ci de o f s a cr i

, , ,
lege robbe rs o f a noth er s rights ; y ou who a w a it the p ay o f t hi ev es

’
for t h e sheddi ng o f Ch ri sti a n bl oo d —a s vu ltu res smel l feti d co r p ses

,
s o d o yo u s en se battl es f ro m a fa r a n d r u sh to them eage rly Ve ri ly .

,
t h i s i s th e w o rs t w ay fo r i t is u tte rly removed from God ! I f

, ,
fo rs ooth y ou wi sh to be m i nd fu l o f yo u r so u l s e i the r l ay down th e

, ,
gi rdle o f su ch knigh thoo d o r a dv a n ce bol dly a s kn ight s o f Ch ri s t , , ,
a n d r u sh a s q u ic kly a s you c a n to the de fen ce o f t h e E a ste rn
Ch u rc h Fo r s h e i t is f r o m whom th e j oys o f yo u r whol e s a lv a t io n

.
h av e come forth wh o pou red i nto yo u r mouths th e mi lk o f d ivi n e

,
w i sdo m wh o s et b e fo re y ou th e holy te a chings o f th e Gos p els We

, .
s ay thi s b reth ren th a t y ou may r es tr a i n you r m u rde ro u s h a n ds

, ,
f rom the d est r u cti on o f yo u r b r othe rs an d i n beh a l f o f yo u r rela ,
t ive s i n th e fa ith o p pose yo u rselves t o th e Genti les Unde r Jes u s .
Ch ri st ou r Le a de r ma y you st r u ggle fo r yo u r Je r u s a l em i n Ch ris

, , ,
ti a n b a ttl e li ne most i nvi ncible l ine even mo re suc ces s f ully t h an

-
d i d th e sons o f J a cob o f old—st r u ggl e th a t you may a ss a i l a nd

, ,
d rive o u t the T u rks mo re exe c r abl e th a n th e Jebus ites wh o a re i n

, ,
th is l a n d and may you d ee m i t a b eauti fu l thi ng to di e for Ch ri st

,
i n th a t city i n wh i ch H e d ie d f o r u s B u t i f i t b e f a l l you .
t o di e th i s s i d e o f i t b e s u r e th a t to h av e di ed on the w a y i s o f
,
equ a l v a lue i f Ch ri st sh a l l fi n d you i n H i s a rmy G od p ays wi th

, . .
th e s a me s h i l li ng w heth e r a t th e fi rst o r el even th h o u r

, Yo u .
shoul d sh u d der b reth ren y ou shou l d sh u d d e r at r a i sing a v i ol ent

, ,
h a n d a g a inst Ch risti a n s ; it i s les s w i cke d to b r a ndi sh yo u r s wo rd

a ga in st S a r a cens I t i s th e o nly war fa re th a t i s right eous fo r i t i s
.
,
ch a ri ty t o ri s k you r l i fe fo r you r b rothe rs Th a t y ou may not be .
t ro u bl e d about the con cern s o f to mor ro w kno w that those who -
,
fe a r God w a n t n othi ng n o r th o se who ch e ri sh H im i n t r u th Th e
,
.
p o sse ssion s o f the enemy too w i ll be yo u rs s inc e y o u w i ll m a k e , , ,
s p oi l o f the i r t re a su res an d retu rn v i cto r iou s t o you r ow n ; o r e m

p u r p led w ith yo u r o w n blood you wi l l h av e g a i ne d everl a sting ,
gl o ry Fo r s u ch a Co mm a nde r you o u gh t t o fi ght f or O ne w h o

.
,
l a cks ne ithe r might n o r w e a l th wi th whi ch to r ew a rd you S ho rt i s .
th e w ay l i ttl e th e l a bo r whi ch n ev e rtheless w i ll re p ay y ou w ith

, , , ,
th e c row n th a t fa d eth n ot a w ay Acco rdingly w e spe a k wi th th e

"
.
,
a u tho rity O f the p ro p het : Gi r d thy s word u p o n thy th igh O

migh ty one " 25
Gi rd yo u rse lves eve ryon e o f y o u I s ay a n d b e
.
, , ,
,
v a l iant son s ; fo r i t i s bette r for y o u to di e i n b a tt l e t han to b eh old

the so r rows o f yo u r r a c e a n d o f yo u r holy p l a ces Let nei th e r . .
p ro pe rty n o r th e a ll u ri ng ch a rm s o f yo u r wive s enti ce you f ro m

goi ng ; n o r let th e t ri a l s th a t a re t o b e bo rn e s o deter you th a t yo u
”
rem a i n h e re .
An d tu rn ing to the b i sh o p s h e s a i d Y ou b rothe r s a n d fel lo w , , ,
bi sho p s ; y ou fe l lo w p ri est s a n d sh a re r s wi th u s i n Ch ri st m a ke
, ,
thi s s a me a nn o u ncemen t th ro u gh th e ch u rches committed to y ou ,
a n d w ith you r wh ole so u l vi go rou sly p r e a ch the j o u rney t o J e ru s a ,
lem Wh en they h a ve con fe ssed the d i sgr a c e O f thei r s in s d o you

.
, ,
s ec u re i n Ch ri st gr a nt the m sp eedy p a rdon M o reove r y ou who

, .
,
a re to go sh a l l h a v e u s p r a yi ng f o r
y o u ; we sh a l l h a v e y ou fighti n g
’
f o r God s p eo p l e I t i s ou r d u ty t o p r a y yo u rs to fi gh t a ga i nst th e
.
,
Am a leki tes ?6
Wit h M o ses w e sh a l l exten d u nwe a ri e d h a n d s i n ,
p r aye r to H e a v en wh i l e y ou go fo rth a n d b r a ndi sh the s wo rd like

"
, ,
d au ntles s w a r rio r s a ga i n st Am a lek ,

.
As those p resent were thu s cle a rly i n fo rmed by th ese a n d othe r

wo r ds o f thi s k in d f ro m th e a p ostol i c lo rd th e eye s o f some we re ,
b a th ed i n te a rs ; so me t rembled a nd yet others di s c u ssed the m a tte r ,

.
H o weve r in th e p re sence o f a l l at th a t s a me co u nci l a n d a s w e

, ,
looked on th e B i sho p—o f Puy a ma n o f gre a t ren own a n d o f
M
, w
,
.f
h igh est a bi l ity went t o th e P , t h j oy f u l co u nten a n c e an d o n

ben ded knee so u ght an d en treat ed bl e ssi ng a n d p ermi ssi o n to go .
O ve r a n d a bove thi s h e w on f rom t he Po p e the comm a n d th a t a l l

,
sho u ld O bey h im a n d th a t h e sho ul d hol d s w a y ove r a ll th e a rmy

,
i n beh a l f o f the Po p e s in ce a l l k new h i m to be a p rel a te o f u n u su a l

,
ene rgy a nd in d u st ry .
( Gu iber t of N ogen t ) I f a mong the ch u rche s s c a tte red

.
a b o u t ove r the w h ol e w o rl d some bec a u se o f p ersons o r loc a ti on , ,
d ese rve reve ren ce a b ove oth e rs ( fo r p erson s I s a y s i nce gr ea te r , ,
p rivi leges a re a c co rd ed to a p ostoli c see s ; f o r p l a ces in deed sinc e , ,
th e s a me d ignity w h i ch i s a cco rded to person s i s a l so s ho wn to

rega l ci ti es su ch a s C onst a nti n o p l e ) we ow e mo st to th a t ch u rch
, ,
T HE F I RST C R U SA D E 37
f rom whi ch w e rece ived th e gr a ce o f red emp ti on an d th e so u rce o f

a l l Ch ri sti a nity . If w h a t the Lor d s ay s —n a mely S a lv a t i on i s f ro m ,
‘
th e J ews a cco rds w it h th e truth a n d i t i s t r u e th a t th e Lo rd ,
h a s l e ft u s S a b a oth a s seed th a t w e may n ot become like S o d om ,
a n d Gomo rr a h a n d o u r s eed i s Ch ri st i n wh om i s th e s a l v a tion a n d

, ,
benedi cti on o f a ll p eo p l es th en i ndeed th e ve ry l a n d a nd ci ty i n

, , ,
whi ch H e d we lt a n d s u ffe red i s by witn es s o f th e S cri p t u res holy , ,

.
If th i s l a n d i s s p oke n o f i n the s a cred w rit ings O f th e p ro p hets a s

th e i nhe r it a n ce an d th e h oly tem p l e o f Go d be fo r e eve r th e Lo rd
w a l k ed a bo u t i n i t o r w a s reve a led wh a t s a n cti ty wh a t reve rence
, , ,
h a s i t no t a cq u i red si nce G od i n H i s m a j esty w a s t he re clothed i n

th e fl esh no u ri she d grew u p an d i n bodily fo rm t he re w a lked
, , ,
a bo u t,
o r w as c a r ri e d a bou t ; a n d t o com p res s i n fitting b revi ty al l ,
th a t might b e tol d i n a l ong s e ri e s o f w o rd s si n ce the re the bl ood o f ,
th e S on o f God mo re h oly th a n he aven an d e a rth w a s p o u re d fo rth

, , ,
a n d H i s body ,
i ts q u iveri ng memb ers d e a d rested i n the tomb ,
.
Wh a t v en er a ti on d o we th ink i t d eserves ? If when the Lo rd h a d

‘
,
but j u s t been c ru cifi e d an d t he ci ty w a s sti ll h el d by the J ews i t ,
w as c a l le d holy b y th e ev a ngeli st when h e s a ys M a ny bodi es o f t h ,
s a ints t h a t h a d f a l len a slee p w e re r a i sed ; a n d c omi ng f o rth ou t o f

the tombs a fter H i s res u r recti on t h ey entered into th e ho ly c ity an d
‘
,
’
a pp e a red u nto m a ny a n d by the p rophet I sai a h wh en h e s a ys
29
, ,
’
I t sh a l l b e H i s gl o rio u s s e p u lch re 30
th en s u rely wi th thi s s a n ctity
, , ,
p l a ced u p on it by Go d th e S a n c t ifi e r H i ms e l f no ev il th a t may b e ,
fa l l it c a n dest roy i t a n d i n t h e s a me w ay gl o ry i s i n div i sibly fixe d

,
to H is S e p u lch re M o st belove d b reth ren if you reveren c e th e

.
,
sou rce o f t h a t h ol iness a n d glory if y ou che ri sh th es e sh ri nes whi ch ,
a re th e ma rk s o f H i s fo o t p ri nts on e a rth i f y ou seek ( th e w a y )

-
, ,
Go d le a d ing you God fighti ng i n y o u r b eh a l f y ou S h o u l d st riv e

, ,
with yo u r u t mo st e ffo rts t o c l e a n se the H o l y Ci ty a n d th e glo ry o f

th e S e p u l ch re n o w p o l l u ted by t he c onco u rse o f the Gent i le s a s
, ,
m u ch a s i s i n thei r p ow e r .
“
I f in o lden t imes th e M a cc abees a tt a i n ed to th e h i ghest p r a i se
o f p i ety bec a u s e they fo u ght fo r the cer emoni es a n d the Tem le
p ,
it i s a l so j u stly gr a nt ed y ou Ch ri sti a n sol d ie rs t o d e fen d the l iberty

, ,
o f you r co u n try by a rmed ende a vo r I f y o u li kewi se co ns i de r th a t .

, ,
the a bode o f th e holy a p ost les a n d a ny o the r s a i nts s ho u ld b e striven

fo r w i th s u ch e ffo rt w hy do yo u re fu se t o r es cu e th e C ro ss th e
, ,
B loo d t h e Tomb ? Why do y ou re f u se to vi si t th em t o s p end th e

, ,
p ri ce o f you r l ives i n res c u ing them ? You h a v e th u s fa r w a ged

u nj u s t w a rs ,
a t on e ti me a n d a nothe r ; you h av e b r a n di she d ma d
we a p on s t o you r m u t u a l destr u cti on for n o othe r r ea son th a n ,
coveto u sness a n d p ride a s a resu lt o f whic h y ou h a v e d ese rv ed

,
et e rnal death a nd s u re d a mn at i on We n ow h ol d ou t to you w a r s .
wh i ch contai n th e glo rio u s rewar d O f m a rty rdom whi ch wi l l re ,
t a i n th a t titl e o f p r a i se n o w and f o rev e r .
“
Let u s su pp o se fo r the moment th a t C h ri st w a s not d e a d a n d
, ,
b u ri e d a nd h a d n eve r live d any length o f ti me i n J e ru sal em S u re

‘
.
,
l y i f all t hi s w e re l a cki ng thi s f a ct a lone o u ght s ti ll to a ro use you

t o go to th e ai d o f th e l a n d a nd ci ty—th e f a ct th a t O ut o f Zi on sh a l l
, ,
o f o rth th e l w n d the wo r d O f J ehov a h f rom J eru s a l em ! “ I f

g a a
-
all th a t there i s o f Ch ri stian pre a ching ha s fl ow ed f rom th e f o u n

t a i n o f J e ru sa lem i t s st re a ms w h ithe rso eve r s p re a d ou t ov e r th e
, ,
wh ole wo rl d en ci rcl e t h e h e a rts o f the C a th ol i c m u ltit u d e th a t they

, ,
may cons i der w i sely wh at they ow e su ch a w ell w a te re d fount a i n -

.
I f rive rs return to t h e p l a ce when ce they h a ve i s sue d only to fl ow

fo rth ag a i n a cco rdi ng to the s ayi ng O f S ol omon
,
32
i t o u ght t o s eem ,
glor iou s to y ou to b e a bl e to a pp ly a n ew cle a nsi ng to th i s pl a ce ,
wh ence i t is ce rt a i n that y ou received t he cl e a nsing O f b ap ti s m an d

th e w itn ess o f yo u r f a i th .
“
An d y ou o u ght fu rth e rmo re t o con s i de r w ith the ut most d e
, ,
l ib e r a ti on i f by you r la bo rs G od w o rk i ng th rough y ou i t sh o u l d
,
l
,
l -
l
occ u r th a t the M othe r o f ch u rches sh o u l d fl o u ri sh a n ew to th e wo r

s hi p o f Ch ri sti a n i ty wh ethe r p e rch anc e H e ma y not w ish othe r
, , ,
regi ons o f t he E a st t o be resto red to t h e f a ith a ga in st the a pp ro a ch

i ng tim e o f th e Ant i ch ri st 33
i t i s C l e a r th a t Ant i ch ri st i s to do
.
b a ttl e n ot w i th th e J ews n ot w i th t h e Genti le s ; b u t a cco r ding t o

, ,
th e etymo logy o f h is n a me H e wi ll a t t a ck Ch ri sti a n s An d i f Anti , .
ch ri st fi n d s th e re n o Ch ri s ti a n s ( j u s t a s at p resent whe n s c a rcely

a n y dwell th ere ) n o o ne wi l l be the r e to o pp ose h i m o r whom he
, ,
may rightly ov e rcome Acco rd ing t o D a ni el a n d J e rome the in

.
,
t e rp re t e r o f D a n i el h e i s to fix h is t e n ts o n t h e M ount o f O lives ;
,
a n d i t i s c ert a in fo r t he a p ostl e te a ch e s i t th a t h e wi l l si t a t Je ru
, ,
s a l em i n the T em p l e o f the Lo rd a s though h e we re God An d ,

.
a c co rd i ng t o th e s a me ro
p p het h e w i ll fi rs t k i l l th re e kings ,
o f
Egy p t A f ri c a a n d Ethi op i a w itho u t d o ub t for thei r Ch ri sti a n f a i th
, , , .
Th i s in deed could n ot at a l l b e d on e fu n l es s Ch ri sti a nity w a s est ab

, ,
lis h e d wh e re n ow is p a ga n i sm I f t h e re fo re y ou a re z e a lo u s i n th e
.
, ,
p r a cti ce o f holy b a ttl es i n o r de r t h at j u st a s y ou h a ve re ceived t h

, ,
s eed o f knowl edge o f Go d f ro m J e r u s a l em y ou may i n t he s a me ,
w ay re sto re th e b o rrowed gr a ce s o t h a t th rough y o u th e C a tholi c ,
n a m e may be a dv a n ce d t o o pp ose t h e p e rfi dy o f th e An ti ch ri st a n d
t he A n t ic h ris t ia n s — then w h o c a n n ot conj ectu re th a t G od who h as
, ,
ex ceeded the h o p e o f a l l wi l l con s u me i n th e a b u nd a nce o f yo u r

,
’
cou r a ge a n d th ro u gh y o u a s th e s pa r k s u ch a th i cket o f p a ga ni s m ,
as to i n cl u d e w ithi n H is l a w Eg t A f ri ca a n d Ethi o p ia wh i c h
yp 3 , , ,
TH E F I RST C R U S AD E 39
have wi th d rawn f ro m th e comm u n ion o f ou r bel i e f ? An d th e ma n

,
'
‘
o f s in the s on O f p e rd it io n w i l l find som e to o pp os e h i m
,
th e Gospel crie s ou t J eru s a le m sh a ll be tro dd en do wn by th e Gen

,
B ehol d
’ ‘
.
,
t il es unti l the t imes o f th e G en ti les b e fu l fi ll e d 34

T i mes o f t h e .
’
Genti l es c an be u ndersto od i n t w o wa ys : Eithe r that they hav e
rul ed ove r th e Ch ri sti a n s a t t hei r p le a su re a n d h ave glad ly fre ,
qu ent ed th e sl ough s o f a l l b a senes s fo r the sati s f a ction o f th ei r

l u sts an d in a l l th i s h av e h a d no obst a cle ( fo r th ey who h a ve ev e ry
‘
,
th i ng a cco rding t o t hei r w ish a re s a i d to have thei r time ; the re i s

tha t sayi ng : M y t ime i s not yet co me but y ou r ti me i s a lways
rea d y ,
35 ’
‘
w hen ce t h e lust f ul a re wont t o s ay y o u a re h a v i ng you r
,
‘
O r a ga i n th e times o f th e Genti les a re the ful ness o f
, ,
’
tim e f or t h ose Genti les w h o sh a l l have e nte re d s ec ret ly b e fo re

I s rael sh a ll be save d Th es e ti mes mo st b el ove d b rothe rs w i l l no w
.
, , ,
fo rsooth b e fulfi lle d p rov i ded the might o f th e p ag a n s b e re p ul sed

, ,
th ro ugh y ou with th e co o p erat ion o f Go d Wi t h the en d o f th e

,
-
wo rl d al re a dy n e a r ev en thoug h th e Gentil es f a i l t o be co nve rte d

,
t o th e Lo rd ( s i n ce a cco rd ing t o th e ap ostl e t he re m u st be a w i th

d raw al f ro m th e f a i th ) i t i s fi rst n ecess a ry ac co rding to th e p roph
, ,
c ey, t hat th e Ch ri stian s w a y be renewe d i n thos e regi ons ei ther ,
th rough y ou or othe rs who m i t sh a ll pl e a s e Go d to sen d bef o re

, ,
th e coming o f Ant i ch ri st s o th at th e he a d o f a l l ev i l who i s to

, ,
o c c u p y the re th e th rone o f th e kingdom shal l fi n d s o me su p po rt o f ,
th e f a ith t o fight again st h i m .
“
Co ns i d e r t he re fo re th a t the Almighty h a s p rovi d e d y ou pe r
, , ,
haps for t h i s pu r p o s e th a t th r ough y ou H e may re sto re J eru s a lem

, ,
f rom su ch debasement Pon de r I beg y ou h ow f u l l o f j oy a nd d e

.
, ,
ligh t ou r h e a rts w i l l b e wh en we shal l s e e th e H oly Ci ty res to red

wi th you r l ittle h el p and th e p ro p het s nay d iv i n e wor d s f u l fil le d
‘
’
, , ,
i n ou r times L et you r memo ry b e move d by wh a t th e Lor d H im

.
sel f s a y s to th e Chu r ch : I w i ll b ri ng thy s eed f ro m th e E a s t

a n d g a the r thee f rom the West
’
36
Go d h a s al ready b ro u gh t ou r
.
s ee d f rom th e E a s t si nce i n a doubl e w ay that region o f the E a st

,
h as gi ven th e fi rs t begi nn i ngs o f th e Ch u rch t o u s B ut f rom th e .
West H e w i ll al so gathe r i t p rovi ded H e re p a i rs t he w rongs o f

,
J e rus a lem th rough those who hav e begun the wi tness o f the fi n a l
fai t h t h a t is th e p eo p le o f th e West With God s a ss i st a nce we
, .
’
thi nk th i s c a n b e d on e th rough y o u .
“
I f neithe r the w o r d s o f t h e S c r ip tu res a rou se y ou nor o u r a d ,
mon iti ons penet r a te you r mi n ds a t leas t l et t h e gre a t s u ffering o f

,
those who desi re d t o go t o t he holy pl a ces sti r y ou up Thi nk o f .
t hos e w h o m a d e th e p i lgri m a ge a cros s th e s ea ! Even i f they we re

mo re wealthy con s i de r what taxes wh a t v i ol en ce they underwent
, , ,
s i n ce they w ere fo r ced to m ake pa yments a n d t rib u tes a lmost eve r y
mil e t o p u r ch a s e rele a se a t ev ery g ate o f the city a t th e ent r a n c e
, ,
o f th e ch u rches a n d tem p les at every si de j ou rn ey f ro m p l a ce to ,

-
p l a ce : al so i f a ny a cc u
,
s a ti on wh a t soeve r we r e m a de a ga i n st t hem ,
they wer e com p el led to p u rc h a se thei r rele a s e ; bu t if they re fu sed t o

p ya money th e p re f e cts
,
o f th e G enti l es a cco rd ing to thei r cu stom , ,
u rged them fi e rcely wi th blows Wh a t sh a l l w e s ay o f t h o se wh o

.
took up the j o u rn ey w i tho u t anyth ing mo re th a n t ru st i n th ei r ba r

ren pove rty si n ce th ey seeme d to h a v e n othing ex cep t thei r bo di es
,
to lo se ? They n ot only d em a n de d money o f them wh i ch i s not a n ,
u nen d u r a bl e p u ni sh ment b u t a l so ex a mi ned th e c a l l ous es o f th ei r

-
h eel s c u tting them O p en an d f ol d i ng the ski n b a ck le st p e rch a nc e

, , , ,
they h a d s ewed somethi ng the re T h ei r u n s p e a k a bl e c ruelty w a s .
c a r ri ed on even to th e p oi n t o f givi ng th em s c a mmony to d ri nk

unt i l they v omi ted o r eve n bu rs t thei r bowels be c a u se they th o u gh t
, ,
th e w retche s h a d s w a ll owed gol d o r s i lve r ; o r h o r ri bl e to s a y th ey , ,
c u t thei r bo wel s o p en wi t h a swo rd a n d s p re a din g o u t the fo l d s ,
o f th e i ntestines wi th f right f u l mutil ati on di s closed wh a teve r n a

,
tu re h el d the re i n se c ret Remembe r I p r a y th e tho u s a nds w h o

.
, ,
h a ve p eri sh ed vi l e de a th s a n d st rive f or the h oly p l a ces from whi ch

,
th e b egi nni ngs o f yo u r f a i th h ave co me B e fo re y o u enga ge i n H is .
b a ttle s bel i eve wi th o u t qu est io n t h a t Ch ri st w i l l be yo u r st a nd a rd

,
”
be a re r a n d insep a r a bl e f o re runn er -
T he most excellent ma n con clu ded hi s o r a ti on a n d by th e p owe r

o f the blesse d Pete r a bs olved a l l wh o v ow ed to go a n d confi rmed
tho se a ct s w ith ap o stol i c blessi ng H e i n st i t u t ed a S ign wel l s u i ted .
to s o h ono r a bl e a p ro fessi o n by m a king t h e fi g u re O f the C ros s ,

’
th e stigm a o f th e Lo rd s P a ss i on th e em b lem o f th e sol di ery o r , ,
r a the r o f wh a t w a s to b e th e sol di e ry o f Go d Thi s m a de o f

,
.
,
a n y ki nd o f cl o th h e o rde red to be sewe d u p on th e sh i rt s

,
clo a ks , ,
a n d by rra o f those wh o we re a b o u t to go H e comm a n ded th a t i f .
a nyon e a fte r rece ivi ng t h i s emble m

,
o r a f ter t a ki ng o p enly thi s ,
vow ,
sho u l d sh rink f ro m h is goo d i ntent th rou gh b a s e ch a nge o f
h e a rt o r a ny a ff ecti on f o r h i s p a ren ts he S ho u ld b e reg a rd ed a n
, ,
o u tl a w fo reve r u nle ss he rep en t e d an d a g a i n u nde rtook wh a teve r

,
o f his p l edge h e h a d o mi tted F u rthe rmo re th e Po p e cond emned

.
,
w i th a fe a r f u l a n a them a al l th ose wh o d a red to mole st th e wiv es ,
ch i l d ren a n d p ossessi on s o f thes e wh o w ere goi ng o n th i s j ou rn ey

,
fo r G o d .
3 . Th e inn media te -
r es pons e .
( F u l ch er ) A fte r th i s s p eech t h ose p resen t we re v e ry en t h u s i ,
a stle in the c a use a n d m a ny th i nk i ng t h a t n othing coul d be m o re

, ,
of the chu rch o f S t Gertrude o f N iv el le al a rme d th e m t o s u ch an

.
38
extent th a t th ey f ea re d fo r thei r l ive s T hi s w a s the n a t u re o f th e .
d i se a s e The p a ti ent att a cked i n a ny p a rt o f th e bo dy by i nv i sibl e

.
,
fi re s u ffe red u ns p e ak abl e to rment fo r a long ti me a n d wi thou t

, ,
rem e dy unti l e ithe r h e l ost h i s li f e from th e a gony o r he lost b oth

, ,
th e tortu re a n d th e a ffli cte d l imb a t th e s a me t i me T he re ar e to .
thi s d ay l iv i ng wi tnes ses o f th i s d i se a se m a ime d e ith er i n h a n d s o r ,
f ee t by t h e s cou rge .
O f th e othe r n a tion s some peo p les or i ndivi duals a ckno wl e d ge d

,
that th ey h a d been c a l led t o th e l an d o f p ro mi se not only by th e _
p ro cl a ma t ion o f th e Po p e b u t a ls o by cert a in p ro p h ets wh o h a d ,
l a tely ari sen a mong them o r by s ign s a n d revel a ti on s f ro m he av en ; ,
oth er s con fesse d th a t they h a d been con st r a i ned to take th e vow s

by reaso n O f emb a r r a ssed ci rcumst a nces In d eed the maj ori ty s et .
,
o u t en cumbe red w ith thei r w ive s a n d c h i ld ren an d a l l th ei r hou se
h ol d e ffe cts .
B ut for the E a st Fr a nk s th e S a xon s th e T hu ri ngi a ns th e B a , , ,
v a ri a n s a n d the A l e ma nni t hi s tr u m p et c a l l so u n d ed only f a int ly

,
39
,
p a rt i c u la rly bec a u se o f th e s ch i s m between th e empi re a n d th e

p ap a cy f rom the ti me o f Po p e Al ex a n de r
,
40
even u ntil to d a y Th i s .
,
al a s has s trengthened ou r h a t re d a nd en mi ty a gai nst th e Rom a ns

, ,
a s i t h a s thei rs toward s u s ! An d s o i t came to pas s that a lmost a l l

th e T e u toni c r a ce a t fi rst ignorant o f th e re a son for thi s s etting
,
o u t l a u ghe d t o sco rn th e many l egi on s o f knights pass ing th ro u gh

,
thei r l and th e m a ny com p an i es o f foot s ol di ers a nd th e cro w ds o f

, ,
co u nt ry p eo p le women an d littl e on es They rega rde d the m a s

, , .
c r a z ed w ith uns p eak abl e fol ly i n a s mu ch a s they we re st riv i ng a ft e r ,
u n cert a i nti es i n p l a ce o f ce rt a i nti es a nd we re l e avi ng fo r n a ught

th e l a n d o f the i r bi rth t o s eek w i th ce rt a i n d a nge r the uncert a in
,
l a n d o f p romi se ; a n d wh i l e giv ing u p thei r own po ss essi on s they

, ,
w e re ye a rning a fte r those o f str a nge rs B u t a lthough o u r p eopl e .
a re more p e rve rse th a n othe r r a ces yet i n consi der a ti o n o f th e ,
p romi s e o f d ivin e pi ty th e enthusi a s m o f the Te u ton s w a s a t l a st

,
t u rned to thi s s a me p roclam a tion fo r they w ere t a u ght f orsooth , , ,
wh a t the th i ng re a lly me a nt by th e crowd s p a ssing th rough th ei r

l a nds .
4 . Urba n
’
s mbling Cru s ad e rs
i ns tru c tions t o th e as s e .
Urb a n b i sho p se rv a nt o f th e se rv a nt s o f God to all the f a ith ful

, , , ,
both p ri nce s a n d subj ects w a iting in Fl a nde r s ; greeting ap osto l i c , ,
gr a ce an d bl e ssi ng
, .
Yo u r b roth erhood w e beli eve h a s l ong si nce le a rned from many

a cco u nt s th a t a b a rb a ri c f u ry h a s d e p lo r a bly a ffl
, ,
icted a n d l a i d w a ste
T H E F I R ST C R U SA D E 43
th e chu r ch es o f G od i n t h e regi on s o f th e O ri en t M o r e than thi s

.
,
b la s p hemou s to s ay i t ha s even gra s p e d i n i ntole rab l e s e rvit u de i t s

,
ch u rche s a n d th e H oly City o f Ch ri st glo r i fied by H i s p a ss i on a nd

,
resu rrecti on Gri ev ing with p i o u s con ce rn at th i s calami ty w e

.
,
v i sit ed th e regio n s o f G au l a nd devote d o u rselv es la rgely to u rgi n g

the p ri n ces o f th e lan d an d t hei r s u bj e ct s t o f ree th e c h u rche s o f
th e East We s olemnl y enj oi n ed u p on them at th e cou ncil o f
.
Auve rgn e ( th e a c com p l i sh ment o f ) such an u ndertaking a s a p rep

41
,
a ra ti on fo r the remi s si on o f a l l thei r si ns An d we have consti .
t u t ed ou r mos t belove d s o n Adh em a r B i sho p o f Puy leader o f th i s

, , ,
ex p edi ti o n a n d u n dertaki ng i n o u r stead s o that t hose wh o p er

, ,
ch a nce may w i sh t o u ndert ak e thi s j ou rn ey S houl d comply w ith

,
h is comm a n d s a s i f they we re ou r ow n and s u b mi t fu l ly t o h i s

, ,
l oosi ngs o r b in di ngs a s fa r a s sh a ll s ee m to belong to su ch an

,
o ffic e I f mo re ov e r th ere a re a ny o f yo u r p eo p l e whom Go d ha s

.
, ,
i ns p i re d t o thi s vo w l et them kn ow th a t h e ( Adh em a r ) w il l s et ou t

,
wit h th e a id o f Go d on the d ay o f th e Ass u m p ti on o f th e B l ess ed

M a ry 42
,
an d t h at t h ey c an then attach th emselve s t o h i s fol lowi ng
. .
( Wri tten towar d t he en d o f D ecemb e r ,

C H A PTER I I
T H E MAR C H To C O N STA N T I N O P L E
( D e s p it e U r b a n s rt s t o k e ep t h e e x p e d iti o n w ithi n b
’
e ffo th e ou n d s of
a c o mmo n p l a n a n d to ma i n t a i n s o me d e g r ee o f o r g a n i z a ti on the en th u s i a s m
,
wh i c h h e a r o u s ed w a s t oo g r e a t t o b e r e s tr a i n e d
w a iti n g fo r t h e
W it h ou t .
a p p o i n t e d d ay v a ri ou s b a n d s co mmon l y k no w n a s t h e P e a s a nt s Cr u s a d e
, ,
’
s t a rt e d f r o m t h e R hi n e c o u n tr y ea g e r t o b e t h e fi r s t t o g a i n t h e g r ea t re
,
w a rd s N e ith e r t h e cha r ac t er n o r t h e cond u ct o f t h e g ro u p s s eems t o h av e

.
b e en s uc h a s t o i n s p ire a ny w rit er w i th a d e s ir e to r ec o u nt th e ir d eed s A s .
a r e s u l t o u r i n fo r ma ti o n a b o u t t h e m c o me s w h o ll y fr o m t h e n o n e t oo s y m
,
p a t h eti c c h r o n i c l e s o f t h e l a t e r w rit e r s Th e v er s i on s g iv e n by t h e A nony .
mo u s w h o me t s ome o f t h e s u rviv or s a t Co n s t a n ti n op l e by E kk eh a r d an d
, , ,
by A lb e rt b o t h o f w h o m l iv ed in t h e c o u n try t hro u g h w h i c h t h e s e b a n d s
,
p a s s e d h av e b ee n s e l ec t e d a s t h e mo s t a c c u r a t e a nd c o mp l e t e
, Th e p e r s ec u .
ti on s o f t h e J e w s s o c o mmon a l on g t h e ma r c h o f th e P e a s a nt s w a s by n o
, ,
me a n s h o w ev e r c o n fi n e d t o t h e m b e i ng a l mo s t a s w i d e s p r e a d a s t h e e n
, , ,
t h u s ia s m fo r t h e Cr u s ad e it s e l f T h o u gh t h e fi n a l fat e o f t h e fi r s t o f th e s e
.
1
c o mpa n i es i s d es c ri b e d in t h e t h ir d Ch ap t e r th ey h a d al l s ta rt ed be fo r e t h e ,
ma i n b od y a n d t h e ir c ond u c t h ad l e ft a d e ep i mp r e s s i o n u p o n t h e p eo p l e s
,
t h r o u gh W h o s e l a n d s th e y j o u r n ey e d Th e d i ffi c u l ti e s o f t h e ma i n a r my in
.
t h e s e s a me r e g io n s w e r e p r o b a bl y d u e in n o s ma ll mea s u r e t o t h e e x c e s s e s
w h i c h t h e P ea s a n t s h a d c o mmitt e d Th e mai n a r mi e s mu s t b e fo ll o w e d u p
.
t o C o n s t a n ti n o p l e a s t h e l e a d e r s fo ll o w e d f o u r d i ffe r e n t r o u t e s Th e ma r c h
‘
.
,
o f G o d fr ey an d B a l d w i n is d e s c ri b e d b y A lb e rt th at o f B o h e mu nd by t h e ,
A n o n y mo u s w h o a c co mp a n i e d h im th at o f R ay mo nd by h is ch ap l ai n R ay
, , ,
mond o f A g u il e rs a n d t h a t o f R o b e rt o f N o r ma ndy a n d S t ep h e n o f B l o i s
,
b y F u l c h e r w h o w a s w ith th e m
,
H u gh t h e G r e a t a nd R ob e rt o f F l a n d e r s
.
h a d n o c h r o n i c l e r s in t h e ir fo ll o w i n g o r a t a ny r a t e n o d et a i l ed a c c o u n t , , ,
o f t h e ir j o u r n e y t o Co n s t a nti n o p l e h a s b e e n p r es e rv e d D u e t o t h e d iv e r s e .
r o u t es ch o s en by t h e l e ad e r s th i s p o rtio n o f t h e h i s t ory o f t h e F ir s t Cru s a d e

,
i s l ea s t w e ll s u b s t a n ti at e d fo r ea c h o f t h e w rit e r s c o u l d r e n d e r a c c u r a t e
,
a cc o u n t o f o n l y h is o w n a r my R e fe r e n c e s t o o t h e r b an d s a re o ft e n in
.
a c c u r a t e a n d c o n f u s i n g a n d ev e n in t h e s t o r y o f a S i ngl e r o u t e g eo g r a p hi c a l
,
a ll u s i o n s a re f r e q u e n t l y u n c e rt a i n o r i n c o rr ec t T hi s c a n b e e a s i l y e x p l a i ne d .
b y t h e fa c t t h a t t h e Cr u s a d e r s w e r e movi n g fa ir l y r ap i d l y t h r o u g h s tr a n g e
c o u n tr y w ith o u t t h e s ti mu l u s o f a c t u a l w a r fa r e t o fix p l ac e n a me s in th e ir
,
mi n d s F o rt u n at e l y t h e w e ll w o rn R o ma n r oa d s thr ou g h t h e B a lk a n a n d
.
,
-
D a n u b e c o u n try c a n s ti ll b e tr a ce d w hi l e t h e r ec o g n i a bl e p l a c e s men ti oned ,

z
b y t h e c h ro n i c l er s a ffo r d a mp l e t e s ti mo n y t h a t t h e Cru s ad e r s fo ll ow e d th e m in
t h e ma i n ) .
1 . Th e D epa rt u re .
( )
F u lNc h ow
e rthen I m u st t u rn to th e h i sto ry o f those who ,
went to J er u s a l em an d m a k e c l e a r t o a l l wh o do not k now

wh a t h app ene d t o th ese p ilgri ms on th e w ay h o w l ittl e by , ,
l itt l e by the grace o f Go d t hei r u ndert aki ng an d thei r l abo r

, ,
glo ri o u s l y s u cceeded I F u lche r o f Cha rtres w ent wi th th e o the r

.
, ,
p i l grims an d fo r
,
the b enefit o f p o ste ri ty I h av e c a re fu l ly a n d
di l igently st o red a l l th i s i n my memo ry j u s t a s I wi tnes sed it ,

.
I n the ye a r 1 09 6 an d i n the month o f M a rch fol lowi ng th e coun

,
cil whi ch a s h as been s a i d Po p e Urba n hel d d u ri ng N ov embe r i n

, , ,
A u ve rgn e s ome who we re mo re p rom p t i n th ei r p re p a r a tion th a n

,
othe rs bega n to set out on the h oly j o u rney Oth ers f ol l owe d i n .
A p ri l o r May i n J u n e o r i n J u ly o r ev en i n A u gu st o r S e p tem
, , , , ,
ber o r O ctobe r a s th ey we re a b le to s ecu r e the mean s t o de f ray

, ,
thei r ex p en se s Th a t ye a r p e a ce an d good crop s o f gr a i n and gr ap es

.
flou ri sh ed eve rywh e r e by th e di s p osi ti on o f G od le st t hose wh o, ,
chose to fo l lo w H im with thei r c rosse s i n a cco rd a nc e with H is ,
p rece p t s h o u l d fa i l on th e way f or w a nt o f fo od
,
.
What f u rthe r S h a l l I s ay ? T he i s l a nd s o f t h e s ea a n d al l the

regi on s o f the e a rth were sh aken u n der foot s o th a t it wo u l d seem ,
“
th a t th e p ro p hecy o f D a vi d w a s f u l filled w h o s a i d i n th e p salm Al l , ,
th e n a t i on s th ou h a st m a de sh a l l come a n d wo rshi p be fo re thee O ,

“
Lo r d ”2
a n d th a t a lso whi ch t h os e w h o c a me l a te r j u stly s a i d
, , We ,
wi l l wo rshi p i n t he p l a ce wh ere H i s feet h a ve stoo d O f th i s .
j o u rney mo reove r w e h av e read m u ch mo re i n th e Pro p h ets whi ch

, , ,
i t w ou l d be tedio u s to r e p e a t Oh wh a t gri e f wh a t sigh s what .

, ,
wee p ing ! Wh a t l a ment a ti ons a mon g f ri en d s when th e hu sb an d le ft ,
h i s w i fe so de a r t o h i m a n d h i s ch i ld ren a nd a l l h i s p o sses si on s , , ,
hi s f a t h e r h i s mothe r h i s b roth e rs o r h i s rel at ives ! B ut in s p i te

, , ,
o f s u ch te a rs wh i ch th o se who rem a ine d sh ed f or de p arti ng fri en ds
i n thei r ve ry p resen ce the cru s a de rs we re stil l i n no wi se we akened

,
by thi s ; a n d for lov e o f G od they l e ft a l l th a t th ey p o ssessed fi rml y ,
convin c ed th a t they wo u l d re ceive th a t h u nd re d fo l d wh i ch th e -
Lo r d h a s p romised t o those who l ove H im Then h u sb a n d a dvis ed .
w i fe O f the t i me o f h i s ret u rn a s s u r ing h e r th a t i f h e l ived by , ,
God s grace he wo u l d ret u rn to he r H e commen ded h er t o th e

’
, .
Lo rd he ki s sed he r ten de r l y a n d w ee p ing h e p ro mi s ed to r etu rn

, , , , .
B u t sh e fea ri ng th a t sh e w o u ld neve r see hi m mo re w a s u nab l e to

, ,
st a nd a n d fel l sen se l es s t o the gro u n d a n d we p t fo r he r l ove whom , ,
tho u gh living sh e h a d l ost as th o u gh a l re a dy de a d H e l i ke on e

who h a d n o p i ty— tho u gh h e h a d—a n d a s if moved n either by the
.
, .
,
te a rs o f hi s wi fe n o r the gri e f o f a ny f ri en ds —a nd sti ll i n h i s h e a rt

h e w a s moved—s et o u t k ee p ing h i s p u r p ose fi rm Sadness w a s , .
t he l ot o f those who rem a in ed th ose wh o l e ft we re gl a d Wh a t , .
“
then ca n w e a d d fu rthe r ? Th i s i s th e Lo rd s doings a n d i t i s ’
”3
marvelou s i n ou r eyes .
( E kkehard ) M o reover th e S ign wh i ch was de scribe d b e fo re as ,
seen i n th e s u n a nd m a ny p ortent s whi ch ap pe a re d i n th e a ir a s

, ,
wel l a s on th e ea rth sti m u l a ted m a ny wh o h a d been ba ckwa r d b e

, ,
fo re t o u n d e rt akings o f thi s ki n d S om e o f t hese portents I h av e

,
.
deeme d i t desi r ab l e to i n se rt h ere b u t t o tel l al l wo u l d c ertai nly ,
t ake to o l ong Fo r we too a bo u t th e None s o f O ct ob er s aw a

.
, , ,
comet i n th e s o uth ern s ky it s r a di an ce exten d ing ou t obl iq u ely like , ,
a s wor d ; a n d t wo y ea rs l ate r on th e s ixt h day b e fo re th e Kal en d s ,
o f M a r ch 1 0 99 we s a w anothe r st a r i n t h e east changing its p osi

, ,
t io n b y lea p s a t lon g interval s T here we r e a l so b l oo d red clou d s .

-
ri si ng i n th e east a s w el l a s i n th e west and darti ng u p into th e

, ,
z en it h to meet e a ch o the r ; a n d again a bout mi dn ight fi e ry s plen , , ,
d o rs r u she d u p i n th e n o rth ; an d f requent l y we even s aw to r ches O f

fi re fl yi ng th ro u gh th e a ir a s w e p roved by many w i tnesses Abou t , .
three o clo ck on e d ay some yea rs be fo re th i s S igge r a cert a i n

’
, ,
p riest o f exe mp l a ry l i fe s a w t wo knight s r u sh i ng at each othe r in ,
th e a ir a n d a fte r they h a d fo u gh t fo r a l ong ti me the on e who b ore

, ,
a l a rge c ros s w ith wh ich h e see me d to strik e the othe r eme rged
, ,
a s victo r At the s a me t i me th e p r iest G

. who n ow b elongs t o , ,
the mon a sti c p ro fes sion w ith u s h av ing p a i d th e shee p wh i ch i s ,
ow ed t o Ch ri st i n p l a ce o f th e fi rst bo rn o f th e ass w a s walki ng ,
o ne day at th e n oon ho u r i n a wood w ith t wo com p an i ons whe n h e , ,
s a w a sw o rd o f won d ro u s l engt h ( whi ch c a me h e kn ew not ,
wh ence ) c a rri ed u p on h igh by a wh i rl win d Unti l the gre a t height .
h i d i t f r o m h is eyes h e not only s a w t he met al b u t h e a rd t he c rash

'
, ,
ing o f th e we a pon S ome men wh o we re kee p ing watch in a h o rse

.
p astu r e al so re p o rte d th a t they s a w th e semblanc e o f a ci ty i n t he

a i r a n d th a t t h ey s aw div ers c omp a ni e s both on ho rs eb a ck and o n
, ,
foot h a steni ng to i t f ro m d i ffe ren t di rect ion s S ome eve n showe d

,
.
the S ign o f th e cro s s st a m p ed by di vi n e p owe r u p on thei r fo re

head s or cl oth es o r u p on some pa rt o f th e b ody ; a n d by th i s sign
, ,
t hey beli eve d th a t th ey h a d been p re destine d for the same army o f

th e Lo rd Aga in other s p ricke d by a s u dden change o f heart or
.
, , ,
t a u ght by vi si ons o f th e n ight resolve d t o sel l th ei r l an ds an d good s , ,
a n d to s ew u p on th ei r c loth es the S ign o f th e cro ss To a l l these .
p eo p l e who flo c k ed to th e c h u rches i n i n c red ib l e n u mber s the

, ,
p riest s i n a n ew ri te di st ribute d swo rd s al ong w ith a b l essing a n d

,
.
,
p i lgri m s st a ves an d bags

’
Why sho u l d I ment i on th e f a ct th a t i n .
thos e days a ce rt a i n wo m a n conti n u ed p regn a nt fo r t wo ye a rs an d

'
a t l a st bro u ght fo rth a boy who co u l d s p e a k f rom bi rth ? Li ke

,
i
w is e a chil d w a s born w ith a do u bl e s et o f l i mb s and anothe r w ith

, ,
two he a d s ; some l a mb s a lso wi th t w o heads Aga in foa l s w ere , ,

.
,
bo rn wh i ch p os sesse d at b i rt h the la rge r teeth wh i ch w e commonly

cal l ho rse teeth an d wh i ch natu re do es not p rovi de unti l th e col t

-
i s th ree yea rs old .
Whi l e by these an d lik e sign s all c reati o n wa s being summoned

i nto th e a rmy o f th e Lo rd that enemy o f men th e ev i l one h i m
, ,
s el f ( ev e r on th e watch even wh il e othe rs a r e sleeping ) di d n ot

,
del a y to s ow h is ow n t a re s to ro u se fal s e p ro ph ets a nd un de r th e

, , ,
g u i se o f religi on to mi ngle w it h th e a rmy o f t he Lo rd f a l s e b reth

,
r en an d sh a meles s women An d s o th rough th e hy p oc ri sy an d

.
,
f a lsehood s o f some an d the gros s i mmo rali ty o f othe rs the army ,
o f Chri st w a s pollut ed to su c h an extent that a cco rding t o th e ,
p rophe cy o f th e goo d shephe rd even the elec t we re led ast ray At , .
thi s tim e th e l egen d abou t Charles the Gre a t was i nv en ted ! th a t h e

,
h a d been rai sed f ro m the dea d f o r thi s ex p edi ti on an d abo u t so m e ,
on e el se w h o was l iv ing aga i n ; and a ls o t h a t f ool i sh sto ry o f th e

’
goo s e th a t a cted a s i t s mi st res s s gui de an d many t al e s o f that ki n d ,
.
Yet s i n ce each on e may b e kn own by hi s f r u it s eve n as wolves a re

, ,
’
recogni zed un de r sh e ep s cl oth ing th os e sa me decei ver s especial ly , ,
th ese w h o a re sti l l al ive may b e questi one d a s t o what p o rt they

,
sai led f rom acco r di ng t o thei r vo ws an d h ow they c ro sse d the s ea

, ,
w ithou t sh ips or i n wh a t bat tle s a n d p la ces they wo rsted s o many

,
pagan s w ith t hei r sm a ll fo rce s what f o rtre sses o f th e enemy they ,
took the re and fin a lly a t what pa rt o f th e wal l at J e ru sa l e m the y

, , ,
had thei r cam p an d S O fo rth ,

An d thos e wh o h av e n othing to
.
an sw er a s t o the a l ms wh i ch they h ave hy p oc r itically taken f rom

th e f a ith fu l o r a s t o the m a ny b a n d s wh i c h they h av e mi sle d an d
,
mu rde re d for p l u n de r a n d a bov e al l a s to the i r own apost a cy

, , , ,
may b e co mp elle d to do p enan ce .
( G u ib ert o
f N og en t ) : N ow then wh il e the p rinces wh o f elt ,
th e nee d o f l a rge f u nd s an d th e s u pp o rt o f n u mero u s fo llow e rs

were m a k ing p re p ar a ti ons c a re f ully a n d s lowl y th e common pe o p le , ,
wh o we re p oo r i n sub stance but ab u n d a nt i n n umbers a tt a ch ed t hem ,
s elves t o a c ert a i n Pete r t h e H ermi t wh o a pp e a re d a s a m a ste r whi le

5
we w ere a s yet stil l consi der ing the p roj ect .
H e w a s f rom the city o f Ami en s i f I a m n ot mi staken an d w e , ,
le a rned th a t h e h a d l ive d as a h ermi t i n th e g a rb o f a monk some

where in No rthe rn Ga u l I kno w n ot where We b eh el d h i m leav
, .
ing there wi th wh a t i nten t I do not kn o w an d going ab o u t th rough

, ,
ci ti es an d town s un de r th e p retext o f p re a ch ing H e w as s u r .
ro u n de d lby s u c h gre a t t h rongs receive d su ch eno r mous gi fts an d , ,
was lau ded with s u ch f a me fo r h ol i nes s th a t I d o n ot remembe r

anyon e t o h a ve been hel d i n l ik e hon o r .
H e w a s very gene rou s to th e p oo r f ro m the we a lth that h a d

been giv en h i m H e recl aimed p ro stit u tes an d p rovi d e d them wi th
.
husb a nd s not w itho u t dow ry fro m h i m ; a n d everywhe re with an
,
a m a zing a u th o rity b e resto re d p e a ce a n d conco r d i n pl a ce o f st ri fe

,
.
Wh a teve r h e di d o r s a i d w a s rega rd ed a s l i tt l e short o f d iv ine to ,
s u ch a n extent th at h a i r s w ere sn at che d from hi s m u l e a s rel i c s .
Th i s w e a sc rib e n ot so m u ch to the p o p u l a r l ove fo r t r u th a s fo r

novelty .
H e wo re a p l a i n w o olen sh i rt with a h ood a n d ove r th i s a

c lo a k witho u t sl eeves both exten di ng to h i s a nkle s a n d h i s feet we re
, ,
b a re H e l ive d o n wi ne a n d fi sh : h e h a rd ly eve r o r nev er at e

.
, ,
b re a d .
2 . Th e Marc h
f th e o P eas a n ts .
A Pet e r th e H e rmi t
. an d W a l te r th e Pen nil e ss .
( M a rch A u g u st-
( A l ber t ) T he re w a s a p ri est Pete r by n a me f o rme rly a h e r , ,
mit H e w a s bo rn i n th e city o f A mien s wh i ch i s i n th e w este rn

.
,
p a rt o f the kingdom o f th e Fr a nks a n d h e w a s a pp oi nted p re a cher ,
i n B er r i i n the a fo res a i d k ingdom I n every a dmoni ti on an d s e r .
mon with a l l the p er s u a si on o f wh i ch h e w a s c apab l e h e u rged

, ,
setting o u t o n th e j o u rn ey a s soon a s p os sibl e I n r es p on se t o hi s .
co n st a nt a dmonit i on a n d c a l l b i sh o p s a bb ots c le ri c s a n d monk s set

‘
, , , ,
o u t ; nex t most no ble l a ymen a n d p rin ce s O f th e di ffe rent kingd o m s ;

, ,
then a l l th e common p eo p le th e ch a st e a s wel l a s th e s i n fu l a d u l

, , ,
t e re rs h omi ci d es thieve s p e rj u rers a n d ro b be rs ; i nd eed eve ry

, , , , ,
cl a ss o f th e Ch r i sti a n p ro fe ssi on n ay a l so women a n d th ose in

u e n c e d b y th e s p i ri t o f p en a nce—a l l j oy fu lly ente re d u p on th i s
, , ,
fl
ex p editi on .
I n th e yea r o f th e I n c a rn ati on o f th e Lo rd 1 0 9 6 in th e fo u rth , ,
I n di ction i n t he thi rteenth ye a r o f th e re igon o f H en ry I V th i rd

, ,
a u g u st Em p e ro r o f the Ro m a n s a n d i n th e fo rty th i rd ye a r o f th e ,
-
Em p i re i n the reign o f ‘ P e
o p Urb an I I f o rme r l y O d o a rd o n the
‘
, , ,
eighth d ay o f M a rch W a lte r s u rn a med th e Penn il ess a wel l , , ,
known sold i er set ou t a s a res u l t o f th e p re a chi ng o f Pete r th e

, ,
H e rmit wi th a gre a t com pany o f Fr a n k i sh fo ot —

,
so l die rs a n d only
a bo u t eight knigh ts O n th e b eginni ng o f the j o u rney to J er u s a lem
.
h e entered i nto the k ingdom o f H u nga ry When h is i ntention a n d .

,
th e re a s on fo r hi s t a k i ng t hi s j o u rney be c a me kn own to Lor d Col o

ma n mo st Chr isti a n k ing o f H u ng a ry h e w a s k in dly received a n d
,
6
,
w a s given pe a ce fu l t r a nsi t a c ros s th e enti re re a l m wi th p ermi ssi on ,
to t r a de A n d s o with o u t givi ng o ffence a n d w ith o u t being a t

.
,
t a cked h e s et o u t ev en t o B e l gr a de a B u lg a ri a n city p a s sing ove r

, , ,
to M al evil la whe re th e re a lm o f the ki ng o f H u ng a ry en ds Th en ce

, .
h e p e a ce fu l ly cros sed th e M or av a river .

to del a y pea c e fully i n h i s king dom w i th l i cen s e t o b uy t he n eces ,
s a rie s o f l i fe u nti l he sho u l d have a s h i s com pan i on Pete r th e

,
H ermi t u p on whose a dmon itio n a n d per s u a sion h e h ad begun t hi s

,
j o u rney An d h e a l s o begged th a t wh en th e t ro o p s were un it ed

.
, ,
they migh t c r oss i n shi p s ov e r th e a rm o f th e sea c a lled th e St rai t

of St . Geo rge a n d t hu s they woul d be abl e to resi st mo re sa fely
,
th e s qu a drons o f th e Tu rk s a n d th e Gentil es T h e o u tcom e wa s .
that t he requ est s mad e o f th e Lo rd Empe ro r Alexi us by name , ,
we re gr a nted .
N ot long a fte r t he se events Pete r a nd h i s l a rge a rmy innu mer

a bl e as t h e s a n d s o f th e s e a—a n a rmy wh i ch h e had b rought to
, ,
gethe r f rom th e va rio u s re a lm s o f th e n a ti on s o f th e Franks S wa

bi an s B avari a n s an d Lot ha ringi a n s —
,
,
we re making t hei r way t o
,
J e rus a lem D escen di ng o n th a t m a rch i nto t he k i ngd om o f H u n

.
g a ry he a n d h is a rmy p i tch e d the i r tent s be fo re the gat e o f O e d en

,
b u rg
. .
Pete r h ear d thi s re p o rt an d be cau se th e H u nga rian s an d B u l ,
ga rian s wer e f el lo w Ch r i sti a ns absol u tely re fused to bel i eve s o ,
gre a t c ri me o f them u nt i l h i s men c omi ng to M al evil la s aw h a ng

, , ,
i ng f ro m th e w a ll s the a rm s an d s p oil s o f the s ixteen c om pa ni on s

o f Wa lte r wh o had st a yed behi n d a shor t ti me b e fo re a n d who m ,
th e H u nga ri a n s h a d t reach ero usl y p resu med t o rob B ut w hen Pete r .
re cogni ze d the i nj u ry t o h i s b reth ren a t th e s i ght o f th ei r a rms an d

“
spoi l s h e u rge d hi s com pa ni on s to a venge t hei r w rongs

,
.
Th es e s o u n de d th e tr u m p et lo u dly a n d w ith u p r a i sed b a nn ers ,
th ey r u sh e d to th e wa l ls a n d a tt a cke d th e enemy wi th a ha i l o f .
a r ro w s I n s u ch q u i ck su cce ssion a n d i n s u ch i nc redible numb e rs

.
d i d th ey h u rl th em i n th e face o f th o s e st a nd ing on th e wall s that

t he H ung a ri a n s i n n o w i se a bl e to res i st th e fo rce o f the besi eging
,
F ranks l e f t the w a ll s ho p ing th a t wi thi n the city th ey might b e a bl e

, ,
to with st a n d th e st rengt h o f th e Ga u l s God f rey su rn a med B u rel l

.
,
a n a ti ve o f the ci ty Et a m p es m a ste r an d st a n d a rd beare r o f two ,

-
h u nd re d f oot sol di er s h im sel f a foot sol di e r a nd a man o f great

-
,
-
s t ren gt h seei ng th e fl ight o f t he H u nga rian s a way from the w a l ls

fl -
then qu i c k ly c ro ss ed ove r the w a l ls by me a n s o f a l a dde r h e chanced

t o fi nd the re Rei n a ld O f B royes a d i st ingu i sh e d knight cla d i n
.
, ,
h elmet an d co a t o f m a i l a scen de d j u st a fter God f rey ; soon all th e

,
kni ghts a s wel l a s th e foot so l d iers h a stene d t o ente r th e city Th e

,
-
, .
H u ng a ri an s seeing thei r o wn immi nent p eril gathered seven tho u

, ,
s a n d st rong fo r de fe n s e ; an d having pa ssed ou t th rough anothe r ,
g a te wh i ch l ooke d tow a r d th e e a st they st a t i on ed themselves on the ,
su mmit o f a lo fty c r a g beyon d wh i ch fl owed th e D a n u be where

, ,
they w ere i nvi ncibly fo rti fied A v e ry l a rge p art o f th ese were .
un a ble to escap e qui ckly th rough the narrow passage and t he y f ell ,
'
be fo re th e gate S ome who h o p e d t o fi n d re f uge on th e t op o f

.
th e mountain we re c u t d o wn by the pu rs u ing p ilgri ms ; still oth ers ,
th ro wn h eadl ong f ro m th e s u mmi t o f the mountai n wer e bu ri e d ,
i n th e waves o f th e Danube bu t many es c ap e d by b o a t Abou t,

.
f ou r thou s a n d H unga ri an s fell the re b ut only a hun d red p i lgri ms , ,
n ot counti ng th e wo unded were ki lle d a t th a t same place

, .
Th i s vi cto ry w o n Pete r rem a ine d with al l h is fo llowe rs in the

,
s a me ci t a del fiv e da ys f or h e f o u n d there a n abun d a n ce o f gr a in

, ,
fl o cks o f s heep h e rd s o f cattl e a p l enti fu l s u pp ly o f w i n e a nd a n

, ,
-
i n fini te n umbe r o f ho rs es .
W h en Pete r l e a rne d o f the w r a th o f th e Ki ng a n d his very f orm

idab l e ga the ring o f t roo p s h e des erted M a l e zril l a w i th al l h i s follo w
,
'
e rs an d pl a nne d t o c ros s the M o r a v a with a ll spoi l s a n d fl ocks a n d
h er ds o f h o rs es B ut o n th e whol e b a n k h e fou n d ve ry few bo a ts

.
,
only one hun d re d an d fi fty i n whi ch the gre a t mu ltitu de must p a s s

,
quic kly ove r and es c a pe l es t t h e Ki ng shou ld ov ertake them w i th

,
a great fo r ce H en ce m a ny who w ere un a ble to c ro ss i n b o a ts trie d

.
t o c ross on r a fts m a d e by fa sten ing p ol es togethe r w ith t wigs B u t .
d r iv en h ithe r a n d th i the r i n th ese r a fts wi th out ru dd ers a n d at ,
time s se pa rated f rom thei r comp a nions m a ny p er ished p i e rced wi th , ,
a r rows f ro m th e b ows o f the Pat z in aks wh o inh abi ted B u lg a ri a , .
A s Pete r s a w th e d rown ing an d dest ructi on whi ch wa s b e f a l li ng h i s

men h e comm a n de d th e B a va ri a ns t h e Alem an n i an d t h e othe r
, , ,
Te u tons by thei r p romi se o f ob ed i enc e t o com e to th e ai d o f thei r

,
F rank i sh b reth ren They we re ca rri e d to tha t p l a ce by s even r a f ts ;

.
then th ey s a nk s ev en sm a ll boats o f th e Pa t z ina ks w it h t hei r oc

cu pa nt s but took o nly s even men c a p tive Th ey le d the s e seven
,
.
ca p tive s i nto th e p re sen c e o f P ete r a nd k i ll ed them by h i s o rd er .
When h e h a d thu s av enged h is men Peter c ros sed the M o r a v a ,
ri ve r an d entered the l a rge a n d sp a ci ous f o res ts o f t h e B ulg a ri a ns

w ith su pp li es o f fo od w i th e very ne cessa ry an d w ith th e s p oi ls
, ,
f ro m B elgr a de An d a ft e r a delay o f eight days i n thos e vas t

.
woods an d p a stu res h e and hi s foll owe rs a p p roached N i sh a ci ty

, ,
very st rongly fo rtifi ed w i th wal ls A fte r c ro ssing t h e riv e r b e fo re

.
th e ci ty by a ston e b ri dge they o ccu p i ed the fiel d p le a si ng i n i ts

, ,
ver dur e an d extent and pi tche d thei r tents on th e b a nks o f the ri ve r

, .
Peter obedient t o the m a nd a te o f the Em p e ro r

, ,
a dv a n ce d f rom
th e ci ty o f Sofia an d w ith d rew w ith al l h is p eopl e to th e ci ty Phi li p
p po oli.s When h e h a d re l a ted t h e ent i re s to ry o f h i s mi s fo rtu ne
i n the he a ri ng o f a l l the Greek ci ti zen s he r eceiv e d , ,
i n the n a me o f
J esus a nd i n fear o f God v ery m a ny gi ft s for h im
,
. N ext the th i rd
,
TH E F I R ST C R U SA D E
day fte r h e w ith d rew to A d ria n op ol e ch eer ful a n d j oy f u l i n th e
a , ,
abund a nce o f all ne cess a ri es Th e re he t a r ri ed i n c a m p o u tsi de th e

.
w a ll s o f th e city on ly two d a y s a n d the n wi th d re w a fter s un ri se on ,
th e th i r d day A s e con d m es sage o f th e Em p ero r w as u rging h i m to

.
h a sten h i s ma rch t o Con s t a nti no p le f o r on a cco u nt o f the re p o rts , ,
a bou t h i m the Em p ero r was bu rni ng wi th d es i re to s e e thi s s a me

Pet e r Wh en they h a d co m
,
. e to Co n st a nti no p l e the a rmy o f Pete r ,
w a s o r dered t o en c a m p a t a d i st ance f rom the c ity a n d l i cense t o ,
t r a de w a s ful ly gr a nted .
B . F ol c ma r Gotts ch a l k
a nd ( May J u ly .
-
( A l be rt ) N o t l ong a fter th e p a ss a ge o f Pete r a ce rt a in p ri est , ,
Gottsch a lk by n a me a T e u ton i n r a ce a n i nh ab i t a nt o f th e Rh i ne
, ,
c ount ry i n fl a med by the p re a ch i ng o f Pete r with a love a n d a d es i re

,
fo r th a t s a me j o u rney to J e r u s a l em by h is o w n p re a ch ings l i ke ,
wi se st i rred t he h e a rts o f v e ry m a ny p eo p l es o f d ive rs e n a tion s t o

go o n th a t j o u rney H e a s semble d f ro m th e v a rio u s r egi on s O f
.
Lo r r a i n e e a stern Fr a n ce B a v a ri a an d Al em a nni a mo re th a n fi f
, , , ,
teen th o u s a nd p e rs on s o f mil i t a ry st a tion a s wel l a s o rdi n a ry f oot ,
sol die rs wh o h a ving collected a n inex p res sibl e a mo u nt o f mone y

, , ,
togeth e r wi th othe r n ece ss a ri es a re s a i d to h a ve conti nued o n th ei r ,
w ay p e a ce fu lly even to the kingdom o f H unga ry

,
.
‘
Wh en they a rriv ed a t th e ga te o f l Vies el bu rg a nd it s fo rt res s ,
th ey we re h ono r a bly received by th e f a v o r o f Ki ng Col oman They .
we re l ikewi se g r a nted p e rmi ss ion to buy th e n eces s a ries o f li fe a n d ,
p e a ce w a s comm a n d e d on both s id es by a n o rde r O f th e King le st ,
a ny o utb re a k sho u ld a ri se f rom s o l a rge a n a rmy B u t a s th ey .
d el a ye d th ere fo r s eve r a l d ays th ey b ega n to ro a m a bout a n d , ,
the B av a ri a ns a n d S w a b ian s s p i rited p eo p l es t ogether w ith other , ,
tho u ghtl ess p e rson s d r a nk b eyond me a s u re a n d vi ol a ted th e p e a ce

,
whi ch h a d b een comm a n ded Li ttl e by litt l e th ey took a w a y f ro m .
th e H u ng a ri a n s w ine gr a i n a n d a l l oth e r necess a ri es ; fi n a lly they

, , ,
d ev a st a te d th e fiel d s k i lli ng shee p an d c a ttle a n d a l so dest royi ng

, ,
tho s e who resi sted o r who w i sh ed to d riv e them o u t Li ke a r o u gh

, .
p eo p le r u d e i n m a nne rs u n di s ci p li ne d a n d h a u ghty they commit

, , ,
t ed ve ry m a ny o th e r c ri me s a l l o f wh i ch we c a n not rel a te A s , .
s ome who we re p resent s a y they t r a n sfi xed a cert a i n H ung a ri a n ,
youth i n the m a rket p l a ce w ith a st a ke th ro ugh h i s body Com .
p l a i n ts o f th i s m a tte r a n d o f othe r w rongs w ere b ro u gh t t o th e

e a rs o f the King a nd thei r ow n l e a de rs .
Wh en Gotts ch a l k a nd t he othe r sensibl e men he a rd thi s they ,
t r u sted wi th p u re fa i th i n th es e wo rds an d a l so bec a u s e th e H u n ,
ga rian s we re o f th e Ch ri st i a n p ro fes sion they co u n sel led th e enti re ,

assemb ly t o giv e thei r a rms i n s a ti s f a cti on to the King ,

a cco rdi ng to
thi s comm a n d Th u s eve rythi ng wo u ld retu rn to pe a ce
. a n d conco rd .
An d yet when a l l th ei r a rms h a d been p l a ce d un de r lo ck a n d

,
key the H u ng a ri a n s p rov ed f a l s e rega rd i n g a ll t h e f a it h a n d

,
clemen cy wh ich th ey h a d p ro mi sed th a t th e King wou l d S ho w t o

th e p eo p l e ; nay r a t he r they fell u p on th em wi th c r u el s l a u ghte r
, ,
c ut down th e de fen ce l ess a n d un a rmed a n d i nfl icted u p on the m

‘
frigh t fu l s l a u gh te r to suc h a n exten t ( a s tho s e a ffi rm f o r a t r u th
,
who we re p res ent a n d b a rely es c ap ed ) th a t th e enti re p l a i n o f B e l

gr a de w a s fi l l ed by t h e bo d i es o i th e s l a i n a nd w a s cove red wi th
t hei r b lood Fe w es cap e d f rom th a t m a rtyrdom
. .
No w a s h a s been s a i d b a n d fol lo wed F ol c ma r

( E k k eh a r d ) a
‘ , ,
th ro u gh B ohemi a At th e city o f N e it ra i n P a n non i a a n u p ri sing

.
, ,
to ok p l a ce i n whi ch a p a rt we re ki l led a n d a p a rt we re t a ken

, ,
p ri soners whi le,

th e ve ry fe w su rv iv o rs a re won t to testi fy th a t th e
sign o f th e c ro ss app e a ring i n th e h e a ven s a bove them del iv e red

, ,
th em f ro m i mmi nen t de at h .
Th en G otts ch a lk not a t rue b u t a f a l s e se rv a nt o f Go d entered

, , ,
H u nga ry w ith h is fol lo wers an d th a t not w ith ou t i nj u ry to E a st ,
N o ri c u m N ext u n de r a n a ston i shi ng gl a mo u r o f f a l se pi ety he

.
,
fo rtifie d a cer t a i n t own s i t u a te d o n a h eight a n d p l a ced a ga r ri s on

the re a n d b ega n with the rest o f h i s com p a ny to rav a ge P a n nonia
, ,
ro u n d abo u t Th i s town f o r sooth w a s c a p t u re d by the n a tiv es

.
, ,
w ithou t del a y a n d gre a t n umb e rs o f t h e b a n d h a v i ng b een ki lled

,
o r t a ken p ri sone rs t he rest we re d i s p e rse d a nd h e h imsel f a hi re

, , ,
li ng n ot the sh ep he r d o f th e fl ock w a s d r iven a w a y f ro m th e re i n

, ,
di sgr a ce .
C Em ico
. .
( May Aug u st -
( E kkeh ard ) Ju st a t th a t ti me th ere a pp e a re d a cert a i n soldie r , ,
Emi co C o u n t o f t he l a nds a roun d th e Rh i ne a ma n l ong o f ve ry

, ,
i ll re p ut e o n a ccount o f h is tyr a nni ca l mo d e o f li fe C a ll ed by .
div ine revel ati on l ike a nothe r Sa u l a s h e m a i nt a ine d t o t he p rae

, , ,
ti ce o f religi on o f th i s k in d h e u s u r p ed to h i msel f the co mm a n d ,
o f a l mo st twelve tho u s a n d cros s be a re rs A s th ey were led th rough .
the cit i es o f the Rh ine a n d th e M a i n a n d a l so the D a n u be they ei the r ,
u tte rly dest royed th e exec r a ble r a ce o f the J ews wh ereve r they
f o u n d the m ( being even i n thi s m a tte r z e a lo u sly dev oted t o th e

Ch ri sti a n religi on ) o r fo rce d them i nt o th e bosom o f the Chu rch .
Wh en t hei r fo rces a l re a dy in cre a se d by a gre a t nu mb e r o f men an d

,
women re a che d the boun d a ry o f P a nnon i a they were p revented by

, ,
wel l fo rtified ga rri son s f rom ente ring th a t k ingdom whi ch is s u r ,

roun ded p a rtly by s wam p s a nd partly by w oo ds F or ru mo r ha d .
r eache d an d f orew a rned th e ears o f King Co l oman ; a rumo r that ,
to th e mi n d s o f th e Teuton s the re wa s no di ffe rence b etween ki l l

,
i ng p a gan s an d H unga rian s An d s o fo r s ix weeks t hey besi eged

.
,
th e fo rt res s W ies el bu rg an d s u ffe red many h a rd ship s th er e ; yet ,
d u ring th i s v ery t i me they w e re i n th e th roes o f a mo st f ooli s h

,
civi l qu a rre l ov e r wh i ch on e O f them shou l d be K i ng o f P a nnon i a .
M o reove r wh il e e nga ge d i n th e fi n a l a ssaul t a lthough t he w a l l s

, ,
h a d a l re a dy been b roken t h rough an d th e ci ti zen s w e re fl ee i ng an d

, ,
th e a rmy o f th e b esiege d w e r e setting fi r e t o th ei r ow n town yet , ,
th rough th e won der f u l p rov i den ce o f Almigh ty God the a rmy o f ,
p il gri ms though v i cto ri ou s fl ed

,
An d they l e f t b ehi n d th em al l
, .
th ei r e qu i p ment f o r no one ca r ri ed a w ay a ny rewa rd except hi s

,
w retch e d li f e .
A n d thu s t h e men o f o u r race zealo u s d oubtles s fo r Go d th ough

, , , ,
no t a cco r d in g t o th e knowledge o f God b ega n t o perse c u te oth e r ,
Ch ri sti a n s w hi le yet u p on th e ex p edi ti on whi ch Ch ri st h a d p ro

v id e d f o r f reeing Ch ri stians T h ey we r e kept f ro m f rate rna l blo o d
.
she d only b y d ivine me rcy ; an d th e H unga ri a n s a l so we r e f reed , , .
T hi s i s the rea son why som e o f the mo re gui leless b reth ren igno ,
r a nt o f the mat te r an d to o h a sty in thei r j u dgment were s can d a l

, ,
iz ed a nd concl ude d th a t th e who l e exp editio n wa s vai n a n d

fooli sh.
( A lbert ) At th e begi nn i ng o f summe r in th e s a me ye a r i n whi ch

Pete r and G ot t sch a lk a fter col lecting a n a rmy ha d set out the re
, , ,
a ssembl e d i n like f a s h io n a l a rge and i nnu merable h ost o f Ch ri s
t i a n s f ro m div ers e ki ngdoms an d lan ds ; n a mely f ro m th e re a lm , s
of Fr a n c e Engl a n d Fl a n ders a n d Lo r r a i ne
, , ,
I know not .
wh ethe r by a j u dgmen t o f th e Lo r d o r by s om e e r ro r o f mi nd , ,
they rose i n a spi ri t o f c ruelty agai n st th e J ewi sh p eop le s c a tte re d

th rougho u t th ese ci ti es an d sl a ught ered them w i tho u t me rcy e s p e ,
c ia l ly i n th e Ki ngd o m o f Lo rrain e a sserti ng it to b e th e begi nni ng

,
o f thei r ex p ed iti o n a nd t hei r duty a g a i nst th e enemi es o f th e Ch ri s
t i a n f a ith Th i s sl a u ghte r o f J ew s w a s don e fi rst by citi zens o f

.
Cologn e . T hese sud denly f ell upon a sm a ll b a n d o f J ews an d

s ev erely w oun ded a nd k i ll ed many ; they dest royed the h ou ses a nd
syn agogues o f th e J ews a nd div i ded a mong themselve s a ve ry l a rge
a mount o f money Wh en t he Jews s a w th i s cru elty abou t t w o h un
.
,
d red i n th e si l ence o f the n igh t began flight by bo a t t o N eus s Th .
p ilgri ms a n d c rusader s di s cove re d them a n d a fter t a ki ng away al l ,
thei r po ssessions i nfl i cted o n th em simi l a r S l a u ghte r le aving n ot

, ,
even one al iv e .
N ot long a fter th i s they s t a rted up on the i r j o u rney as th ey h a d

, ,
v owed an d a rrived i n a great mu lti tu d e at th e ci ty o f M ain z The re

,
.
Count Emi co a nob lem a n a very mi gh ty man i n thi s region w as

, , ,
awai ting with a l a rge ban d o f T eu ton s th e a r rival o f th e p i lgri ms

, ,
’
wh o we re comi ng t hither f rom d iv e rs e lan ds by th e Ki ng s hi gh way .
T he J ews o f thi s city knowi ng o f th e sl a ughte r o f th ei r b reth

,
ren a n d that they th emselves coul d not e sc a pe t he ha n d s o f so

,
m a ny fl ed in hope o f s a fety to B i sho p R ot h ard They pu t an in

,
.
fi ni te t re a su re in h i s gu a rd a nd t rust h aving m u ch f a i th i n h i s p ro ,
t ec t ion bec a u se he was B i sho p o f the city

,
Th en tha t excellent .
B i sh o p o f th e ci ty c au ti o u sly s et a si de t h e i n c re d ibl e amount o f

mon ey re ceived f rom t h em H e p laced th e J ews i n the very s pa .
c iou s h all o f h i s o w n hou se a way f ro m t h e si ght o f Cou nt E mi co

,
a n d h is followe rs that they migh t rem a i n s a fe a n d soun d i n a ve ry

,
s ecu re an d st rong pl ace .
B u t Emi co a n d t h e rest o f hi s ban d h el d a counci l a nd a fte r ,
s u nri se a tt a cked th e J ews i n th e h a l l w i th a r row s a nd l an ces

, .
B re a king the b olts an d doo rs t h ey ki l le d th e J ews a b out sev en h un , ,
d red i n nu mb e r wh o in v ai n r es i st ed th e f o r ce an d a tt a ck o f s o
,
m a ny thou s a nds They k i lled t h e w omen a lso a nd w ith th ei r

.
, ,
s wo rd s pi e rce d tende r ch il dren o f wh a tev e r age an d s ex Th e .
J ews s eeing th a t thei r Ch ri stia n en emi es we re attacki ng th em a nd

,
thei r chi l d ren an d th a t they we re sp a r i ng no age l i kew i se f el l up on

, ,
o n e anothe r b roth e r ch i l d ren wive s an d s i st ers and th u s th ey

, , , , ,
’
p e rished at each othe r s h a n ds H o rrible to s ay mothe rs c u t the .
,
th roats o f n u rsin g ch i l d ren wi th kni ves a nd stabbe d oth ers p re fe r ,
ri ng them t o p eri sh th u s by th ei r ow n h a nd s rathe r th a n t o b e kil le d

by th e wea p on s o f the un ci rcumcise d .
From th i s c ruel sl a ughte r o f th e Jew s a f ew es cape d ; an d a few

b e c a u se o f fe a r r a the r th a n b e c a u se o f l ove o f th e Ch ri sti a n f a ith
, ,
were b ap tiz ed With v e ry grea t s p oil s taken f rom thes e p eo p le

.
Co unt Emi co Cl a reb ol d Tho m a s a n d a l l t h a t i ntole r abl e com p any

, , ,
o f men and wom en then conti nued on thei r w a y to J erus a lem di ,
re c t ing t hei r cou rs e tow a rd s th e Ki ngdom O f H ungary whe re p as ,
s age a long t h e roy a l hi gh w a y w a s u su a l ly n ot deni ed th e p i lgri ms .
B u t on a rrivi ng at W i es el bu rg th e f ortress o f th e King whi ch the , ,
riv ers D a nube a n d Ley t h a p rot ect w ith m a rshes th e b ri d ge an d ,
gate o f th e fo rtress were fou nd clo sed by comm a n d o f th e Kin g

O f H unga ry fo r gre at f ea r h a d entere d al l the H unga rian s b ecau se
,
o f th e sl a ughte r wh i ch ha d h a ppened t o thei r b reth ren .
B ut w hi l e almost everythi ng h a d t u rned ou t fav o rably fo r th e

Ch ri st ian s a n d wh il e th ey h a d p enetrated th e wal ls wi th grea t
,
open i ngs by s ome ch a nce or m i s fo rtun e I kn ow n o t wh a t such

, , ,
g reat f ea r ente red th e wh ole army th at th ey tu rn e d i n flight j ust ,

TH E F I RST C R U SA D E
a s s hee p a re s cattere d an d al a rme d when wol ves rush upon th em .
An d seeking a re f u ge h ere an d there they f o rgot th ei r co mp ani on s ,

.
Emi co a nd some o f h i s f ol lowe rs conti n u ed i n th ei r flight a long

the w ay by wh i ch th ey h a d come Thom a s Cl a reb ol d a n d s ever a l o f .
, ,
thei r men es c a p ed i n fl igh t t o w a rd Ca ri nth i a an d I t a ly S o the

j
.
han d o f th e Lo rd i s beli eved to h a ve been a gai ns t th e p i lgri ms who ,
h a d s i nn ed by exces si ve i mp u rity a n d f o rni c a ti on an d who ha d ,
slaughtered the ex i led J ew s th ro u gh g re ed o f mon ey rath er th a n

‘
fo r t h e s a ke o f G O CI S j u st i ce a lthough t h e J ew s were o pp o se d to
’
,
,
Ch ri st T he Lo r d is a j ust j u dge an d o rde rs n o one un w i lli ngly

.
,
o r u nder com pu l sio n to com e u n de r the y ok e o f th e Catholi c faith

,
.
The re w a s a noth e r detestable c ri me i n th i s ass embl age o f way

fari ng p eo p l e wh o w ere f ooli sh an d in s a nely fi ckl e Th at the c ri me
,
.
w a s h a te fu l to th e Lo r d a n d i nc redibl e t o th e fait h ful i s n ot t o b e

d o u bted Th ey a sse rted th a t a certa in goo s e was i ns p i re d by th e
.
H oly S p i ri t a n d th a t a she go a t was n ot l es s fi ll e d by t he s a m e

,
-
S p i ri t T hes e t hey m a de t hei r g u ides on th is h oly j o u rney to J er u

.
s a l em ; thes e th ey w o rshi p p ed ex ces sively ; a n d mo s t O f th e p eo p le

follo wing them lik e be a sts bel i eve d w ith thei r whol e m in d s th a t
, ,
th i s w a s the t ru e cou rse May the h ea rts o f the faith ful b e f ree
.
f ro m t h e th o u ght th a t the Lo r d Jesu s wished th e S e p u lch re o f H i s

m ost s a c red b o d y t o b e v is ite d by b r u ti sh an d i nsensa te a ni m a ls or ,
th a t H e w i she d t h ese to b ecome th e g u i d e s o f Ch ri sti an souls ,
whi ch by the p ri ce o f H is own blo o d H e dei gn ed t o red eem f rom

the fi lth o f idols !
3 . Th e Ma in B ody .
A Com p os iti on
. .
( F u l c h er ) I t i s fitti ng t o kee p i n min d th e names o f the le a de rs

o f th e Cru s a des H u gh the G rea t b rothe r o f th e King o f Fran ce
7
‘
.
, ,
"
w a s th e fi rst he ro to c ros s fli é S ea H e l a n ded wi th h i s fo rce at .
D u r a z zo a c i ty in B u lgari a ; b u t i m p ru den tly ventu ri ng fo rth w ith

,
t oo sm a l l an a rmy h e w a s th er e c a p tu re d by the i nh a bi t a nts a n d

,
taken to th e Em p e ro r o f Con st a n ti no p l e where h e was ke p t fo r 1 ,
long ti me n ot al togeth e r f ree A fte r h im B oh em n d O f Apu l ia

,
u .
8
, _
_ ,
s o n o f Rob ert Gu is c ar d o f N o rm a n extr a cti on j o u rn eyed with h i s ,
f
a r my ove r th e s a me r out e ; nex t G od rey D k e o f Lo r r a in e p a ssed
u
9
, , ,
with a gre a t f orce th ro u gh H u ng a ry Raymo nd 10

Count o f Prov .
,
en ce w ith Goth s an d Ga sco n s an d a l so wi th Adhem a r B i sh o p o f

,
-
, ,
Puy c ro sse d th rough D a lm a ti a Pete r t he H e rmi t gathe ring to

, .
,
hi msel f a cro w d o f foot soldi ers b ut few knigh ts fi rs t pass ed

-
, ,
th ro u gh H u ng a ry ; a fterw a r d s th e sat rap o f thi s ho rd e w as Walter

58 TH E FI R ST C RU SAD E
W i es el bu rg i n th e Ki ngdom o f H u nga ry—a f te r a l l thes e thi ngs t h e ,
very nob le Go d f rey D u ke o f Lo rraine a n d his b rother B a l dwi n

, , ,
Wern er o f Grez a ki n sm a n o f th e D uke a n d B a l dwi n o f B u rg

, , ,
l ikewi se a ki n sman Rei n a r d Coun t o f To u l a n d Peter hi s broth er

, , , ,
D odo o f Conz H en ry o f Asc h a a nd h i s b rothe r God f rey set o u t

, ,
1
, , ,
7
i n th e same ye a r i n t h e mi d dle o f th e month o f August Wh il e

,
.
m a king a j ou rn ey i n di rect m a rch to J er u s a lem th ey h a lt ed i n thei r ,
cou rs e ne a r To l l en bu rg i n t he re a l m o f A u st ri a whe r e th e L ey th a ,
termi n a tes t he kingdo m o f G a u l a n d se pa rates i t f ro m the Au st ri a n

8 1
r e a lm T h ey r ema i ne d the re th ree w eek s i n th e mo nth o f S e p tem

.
be r t o h e a r a n d t o un derst a n d why sedition h a d a ri sen ; why th e

,
a rmy h a d p e ri shed a few d ays be f o re ; why th ose who m th ey met
retu rni ng i n des pa i r h a d been tu rned f ro m thei r p u r p os e o f goi ng

t o Je r u s a le m wi th t h ei r ch i e f s a n d le a de rs .
Fi n a lly a fter h ea ring ve ry m a ny ev i l rumors th ey di scu ss ed what

, ,
s hou l d fi rst b e don e to ing est igat e th e c ruel att a ck wh i ch th e H u n "
ga ria n s ha d m a de a ga i nst t h ei r fel lo w Ch ri sti a n s ; an d w ith wh a t

ci r c u ms p ecti on an d deliber a t i on the i nv esti gati on sho u l d be made .
A fter havi ng con si de red the m a tte r a t l en gth i t seemed to a l l a ,
p r a cti c a l p l a n to sen d f rom thos e cel eb r a ted le a de rs only G o d frev
o f Asch a to inv estig a te s o w i cke d an d c ri mi n a l a sl au ghte r ( T hey .
de ci ded thu s ) bec a u s e h e w a s known to CBT oma n Ki ng o f H u n

'
g a ry h a vi ng b een s ent some ti me b e fo re a s a mb a ss a d o r o f D uke

,
God f rey t o th i s s a me k i ng Th ey s ent w ith hi m twelve ot hers

ch osen f ro m the reti n u e o f the Duke—B a l d win S ta bel o i t i s sa i d
.
, , ,
a n d oth e rs whose n a mes a re u nknown .
T he Ki ng st ru ck a trgat y w ith D u k e God frey an d a l l the chi e fs

w m ,
o f h i s ki ngdo m we re boun d by o a th n ot t o do h a rm t o the p i lgr ims
w h o we re to p a s s th a t w ay Wh en the re fo re these a greements h a d

.
, ,
been confi rmed on b oth s i des th e King u p on the a dv i ce o f h is men , , ,
d em a nded a s h o st ages B a ld wi n the b roth er o f t he D u ke h i s wi fe

, , ,
a n d f a mi ly Thi s th e D u ke agreed to f u lfil wi tho u t d i s p ut e A fte r

. .
eight d ays th e emb a ssy w a s di smi s sed a n d th e D u k e o rde red th e

, ,
a rmy to h a sten to th e f o rtres s O e d en b u rg a n d t o p i tch t h ei r tents ,
o n th e b a nks o f the rive r n e a r the m a rshes Fin a lly B a l dw i n .

, ,
h a ving p u t a si de al l doubt co nsented to be come a h ostage an d to ,
b e t a ken i nt o exi l e fo r th e s a fety o f hi s b reth ren .
An d t hu s when s o d istingui she d a l e a der h a d become a hostage

, ,
a n d w h en the Ki ng h a d r et u rned w ith hi m t o P a nn oni a th e enti re , !
a rmy by o rde r an d p ermi ss ion o f th e King w a s l ed ov er the b ri dge

, ,
a c ros s th e m a r s h a n d c a m p w as p it ch e d n e a r th e river L ey t h a Then

, .
,
a fte r cam p w a s p i tch e d a n d a fter a l l were settled a t rest

,
Duke
,
Go d f rey ap p ointed h er a l d s to ann oun ce t o e a ch h o u se an d t en f th at ,
TH E FI RS T C RU SAD E 59
unde r senten ce o f d eath th ey sho u l d nei th e r touch no r take by fo rce ,
any t hi ng in the Kingdo m o f H ungary s ti r u p no q u a r ,
rel bu t that ev e ryt h i ng shou ld be ex ch a nge d for a j ust p ri ce S i mi

,
.
l arly th e King command e d th a t i t b e p roclai med th roughout h i s

,
real m that _ t h e army was to obt a i n every abu n d a nce o f necessary

th ings b read wi ne co rn oil bea sts o f the fi el d a n d flying c re a tu re s
, , , , , ,
o f t he s ky ; a n d h e command ed u nde r p enal ty o f li f e th a t t he , ,
H ungari a n s sho u l d n ot b u r den a n d en r age th e a rmy by u nj u st sell

i ng b u t rathe r s ho u l d make all buying easy f o r th em
, , ,
.
An d s o d ay by day i n qu i et a n d i n p eace w ith f u l l me a su re and

“
, , ,
j u st sal e t he Duke an d hi s p eo p l e c ros sed th e Kingdo m o f Hu ngary

,
“
a n d a rr ived a t th e riv e r D r a ve A he ap o f wo o d was gathe re d an d .
a la rge r a ft wa s m a de on wh i ch th ey c rosse d t he rive r Wi thou t , .
delay th e King coming f ro m th e le ft with a v ery p ow er ful ban d o f

,
h orsemen togeth er w it h B a l dwi n an d al l the o t he r hos tages a r

, ,
r ived at that pl a ce wh i ch i s c a ll ed F ra n ccw i l l a 19

T here th ey re .
m a i ned th ree days p u rchasing the n e ces sari es o f l i f e o f whi ch the

,
Then th ey all went t o Mal ew l la an d spent five

'
a rmy w as i n nee d .
days n ea r t h e Sav e .
There it b ecame known to the D u ke an d t o the othe r le a de rs o f

the a rmy that an intol er a ble fo rce o f th e Empero r o f Const a n tinople
wa s p resent t o p roh ib it the pa ssage o f the p i lgrim s th ro u gh th e
Ki ngdom o f B ulgaria T he D uke th e re fo re a n d a ll th e le a d ers .
, ,
enter ed upo n a plan to sen d a p art o f t h e a rmy acr os s the rive r to

d riv e back the ho sti le s old i e r s o f the Em p ero r wh i l e the p eo p l e ,
we re c ros s mg the riv e r N ot more than th ree boat s we re f o u n d .
j
the re I n thes e a t h ou san d kn ights i n a rmou r were c a r ri e d a c ro s s
.
t o take pos ses si on o f t h e sho re Al l the rest o f th e m u ltitu de gai n ed .
th e othe r b a nk o f the rive r by me a n s o f ra fts made o f woo d an d

bou nd together by twigs .
S ca rcely ha d th e p eople and thei r ch ie f s c ro ss ed th e st rea m w hen , ,
beho l d the Ki ng ap p e a re d with a l l h i s reti n u e and B a l dwi n the

, , ,
brothe r o f th e D u ke hi s w i fe a nd al l the h o st a ges T he re he re

, , .
sto red th e ho stages t o th e D u k e N ext a fte r very a ffe cti on a te l y .

,
f a vo ring th e Duke and hi s b rothe r w i th m a ny gi ft s a n d the ki s s o f

peace h e retu rne d to th e l a n d o f hi s own k in gdom B u t th e D u k e
, .
an d all h i s a rmy h avi ng settle d on th e o pp osi te b a nk p asse d t h e

nigh t i n the hospital i ty o f th e v i llage B elgr a d e i n B u l ga ria—a city
, ,
wh i ch th e a rmy o f Pete r th e H e rmit h ad p l u n dere d an d bu rn e d not

l ong b efo re B ut when mo rn i ng c a me th e D uk e an d h i s a rmy
.
,
a ro se an d adv a nced into th e i mmen se an d i n describa ble fo rests i n t h e

Kingdo m of B ulga ria .
The r e l egates o f th e Emp ero r met them be a ring a mes sage i n ,

60 T H E FI R ST CRU SAD E
th es e wo rd s : Alexi u s Em p e ro r o f Const a nti no p l e o f th e Ki ng

, ,
d om o f the Greeks to D uke Go d f rey an d h i s fello w p r i nce s ; s in

,
ce re a ffecti on I ask m o st Ch ri stian D u ke tha t y ou do not su ff e r

.
, ,
yo u r people to p l u nder o r t o lay waste my lan ds an d kingdo m w hi ch

yo u hav e ente red but that you se cu re th e p riv i lege o f buy ing B y
, .
ou r o rde r yo u w i l l fi n d eve ryth i ng i n abu n d a n ce fo r buying an d

s elli ng . Up on he a ring th i s mess a ge th e D uke p romi se d t o obey i n ,
a l l thi ngs th e m a n date o f th e Em p e r o r T h er eupon i t was p ro .

,
cl a i me d to a l l th a t the re a fte r they sho u l d tou ch n othi ng with un d u e

vi olen ce ex ce p t foo d for thei r ho rses An d s o p e a ce fully c ros sing
, .
,
ove r a t t h e r eq u est o f the Em p e ro r they ar riv ed at hi s f o rt res s , ,
N i sh wh er e a won der fu l ab u n dance o f f ood stu ff gr a i n ba rley

,
-
, , ,
wi ne a n d o i l an d ve ry much g a me we re b rough t to th e D u ke as th e
, ,
gi ft o f the Em p e ro r To th e o th e rs wa s gr a nte d th e p rivi l ege o f

.
b u yi ng a n d s el ling Th e re i n deed f o r fo u r d ays they we re re

.
, ,
f re shed w ith ev ery ab u n d a nce a n d p l e a s u r e A fte r tho se d ays th e .

,
D u ke wi th a ll hi s a rmy de p a rte d to S ofi a wh ere he w a s s u pp li ed .

,
by th e Em p e ro r wi th gi fts n o l es s ri ch Le a vi ng th ere a fte r s ome .
d ays h e wen t dow n to Ph il i pp op oli s a fa mo u s c ity ; the re du ri ng

, ,
‘
eight d a y s h e likew i se re ceived a s gi f ts f ro m the Emp e ro r eve ry
a b u nd a nce o f n e ces s a ry thi ngs .
The re a mess a ge w a s b ro u ght t o h i m t hat th e Em p e ro r h el d in

chai n s an d p ri son H u gh t he Gre a t b ro the r o f the King o f Fran ce , ,
D rogo a n d Cla reb o l d When h e h a d h e a rd thi s the D u ke sent a n

, .
,
embassy t o the Em p ero r dem a nd i ng th a t th e Em p e ro r sho u ld re

,
sto re t o l ib erty tho se p ri n ce s o f hi s l a n d who m h e w a s h olding

c ap ti ve ; ot herwi se h e hi msel f co u l d no t kee p f a ith a n d fri end shi p
,
wi th th e Em p er o r When B a l dwi n Co u n t o f Hai nault and H en ry

.
, ,
o f As cha fo u n d o u t th a t an emb a ssy wa s to be sent to t he Em p e ro r ,
they a nti ci p a ted th e j o u rn ey t o Const a nti n opl e by go ing ou t a t day

b re a k w ithout th e k n owl edge o f the D u ke i n o rder th at by p re
, ,
cedin g t he l eg a tes they mi ght recei ve gre a te r gi fts f ro m t h e E m

The D u k e he a ring thi s to ok i t i l l ; b u t c once a li ng h i s w r a th
'
p e ro r .
, , , ,
h e s e t ou t t o Ad ri a n o p l e A fter c rossing a rive r by s wi mming h i s

.
h o rses he p i tche d h i s tent s a n d p a ssed t h e night th e re O n th e

, .
next d ay a b ri dge w h i ch c ro sses a riv er i n the mi d dle o f the ci ty

,
wa s fo rbi dden to h i m a n d h is foll owers by the i nh a bi ta nt s Then .
a ri sing a n d h a steni ng to S a l a bria they p itched th ei r tents i n p l ea s ,
ant mea dow s T he re t he messenger s o f the D u ke who h a d re

.
,
tu rned from th e Em p e ro r re p o rted th a t h e had n ot given u p th e

-
c ap t i v e p r i n ce s Ther eu p on th e D uk e a n d a l l hi s com pa ny b u rned

.
wi th w r ath ; a n d they re fu se d a n y longe r t o kee p f a i th a n d t re a ty

o f p e a c e wi th hi m I mmedi ately by a co mman d o f the D u ke al l
.
, ,
TH E F I R S T CRUSAD E 61
that lan d w a s given ove r in p lun der t o th e ali en p i lgrim s a n d

knights w h o del ayi ng the re f o r eigh t d a ys lai d waste t he w ho le
, , ,
reg i on .
B u t th e Em p e ro r u p on lea rning that th e co unt ry h a d b een l a id

,
waste sen t t o th e D u k e R u dol p h P eel d el c m an d Ro t ger s on o f

, ,
Dagobert v e ry eloquent men w h o w e re o f th e regi on an d kin ship

, ,
o f t he F r a nks H e a ske d that the army shoul d ce a se f ro m p lun d er

.
i ng an d dev a stating h i s rea l m ; an d h e sai d that with o ut del ay h e

woul d give back th e c a ptiv es who m th e D uke dem a n ded T hen the .
D uke was p le a sed w ith the mes s a ge o f th e Em pe ro r ; a n d a fte r en ,
tering u p on a p lan wi t h the other lea d e rs h e mov ed hi s cam p an d ,
fo rba d e pl u n d e r .
C M arch o f t he West Fr a nk s i nt o S outh e rn I t a ly

. .
( Late S e p te m
be r Novembe r -
( F u l ch er ) Then we West Fr a nks t r a ve rsed G a ul an d travelli ng , ,
th ro u gh I t a ly c a me to L u cc a a fa r fam ed city Ne a r the re we met

, ,
-
Pop e Urb a n Robe rt the N o rman and S te p hen Cou nt o f B loi s

.
, , ,
t a lked wit h hi m a n d oth e rs who w i sh ed likewi se H a ving recei ved

,
.
hi s bl es sing w e j oy f u l ly a d va n ce d to Ro me An d wh en w e h a d e u
,
.
t e re d th e ch u rch o f St Peter w e foun d b efo re th e a lt a r th e s u p .

,
po rte rs o f W ib ert that p seu d o p o p e w h o, swo r d i n han d wi ckedl y

,
-
, ,
sei zed th e o ff e rings placed on th e altar Othe rs t oo ran about on .

, ,
’
the roo f o f S t Pet e r s it sel f an d th rew ston es d own where w e
.
were p ro st rate p rayi ng For when t h ey s a w any one faith f u l t o

, .
Urban th ey st r a igh tway w ished to ki ll h i m I n one tower o f t h

,
.
ch u r c h w ere a dhe rents o f Po p e U rban wh o we r e g u a rding i t w el l ,
i n fai th fu lnes s to h i m a n d as fa r as th ey co u l d we r e res i st i ng h i s , ,
a dve rs a ri es We gri ev ed m u ch t o s ee s u ch an o u trage commi tt ed i n

.
th a t p l a ce ; but w e coul d do nothi ng ex ce p t to d esi re tha t i t b e

a v enged by G o d M any w h o ha d come thu s fa r wi th u s w a ited n o
.
longe r b ut at o n ce w ith d isgrac e fu l co w a rdi ce ret u rne d to thei r

, , ,
homes .
We h o weve r tr a velli ng th rough the cente r o f Camp agnia

, , ,
reach ed B a ri a r ich se a po rt t own The re w e a dd res se d ou r s u p

,
.
p li cati on s t o Go d i n th e ch u r ch o f S t N i ch ol as T hen co ming t o . .
p o rt
,
w e d eci de d t o c ross at on ce B u t bec a u se we la cked se a m en .
,
a n d be ca u se fo rt u n e might p l a y u s f a l se a n d becau se fu rthermo re , , ,
i t was w i nt er ti me whi ch ex p osed u s to dange rs Rob ert Co u nt o f

, , ,
N orm a ndy w a s obliged to w ith d r a w i nto C a l a bria ; a n d the re h e

,
sp ent th e whol e wi nter s e a so n Robert Co u nt o f Flan ders h ow .

, ,
e ve r,
w ith h i s followe rs c ro s se d ov e r Then many o f the Cru .
s a d e rs abandone d by thei r l e a ders an d fearing futu re want s ol d

, , ,
62 T H E FI RST CRU S AD E
thei r weapon s t her e an d taki ng u p agai n thei r pi lgri m s stav es ,

’
igno mi nio u sly retu rne d to t hei r ho mes Thi s d ese rti on debased .
them b e fo re Go d an d man and it re do unde d to thei r sha me , .
B oh e mu n d
’
D . s m a rch to Co nstanti nople .
( O ctober 26 ,
l ogo -
Ap ri l
I O,
( Ges ta) . p But

owe B oh emu n d ,
r f u l i n b a ttle wh o was enga g ed ,
i n the si ege o f Amal fi o n th e

s ea o f S al erno h ear d that a c o un tless ,
host o f Ch ri st ian s f rom among th e Fra nks ha d co me to go t o t h e

S ep u lch re o f the Lo rd and that they we r e p repa re d f o r battl e ,
a gai ns t th e pagan ho r de H e th en bega n to i nqui re clos ely w hat .
fighting a rms the s e peop le bo re a nd what si gn o f Ch ri s t t hey ,
car ri e d o n the way or what battl e cry t h ey sho u t ed Th e fol lowi n g

,
-
“
re p l i es were mad e t o h i m i n o rd e r : Th ey bear a rms suitabl e fo r
battl e ; on th e right sh o u lde r o r between b ot h shou lde rs th ey wear ,
th e cross o f Ch ri st th e c ry Go d wi ll s it ! G o d wi l ls it ! God wi lls ,

”
i t ! they sho u t i n t r u th wit h o ne vo i ce
’
M oved s t raigh w ay by t h e
,
.
H oly S p i ri t he o rd ere d th e mo st p reci o u s cl oak whi ch h e had wi th

,
h i m c u t to pi eces a n d straightway h e ha d the wh ol e o f i t ma de i nto

,
c ros ses Th ereupon mo st o f t h e knight s engaged i n t ha t s iege

.
,
r u she d eagerly t o h i m so that Co u nt Roge r rem a i ned a l mo st al one , .
Ret u rn ing ag a in to hi s ow n lan d Lo rd B oh emu n d di ligently p re

-
p a re d hi ms el f to un de rt a ke i n t ru e earn est the j o u rney to the H oly

S e p u l ch r e At length h e cro s s ed th e s ea with h i s a rmy With h im
.
, .
we re Tanc re d s on o f Ma rch is u s 20
iR ich a rd o f Pri n ci p ati an d
‘
, , ,
R ain u l f h i s b ro the r R ob ert o f Ans e H e rman o f C a nnae Robert

, , , ,
o f S u r d a Va l ley
21
Robert s on o f Tos tcmu s H u n fre d so n o f R a ou l
, , ,
-
, ,
Ri cha rd s on o f Co u nt R a in u l f th e Co u nt o f R os cign ol o with h i s

,
22
,
-
b rothe rs B oe l l u s o f Cha rt res A lbe red o f C agnan o an d H u n fred o f

, , ,
M t S cagl io so Al l o f these cro sse d th e s ea to do s e rvi ce for B oh e

. .
m u n d and lan de d i n the regio n of B u lga ri a where they fou n d a ,
very gre a t a bun da nc e o f grai n wi ne a nd b odi ly n ou ri shment , ,

.
Then c e de scend ing i nt o the va lley o f A nd TO WOPOZi 23

they; w ai ted ,
for h is f o rces u n ti l al l ha d likew i se c ro ssed the s ea

,
Th e n th e w i se .
B oh e mu n d o rdere d a co u n ci l wi th h i s p eo p l e co m fo rting an d a d ,
moni sh ing al l ( with these wo rd s ) S e ign ors t a ke hee d al l o f you , ,
fo r w e a re p i lgri ms o f God We ought there fo re to be bette r an d .

, ,
mo re h u mb l e th a n b e fo re D o n ot plund e r thi s lan d s ince it b e .

,
l ongs to Ch ri st ians and l et no on e a t th e cost o f b lessing t a k e

, , ,
”
mo re than h e need s to eat .
D epa rting th enc e w e j ou rneye d b rou gh great pl enty f rom vi lla

,
-
t o vi ll a c ity to ci ty fort ress to fort ress unt i l w e re a ched C a sto ria

, , ,
”
.
Th er e we so lemnly celeb ra te d th e na tiv ity o f th e Lord W e re .

TH E FI R ST C RU SA D E 63
m a ine d the re f o r several d ays an d sought a market but the pe opl e ,
were u nwi lli ng to a cco r d i t to u s b e c a u s e they feare d u s greatly

, ,
th i nking that we came n ot a s p i l gri ms but t o d eva state thei r lan d ,
a n d to ki ll th em Whe re fo re w e took t hei r catt l e ho rses a sses an d

.
, , ,
everything tha t w e fo und Leav ing Ca sto ri a w e en tered Pel agon ia

.
, ,
i n w hi ch the re was a ce rtai n f o rtified town o f he ret i cs Thi s we .
attacke d f rom a ll si des an d i t soon yi el de d to ou r sw a y T he reupon .

,
w e s et i t on fi re an d b u rned th e camp w ith its i nh ab i tants that i s , ,
th e congregation o f he ret ics Late r we re a che d th e r ive r Vard a r

.
,
.
And then Lo rd B oh emu n d went a cro s s w ith h is p eople b u t no t ,
with a l l fo r t he Cou nt o f R os c ign ol o w ith h i s bro ther s r em a i ned

,
behin d .
Th ere u po n an a rmy o f the Em p ero r came an d attacked th e Count

,
with hi s b rother s a n d a l l w ho we re with them Tan cred he a ri ng .

,
o f thi s went back an d hu rl ing h i msel f i nt o th e r ive r reach ed th e -
, , ,
o th er s by swimming ; an d two thou san d wen t i nto th e r ive r fo l

l owing Tanc red At length th ey ca me u p on th e T u rcopoles a nd
.
,
24
Pat z inaks s tr u ggling w it h o u r men They ( Tancre d an d h i s men )

.
ch a rged th e enemy sudd en ly an d b rav ely an d ove rcame them gl ori

o u s ly . S eve r a l o f th em t hey s ei z ed an d led them bound i nt o th e , ,
“
p resence o f B o h e mu n d w h o s p oke t o t hem as fo l lo w s :
,
Whe re
’
fo re mi serable men do you ki ll Ch ri st s p e o p le an d mi ne ? I h a ve
, ,
no qua rrel wi th yo u r Em p e ro r Th ey re p l i ed We cannot d o

.
,
othe rwi se ; w e hav e been p l a ce d i n th e se rvi ce o f the Em p ero r ,
B oh e mu n d al low ed
”
a n d wh a t ev e r h e comman ds we mu st f u lfi ll .
them to de p art unpun ished Th i s b a ttl e w as fought i n the fo u rth

.
1
d ay o f the week whi ch is th e begi nni ng o f t h e fast
,
Th rou gh a l .
blesse d i s the Lo r d ! Amen .
Th e unhap p y Empe ro r s en t one o f h i s own men wh om h e ,

“
greatly loved an d whom they cal l Carpa l a tiu s f together wi th ou r
,
envoys t o con d u c t u s i n se cu ri ty th ro u gh h i s lan d until w e sho u ld

,
come t o Con stant ino pl e An d as w e p a use d be fo re thei r cit i es h e

.
,
o rdered t h e inhab itant s t o o ff er u s a market j u st a s tho se also di d ,
o f whom w e hav e s p oken Indee d th ey feared th e mo st b r av e ho st

.
,
o f Lo rd B oh emu n d so greatly th a t they p e rmitte d no ne o f u s to
ente r the w a l ls o f th e city O u r men w a nted to att a c k a n d sei z e

. .
a cert a in fo rtifi ed town becau se it w a s f u ll o f all ki nds o f goo ds .
B ut the ren owne d man B oh emu n d r e f u se d to con sent not only i n

, , ,
j u sti ce to the l a nd b u t al so b ec a u se o f h i s p ledge t o th e Em p ero r

,
.
Th er e fo re he wa s greatly angered on thi s a cco u nt w ith Ta n cred

,
an d all th e rest Thi s h a p p ene d t ow a r d eveni ng Wh en mo rn i ng

. .
c a me th e i nhabi tant s o f th e to wn c a me out a nd in p ro cession be a r

, , , ,
ing cross es i n th ei r h a n ds th ey c a me i nto the p resenc e o f B ohe

,
64 TH E FI R S T C RU SAD E
mun d D elighted h e re ceive d them ; a n d with gla d nes s he p ermi tte d

.
,
them t o de p a rt N ext w e c a me to a cert a i n t own whi ch i s called

.
,
S e rrh ae whe r e w e fix ed o u r t e nts and ha d a ma rket s u ffici ent fo r

,
th a t ti me There the l e a rn e d B oh emu n d m a de a v ery c or di a l a gree

.
ment wi th t wo Covpa l afii ; an d ou t o f reg a r d f o r thei r f ri en d sh i p

'
i
,
a s wel l a s i n j u st i c e to the l a n d
.
h e or de red a l l th e stol en a n imal s ,
whi ch o u r men ha d to be retu rned T he Corpala tiu s p ro mi se d h i m .
th a t h e wo u l d d es p a tch messenge rs t o retu rn th e ani m a l s t o th ei r

o w n e rs i n o rde r Th en w e p ro ceeded fro m c astl e t o castl e a n d
.
f rom vi lla to vi l l a t o th e c i ty o f Ru sa Th e p eo pl e o f t h e Greeks .
c a me ou t b ringi ng u s th e gre a test m a rk et a n d w ent j oy ful ly to

, ,
meet Lo rd B oh emu n d The re w e p i tch ed ou r tents in the f ou rth d ay

.
o f the we ek b e fo re th e f eas t o f t he Lo rd .
The re a l s o the l e a rn ed B oh emu n d l e ft al l hi s host an d went o n

, ,
a he a d t o s p e a k w i th th e Em p e ro r at Const a nti nopl e H e gave com .
“
man ds to h i s va ss a l s saying A pp roa ch the ci ty g rad u al ly ,
I
, .
,
h oweve r wi l l go on i n a dv a n ce
,
An d h e took with h i m a few .
kni ghts Tan cre d rem a i n ed a t the he a d o f the a rmy o f Ch r i st an d

.
-
, ,
seei ng th e p ilgri ms buyi ng food h e sai d t o h i msel f th a t h e wo u l d ,
go off th e road a n d l ea d h i s p eo p l e w h ere they woul d liv e h a pp i ly .
At l ength h e ent ere d a cert a i n v a lley fi l led wi th good s o f al l k ind s ,
th a t a re s u it ab le n o u ri sh ment for t he b ody an d i n i t we most de ,
vou tl y celeb rate d E a ste r .
E Th e ma rch o f Ray mo n d o f Toulo u s e an d B i sh op Ad hema r o f

.
Pu y ( O ctobe r l o go A p ri l 2 1
.
-
Whi le a dvan ci ng i nt o th e l a n d o f S lav on i a th ey

s u ffere d m a ny l os se s on t h e w ay especia l ly b ec aus e i t w a s th en ,
wi nte r .F or S lavon ia wa s su ch a dese rt an d s o p a thl ess a n d

mo u nt a inou s that w e s aw i n i t n eith er wi ld an imals no r bi rd s ,
fo r th ree weeks Th e i nhab it a nts o f the region we re s o boori sh an d

.
r u de that they were u n wi ll ing to t ra de with u s o r t o fu rn ish u s ,
gui d a nce b u t i n stea d fl ed f rom th ei r vi ll a ges an d thei r c a stle s In

,
.
deed they ev en b u t ch ered l ike c a ttl e o r a s i f they h a d d one m u ch

, , ,
h a rm t h e fee b l e a ged a n d th e we ak po o r w h o b e cau s e o f th ei r

, , ,
w e akne ss f ol lo wed o u r a rmy at a di stan ce

,
N o r w as i t easy a mi dst .
steep mo u nt a in s an d thick wo od s for ou r a rme d knigh ts to p u rs u e

t he unarmed b riga n ds w h o we re a cq u ai nted with the cou nt ry B u t .
th ey s u ffe red them con st a ntly u n ab l e ei th e r t o figh t o r t o kee p f rom

,
fighting Let u s n ot p a s s ov er a ce rtai n i l lu st ri o u s a ct o f th e Co u nt

. .
Wh en the Count w i th some o f h is knight s had b een hedged a bo u t

fo r so me li ttl e t ime by the S l a von i a n s h e m a d e a cha rge u p on them ,
a n d c ap t u re d a s ma ny as six o f the m A nd when o n thi s a c coun t .

, ,
66 T H E FI RS T C RU SAD E
and as I may als o say ab out al l ian ce ; thi s howev er wa s a sna re

, , , ,
i n wo rds Fo r i n f ront a n d beh ind to right an d t o le ft T u rks a n d

.
, ,
Cu man s Uz i Tc ma c es ,
26
Pat z inaks an d B ulg a rian s we re lying i n
, , ,
ambu sh f o r u s .
On a ce rt a i n d ay mo reove r when w e were i n th e val ley o f Pela

, ,
goni a th e B i sh o p o f Puy who i n o rder to fin d a com f ort a ble rest

, , ,
ing p lace had w i thd r a w n a l ittl e dis t a n ce f rom th e camp wa s c a p

, ,
t u re d by the Pa t z in aks They kn o cke d h i m down f rom h i s m u l e

.
,
robb ed h im a nd be a t h i m severely on th e he a d B ut sin ce s o gre a t

, .
’
a p ont i ff w a s stil l n ec ess a ry to the p e op le o f God th ro u gh God s ,
me rcy h e w a s save d t o l i f e F or on e o f the Pa t z in aks i n o r der t o .

,
obtain go l d f ro m h i m p rotected h i m f rom th e oth ers M eanwhi le

, .
,
th e noi se w a s h ea rd i n the cam p ; a n d s o bet we en th e del ay o f th e ,
enemy a nd the attack o f hi s f ri en ds h e was res c u ed , .
When w e h a d co me a mi d st t reache ry o f thi s f a sh i on t o a certai n

f o rt res s ca l le d B u cina t 27
the Co u n t learn ed that th e Pa t z in aks ih
,
tende d t o a tt a ck ou r a rmy i n th e p a s ses o f a certai n mountai n .
S tayi ng i n h i d ing wi t h some o f h i s knights h e cam e u p on th e ,
Pa t z in aks a nd a ft e r ki ll ing s evera l o f them h e tu rned th e res t t o

, , ,
fl ight M ea nw hi le p a ci fying lette rs f rom t h e Em p e ro r re a ch ed u s

.
, ,
( an d yet ) by h i s evi l design th e enemy su r ro u n d ed u s on al l si des .
Wh en w e c a me t o Thes s a l oni c a th e B i sho p was i ll a n d re ma ined i n ,
the c ity wi th a f ew men .
A fte r th i s we c a me to a cert a in city Ru s a by n a me whe re since

, , , ,
i ts ci tiz ens w ere pl a i nly di s p os ed t o do u s ev i l ou r u s u al pati ence ,
w a s somewh a t d ist u rbed S o t ak i ng u p a rms w e d es troye d the .

, ,
o u te r wa ll s sei ze d great pl u n de r an d fo r ce d the ci ty to su rrend er ;

, ,
“
then h a vi ng taken o u r st a n d a rd s i nto th e c ity a n d sh o u te d Tou
,
-
”
l ous e ! wh i ch w a s th e battle cry o f th e Co u nt we de p a rted , .
We cam e to a n oth er ci ty c a l l e d Ro dosto When knight s i n th e , .
pay o f th e Em p e ro r the re so u ght to car ry o u t hi s v enge a n ce u p on

u s m a ny o f the m we re k i l le d a n d a q u a nti ty o f p l u n de r t a ken
, .
The re a l so t he envoys wh om we h a d s ent a h e a d t o the Em p ero r

, ,
came t o u s an d h a ving re ceived money f ro m h i m p romi sed th a t

, ,
eve ry thi ng bo ded wel l for u s w ith th e Em p ero r Wh a t mo re ? Th e .
message ( b ro u ght ) by o u r envoys an d th o se o f th e Em p ero r was

th a t th e Co u nt l e a v ing h i s a rmy behi nd sh oul d h a sten u n a rmed
, ,
a n d w i th a few men to the Em p ero r

. F o r they s a i d that B oh emu n d .
,
t h e D u ke o f Lo r r a i ne the Co u nt o f Fl a n ders a n d othe r p ri n ces

, ,
m a d e t h i s p raye r : th a t th e Co u n t sh o u l d h a sten to a gre e with the

Em p e ro r a b o u t th e ma rch t o J er u s a l em ; th a t th e Em p ero r havi ng ,
t a ken th e c ro s s sho u l d a l so become leade r i n th e a rmy o f Go d I n

, .
a d di ti on t o thi s th ey re p o rted that th e Em p e ro r had s a i d t hat h e

,
TH E FI R ST C RUSAD E 67
woul d m a ke a l l a rr a ngements w i th th e Coun t both about themselv es ,
a n d wh a teve r else sho u l d b e nece ssary fo r th e j ou rn ey Th ey an .
n ou n ce d f u rthermo re th a t a b a ttl e w a s i mm inent an d that wi th out

, , ,
th e s u pp o rt o f s o gre at a man i t w o u l d p rob ab ly b e un favo rab le ;

th a t th e Count sho u l d th ere fo re go a he a d wi th a f ew men so th a t ,
when h is a rmy sho u l d a rrive ev erythi ng wou l d h a ve b een a r ran ged ,
wi th th e Em p e ror an d there woul d b e no del ay fo r a nyone At

,
.
len gt h th e Count w a s p e rsu a ded t o go a h e a d o f h i s a rmy i n th i s

, ,
i nst a n ce a lon e l e a v i ng hi s g u a rd beh in d h i m i n the c a m p An d

, ,
.
thu s h e went unarme d to Co n st a nti no p l e .
F Rob ert
. N o rm a ndy a n d S te p h en o f B lo i s on the w a y to Con
of
s t a n t inop l e ( Ap ri l 5 M
, a y 1 4
-
( F u l c h e r ) Then i n t he month o f M a rch 1 09 7 a s s oo n a s s p ri ng , ,
h a d ret u rn ed th e N orm a n Count an d Co u n t Ste p hen o f B l oi s with

,
hi s fol lowe rs ( fo r h e l ik ewi s e w a s a w a iting a n o p p ortun e ti me ) ,
retu rn ed a ga i n t o th e co a st Wh en th e fl eet w as r e a dy on th e.
Nones o f Apri l wh i ch h app ened th a t ye a r to b e the fe a st o f Easte r

, ,
they emb a rked a t th e p ort o f B ri ndi si O h ho w i nco m p reh en sibl e .
a n d u n se a rch a b le a re the j u d gm ents o f Go d 1 Fo r a mong al l th es e

28
shi p s we s a w on e wh i ch w a s s u d denly s p l it th rough th e mi d dle

f ro m no a p pa ren t c a u se Then a bo u t fou r hund red o f both sexes.
wer e d rown ed con cerni ng who m j oy ou s p r a i ses a t o nce went u p t o

,
-
God Fo r wh en tho se st a n di ng a ro u n d h a d c oll ecte d a s m a ny a s

.
p os sibl e o f th e de a d bod ies t hey f o u n d on t h e shoul d ers o f s ome ,
sign s o f the c ros s Fo r s i nce the y h a d w o rn th e c ross on t hei r

.
cloth es wh i le liv in g i t w a s th e wi ll o f G od th a t th a t sam e v i cto ri o u s

,
s ign o f f a i th sh o u ld rem a i n on th e ski n o f tho se p rematu rely c u t

o ff by de a t h whi le i n H is se rvi ce S o it w as ve ry fi tti ng for s u ch
.
a mi r a cle to prove to tho se wh o wi tn es sed i t th a t th e de a d h a d
a l re a dy receiv ed everl a st ing p e a ce by th e me rcy o f God ; th u s in ,
ve ry t ruth th a t w a s evi dently fulfi l led wh i ch i s w ri tten B u t th e

, ,
j u s t man ev en i f h e d i e t oo s oon sh a ll n eve rt h eless b e a t rest

,
” 29
, .
O f th e rest o f o u r com p a ni ons a l re a d y st r u ggl i ng wi th de a th few ,
s u rvived T h ei r h o rs es an d thei r mul es were sw a llowe d u p by the

.
w a ves and m u ch m oney a l so w as lost At th e sight o f thi s di s a ste r

, .
we were much a fr a i d s o mu ch s o th a t m a ny weak h e a rted who h a d

, ,
n o t yet emb a rked r et u rned to thei r h omes giv ing u p th e j ou rney

, , ,
a n d s ayi ng th a t n eve r a ga in w oul d they t rust themselve s to th e
t reache rou s s ea .
A s for u s h oweve r we t r u sted i m p li citly i n Almighty God a n d

, ,
l a un ched ou t u po n the s ea w it h fla gs flying a lo ft an d m a ny t r u m p ets

, ,
soun d i n g an d a gen tl e b reeze b lowing Fo r t h re e da ys th e wi n d

, .
68 T H E FI R ST C RU S AD E
f a i l e d u s a nd w e wer e det a in e d i n th e mi dst o f th e bi llo w s O n

,
.
th e f o u rth d ay w e re a ch ed l a n d a bo u t t en mil es f rom th e city

, ,
o f D u razzo O u r fl eet ho weve r a n cho re d a t two p o rts

.
,
Th en ,
.
j oy f u l ly w e a gai n resum e d th e d ry l a n d a n d adv a n ce d b eyon d th e

above men ti one d ci ty S o w e p a ss ed by t h e regi ons o f B u lga ri a
.
,
ove r stee p mo u nt a i n s a n d desert p lace s Th en w e a l l ca me t o th e .
r ap i d riv e r c a lle d by t h e n at iv e s th e R ive r o f th e D em on and

30
, ,
a p p ro p ri a tely s o Fo r i n thi s r i ve r w e s aw many p eo p le w h o

.
,
ho p e d to w a d e a c ros s ste p by st ep p eri sh su d denly engul fed by the , ,
strong fo rce o f th e t o rrent ; a n d non e o f th os e l oo ki ng on we re abl e

to s av e them Wh ere f o re m ove d by compas si on w e sh ed m a ny
.
, ,
te a rs a n d h a d n ot k ni ghts w i th thei r mighty b a ttl e stee d s bro ught

,
a id to th e fo ot s oldie rs m a ny o f th em wo u l d the re h a ve l o st thei r

-
liv e s i n t he s a me m a nn e r T hen w e p i tch ed ou r tent s n ea r th e .
b a nk an d th e re we s p en t o ne ni ght Gre a t mo u ntai ns u ni nhab ited .

, ,
w ere abo u t u s on al l s i des Ha r d ly had th e mo rning d awn ed wh en .

,
the w a r tr u m p ets s o u nded a n d res u ming o u r w ay w e d es cende d th e, , ,
mou nt a i n c a l l ed B a go r a A ft erw a rd s pa ssi ng by th e mo u nt a i n a n d

.
the towns O ch rid a B itolia W od e n a a n d S t ell a ,

31
w e came t o th e , , , _
riv e r c a l led Va rd a r An d wh a t co u l d not u s u a lly b e do n e exce p t

.
by bo a t w e di d by th e hel p o f Go d ; w e w a d ed a c ross
,
T he d ay .
fol l ow mg w e c a m p ed be fo re the city o f The ss a l on i ca a ci ty ri ch i n ,
goods o f a l l kin ds A fte r a fo u r d a ys del a y h ere w e t ravel led

.
,
th ro u gh M a cedo ni a th rough th e v a ll ey o f th e St rymon a nd th ro u gh

, ,
Criso p ol i s an d Ch ris t op olis P ra e t oricz M e ssi n o p oli s M a e r a T r a i a

32
, ,
-
, ,
n o p o l is Ne a p ol is Pa n e d o r Rodosto a n d H e ra cle a S il ivri a n d

'
, , , , , ,
N a t u ra ; a n d we a r rived a t Const a nt i nop le Pit ch ing ou r t ents be .
fo re th i s ci ty w e reste d fou rteen days

, .
CHAP T ER I I I
A L E X I U S A N D TH E C R U S A DE R S
( Th e c o n d u c t o f A l e x i u s an d t h e p eop l e o f h is emp ir e t o w ar d th e Cru
s a d e rs , a s t h ey p a s s e d t hr o u g h t h e l an d o n th e ir w ay t o C on s t an ti n op l e ,
s eemed i n c o mp r eh e n s i bl e t o t h e L a ti n s a t t h e t i me a nd h a s b ee n mo r e o r l e s s
b affl i n g t o al l l ater w riter s T h e r e is s o me dou b t as t o w h eth er o r n o t

.
A l exi u s h a d s e nt a de fi n it e ap p ea l fo r h e l p t o t h e W es t a t th i s t i me Ch a l an .
do n wh os e s t u dy o f t h e r ei g n o f A l e x i u s r ep r es en t s p r o b a bl y t h e mos t
,
a u th o rit ativ e mo d er n i nv e s ti g a ti on o f t h e s u bj ec t ma in t a i n s t h e thes i s th at

,
A l e x i u s d id no t ca ll for h e l p a n d th at th e e mp ire in 1 09 6 w as l es s in need

,
o f a id t h a n a t a ny ti me s i n c e Cert ai n l y th e E mp er o r s c on du c t ap
,
’
p ea r s mo r e i n te ll i g i bl e i f t h e Cr u s ad e r s c a n b e r eg a r d e d as h is u n i nvit e d
g u es t s T h e ir n ot i n freq u ent act s o f vi o l ence may even h ave l e d h im t o
.
s u s p e c t t h e ir motiv e s w h i ch s u s p i c i on t h e p r es e n c e o f B oh emu n d a n d h is
N ormans from s ou th e rn I tal y—ol d fo e s o f th e E as t ern E mp ir e—on l y s e rv ed
,
t o s tr en g t h en P o s s i bl y th e re w e re o th e r cau s es a l s o t o a rou s e th e E mp e ror

.
, ,
.
K oh l e r h a s s u gges t ed th at U rb an in aro u s i n g th e ex p ed iti on ch eri s h e d t h e

, ,
h op e o f g a i n i n g t h e s u b mi s s i on o f th e G re e k Ch u r ch e it h e r a s a r ew a r d fo r,
t h i s h el p o r by i n ti mi d a ti on an d for c e if nec es s a ry 2 B u t w heth er o r n o t

, , .
th e r e w as any j u s t c au s e for th e E mp e r o r s s u s p i c i on s t h e s t a t ement s o f

’
,
h is d a u gh t e r t og et h e r w ith h is ow n u n q u e s ti on a bl e z e a l t o h a s te n each b an d
,
a w ay fr o m Co n s t a n ti n op l e a nd a c r o s s t h e B o s p o r u s b e fo r e th e n e x t b a n d
a rrive d i nd i c a te s v ery c l ea r l y th a t h e d id d i s tr u s t t h e L a ti n s A n d y et a s
, .
,
o n e r e a d s t h e L a ti n a c c o u n t s it is d i ffi c u l t t o fi n d in th em evi d e nc e o f g u i l e
,
t ow a r d A l e x i u s or a c overt d es i gn u p on th e p o s s es s i o n o f his emp ir e The .
c o n s t a n t c omb i n a ti on o f f ri e n d l y mes s a g e s f r o m t h e E mp e r o r a nd r ou g h
trea t ment fr o m h is s o l di e r s ar ou s e d a g o o d d ea l o f d i s tr u s t o n t h e p a rt o f
t h e Cr u s a der s bu t at fi r s t t h ey s ee me d t o g iv e t h e E mp er o r t h e b e n e fi t o f
,
t h e do u b t .
F o r a l mos t ev ery event n a rr at e d in th i s c h ap t e r t h e r e is t e s ti mony fr om

a t l e a s t t w o i n d ep en d en t w rit e r s Th e fa t e o f th e P ea s an t s Cr u s a d e t h ou gh
’
.
,
no t d es c ri be d by a n ey e w it n e s s -
is q u it e fu ll y tr eat ed by b oth A nn a an d
,
A lb ert as w ell a s by t h e A no ny mou s an d F u l ch er s men ti on o f t h e h eap o f

, ,
’
b ones nea r N i comed i a s erv es a s a gr ap hi c c onfi rmati on o f th eir s tatemen t s .
A nna s a ccou n t o f H u gh s e x p eri en ces is c on fi r me d o n l y by t h e b ri e f men

’ ’
ti on o f his p l i gh t by F u l ch er an d A lb ert Th e r a th er b ri e f s t a t ement o f th e

.
A nony mou s a b ou t Go d frey s d ea l i n gs w ith A l ex i u s is t oo con den s e d t o s ett l e

’
t h e d i s p a riti e s b et w ee n t h e a c c ou n t s o f A nn a a n d A lb e rt a n d th e r e a d er ,
mu s t d r aw h is ow n i n fer en c e s Th e i d en tity o f th e R ao u l men ti on e d by

.
A nna is s ome w h at u n c erta i n H e c o u l d n ot h av e b een R ob e rt o f F l ander s

. ,
w h o w a s w it h t h e o th er l ea d er s b oth at Co ns t anti n op l e an d N i c aea Th e .

70 TH E FI R S T CRU SAD E
sh i p ment o f tro op s t o S y ri a by w a t er did oc c u r in t h e C r u s a de o f 1 1 0 1 ,
w h i c h A n n a may v ery e as i l y h av e co n fu s ed w ith e a r l i e r ev en t s H e r ac .
c ou n t o f B oh e mu n d a n d o f R ay mo n d al so is c o l o r e d by h e r k n ow l ed g e o f
, ,
l a te r event s bu t th e ve r s i on s g iv en by t h e A n ony mou s R ay mond an d th e

, , ,
o t h e r s s e rv e t o e s t a bl i s h t h e ac t u a l o c c u rr e n c e s fa ir l y w e ll F o r t h e a rriv a l .
a n d tr ea t me n t o f R o b e rt o f N o r ma n dy a n d S t e p h en o f B l o i s a t C on s t a n ti
n o p l e F u l ch e r s s t a t e me nt s a n d t h os e in S t e p h e n s l e tt e r f u r n i s h a mp l e e v i
’ ’
den c e . Th e s i eg e a n d ca p t u re o f N i c a e a is t h e mo s t fu ll y att e s t ed ev en t in
t h e h i s t ory o f t h e F ir s t Cr u s ad e C e rta i n mi n o r i n ci d ents in th e s i e ge h ow
.
,
ev e r , a r e r e l a t e d by o n l y o n e o r t w o o f t h e w rit e r s w h o w e r e in th e i mme
d i a t e vi c i n ity a n d t h e c on ne c t ion o f th e v a ri ou s chr oni c l e r s w ith on e b an d

,
o r t h e o t h e r mu s t b e b o r n e in mi n d T hr ou gh o u t t h e w h o l e c h ap t er th e
.
co n tr a s t o f w e s t e r n a n d ea s t e r n c ivi l i z a ti o n a s evi d e n ce d by t h e fr e q u e n t ,
n a 1v e e x p r es s i o n s o f w o n d e r a nd a ma z e me n t . on th e o n e h a n d a n d bl a s é , ,
c on t emp t a n d h o rro r o n t h e o th e r fo r ms a n i nt er est i n g b ackg r o u nd t o th e

, ,
p r og r e s s o f ev e nt s ) ,
1 . A l exiu s an d t h e P eas an ts
’
Cru s a d e . F a te f
o th e P eas a n
‘t s
’
Orn
( A u g u st I O ctobe r 4
’
s ad e .
-
( A n n a ) M o reov e r Alexi u s w a s not yet o r ve ry sl ightly , , ,
reste d f rom hi s l a bo rs wh en h e h e a rd ru mo rs o f the a rriv a l o f in -
n u me r a bl e Fr a nki sh a rm i es H e f eared the i ncu rsi ons o f thes e .
p eo p l e fo r h e h a d a l re a dy ex p eri en ce d th e s a v a ge f u ry o f the i r
,
a tt a ck thei r fi ckl enes s o f mi n d a n d thei r re a d in ess to ap p roa ch

, ,
a nyth ing wi th vi ol en ce .
An d fi n a l ly h e ke p t ev e r i n mi n d th i s i n f o rmat ion wh i ch w a s
o ften re p e a t ed a n d mo st t r u e —th a t th ey we re kn own to b e a l w ays
, ,
‘
i mmoder a tely c ov etou s o f a nyth ing th ey st rove a fter an d t o b re a k
ve ry e a sil y fo r any re a son wh a tsoeve r t reati es wh i ch th ey h a d
, ,
m a de A cco r d ingly h e di d n o t i nd u l ge i n a n y rest bu t made re a d y

.
, ,
hi s fo r ce s i n eve ry w ay s o th a t wh en oc c ca s ion sh ou ld deman d h e,
wo u l d be re a dy fo r b a ttl e Fo r it w a s a m a tter gre a te r a nd mo re .
te rribl e t h a n fa min e wh ich w a s then re p o rte d Fo rsooth th e wh ole .

,
We st a n d a s much o f the l a nd o f barba ri a n p eo p l es a s l i es b eyon d

the A d ri ati c S ea u p t o th e Pi ll a rs o f H er c u les —al l th i s changi ng
,
i t s se a t w a s b u rsti ng f o rth i nto Asi a i n a s ol i d m a s s w i th al l it s

, ,
b el ongings t aking it s march th rough the i nte rvening p o rti on o f

,
E u rop e .
A cert a i n G a ul Pete r by n a me s u rn a med Kuku Pete r h a d set

,
3
,
-
o u t f rom h i s h ome to a d o re th e H oly S e p ul ch re A fter s u fferi ng .
m a ny d ange rs an d w rongs f rom th e T u rk s a nd S ar a cen s wh o were ,
d ev a st a tin g all Asi a h e retu rne d t o hi s own count ry most so rro w

,
f u lly H e co u l d not be a r to s e e h im sel f thu s cut o ff f rom h is p ro

.
p osed p ilgri m a ge a n d i nten ded to und ert a ke th e ex p edi ti on a s e c

o n d t ime .
T H E F I RS T CRU SAD E I
A fte r Pete r h a d p romoted th e exp e d it i on h e w ith f o ot , ,
s old ie rs a nd knights wa s th e fi rst o f a ll to c r o s s the Lom ,
b a rd s t r a it T hen p a ssing th rough th e te r ri to ry o f H unga ry h e

.
,
a rriv ed at the queenly ci ty F o r as anyo ne ma y conj ect u re f ro m.

,
th e o u t come th e race o f the Gau l s i s not only very p a s sionate an d

,
i m p etu ou s i n othe r w a ys bu t al s o when u rge d on by an i m p ul se

, , , ,
c a nnot the re a fte r b e che cked O u r Em p ero r a w a r e o f wh a t Pet e r .

,
h a d s u ffe red f rom th e T u rks be fo re u rge d h im t o a wai t the a r ,
rival o f th e othe r counts .
( G es t a ) B u t th e a bove mention e d Pete r wa s the fi rst t o reach

.
-
Con st a nti nople on the K a l end s o f Aug u st an d w i th him was a ve ry

, ,
l a rge h ost o f Alem a n ni T he re h e fo und a ssembled Lomba rd s an d

.
,
Longob a rds a n d m a ny othe rs T he E mpero r h a d or d e re d such a

, .
ma rket a s w a s i n th e city t o b e gi ven to thes e p eopl e An d h e s a i d .
“
to them D o not c ro ss th e S t r a it unti l th e ch i e f h ost o f th e Ch ri s
,
ti a n s h a s come fo r yo u ar e n ot so st rong th a t yo u can d o battle

,
wi th the Tu rks T he Ch ri st i a ns condu ct e d them selves b a dly in

.
,
a s mu ch a s th ey to re do wn a nd bu rne d b u il di ngs o f th e ci ty a n d
car ried off th e l e a d w i th wh ich th e chu r ch es we re con structed and

sol d i t t o th e Greeks T h e E m p e ro r w a s en ra ge d t he reat an d
.
o rd e re d th em to c ro s s th e St rai t A fte r th ey ha d c ro ssed th ey d i d .

,
n ot ce a s e do ing a ll m a nne r o f evi l b u rn i ng an d pl unde ri ng h ou ses ,
a n d chu r ches At l en gth th ey re a che d Ni comedia whe r e th e L om

.
,
b a rds a n d Longob a r d s an d Alemann i s e p a rated f rom th e F r a nks b e

c a u se th e Fr a nks we re c on st a ntly sw ell e d with a r rogan ce .
Th e Lomba rds a nd Longob a rd s cho s e a l e a d er ove r themselve s

who se n a m e w a s Rei n a l d Th e Alem a nn i d i d l i kew i se They e u . .
“
t ered Romani a an d p ro ce ede d for f ou r days beyon d th e city o f
N i caea T h ey fou nd a ce rt a i n fo rt res s X er og ord by n a me whi ch
.
5 -
, ,
w a s em p ty o f p eo p le a n d th ey sei zed i t I n i t th ey foun d a n a mpl e

, .
su pp ly o f gr a i n win e and me a t an d a n a bun dan ce o f a l l good s

, , , .
The T u rk s a cco rd ingly h e a ring th a t the Ch ri sti a n s we re in th e

, ,
f o rtress c a me t o b esi ege i t B e fo re th e ga te o f th e fo rtres s w a s a

, .
ci st e rn an d at the foot o f th e fo rt ress w a s a f ounta i n o f runn ing

,
wate r n e a r whi ch Rei n a l d went ou t t o t r ap th e T u rks B ut th e

, .
Tu rks w h o came on th e day o f the De di cat i on o f St M i chael

,
6
.
,
foun d Rei n al d a n d th os e wh o w e re wi th hi m an d kil le d m a ny o f

them Th ose wh o rem a ined al iv e fl e d t o th e fo rt res s whi ch th e
.
,
T u rks st r a i gh tw a y bes ieged ; th u s de p riving them o f wate r O u r .
p eo p l e we re i n su ch di st res s from th i rst th a t they ble d thei r ho rses

an d a ss e s a n d d rank th e blood ; othe rs let th ei r gi rdl es an d h an d ker
ch ie fs down i nt o th e ci stern a n d squeezed ou t th e wate r f rom them
i nto th ei r m outh s ; some u ri n a te d i nt o on e ano t h er s h oll owed han d s ’
72 TH E FI R ST C RU SAD E
an d d rank ; an d other s d u g u p th e mo i st gr oun d an d lay d own on

th ei r b a cks an d sp re a d th e earth ov e r t h ei r b reast s t o rel i eve th e
ex cess ive d ryn ess o f thi rst Th e b i sh o p s an d p ri ests i n dee d con
.
, ,
t in u e d to com f o rt o u r p eople a n d to a d moni sh th e m n ot to yi eld
‘
, ,
“
s a ying B e eve ry whe re s trong i n th e faith o f Ch ri s t a nd do no t
, ,
fea r tho s e wh o p ers ec u t e you j u st as th e L o r d saith B e n ot a f rai d, ,

”7
o f th em that ki l l t h e bo dy b u t a r e not abl e t o ki l l th e s oul
’
,
Th i s .
di st re s s l a ste d fo r eight d ays T hen t h e l o rd o f th e Al em a nn i ma d e

.
an agreement w ith th e Tu rks to su r ren de r h is c ompan ion s t o th em ;

an d f ei gn ing to go ou t to fight h e fl e d to them an d m any wi th
, , ,
h i m T hos e h ow eve r w h o we re u nw i l lin g to d eny th e L o r d re

.
, ,
c eive d th e s enten ce o f de a th ; so me wh o m th ey to ok al iv e th e y , ,
divi de d among the mselves like shee p ; so me th ey p l ace d as a ta rget

,
a n d sh ot wi th ar ro ws ; ot h ers th ey so l d an d gav e a w a y like an i mal s ,

.
S om e they took ca p tive t o thei r ow n h ome s om e to Ch oro s an some , ,
to An t i och othe r s to Ale pp o or wh e reve r they th ems elve s liv ed

, ,
.
T h es e we re th e fi rst to re ceiv e a h a ppy ma rty r dom i n th e name o f

th e Lo r d J esu s .
N ext the Tu rk s h earing that Pete r th e H ermit a n d W alte r the

, ,
Penn i les s w ere i n Civit o t e wh i ch i s l ocate d ab ov e th e city o f Ni caea

, ,
went th e r e wi th great j oy to ki l l t h em an d tho se who w ere with

them A nd w hen they ha d come th ey en cou ntere d Wal te r w i th
.
,
h i s men ( al l o f ) wh o m th e T u rks soon ki ll ed

,
B ut Pete r the .
H e rmi t h a d gon e t o Con st a nti n opl e a sho rt w h il e be fo re b ecau se h e

w as u n a ble to res t rai n th a t v a rie d h ost whi ch was n ot wi ll ing t o ,
l i sten eithe r to h i m o r t o h i s w o rds Th e T u rks i nd eed ru sh ed .

, ,
u p on th ese p eo p l e an d ki ll ed many o f t h em S ome th ey f oun d

sl ee p ing some lyi ng down oth ers nak ed—al l o f wh om they ki ll e d
.
, , .
Wi th the se peo p l e th ey f oun d a cert a i n p ri est cel eb rat in g ma ss ,
wh om th ey st r a i gh tw a y m a rty red upon th e alta r T hose who co ul d .
es c ap e fl e d t o Civit ot e ; oth e rs hu rl e d th emselves h e a dlong i nto t he

s ea whil e s ome h i d i n th e f o rests an d mount a in s
,
B u t th e Tu rks .
,
p u rs u ing them t o th e f o rt ress c oll ecte d wo o d to bu rn th em wi th ,
th e f ort T h e Ch ri st ians who were in th e fo rt th ere f o re set fi re

.
, ,
t o the woo d that had been col lected an d th e fi re tu rni ng in th e di , ,
rection o f th e Tu rks c remate d some o f th em ; but fro m t he fi r e th e

,
Lo rd d el ivere d ou r p eo p l e at t hat ti me Nev erth el es s the Tu rks .

,
to ok th em a liv e an d d ivi ded them j u st as th ey had d on e th e othe rs , ,
an d scattere d them th ro ugh al l th es e regions s ome t o Ch oros an an d , ,
oth e rs to Persi a Th i s a l l h app ened i n th e month o f O ctobe r Th e

. .
Em p ero r u p on h ea rin g that th e Tu rks h a d so s catte re d ou r peo p le

, ,
wa s exceedingly glad a n d s en t f o r them ( th e Tu rks ) an d h ad t h em

c ross the S t r a i t A fte r th ey we re a cro ss h e pu rchas ed a l l th e i r
.
,
a rms .
74 TH E FI R ST CRU S AD E
habi tants d riv en o u t they rej oi ced i n the a bun d a n ce o f foo d fo un d

,
th e re An d exulting i n th a t v i cto ry t h ey i n tu rn g ave coun sel tha t

.
, ,
by r em a ini ng i n th a t fort ress they c o u ld e a s i ly o b t a in th ro u gh thei r

, ,
o w n v a lo r the l a n ds a n d p ri n ci p a l i ty o f S ol i m a n ; th a t they wou l d

,
g a th e r from al l s ides booty an d fo o d a n d th u s coul d e a si ly w eaken ,
S o l im a n unt i l th e p romi s ed a rmy o f the great l e a de rs sh o u l d a p

,
p ro a ch . S oli m a n th e le a de r and chi e f o f the a rmy o f th e T u rks

, ,
h a vi ng h e a r d o f the a r ri val o f th e Ch ri sti a n s an d o f thei r plun der ,
a n d booty a s sembl ed f rom a l l Rom a n i a a n d the te rr ito ry o f Ch o

,
rosa n fi fteen tho u s a n d o f h i s T u rks most agi le a rche rs v ery ski l f u l , ,
i n th e u s e o f bo ws o f h o rn an d bone N ext i t i s sai d th at

. .
, ,
a fte r s u n r i se o n th e thi rd d ay S ol i m a n w ith h i s foll o we r s ar rived

,
f rom Ni c a e a at th e fo rt re ss whi ch the T euton s h a d i nv a ded .
Th ere fo re the T u rks u n abl e to d riv e ou t th e Al em a nn i wi th t h i s

, ,
a s s a u lt a n d sh ow e r o f a r row s ga th e red all ki n d s o f woo d a t th e

,
v ery g a te o f th e fo rt res s Th ey s et fi re t o i t an d b u rne d th e ga te

.
a n d ve ry m a ny bui ld i ngs whi ch we re wi thi n th e cit a del As the h e a t .
o f the fl a me s bec a me gre a te r som e we r e b u rn e d to death ; oth er s

, ,
hopin g fo r s a fety l e ap ed f ro m th e w a ll s B u t th e T u rks wh o w e re

,
.
o u tsi de th e w a ll s cut d o wn w ith s wo rds those who were fl eein g

a n d took c a p ti ve a bout t w o h u n d re d wh o we re p le a si ng i n a p p e a r
a n ce a n d youth fu l in bo d y ; al l th e oth e rs they dest royed w ith s wo rd
a n d a r ro w .
I n the me a ntim e th e t ruth w a s d i s cov ere d an d tumult a ros e

,
a mong t h e p eo p le T he f oot s oldi e rs c a me i n a body to Rein a l d o f

.
-
B royes W a lter t h e Penn i l es s to W a lte r o f B ret e u il a l so a n d to

, , , ,
Fol ker o f O r l e a n s w h o we re l e a d e rs o f Pete r s a rmy to u rge th em

,
’
to ri se i n a b ody i n v i nd i c a ti on o f th ei r b reth re n an d a ga i n st th e
a u d a ci ty o f th e T u rk s B u t th ey p ositi vely re fu sed to go w itho u t
.
the p resen ce a n d the co u ns el o f Pete r T hen God f rey B u rel maste r .

,
o f the foot sold i ers -
u p on he a ring thei r res p on se

,
a s se rted th a t th e ,
t imi d by n o me a n s a v a i l so m u ch i n w a r a s th e b ol d ; a n d in shar p
wo rd s h e f req u ently re p ro a ched tho se men wh o p revented th ei r
other com pa n ion s f rom p u rs u i ng th e T u rks t o a venge thei r b reth
ren On th e othe r h a nd th e lead ers o f the legio n u n a bl e to en d u re
.
, ,
h is i n s u l ts a n d re p ro a che s a ny l onge r o r t hose o f th ei r o w n f ol ,
l o we rs we re dee p l y move d by w r ath a nd i n d ign a ti on an d p romi sed

,
th a t th ey wo u l d go a ga i nst the st rength a n d wi les o f th e Tu rks ,
even i f i t sh o u l d h app en th a t they di ed i n b a tt le .
N o r w a s the re del a y ; a t d a wn o n the fo u rth d ay a l l th e knight s

a n d foot —
,
sol di e rs th ro ughout th e enti re c a m p we re o rd ered t o a rm

themselves to s o u n d the trum p et s a n d to assemble for b a ttle On ly
, , .
the un a rmed th e co u ntles s s i ck a n d t he wo men rem a i ne d i n camp

, ,
.
TH E FI RST C RU SAD E 75
B ut al l the a rmed men t o th e n u mbe r o f ,

foot so l die rs and -
5 00 knight s i n a rmo r p res sed o n thei r way t ogether tow a rd N i ca e a

, ,
i n o rde r to a venge thei r b reth ren by p rovoki ng S o li man an d th e re st

o f t he Tu rk s t o eng age i n b a ttl e An d so div i de d an d a rr ay e d i n
.
,
s ix battl e l ine s with s t a n d a rd s u p li f te d i n e a ch they adv a n ce d on

, ,
the r ight an d on the le f t .
B o a sting and sho u ting w i th vehe ment tu mult an d great clamo r ,
they ha d sca rcely a dvan ce d th rough th e a fo resai d fo re st an d moun

t a i n regi on t h ree mi les f rom th e p ort o f Civit ote thei r h a l ti ng p la ce , ,
( Peter being absent an d un a ware o f a l l this ) when 10 ! S oli m a n , ,
with al l h i s i nto ler a bl e followi ng ente red th a t s a me fo rest f rom the ,
o pp o s it e si de H e w a s coming do wn f ro m th e ci ty o f N i c a e a t o
.
fa ll sud denly upon the Ga u l s i n camp i ntending at th e p oi nt o f th e ,
s wor d to w ipe o u t an d dest roy them un a wa re a n d unp re p a re d , .
U p on h ea ri ng th e ap p ro a ch an d th e v iol ent outcry o f the Ch ri s

t i a n s h e marvel l e d gre a t l y w hat th i s t u m u lt m e a nt f o r a l l that
,
'
the Ch ri sti ans h a d deci de d wa s u nknow n to h i m Fin di ng ou t .
straightway th a t they w e re p i lgri ms S o l iman add ress e d hi s m en ,

“
a s fo llow s : B eho ld the Fr a nk s a g a i ns t who m w e we r e ma rch ing , ,
a re a t h a n d Let u s w ith d r a w f ro m th e fo re st a n d th e mount a i ns

.
i nto th e o p en plai n whe re w e ma y f reely eng a ge i n b a ttle with th em

, ,
”
a n d they can fi n d n o re fuge A cco rd ingly thi s w a s done w itho u t
.
,
de l a y at Solim a n s co mman d a n d i n deep si l en ce th ey wi thd re w

,
’
f ro m th e f o rest and th e mo u ntai n s .
B ut the Fr a nk s u nawa re o f S o li man s a pp ro a ch a dva nced f ro m

,
’
the fo rest and the mo u nt a i ns w ith s hout ing a n d l o u d clamo r Th ere .
they fi rst b eh el d the battl e li nes o f S oli man i n th e mi d st o f th e fi e l d ,
awai ting t hem fo r b a ttl e When t hey h a d s een t he Tu rks they

.
,
began to en cou r a ge on e ano th er i n th e name o f the Lo r d .
Th e re Walter the Penni les s fel l p i er ced by seven a r ro ws wh i ch ,
ha d p enet rate d hi s co a t o f m a il Reina l d o f B roye s a n d Folke r o f .
Chartres men o f th e grea test renown i n thei r ow n l a n ds fel l i n l ike

, ,
ma rtyr dom de st royed by the enemy though n ot without great

, ,
s laught er o f th e Tu rk s B u t W a lte r o f B rete u i l s on o f Wa ler

.
,
a mn u s a nd God f rey B u rel m a ster o f the foot s old i e rs h a v i ng

, ,
-
sl ip p ed a way i n fl ight th rough b ri a rs an d thi c k ets tu rned back ,
a long th e nar row p a th wh e re th e enti re ban d wi thd r a wn f rom b a t ,
tle h a d ga th ere d togethe r When th e fl ight an d de se rti on o f thes e

, .
men bec a me known a ll t u rned i n fl ight h a stening the i r co u rs e

, ,
to wa rds Civit ot e along the same ro u t e by whi ch they h a d come bu t ,
w ith l ittl e d e fense a gainst the enemy .
An d s o t h e T u rks rej oici ng i n the p le a si ng su cces s o f v i cto ry

, ,
we re d estroyin g the w retched ban d o f p ilgri m s wh om th ey f ol lowe d ,

76 TH E FI R S T C RU S AD E
for a d i stan ce o f th ree mil es ki l l i ng them even at th e camp o f ,
Pete r An d go ing wi th i n the t ents t hey dest royed w ith the s wo r d

. ,
whomev e r they fo u n d th e w eak a nd the f eebl e cleri c s m onks o l d

, , , ,
women n u rs ing chi ld r en pe r son s o f eve ry age B ut they l ed aw a y

, , .
yo u ng gi r ls wh o s e fac e an d fo rm was p leas ing i n t hei r eyes an d ,
beardles s yo u t h s o f comely countenan ce Th ey ca r ri e d o ff to N ica e a .
money garments mul es ho rses an d al l valuab l e thi ngs as w el l

, , , , ,
a s th e tent s th emselv es .
B ut abov e th e s ho re o f th e s ea ne a r th e a fo res a i d Civit ot e wa s , ,
an anci ent des erted f ort ress Towa rds that fo rt res s t h re e thousan d
,
.
p i l gri ms r u she d i n fl ight They ent e re d t he r u i ned f o rtres s i n hope

.
o f d e fens e B u t fi ndi ng n o gate s o r o ther ob st a cl es and anxiou s

.
,
a n d de p rive d o f ai d th ey p i l ed up thei r shi elds fo r a gate a long

, ,
w ith a huge p i le o f rocks ; an d wi th l a nce s woo den bows and s ling , ,
ston es they b r a vely d e fen ded them selves f rom th e en emy B u t the
, .
Tu rks s eei ng that th ey we re hav i ng bu t l ittl e suc ces s i n kill i ng

,
thos e in si de su rroun de d th e f ortres s wh i ch w a s w i thout a roo f

, , ,
on a ll s i de s They ai med th ei r a rrow s h igh s o that a s th ey fell

.
, ,
f rom th e ai r i n a show e r th ey wo u l d st r ike the b o di e s o f th e en

,
close d Ch ri sti a ns d estroyi ng th e p oo r w ret che s ; and that a l l th e

,
o th ers a t the s ight o f th i s m ight b e co mpel le d t o s u rren de r I n

, , .
thi s way v ery many a re s a i d t o have been woun de d an d ki l le d there ;

b u t the rest f ea ri ng y et m ore c ru el t reat ment f r om th e i m p i ou s
,
en emy coul d n o t b e compel led to come ou t eithe r by f o rce o r by

,
a rms .
T he Empe ro r was mov ed w ith pi ty wh en h e ha d h ea rd from

Pete r a bo u t th e si ege an d th e fal l o f h i s men So h e s u mmoned .
the T u r co p oles an d a l l the nation s o f hi s ki ngdom an d comman ded ,
th em t o go i n al l h a st e a cro s s th e S trai t to th e aid o f the f u gitive

an d besieged Ch ri stia n s an d to d rive th e a s s a u lti ng Tu rks f ro m
,
th e si ege B ut th e T u rk s h av ing le a rne d o f the Em p e ro r s edi ct

.
,
’
moved f ro m th e fo rt res s a t mi dnight wi th thei r Ch ri stian capt ives

a n d v e ry great s p o i ls a n d s o th e p i l gri m s oldi e rs wh o h a d b een sh ut
,
u p and besi ege d by the i m p i o u s

( T u rk s ) w ere f ree d .
( A nn a ) B u t r elyi ng on the m u ltit u de o f those w ho foll owed

him Pete r d i d not h ee d th e w a rn ing a n d a fte r c ros si ng the st ra it
, , ,
pitch ed c a m p a t a li ttl e t own c a l led H e l en opolis .
B u t si n ce the re w e re al so Norm a n s i n h is a rmy esti m a te d a t ,
abo u t t en thous a n d men these separating themselves f ro m the , ,
rest o f the bo dy devast a ted th e region ly i ng a ro u n d th e ci ty o f

,
N i c a ea ri ot ing most c ru elly i n eve ry w ay Fo r th ey to r e s o me o f

, .
the ch i l d ren a p a rt l i mb f ro m l imb an d p i er ci ng oth e rs through

, ,
wi th wooden st akes ro a sted th em i n fi re ; l ikewi se upon tho se

, ,
TH E F I RS T CR US A D E 77
a d vance d i n y e a rs th ey i nfl i cte d every kind o f t or t u re When .
thos e i n the city s aw thi s being do ne th ey o p en ed th e gates an d ,
w en t out aga i n st them As a res ul t a fi erc e battle t ook p lace i n

.
, ,
whi ch s ince th e N o rm a n s f ought feroci o u sly t h e ci ti zens w e re

, ,
h u rl ed b a c k i nto th e f ortres s Th e N o rma ns a fte r g a ther ing up al l

.
,
the pl un de r aga i n returned to H el enopolis T he re a q u a rrel aros e

,
.
between themselves an d th e othe r p i lgrims wh o ha d not gone off

wi th them a th ing wh i ch u su a l ly hap pe n s i n a n a ffai r! o f t hi s ki nd
, ,
envy infl a ming t he w ra t h o f thos e le ft b ehi nd

-
a n d a rioto u s fi ght ,
f ol lowed the qua rre l T h e fi erce N o rman s agai n separat ed ( f ro m

.
the others ) an d captu red X erogara on thei r way at the fi r s t a tt ack .
Wh en thi s wa s learn ed t h e S u ltan s ent E l ch an es again st t hem

,
wi th a s ui tabl e nu mber o f t roop s Wh en h e reache d them h e re .

,
captu re d X er ogord ki l led som e o f th e No rmans w i th the s wor d an d

, ,
ca r ri ed off th e res t as captiv es plan ning at th e sam e t i me al so an, , ,
attac k upon those wh o ha d remai ne d w ith K u k u P eter An d h e s et -
amb u shes at o p po rtu ne p laces i nto whi ch when th ey l e f t f o r N icaea , ,
they woul d u n expectedly f a l l an d b e ki lled B ut kn owi ng also o f .
th e av a ric e o f the Gau ls h e ha d su mmone d t w o men o f bol d sp i ri t

,
an d o rde red them t o go t o t h e camp o f Kuku P ete r t o a nno u n ce -
that th e No rman s had captu re d N ic aea an d wer e n ow s a cki ng i t t o

th e ut most Th i s repo rt b rough t to th e c a m p o f Pete r excite d al l
.
, ,
vi olent ly ; for wh en t he men tio n o f p l u n de r an d r i ches w as h eard ,
th ey s traightway s et ou t i n tumul t on th e roa d whi ch lea d s t o

N i caea f o rget ful o f thei r mil itary train ing an d o f ob se rvi ng dis
,
c ipl in e i n go ing ou t to batt le F o r th e Lat i n s a re n ot only mo st

.
fon d o f ri ches as w e s a i d abov e but wh en th ey give them s elv es to

, ,
‘
r a i di ng any regi on f o r plu nd e r are a ls o no l onger obe d ien t t o ,
r ea son o r any oth e r check Acco rdingly si n c e they w ere n ei the r

,
.
,
keepi ng o r d e r no r fo rmi ng i nto li nes they fel l into th e ambu sh o f ,
t h e T u rks a ro un d D ra c o an d w ere w ret che dly cu t t o p ieces In .
d eed s o great a multitu d e o f Ga u l s a n d N o rm a n s w ere cut down

,
by th e I sh m a elit e sw o rd that w hen the dea d b o d i es o f th e ki lled ,
whi ch we r e lying al l about in th e p l a ce were b ro u ght tog ethe r , ,
they mad e a v ery gre a t m oun d or hi ll or look ou t p la ce lo fty a s a , ,

-
mount a i n an d o ccu pyi ng a sp a ce very cons p i cu o u s for it s wi dth

,
an d depth S o h igh di d th a t moun d o f bone s towe r th at some

.
,
ba rbarians o f the s a me race as th e ki ll ed later u se d th e b ones o f t h

s lai n i nst ea d o f stone s i n const ru cting a w a l l t h u s m a ki ng tha t ,
f o rt res s a so rt o f s ep u l ch r e fo r them I t s t a nds to th i s day an

-
.
,
en clo su re o f walls b ui lt wi th m ixed ro cks an d bones .
An d t hu s a fte r al l h a d been w ipe d ou t i n th e sl a ughter Pete r

, ,
retu rned wi th only a few t o H el en opolzs T h e Tu rk s i n th ei r de

'
,
.
78 TH E FI R ST CRU SADE
si re get h i m i nto thei r pow er a gai n beset h i m w ith an ambu sh

to ,
.
B u t when th e Empe ro r h e a rd o f th e wh ol e a ffai r an d learned h ow

great wa s th e sla u ghte r o f men h e h el d i t ve ry w rong th a t Peter ,
s houl d a l so b e taken I mmediat ely the re fo re h e su mmone d Cata

.
, ,
c a l on Con st a ntin e E u ph o rbe n u s o f who m mention h a s o ften been

9
,
ma de i n th i s h i story an d s ent h im wit h s u it able fo rces on wa r

,
ves sel s a c ro ss th e s ea as a su ccou r to Pete r When th e Tu rks s a w .
hi m a pp roach they fl ed ,
.
2 . Th e E mperor s ’
trea t me n t o f H ug h .
( O ctobe r ,
1 09 6-
J a nuary ,
( A n na ) A s we sa i d abov e ,
th ere w e re among th e Latin s su ch
men a s B oh e mu n d and h i s fel low coun sello rs wh o eage r to o btai n , ,
th e Rom a n Empi re f o r th emselv es h a d been l ookin g with a va ri ce ,
u pon i t fo r a long t im e S eei ng an o p e n ing for th ei r plan s i n the

.
expedi tion whi c h w a s p ro mote d by Pete r they sti rred u p t hi s h uge ,
m ovemen t ; an d i n o rde r to deceive the mo re si m p le they feigned

, ,
a c rusad e a gai nst th e Tu rks t o rega i n th e H oly S e p u lc h re a n d s ol d
al l t hei r p os sess i on s M o reove r a ce rtai n H u gh b rothe r o f th e

.
, ,
Ki ng o f Fr an ce wh o con du cted hi msel f w it h t he sp i rit o f a n ava ta s

,
o n acco unt o f hi s we a lth an d p owe r a n d the n ob il i ty o f h i s bi rth .

,
de ci ded to leave h i s father l an d as if t o s et ou t fo r th e H oly S ep u l

,
ch re Up on rea ch ing thi s d e ci s ion h e looked fo r wa r d to a m ost

.
,
gl ori ou s meeti ng an d an noun ce d i n l etter s f u ll o f s wollen i n solen ce

to t h e E mpero r
“
Kn ow O King th a t I a m King o f Ki ngs an d su p eri o r t o a ll
, , ,
who a re unde r th e sky Yo u a r e n ow pe rmi tte d to greet m e on

.
,
my a rr iv a l an d to receive me w ith m a gni fi cen ce a s befi ts my n o

, ,
”
b il ity .
At thi s t ime th e Governo r o f D u raz zo wa s J ohn son o f I saac

10
, ,
the S ebas tocra tor “ o f who m w e hav e s p oken a bov e N i cola u s .

,
Ma u roc at a ca l on i n comm a n d o f the fleet had a rr anged hi s shi p s at

, ,
st ati on s a ro und the p o rt o f D u razz o s o that h e co u ld m ake ex c u r ,
sion s an d wat ch th e sea s lest p e r ch a nce p i r a t e sh i p s m ight s e

, , ,
c ret l y a p p roach T o each o f th es e men t here fo re the E m p e ro r

.
, , ,
a fte r h ea ring th i s l ette r ( f rom H ugh ) immedi a tely sent a mess a ge , ,
bi dding th e Governo r o f D u razzo watch closely by l a n d a n d s ea

fo r the a rriv a l o f th i s man u p on w ho se comi ng a mess enger was t o
,
b e sent qui ckly to th e Em p e ro r H u gh h oweve r was t o b e re .

, ,
c e ive d m a gnifi cently H e f u rthe r o rde red th e comm a nder o f th e

.
fl eet t o be const a ntly a le rt and on th e wat ch wi th eve ry fa c u lty

aw a ke n ot w ith h i s u s u a l negligence
, .
M ea nwh il e Hugh rea ched th e se a coa st o f Longob a rdy ; there h e

TH E FI R S T C RUS AD E 79
sen t envoys to the Governo r o f D u razzo twenty fou r i n nu mber ,

-
each deco rated with go l d an d red b re a stplates Along wi th th e m .
went Coun t C a rpente r an d that H e lia w h o ha d fl e d f rom th e Em

e ro r at The ss a lon ic a Thes e men a d d res se d th e f o l lowi ng mes s a ge
p .
t o the Gove rno r

B e i t kn own t o yo u O Gov ern o r that o u r l o r d H u gh wi l l soon
, , , ,
be he re b ri ngi ng wi th h i m f ro m Rome t h e gol den b anne r o f S t

,
.
Pete r ; moreove r kn ow t hat h e is th e h ighes t lead er o f all th e

,
a rmi es o f Fr a nce P rep a re you rsel f t here fo re to receive h i m an d

.
, ,
th e a rmy obeying hi m a cco rd ing to the dignity o f h i s po we r ; an d

gi rd yo u rsel f abou t to meet h i m .
Wh il e th ey we re t hus comma nd i ng th e Go ve rn o r H u gh a s i t i s , ,
sai d came f rom Rome i nto Lo n goba rd y ; an d leav ing B a ri towa rd

,
I lly ri cum h e w a s c a ught by a most aw fu l s to rm an d lo s t th e greate r

,
numb er o f hi s ship s togethe r w ith thei r oa rsmen an d pas senge rs

,
.
Th e l i ttl e bo a t i n wh i ch he sav e d hi mse l f wa s cast u p by th e w a ve s ,
a s though t hey spewe d i t f orth on th e seacoast whi ch li es hal f ,
way bet ween Du razz o an d anot he r place c a l le d P al ns I t too w a s .

, ,
hal f cu t t o pieces Tw o men wh o w ere o n th e wat ch fo r hi s a r

.
,
rival met h i m a fter h e ha d b een save d a n d p res se d h i m w ith these

,
“
w or d s Th e Governo r i s awai ting y o u r ar rival de si ri ng very ,
”
mu ch to enj oy y o u r coming The re u pon H ugh i mmed i a tely a sked
.
,
for a h o rse an d on e o f tho se men di smounting f rom h is h orse

, , ,
ve ry duti fully ga v e i t ov er to hi m As a result the Gove rno r a fte r .

, ,
seeing that H ugh w a s sa fe wa s the fi rst t o gre et hi m an d a sked,
whi the r a n d whence a nd what d a nge rs an d ev il s had be f a llen h i m

, ,
i n s a i li ng And wh en h e had been set u p on h i s f eet and re f reshed

.
with ki n d wo rds the Govern o r th en pu t b e f o re h i m a well p rep a re d

,
-
fe a st A fte r di nne r h e loo sed hi m b ut d i d n ot yet p e rmit h i m to

.
,
w a lk ab out f reely for a l l these thi ngs ha d been q u i ckly anno u nced
,
t o th e Em p e ro r an d the Gove rno r was w a iting t o fin d o u t h i s

,
comman ds f rom h i m .
When th e Em p ero r wa s in f o rme d h e q u i ckly sent B u tu mit e s t o ,
E p id amn u s wh i c h w e have o ften call ed Du r a zzo w ith o rd er s

, ,
to b ring H ugh b a ck wit h h i m an d not to r etu rn by th e di rect ro a d ,
but by tu rning asi de to b ring h i m t o Con st ant ino p l e th rough Ph i l i p

, ,
p o p oli s for h e wa s a f r a i d o f the fo rces a n d th rongs o f G au l s who

follo wed Th e Em p e ro r t re a ted hi m h ono rably with al l ki n dnes s
.
and g a ve h i m i n a dditi on con si der a bl e s u ms o f money H e im

, , .
mediat ely u rged the man to attach h imsel f to h i m ( th e Em p e ro r ) ,
an d to bin d h i mse l f by the c u sto m a ry o a ths o f the La ti n s .

80 TH E FI R S T CRU S AD E
3 . Godfr ey at Cons ta n tin opl e .

( Decembe r ,
1 09 6 -
M ay ,
( Ges t )
a D uk e Go d
. f rey wa s the fi rst o f a ll t h e s eign o rs to
co m e to Con stantinople w ith a gre a t a rmy H e ar r iv ed two d ays .
be fo re the N a tivity o f O u r Lor d an d camp e d out s i de th e ci ty ,
unti l th e i ni qu ito u s Empe ro r o r d er ed hi m to be lodged i n a sub u rb

o f th e c i ty And when the D uke had bee n s o lodge d h e u se d
.
,
to sen d h i s squi re s un de r p l edge day by day t o fetch h ay an d

, ,
oth er n e cessi ti es fo r t h e h o r ses W h en n ow they plann e d to go .

'
w her eve r they wi sh ed o n th e st rengt h o f t h ei r p le dge th e ev i l

, ,
E mpe ro r p l a ce d a wat ch upon them an d command e d h i s Tu rcopoles

a n d Pat z inaks t o attack an d ki l l them T h er e u pon wh en Bal d .
,
w in b r othe r o f th e D u ke hea r d o f thi s h e p laced h i msel f in am

, , ,
bus h an d th en foun d the m ki ll ing hi s p eop le H e atta cke d them .
i n great ange r an d God hel p ing overcam e th em Captu ring sixty

, , .
o f t hem h e ki l le d some an d p resent ed th e rest to th e D uke h i s

, ,
b roth e r Wh e n th e Emp e ro r had h ea r d o f thi s h e was excee d ingly

.
,
angry T hen t h e D uk e s eei ng t hat th e Empero r was en r a ged

.
, ,
went wi th h is men ou t o f t he s ubu rb an d enc a mped o u tsi d e th e city .
M o reove r towa rd even ing the Empe ro r or de re d h i s fo r ces t o a t

,
tack th e D u ke a n d t he p eo p l e o f Ch ri st The unconque red D uk e an d .
th e kn ight s o f Ch ri st p u rs u ed the se k i l le d s even o f them and d rove , ,
the rest even t o th e gat es o f th e ci ty Th e D uke r etu rni ng t o h i s .

,
tents remained th ere fo r fi ve day s u nti l h e ha d entered i nto an

, ,
agreemen t wi t h th e Em p e ro r Th e Em p ero r t ol d h i m to c ros s t he .
St rai t o f S t Geo rge a n d p romi se d to h av e ev ery ki n d o f ma rk et

.
,
there j u st as at Con s tantinop le and to di st r ib u t e a lms t o the poo r

, , ,
u po n whi c h they coul d l ive .
( A lb ert ) Wit h hi s enti re ban d of p i lgr i ms Go d f rey w ith d re w

to the ci ty o f Co ns ta nti n op l e it sel f Th ere a ft er pi tching thei r .
,
tents th ey l odged a st ro ng an d po we r fu l band p rote cted by a rm o r

, , ,
a n d al l warl ike equ i p ment An d beh old at the meeti ng H ugh .

, , ,
D rogo Wi ll iam Ca rp ent e r a n d Cla reb ol d s et free by th e Empero r

, , , ,
wer e p r esent rej oi cing becau se o f the ar riv a l o f the D u ke a n d o f

,
hi s mul titu des and meeting th e e mb ra ce o f the D uke an d o f th e

,
othe rs wi th many a ki s s An d li kewi se the abov e menti one d me s .

, ,
senge r o f th e Em p e ro r met th e D uke a ski ng h i m to co me t o the ,
p a l a ce o f the Em p ero r wi th some o f th e chi e f s o f h i s a rmy th a t ,
h e mi ght h ea r th e wo rd o f th e King T h e res t o f h is multitu de .

'
shou l d rem a in o u t s i de th e wa lls o f the ci ty S ca rcely had th e .
D uke receive d the message when b eho l d some st ra ngers f ro m the , ,
lan d o f t he Franks app e a re d by stealth i n h i s c a mp The st ranger s .
‘
cautio ned t he D uk e v e ry strongly to b ewa re o f th e wi les an d a l
lu ring a p pea rance o f the Empe ro r and by no me a ns to go to th e Em ,
T H E FI R S T CRU SAD E 81
’
p e ro r becau se o f som e flatte ring p romi se b u t t o s it o uts i de the ,
wal ls an d li st en c a re f u l ly to a ll whi ch th e Em p ero r sh o u l d p ro p os e

to hi m There u p on th e D uk e s o w a rne d by th e st r a nger s a n d
.
, , ,
ta u ght by the d eceptio n o f the Greeks d id not go to the Em p ero r ,

.
Fo r thi s re a son the Emp e ro r mov ed by a vi olent i n d ignation to

, ,
wa rds th e Duke an d a l l hi s a rmy re f u sed t hem t he p riv i lege o f ,
b u yi ng an d sel ling B ut when B a l dwi n b rothe r o f th e D uk e

.
, ,
le a rne d o f the w r a th o f th e Em p ero r an d saw the n eed o f the

p eo p le an d thei r ve ry gre a t lack o f necessa ri es h e p l eade d wi th t he ,
D uk e an d the lead e rs to pl u nder ag a i n th e regi on a n d lan ds o f the

Greek s an d to coll ect s p oi l s an d foo d u nt i l th e Emp ero r com
, , ,
l l d by th i s damage shoul d ag a i n gran t the pr iv i lege o f buyi ng

p e e ,
a n d sel li ng T he re fo re when th e E mpero r s aw dev astatio n an d

.
,
mi s fo rtune be fal ling t he l a n ds o f h i s ki ngdom h e on ce mo re gave ,
t o a l l the p riv i lege o f b u yi ng a n d s elli ng .
It was th e ti me o f th e N a tivi ty o f th e Lo rd At that f est a l ti me .

,
an d i n th ose days o f pe a ce an d j oy i t seeme d to all p r a i sewo rthy , ,
good a n d acce p table be fo r e Go d th a t p e a ce shoul d be resto red on

,
b ot h si des b etw een th e h ousehol d o f t he E mpe ro r an d th e D uke

an d al l th e mighty one s o f the a rmy An d so w he n p ea ce ha d been .
,
made th ey withhel d th ei r han d s from a ll pl u nd er an d hu rt A c

, .
c ord ingl y du ri ng those f o u r holy days they res ted i n al l q u i et an d

,
hap p i nes s be fo r e th e walls o f th e ci ty Con stanti nopl e .
Fou r d a ys a fte r th e lega ti o n o f the Emp e ro r went to the D u ke

,
a sk ing fo r the sa k e o f th e Emp e ro r a n d h i s en treaties th a t h e wo u l d

, ,
mov e h i s cam p an d with h is a rmy lo d ge i n th e h ou ses si tuate d on

,
th e sho re o f th e St rait s o that thei r tents might no t be come wet

,
an d wo rn f rom w int ry col d and snow wh i ch wa s th reatening i n ,
that r a i ny season Fi n a l l y the Duke a n d a l l th e othe r lea ders

.
,
:
y i el d e d to th e w il l o f th e E mp ero r an d a f ter mov ing thei r tents , , ,
they wi th a l l the Ch ri st ian a rmy l odge d i n th e c a st le s an d t u r reted

, ,
bu i ldi ngs w hi ch wer e a l ong t h e sho re fo r a di st a n ce o f thi rty mi les .
F rom th a t d ay on su ccess ively they foun d an d bought every abun

dan ce o f foo d an d nece ssiti es b y o rde r o f the Emp ero r .
S ho rtly a fte r a n emb a ssy o f th e Em p ero r aga i n a pp ea red be fo re

,
the D uke u rging h im to go an d le a rn wh a t the E mpero r ha d t o s ay

, .
T h i s th e D uke a b sol u tely re f u se d t o do ha vi ng been wa rned by th e ,
st rangers o f th e cra ftiness o f th e Em p e ro r B u t h e sent to hi m .
a s mes sengers the di sti ngui sh ed men Conon Coun t o f M on t a igu , ,
B aldwi n o f B u rg an d Go d f rey o f Asch a who were t o m ak e ex

, ,
“
cu ses fo r h i m s p eaking i n th i s man ne r :
, D uke God fr ey to th e
Empero r ; tr ust and obedi en ce Wi ll ingly an d eager ly wo ul d I
.
com e b e fo re y ou t o look u p on the wealth an d gl ory o f yo u r ho use

82 T H E FI R S T C RU SAD E
h o ld , we re it not th a t many evi l r u m o rs whi ch h ave come to my ,
ear s rega r di ng you h ave te r rifi e d me ,

H o wev er I kno w not .
,
wh eth e r th ese re p o rt s h av e bee n i nvent ed a n d s p re a d abo u t f ro m

envy o r m a l i ce tow a rd s y ou Th e Em p e ro r h e a ring th i s w a rm l y
.
, ,
p rotest ed h is i n nocen ce o f a l l t hese cha rges saying th a t n ev e r sh ould ,
th e D uke o r a ny o f hi s fo llowe rs f e a r any a rti fi ce on hi s p a rt b u t ,

’
that h e wo u l d se rv e an d h ono r th e D uk e a s h i s son a n d th e Duk e s ,
as so ciate s a s hi s f ri end s Th en the messenge rs o f th e Duke on

.
,
th ei r ret u rn rep o rte d f avo r a bly on a ll the goo d an d f a i th fu l p rom

,
is es wh i ch they ha d he a rd f ro m th e Empe ro r s l i p s B u t th e D u k e ’
.
,
sti ll pla cing l i ttl e f a it h in th e h on eye d p ro mi ses o f th e Empero r

:
,
a gai n re fu se d h im a con ference An d s o bet ween the se m e ss a ge s

.
,
b a ck an d f orth fi fteen d ay s rol led a way

, .
Th e re f o re th e Em p e ro r recogni zi ng th e fi rmnes s o f th e Duke

,
a n d t ha t h e co u l d n ot be l u red be fo re h i m a g a i n too k o ffe n s e an d ,
wi th d rew th e p r iv il ege o f buy i ng b a rley an d fish an d th en b re a d , , ,
s o th a t th e D u ke th us coe r ced ,
c oul d n ot re fus e to e nte r t h e p re s
,
e nce o f th e Empe ro r Th e Em p ero r u n su cces s f u l i n changing th e

.
,
D u k e s mi n d on e da y h a d fi ve hu nd re d Tu rco p ol es a rme d wi th
’
bow s a n d qu ive rs t a ken i n sh i p s ac ros s th e str a i t Ea rly i n th e .
mo rni ng they shot th e sol di er s o f the D u ke with a r ro w s ; some

,
they kil led othe r s they wounde d kee p ing th em a l l f ro m the sh ore
, , ,
s o t h a t they co u ld n o t the r e b u y the u s u a l f oo d .
T hi s c ru e l rep o rt w a s c a r ri ed i mme di a tely t o th e ch a i r o f the

D u ke H e th e re u p o n o rde red th e t r u m p ets t o b e so u nd ed an d a l l
.
the p eo p le t o a rm th emselv e s a n d ret u rn t o the ci ty o f Constan ti

n opl e it sel f a n d t he r e to re p l a ce t hei r tents
,
A fte r the t r u m p ets .
h a d b een so u n ded at th i s comm a n d o f th e D u ke a l l r u she d to a rms ,

.
T hey lai d waste the b u il d ings a n d to we rs in wh i c h they h a d been

lodged setti ng fi re to some p u l ling othe rs to p i e ces t hu s c a u sing
, , ,
i r re p a r a ble d a m age to Con stant ino p l e .
Fin a l ly wh en th e re p o rt o f thi s great fi re an d d est ru cti on h a d

,
re a ched t he p a l a ce th e D uk e b ec a me excess ively a l a rmed fe a ri ng

, ,
th a t w hen the fl a mi ng b u i ld ings a n d t h e noi se o f a m ov ing a rmy

h a d been noti ced the knigh ts a n d a rch ers o f th e Em p e ro r w ou ld
,
s u ddenly s ei ze th e b ri dge ov e r whi ch t h ey ha d come f ro m the ci ty

o f Con stant ino p l e t o th e p a l a ti a l resid en ces Ther e fo re wi th o u t .
,
del ay h e sen t B a l dwi n hi s b rothe r with five h u nd re d a rmo red

, ,
kn ights t o seiz e th e b ridge l est a ny force o f th e Emp ero r a n , ,
t ic ip at in g hi m sh o u l d dest roy it a n d th u s deny th e p i lgri ms p a s

, ,
sage b a ck an d fo rth .
B al dwi n h a d s c a rce l y t aken a st a n d on th e mi dd le o f the b ri dge ,
when b ehol d f ro m righ t an d l e ft T u rco p ol es ( th e so l die rs o f th e

, , ,
Em p e ro r b ro u ght ov er on th e shi p s ) r ushed u p on them f rom a l l

si de s wi th a r row s a n d fi e rcely a tt a cke d them B a l dwi n u nabl e t o .
,
res i st f rom th e b ri dge h a stene d to esca p e th ei r a rro ws by goi ng

,
a c ros s th e b ridge Along the d ry sho re he s wi ft ly b etook h i msel f

.
t o the o th er s id e o f th e b ridge ( ho p i ng ) to h old i t an d k ee p w a tch

,
u p on th e w a ll s o f th e lo rd a n d m a ste r o f th e city wh il e th e enti re

a rmy p a sse d ove r th a t b ri dge an d th e D u k e wit h hi s men ke p t
,
gua r d f rom the rea r I n th e me a nti me f ro m th e ga te s o pp osite

.
,
S t A rgen tens an i nfi nit e b a n d o f Tu rco p oles an d sol di ers o f eve ry

.
kin d eq u i pp ed wi th bows a n d a rms o f ev ery des cri p ti on ran fo r

, ,
w a r d t o a tt a ck B a l dwi n a n d th e wh ol e b a n d o f Ch ri sti an peo p le .
B u t i n the a pp ointed p l a ce B al d wi n i mmov a b le a n d un con quere d

, ,
wi th stoo d thei r eve ry a tt a ck f rom e a rly mo rning ev en t o ves p ers ,
unti l the p eo p le we re t a ken a c ro s s the b ri dge an d lodged i n the

c a m p s p l a ced be fo re th e w a ll s o f t h e ci ty B a l d win with h i s fiv e
.
,
.
h u n dred kn ight s a dv a n ced fi ercely u p on th ese s am e Tu rco p o l e s

,
who h a d com e o u t f rom th e ga te s a n d w ere a t t a cking th e peo p l e .
B oth s i des having engage d i n h e avy b a ttle ve ry m a ny fell on th i s ,
s i de a n d th a t a n d very m a n y h o rs es o f the F rank s p eri sh e d by

,
a r rows . B ut B a l d wi n conqu eri ng a t l a st fo rce d these harri ed

, ,
a n d fl eeing sol di e rs o f th e Em p e ro r to go i nsi de th e ga tes Then .
th e T u rco p oles a n d sol di ers o f t h e Em p e ro r i n di gnan t th a t th ey ,
h a d been b eaten an d p u t to fli gh t i n w ar rushe d fo rt h aga i n f rom,
th e g at es i n l a rge r n umbe rs to h a r a ss an d a tt a ck th e a rmy .
T hen the D u ke a rrive d an d s in ce i t w a s n igh t b rought an en d to

, ,
th e fight a dvi sing h i s b rothe r t o ret u rn to c a mp with a ll hi s fo r ces

, ,
a n d to kee p h i s men f rom fighti ng du ri ng t he n igh t L ikew i se th e .

,
Em p e ro r h i msel f fe a ri ng t h a t th e t emp est o f w a r wo u l d b ecom e

,
mo re an d more v i olent a n d th a t h is sol di ers woul d fai l an d p e ri sh

,
i n th e d a rkn es s o f eveni ng comm a n ded p e a ce to b e m a d e r ej oi cing

, ,
th a t the D uk e h a d been wi l l ing to w i th dr a w h i s a rmy f ro m b attl e .
B u t a fte r s u n ri se t h e next d ay the p eo p l e s u rging fo rth a t th e

, ,
comm a nd o f the D uke w a nd ere d ab o u t p l u n de ri ng th e lan ds and

,
k ingdom o f th e Em p ero r fo r s ix d a ys so th a t to s ay the le a st th e

, , ,
p ri d e o f th e Em p e ro r a n d h is men seemed to b e h u mbl e d When .
thi s b ec a me known th e Em p ero r bega n to gri eve an d l a ment becau s e

,
h i s l a n ds a n d ki ngdom were being th u s dev a stated T aki ng coun .
s e l i mmedi a tely h e sent a mess a ge to t he D uke t o th e e ffect th a t h e

,
S h o u l d p rohibi t p l un der a n d fi re a n d th a t he h i msel f woul d give

,
s a ti s f a cti on i n eve ry res p ect t o th e D uke The mes s a ge ra n a s fol

.
“
low s : Let enmi ty between yo u a n d u s cease Let the D uke .
,
u p on receiv i ng h ost a ge s as a
p l edge f rom me a dv a nce w ith o u t an y ,
d o u b t that h e wi ll come a nd retu rn u nh a rmed as su re d o f al l the ,

hon o r an d glo ry whi ch w e a re a b le to giv e h im an d hi s p eo p l e .
T h e Duke gr a ci o u sly a gree d p rovi de d hostages wer e given t o whom

,
he c oul d t r u st h i s l i fe an d s a fety ; then w i thout doubt h e w oul d

com e to t h e Em p e ro r f reely t o s p eak by wo r d o f mo u t h
,
.
Ha rd ly h a d th e leg a tes o f the Em p e ro r d e pa rte d a fte r th i s re

s p on s e o f t h e D uke when beh ol d ce rtai n othe r leg ates coming
, , , ,
to the same D uk e f ro m B oh emu n d greete d h i m s p e ak ing t hus : , ,

“
B oh emu n d the mo st wea lthy p rince o f S i cily an d Calabria a sks
, ,
that you by n o m e a n s ente r i nto p ea ce with the E mpe r o r ; b u t th a t

y o u w it hd r a w to A d ri a no p l e an d Ph i lippopol i s citi es o f th e B ul ,
ga rian s a n d p a s s th e w in te r the re
,
You may b e certai n that th i s .
s a me B oh emu n d w i ll com e to yo u r a id wi th al l h is t roops ea rly i n

th e month o f M a rch t o att a ck th e Em p e ro r an d t o i nv ade hi s
,
kingdom A fte r h e ha d h e a rd t he m es sage o f B oh emu nd th e D uke

.
,
p u t off ans we ring i t unti l th e next d ay The n u p on th e co u nsel o f .

,
h i s follow ers h e re p li e d that n ei th er f o r ga i n n or for th e des t ru c

,
tio n o f Ch rist i a n s h a d h e l e ft h i s count ry an d kin d r ed but r a the r

I
, , ,
i n the n a me o f Ch ri st t o p u rsu e th e way to J e ru sale m H e w i sh ed .
t o a c comp li sh t h i s a n d to fi gh t th e design s o f th e Empero r p ro ,
vid e d h e co u l d reg a i n a n d kee p h i s favo r an d goo d wil l The .
mes senge rs o f B oh emu n d u p on l ea rn i ng th e re p ly a n d i ntenti on o f

,
th e D u ke we re gr a ci ou s ly commen ded by hi m and retu rn e d t o th e

,
c o u nt ry o f Ap u li a re p o rti ng al l as th ey ha d h e a r d i t f rom t h e
,
li p s o f th e D u ke .
Lea rni ng o f thi s n ew emb as sy a n d sugge sti o n fro m B oh emu n d ,
th e Em p e ro r yet mo re earn estly u rge d the Duke a n d hi s f ri en ds to

—
ente r u p o n an a greement w ith h i m ; h e w o u l d giv e h i s most b e
lov ed s on J ohn a s h ostage on con dit i on th a t they w o u l d mak e
, , ,
p e a ce w o u l d p a s s th ro ugh the country q u i etly a n d wou l d meet h i m

, ,
in co n fe ren ce fa ce to f a ce F u rth ermo re h e woul d f avo r God f rey

.
,
a n d his fol l owe rs w i th th e p rivi lege o f buying a l l n e ces s a ri es When .
th e D u ke le a rne d th a t thes e p romi s es o f th e Em p e ro r h a d been

m a de i n th e fo rm o f a decr ee he m oved his camp f ro m th e w all o f ,
th e ci ty by the a dv i ce o f h i s counci l a n d agai n w ith d rew a cro s s th e

b ri dge to t a ke lodging i n th e fo rti fie d dwellin gs on the s t rai t H e .
a d monish ed a l l hi s p eo p l e to rem a i n a t peace a n d to pu rch a se what ,
eve r w a s n eces s a ry wi tho u t di s tu rb a nce .
On th e fo ll owi ng d ay h e comm a n de d Conon Count o f Mon

, ,
t a i gu an d B a ld wi n o f B u rg mo st nobl e men an d ski l le d i n spe a k

, ,
i ng to come b efo re h i m H e then c onfi dently di rected th em t o re

, .
c e ive as host a ge the Em p e ro r s s on whi ch w a s done Wh en the re

’
.
, ,
fo re t h e E m p ero r s s on h a d b een b rought and p la ced i n fai th fu l

’
,
c u stody u n de r th e p owe r o f the D u ke an d h is men the D uke w as ,

TH E FI R ST C RUS AD E 85
ca rri ed at o n c e by bo a t th rough the S tr a it t o C onst a n ti nopl e A c .
compan ie d by th e di s tin gu i she d men We rn er o f Grez Peter o f , ,
D ampi er re an d the o th er l ead ers he boldly a dv a n ced t o th e Co u rt

, ,
o f the Emp ero r an d stoo d be fo re h i m th a t h e m ight h ea r hi s wo r d ,
and reply to hi m by w o rd o f mouth Bal dwi n how ev er by n o .

, ,
me a n s en te red th en i nto t he palace o f t he E mpe ro r b ut remaine d ,
o n th e sh o re w i th the m u ltit u de .
U p o n s eeing th e m a gn ifi cen ce o f th e D uke an d a ll h i s men hon ,
o rab l y clad a s they we re

,
i n s p lendi d a n d ri ch ap p a rel o f pu rp le
,
an d gol d bo r d e red wi th e rmine whi te a s sno w w ith ma rtin an d

, , ,
othe r ki nds o f fu r su ch a s th e p rin ces o f Gaul es p ec ially we a r

, , , ,
th e Empe ro r h earti ly a dmi red t h ei r p omp an d s p l endo r H e fir st .
gra ci ously receiv ed th e Duke then al l h is ch i e f s an d compan i on s

, ,
wh om h e hon ored with th e ki ss o f pe a ce M o reove r the Em p ero r .

,
s at i n m a j esty upon h is th rone a c co rding t o hi s cu st o m an d di d

, ,
n ot ris e to gi ve the k is s to th e D uke or anyone B u t th e D uke ,

.
,
togethe r w i th h i s m en bowe d wi th ben d ed knees t o ki s s s o glo ri o u s

,
a n d gre a t an Em p ero r When at last all h a d r eceiv ed the k i s s

.
,
“
a cco rding t o thei r r a nk h e s p ok e t o th e D u ke i n th es e wo rd s :
,
I
have h ea r d that y ou a re th e most mighty knight a n d pri n ce i n you r
lan d a man mos t p ru den t a nd o f p e r fect t r u st I n the p r esen ce o f
, .
th i s multi tu d e an d mo re t o come I th ere fo r e tak e you f o r my , , ,
ado p te d s on ; and a ll that I p os ses s I p lace i n you r powe r that

th rough yo u my e mp i re a nd l a n ds may b e save d an d f reed .
The D uke a pp e a se d an d sedu ced by th es e fri endly an d lo fty wo rd s

,
o f th e E m p ero r not only recogn iz ed hi msel f as hi s s on acco r d i ng

, ,
t o the cu stom o f th e cou ntry b u t likew i se giv i ng h i m h i s han d , , , ,
decl a red h i msel f hi s v a s s a l togeth er wi th th e p ri n ce s th en p re sent

, ,
wh o f ollo w ed the D u k e i n t he ceremony N or was th ere del a y . .
I nv a lu abl e gi fts o f al l kin ds we re b rought f ro m th e t reasu ry o f

th e Empe ro r b oth gol d a nd S i lve r p u r p l es mules a nd ho rs es an d
, , , , ,
al l th a t he hel d valu abl e S o i n deed th e Em p e ro r a n d th e Duke

.
, ,
were bou n d by th e i n di ssolubl e bon d o f p e r f ect f a i th an d f ri en d

shi p from t he time o f th e Nativ ity o f th e Lo rd w hen th e a greem en t
, ,
took p lace even to a few d ays be fo re Pente cost E very week fo u r

, .
,
men b ea ring gol d bes a nts wi th ten me a s u re s o f money c a l le d t a r

, ,
t a ron we re s en t f rom th e p a lace o f th e Em p e ro r t o t h e D u ke t o

,
p rov i d e su ste n ance for t h e sol d i e rs Won d er ful to relate ! All .

,
that th e D uk e di s tribute d t o h is men f ro m th e gi ft s o f the Em p eror

was fo rt hwi th ret u rn ed to th e t re a s u ry o f th e Em p e ro r 1n ex change
fo r f ood N o r Is thi s to b e won der ed at for non e bu t the Em p er
.
,
’
or s wares ( s u ch a s win e and oil a s wel l a s gr a i n b a rley an d eve ry
, , , ,
ki nd of f oo d ) w e re i n th a t wh ol e kingdom An d thu s th e t reasu ry .

of th e Em p ero r w a s al w ay s fi l le d w i th gold a n d coul d not b e em p t ie d

by a ny ext r avaga n ce .
A fte r p eace an d conco rd b et ween th e Empero r a n d the D uke ha d

been m a de o n th e con d iti on s w e h a ve n am ed th e D uk e sti l l mo re , ,
ce rt a i n o f the Em p e ro r s f a ith a n d f ri en d shi p ret u rne d to lodge i n

’
,
’
th e b u i l di ngs on th e St r ai t a n d s en t ba ck w i th h ono r th e Em p ero r s
s on ,
who h a d rem a in ed a ho stage up to thi s ti me O n th e d ay .
fol low ing i t w a s a nnou n ce d th r o ugh the ent i re army by o rde r o f

, ,
th e D uke th a t p eace a nd h ono r s hou l d b e sh own to th e Em p ero r an d

,
to a l l i n h i s comm a nd a n d th a t j u sti ce sho u ld be p res erved i n t ran s

,
a cti on s o f buying a n d sell ing S i mi la rly th e Em p ero r p rocl ai med

.
,
i n a l l h i s r e a lm th a t n o one u n der p en a lty o f de a th sho u ld h a rm

, ,
o r d e f rau d any one o f th e a rmy but that they shou ld s el l al l things

,
w i th j u s t weigh t an d m eas u re t o th e pi lgr ims a n d i n deed shou ld , , ,
le ss en th e p ri c e .
A fte r th ese events a t th e begi nni ng o f Lent , th e Empero r s u m

,
mo u ed th e Duke i nt o h is p res en ce a n d begged h im o n h i s p ledge ,
o f f ri end shi p to c ros s th e s ea a n d p i tch h is t ent s i n Ca p p a d oci a o n

, ,
a cc o unt o f t h e b u i l di ngs wh i c h h i s i n co rrigibl e peo p l e we re de

st royin g Th e D u k e gr a ci o u sl y a ssented to thi s a n d a fte r cross
.
, ,
in g th e rive r a n d p i tchi ng cam p h e an d hi s p eo p l e ta r ri e d on th e

,
p l a in s o f C a p p a d o ci a .
A fter thi s eve rythi ng was gr a du a l ly so ld more dea rly to th e

,
p i lgri ms b ut n ev e rth el ess the gi ft s o f t h e Em p ero r t o the D uke

, , ,
we re not a t al l di mi n i shed f o r h e fe a red h i m greatly B ut th e

, .
Duke s eei ng t he di ffic u lty o f b u yi ng n ecess a ri es a n d u nab l e t o eu

,
d u re th e clamo r o f h i s p eople went o ften by shi p to the Em p e ro r

,
a n d c om p l a ine d to hi m a bout t h e h igh p ri ce o f f oo d s t u fi s Th en .
th e Em p ero r a s th ough u n a w a re o f th i s a nd un wi lli ng to have i t

, ,
o ccu r a gai n l igh tened th e b u rd en for a ll th e p il gri ms

, .
( An na ) At th a t tim e too c a me Co u nt Go d frey who h a d

, , ,
c ro s sed the s e a w ith th e othe r cou nts a n d w a s a ccom p a ni e d by a n

a rmy o f knight s a n d foot sold i ers H e es t a bli sh ed
-
hi s fo rce a bo u t th e Pro p on ti s hi s c a m p extending f rom the bri dge

,
wh i ch w a s o pp os i t e Cos midion u p to S t P h ocas Whi le th e E mp . .
e ro r u rged h i m t o c ros s th e str a it o f th e P ro p ont i s h e went on f rom ,
d ay t o d ay cont riv i ng one ex c u se or a n oth e r a n d p u t o ff th e mat

ter Th e re a l re a son to st a te the m a tte r si m p ly w a s th a t h e w a s
.
, ,
a w a i ti ng the a r riv a l o f B oh e mu n d a n d th e other c o un ts Fo r .

,
th ough i n th e begi nning Peter h ad a ro u se d thi s gre a t ex p edi tio n

to ado re the H ol y S e pu l ch re th e othe r counts B oh emu n d a bove
, ,
a l l we re ch eri shi ng i n mi nd th e o l d gr u dge a g a in st the Em e ro r an d

, p
w e re awa itin g a fav o rabl e o pp o rtun ity t o t ak e venge a n ce on him
88 T H E FI R S T C RU S AD E
bu t ,
clothe d i n roy a l r a iment h e s eated h im sel f upon t h e i m p eri a l
,
th rone a s tho u gh se c u r e Th u s on the on e h an d h e reassu red a ll

,
.
, , ,
inj ecting cou r a ge into the i r h e a rts by hi s h appy look an d on the , ,
other he di s c u ssed wi th h i s advi ser s an d mi l it a ry le a der s p l a ns fo r

,
coming events Fi rst o f a l l h e a b solutely re fu sed to h av e any

.
,
a rmed b a n d l e d o u tsi de o f th e w a l ls a g a i nst th e Lati ns th i s for a ,
t wo fold re a son : Fi rst becau se th i s w a s th e most sa cre d o f days

, ,
f o r i t w a s Fri d a y o f th e greatest o f H ol y Week wh en t he S av io u r , , ,
ha d u nde rgon e ignomin i o u s de a th fo r a l l I n the s eco n d p lace h e .

,
re f u sed t o enga ge i n civ i l w a r between Ch r i sti a n s T here fo re by .

,
m ean s o f f req u en t m ess engers t o the Lati n s h e w i sh e d to b ring

a bo u t th e ces s a tion o f t h e u ndert a ki ng wh i ch they ha d b egun s ay ,
i ng : Remembe r th a t on th i s day th e re di ed f o r u s th e Lo rd wh o ,
f o r th e s ake o f o u r s a lv a ti on di d n ot fe a r to end u r e th e c ro s s n a i l s ,
a n d th e l a n c e p uni sh ments befitting cri mi nal s

,
B u t i f you r desi re .
f o r a fi ght i s s o gre a t w e t oo wi ll st a n d re a dy a fte r t he com i ng

, , ,
”
d ay o f the Lo rd s resu rre ctio n
’
.
B u t th e L at in s we re s o fa r f rom y i el ding to h i m th a t they clo sed

th ei r r a nk s a n d th re w mis s l es in su ch p ro fu si on th a t they st ru ck
’
a c ross th e ch est o n e o f t h e men s t a nd ing n e a r t h e Em p ero r s th rone .
At the sight o f thi s most o f th o se w ho wer e s t an d ing n ea r fell b a ck

, ,
he re a n d the re f ro m th e Em p ero r whi le h e me a nwh i l e rem a i ned

, , , ,
o n h i s th rone n ot only w itho u t any sign o f f e a r but l ikewi se re

, ,
a ssu ri ng them a n d chi di ng t he m greatly f o r th ei r f ea r All ad .
mi re d h i s p resen ce o f min d
‘
.
Fin a l ly wh en h e sa w that th e Lati ns b e re f t o f a l l shame w e re

, , ,
i nv a di ng th e w a l ls o f the city an d s co rn i ng hi s u se ful co un sel ,
h e fi r st s ummon e d h is s on in l a w N iceph o ru s 13
a n d comm a nded
- -
, ,
h i m to t a ke w ith h i m th e st rongest men an d th ose ski ll ed i n shoot

ing a r ro ws an d go to th e t op o f the w a l l H e a dvi se d h i m a t the .
,
s a me ti me to h u rl d own w e ap on s on the L a ti n s as f requently a s

,
p oss ibl e b u t fo r th e mo st p a rt h a rmlessly with ba d a im i n o rde r

, , , , ,
to f righten them n ot to ki ll them Fo r a s w a s s a i d above th e

, .
, ,
Em p ero r res p ec t e d th e r el igiou s signi fic a nce o f the d ay an d d i d not

w i sh to eng age i n civi l w a r b et ween Ch ri sti an s At th e s a me .
ti me h e o r dered some othe r ch osen l e a ders ( e a ch wi th h i s c o

,
h ort s most o f the m p rovide d with bow s bu t some a rme d wi th

, ,
long l a n ces ) to ch a rge fo rth s u dden ly f rom the gate wh ich i s clo se
t o S t Rom a n u s th u s p resenti ng th e a p p e a ra n ce o f v i ol ence to the
.
,
en emy Th e b a ttl e l ine w a s s o a rranged th a t e a ch s p e a rm a n sho u l d

.
m a rch p rote cted on e a ch si de by bowmen a rmed with s hi el ds Thu s .
a rr a yed th ey were or dered to a dv a n ce a ga in st the enemy a t a slo w

,
p a ce a,
n d a rchers in st r u cted to t u rn a b,o u t f requ en tly h ere a n d
the re we re sent ah ea d to wo u n d th e G a u l s a t close qu a rte rs N ow

,
.
,
wh en th e two li nes w e r e a s ligh t d ist a n ce apa rt they w e re then t o ,
o rde r those bowm en who h a d spe a rme n a t thei r s i de to u se th ei r

bo ws ca re fully ai ming at the h o rs es o f th e enemy s pa ri ng th e
, ,
ri d ers ; a n d it wa s f u rther o rd e red th a t th e s p e a rme n sho ul d ch a rge

w ith l oo s e rei n s u p on th e L a ti n s a n d with the f u l l weigh t o f th ei r
ho rs es H e ga v e th a t o rde r w ith th i s i n m in d th a t wh en th ei r
.
,
ho rses we re w ounded th e v i ol ence o f the Gal li c a tt a ck wo u l d l an

,
g u i sh a nd th e Ro ma ns w oul d no t e a si ly b e p u rs u ed by t h e knights ;
a n d th is a l so
, ,
wh i ch h e es p eci a lly desi red th a t a s littl e Ch ri sti a n
,
bloo d as p ossi bl e sho u ld be shed Thes e men w i th r e a dy co u r a ge

.
d i d wh a t they h a d been commanded by the Empe ro r a n d a f te r th e , ,
ga tes h a d b een s u d denly o p en ed they rush ed aga i nst th e enemy

, ,
n ow giving free rei n to thei r ho rses n o w ch ecki ng them T h u s the y

, .
ki l led m a ny o f the enemy ; a few o f o u r m en we re wo u n ded i n th i s

a ff a i r th a t d a y . At l ength th e Em p e ro r sen t i n h i s ow n fo rce s
a n d s c a ttered a n d routed t h e legi ons o f t he L a tin s .
On th e n ext day H u gh s et ou t to meet Go d f rey a n d coun se ll ed

,
hi m to m a ke p e a ce with the E m p e ro r i f h e d i d n ot w a nt to try t he,
w a rlike skil l o f th e l a tte r a n ew to h is own hu rt b ut es p ecia l ly t o

, ,
p le d ge th a t h e wo u l d kee p i nvi ol at e hi s f a ith t o th e E m p e ro r Go d .
“
f rey re ceiv ed h i m ve ry bi tter ly s a ying H av e n ot you wh o c a me , ,
f ro m h om e i n th e spi ri t a n d s u r ro u nd ings o f a ki ng wi th gre a t ,
fo rces an d we a lth n o w d eb a se d you rsel f f rom highest dign ity t o

,
th e con dition a n d lot o f a h u mbl e cli ent ? An d th en a s i f th i s were ,
s ome gre a t a nd d istingui she d d eed y ou h a ve com e to u rge m e too

, , ,
” “
to thi s s a me f a te ! I n re p ly to h i m H ugh s a i d I n t h e fi rst p l a ce , ,
we ough t n ot to h a v e de pa rted f rom ou r ow n l a n d s a n d w e ough t ,
to h av e st aye d a w a y f rom thos e o f oth ers ; b u t a fte r w e h a ve come

hithe r to thi s p l a ce w here we may have necess iti es by th e be h ev o
,
lent c a re a n d p rovi dence o f h i m who r u l es h e re o u r busi ness w i l l ,
no t t u rn o u t ha pp i ly unl ess we a c cede to hi s co u n sel s an d dema nds .
Wh en H ugh h a d ret u rn ed the m a tte r only m a de w o rs e th e E mp

, ,
e ro r in formed th ro u gh oth er so u rces th a t th e rest o f th e count s wh o

,
w e re fol low ing God f rey at a di st a nce w ere a l re a dy n e a r sen t c ho sen ,
le a de rs w i th thei r fo rce s t o th e a rmy o f God f rey with o rde rs to

p ers u a d e h i m but i f n eces s a ry t o com p el h i m t o cros s th e S t r a i t
, , , .
When th e La ti ns s a w th em coming wi tho u t del ay o r even qu esti on ,
o f wh a t w a s w a nted they s p r a ng u p i mmed i a tely to blow s a n d b at

,
tle T h ere occu r red a most bitte r confli ct b etwee n them i n whi ch
.
,
m a ny on b oth s i des fel l Those o f ou r men wh o rushe d too bol dl y

.
i nto the f r a y were wo u nde d b u t a s the Rom a n s wer e condu cting

, ,
th emselves v a li a n tly th e La tin s tu rne d thei r b a cks An d thus at

, .
,
length God frey a fte r a sho rt ti me obeyed th e Em p ero r H e c a me

,
.
to h i m a n d i n sol emn m a nne r took th e o a th wh i ch w as dem a n ded

o f hi m : th a t wh a tever ci ti es l a nd s o r fo rt resses he sho u l d then ce
, ,
f orth c a p tu re f rom th e b a rb a ri an s ( whi ch citi es l a nds o r fo rt resses , ,
ha d fo rmerly bel onge d to th e Em p e ro r ) h e woul d i n goo d f a i th

h a n d over to th e mi li t a ry le a de rs o r p re f ect s who sho u l d be se nt by
th e Em p ero r fo r thi s v ery p u r p os e When thi s h a d been confi rme d .
by o a th Go d f rey w a s en ri che d with gre a t gi fts by t h e Em p ero r ;

,
h e w as recei ve d i n the i m p e ri a l p a l a ce a n d m agn ifi cently di ned a t

the roy a l t a ble H e then c ro ssed th e S tr a it a n d p it ched h is c a mp at
.
Pe l e ca n n m 14
th e E m p e ro r seei ng t o it th a t a n a m p le s u pp ly o f me
,
ce s s ities w a s p rovi de d ev e rywhe r e .
4 . A l ex ius a nd th e min or l ea alers .

( Feb ru a ry —
A p ri l ,
)
( A nn a A fte r th i s th ere a r rive d sho rtly
,
a co u n t w h o was
c a lled R a o u l 15
H e en c a m p ed w ith the co u nt s o f hi s foll ow ing n e a r
.
’
th e P ro p ont i s close to the mon a ste ry c a lled the P a tri a r ch s ; the
,
rest o f h is f o rces he s p re a d ou t even to S os t h en iu m i tsel f M o r e .
ove r a s he like God f rey w a s p u tting o ff th e d a y o f c ro ssi ng a w a i t

, , , ,
i ng the a r riv a l o f the oth er f o rces a n d counts wh o we re yet t o

come th e Em p ero r conj ect u ri ng rightly a bo u t th e fu t u re fe a red
, , ,
th a t th ey wo u l d a rr iv e a n d took c a re with eve ry a c t a n d coun sel to

h a sten th e t r a ns p o rt a t ion o f these men Fo r thi s t a sk h e s ummone d .
O p u s a man se con d t o n one in v a l o r p r u dence an d mi lit a ry know l

, , ,
edge a n d o rde red hi m to go wi th othe r v a l i a n t t roo p s by l a n d to th e

,
c a m p o f R a o u l ; H e comm a n ded h im to u s e eve ry me a n s wh i ch

n eces sity sho u l d dem a n d to com p el hi m a n d a l l his men to c ross the
S t r a i t When O p u s s a w th a t R a o u l w a s by n o me an s re a dy t o obey
.
the Em p e ro r n ay w a s even in solen t a n d h a u ghty o ffe ri ng m a ny

, , ,
th re a t s a g a in st the Em p ero r he m a de re a dy hi s a rms a n d d rew u p

,
a li n e o f b a ttle ho p ing p e rch a n ce to te rri fy th e b a rb a ri a n s wi th

, , ,
thi s s igh t a n d th u s to in d u ce them t o c ros s to th e oth er sho re B u t .
R a o u l a n d h i s G a u ls d rew u p thei r l i n es qui cke r th a n the wo rd a n d

i mmedi a tely en te red i nto a gre a t b a ttl e wi th O p u s B y ch a n ce .
Pe ga s iu s a r rived a t th a t v ery ti me wi th sh i p s i n whi ch t o t a ke the

fo rces to Asi a W a t ch ing the fight on sho r e f rom the s e a an d
.
,
seeing th a t th e G a u l s w ere ch a rging the Rom a n a rmy t oo fi e rcely ,
he di semb a rked a nd a tt a cked th e Ga u l s f rom th e re a r Hen ce .

,
ma ny wer e ki ll ed a n d very m a ny were w ounded

, Th us i t w a s .
b rought a bo u t th a t those w h o su rv ive d th e b a ttl e n ow so u ght p as

s a ge over t o th e othe r s i de B u t the Em p e ro r with h i s most fa r
.
,
si ghted c a ution fo res a w th a t when R a o u l s knights sho u l d tell G o d

,
’
f rey wh a t h a d be fa l l en them they wou l d a ro u se th e l a tter a g a i nst

,
92 TH E FI R ST CRU SAD E ,
th inking u p n ew dem a n d s to b e mad e f rom th e Em p e ro r a nd add ing

a d di ti on a l dem a n ds to tho s e a l re a dy m a d e th e Em p ero r very e a s ily ,
f r u st r a ted th e design s wh i ch w ere con ce a l ed by them Ap p roach .
i ng th em i n v a ri o u s w ays h e a t length com p el l ed the m to yi el d t o

,
th e oath o f God f rey wh o h a d been s u mmon ed a c ro ss th e wate r

,
f rom P e l eca nn m i n o rde r to b e p re sent a t th e taking o f the so lemn

oath .
When al l we r e a s semble d f o r th i s p u rp ose God f rey l ikew i se p res ,
ent a n d th e o a t h h a d a l re a dy b een t a ken a ce rt a i n o ne o f th e

, ,
’
co u nt s a n oble fo rsooth m o u nted th e Em p ero r s th ron e an d se a ted
, , ,
h i msel f on i t T h e Em p ero r re f r a in ed f rom sayi ng anything a ga in st

.
th e ma n fo r h e h a d l ong been s u fficiently a cq u a i nted wit h th e u n

,
wonted a r rogan ce o f the L a ti n s Co u nt B a l d win ho wev e r a p .

, ,
p roac h e d a nd gr a s pi ng th e ma n by th e hand shook h i m a nd wi th

, , ,
“
mu ch c u rsi ng s a id : ,
Yo u a re n ot p ermi tt ed on s olemn oa t h to do
a nyth ing li k e thi s he re e s p eci al ly a ft er y ou h a ve p ro fe sse d se rv ice
,
to t h e E m p e ro r fo r i t i s not cu stom a ry fo r Roman Em p e ro rs t o

,
l et th ei r su b j ect s sha r e th ei r t h rone S wo rn s e rvants mo reov e r .

, ,
”
sho u l d observ e the c u stoms o f th e la n d i n whi ch they a re Upon .
hea ring th i s th e man s a i d nothi ng i n deed t o B a ldwin b u t gazi ng

, , , ,
o n th e Em p e ro r w ith angry eyes h e mutt ere d to h i ms el f i n h i s ,

“
n a tive tongu e w o rd s l ike t hes e B ehol d how boo r i sh a person sit s , ,
”
h e re a lone w h i l e s u ch d u kes a s w e s tan d about hi m !
,
T h e moti on
’
o f th e L a ti n m a n s l i p s di d not esc a p e th e Em p e ro r wh o imme d i ,
ately ca l le d a n i nter p rete r a cq u a inte d w ith h is t ongu e Wh en h e .
le a rne d th e me a n ing o f th e s p eech h e s a i d n oth i ng to th e Lat i n ,
th en but ke p t h i s wo rd s i n mi n d When th e c eremony was ove r

, .
a n d the co u nt s we re s a yi ng fa re w ell to the Em p e ro r one by on e , ,
a s th ey w e re a bo u t to le a v e h e h a d th e very a r rog a n t an d i m p u den t

,
L a t i n s u mmon ed an d a ske d him wh o an d w hen ce h e was a nd o f , ,
w h a t r a ce h e wa s bo rn .
“
H e an swered : I a m a p u r e Fr a nk o f nobl e bi rth M o reover .
I kno w on e ( th i ng ) I n th e s ecti on o f th e co u nt ry w her e I wa s

.
bo rn st a nd s a tem pl e b u i l t lon g a go i n which any p e rso n who

, ,
w i sh es to eng age i n b a ttl e wi th someon e a n d doe s no t hesi tat e t o ,
giv e h i s n a me f reely i n p ro fe ssi ng t hi s bold ness i s wont t o i m p lo re ,
th e a id o f th e s a i nt de l aying the re u nti l an a dvers a ry app e a rs wh o

,
d a re s to j oi n h a n d s wi th h i m I n thi s meeting p l a ce I rema i ned fo r .
a long ti me a w a iting someone t o conten d with me ; b u t there w a s

,
”
n eve r a nyon e who d a red .
Th e Em p ero r he a ring th es e th ings re p l i ed :

,
Well i f i n you r , ,
q u est o f an a dve rs a ry y o u di d not then fi nd one th e time i s n ow ,
a t h a n d wh i ch wi ll a ff o rd y ou m ore t h a n eno u gh o p p on ent s How .

TH E FI R S T C RU SAD E 93
eve r I a d vi se y ou not to p l a ce yo u rsel f ei the r among those wh o

,
b ri ng u p t h e re a r l i ne o f battle o r a mong tho se wh o p recede th e

st a n d a rds but th a t y ou t ak e a p lace bet w een t h e fi rst an d l a st
,
r a nks F o r I know f ro m l ong experi ence th e manne r o f fighting

.
”
among the T u rks .
An d h e ga v e thi s sal u t a ry a dvi c e n ot on ly t o h im b u t al s o to al l ,
t he oth ers t o whom h e t ol d what w a s a bout to h ap p en u rgi ng

, ,
st rongly that th ey sh ou ld n ot p u rsu e th e Tu rks t oo eage rly s ince by ,
th e wi ll o f God they wo u ld conq u er these barbari a n s a nyway H e .
u rged al so th a t they shoul d look ou t for a mb u she s l est th ey f a l l

, , ,
i nt o the m a n d be ki l led S o m u ch may be s a i d a bo u t Go d f rey a nd

.
Rao u l an d th e other s f ol lowing them .
5 . B oh e mu n d a nd th e E mpe ror .
( A p ri l Io —
M ay ,
( G es ta ) W he n th e Em p e ro r h e a r d th a t t h e mos t hono rable

man B oh e mu n d h ad come to h i m h e comman ded th a t h e b e re
, , ,
ceive d wi th hono r a n d care fully lo d ged outsi de the ci ty When h e

had been s o lodged th e evi l Em p ero r sent f o r h im to come t o s p e a k
,
with h i m i n sec ret T hi the r al so c a m e D uke Go d f rey w i th hi s

.
, ,
b rothe r an d at length th e Co u nt o f S t Gilles ap p roa che d th e city

, . .
Th e n t he Em p ero r i n anxiou s an d ferv i d r age w a s p on d eri ng s ome

w ay by wh i ch they m ight sei ze the s e knigh ts o f Ch ri st ad ro itly and
by f r a u d B u t D ivi ne Gr a ce di s cl os ing ( hi s pl a ns ) nei th e r time
.
,
n o r place w a s foun d by h i m o r h i s men t o d o th em i l l ,

At l a st , .
,
al l th e noble le a der s who we re at Constanti no p l e wer e a ssemble d .
Fea ring lest th ey sho u l d be de p ri ved o f thei r co u nt ry they de ci de d ,
In t hei r c o u n sel s an d i ngeni o u s cal c u l a t ion s that o u r d u ke s counts , ,
o r al l th e le a d ers o u ght t o make a n o a th o f f e a lty t o th e E m p e ro r

, .
“
These ab sol u tely re fu se d a n d s a i d : It i s i ndee d u nwo rthy o f u s ,
”
an d fu rther mo re i t seems to u s un j u s t to s we a r a n o at h t o h im
, , .
Perch a nce we shal l yet o f ten be deceive d by o u r l eaders I n th e .
end wh at we re they t o d o ? They s ay th a t u nde r the f or c e o f

n ecessity t hey humil i a ted thems elves w ill y —
,
n il l y t o th e wi ll o f the, ,
most unj u st Empe ro r To tha t mo st mighty ma n B oh emu nd ho w

.
,
eve r whom h e greatly fe a red becau se i n ti mes p ast h e ( B oh emu n d )

,
had o ften d riven h im f rom th e fi el d with hi s a rmy 16

t h e Em p e ro r ,
sai d th a t i f h e wi lli ngly took th e oath to h im h e woul d gi ve h im

, , ,
i n retu rn l a n d i n ext ent f rom Anti o ch fi ftee n days j ou rney a n d

, ,
eight i n wi dth An d h e ( t h e Em p e ro r ) s wo re to h i m i n such wi se

.
that i f h e loya l ly observed th a t o a th h e wo u l d neve r pas s beyon d

, ,
17
h is o w n l a n d Kn ights so b r a ve and s o sturdy why d i d th ey d o
.
, ,
thi s ? F o r th e re a son that th ey we re con st r a i ne d by m u c h ne cessity .
Th e Em p e ro r a l so gave t o a l l o u r men a pledge o f secu ri ty H e .

94 TH E FI R S T CRU SAD E
l ikewi se took oath th a t h e togeth e r w it h h i s a rmy woul d come wi th

, ,
u s by l a n d a n d by s e a ; th a t he wo u l d a ffo rd u s fa ith fu l ly a m a rket

,
by l a n d a n d s ea a n d th a t he w o u l d dil igent l y m ake good ou r l os ses ;

,
i n a d di tion th a t h e d i d not wi sh a n d wo u l d not p e rmit a n y o f ou r

, , ,
p i lgri ms t o 7b e d is t u nb e d o r co me to grie f on th ei r w ay to th e
H o l y S e p u l ch r e .
( A n n a ) B ut wh en B o h e mu n d ha d a r riv ed at A p ri with h i s
com p a ni on s re a l iz i ng both th at h e w as n ot o f nobl e bi rth an d th a t
, ,
fo r lack o f mon ey h e h a d n ot b ro u ght wi th h i m a large eno u gh

a rmy h e h a sten e d
,
-
wi th only ten G a u l s a h ea d o f the othe r c ou nts
, ,
a n d a r ri ved a t Con st a nti no p l e H e di d thi s to wi n the f avo r o f

.
th e Em p ero r fo r h i msel f a n d t o c on ce a l mo re s a fely th e p l a n s

,
whi ch h e w a s con co cting a g a i n st h im In dee d th e Em p ero r to .

, ,
w hom th e s c hemes o f th e ma n we re k nown fo r h e h a d l ong sin ce ,
beco me a cq u ai nted wi th th e h i dden a n d d eceit fu l de a l ings o f th i s

s a me Bo h e mu n d took gre at p a i ns t o a rr a nge i t s o th a t be fo re the
,
oth er co u nt s sho u l d come he wo u ld s p e ak wi th hi m a lon e T hu s .
h a vi ng he a r d wh a t B oh emu n d h a d to s ay he ho p ed to p e rs u a de h i m ,
to c ro ss be fo re th e o t h er s c a me l e st j oin ed wi th them a fte r th eir

, ,
comi ng h e might p e rve rt th ei r mi n ds

,
.
W hen B oh emu n d h a d come to h i m th e Em p ero r greeted h i m ,
w ith gl a dnes s an d inq u i re d a nxi o u s l y abo u t th e j o u rney a n d whe re

h e h ad l e ft hi s c om pa nion s B oh e mu n d res p onded to a l l the se
.
thi ngs as h e tho u gh t best for hi s own i nterests a ffa bly a n d i n a ,
f ri en dl y w ay wh il e the Em p e ro r rec a l l ed in a f a mil i a r t a lk hi s bo l d

,
u n de rt a k i ngs l ong a go a ro u n d D u r a zzo a n d L a ri ss a a n d t he h o s t il i

“
ti e s between th em a t th a t time B oh emu n d a n swered . Th en I ,
con fes s I w a s yo u r enemy then I wa s ho st i le B u t beho l d I n ow

, .
, ,
st a n d be fo re y ou l i k e a de se rter t o th e r a nks o f the enemy ! I a m

”
a f ri en d o f yo u r M a j esty T h e Em p ero r p ro ceeded to s cr u ti n i ze
.
th e man con si de ring hi m c a u ti o u sly a n d c a re f u ll y a n d d r a wing o u t

,
wh a t w a s i n h i s mi nd As soon a s h e s a w that B oh emu n d w a s r e a dy

.
t o consent t o s we a r a n o a th o f fe a lty t o hi m h e s a i d You mu st , ,
be ti red f rom th e j o u rney a n d sho u l d reti re t o re st We wi ll t a l k .
tomo r ro w a bo u t a nythi ng el se .
S o B oh e mu n d d e pa rted t o Cos mid ion wh ere h o s p i t a li t y w a s p re ,
p a re d fo r hi m a n d he fo u n d a t a bl e ri ch ly l a den with a n a b u nd a n ce
,
o f fo od a n d con di ments o f a l l ki nds Th en the cooks c a me a n d .
“
showed hi m t he u n co oke d fl esh o f a n im a l s a nd bi rds s a ying : We ,
h a ve p re p a red th i s food whi ch y o u s ee on th e t abl e a cco rding to ou r

s k i l l an d the c u stom o f th i s regi on ; b u t i f p e rch a n ce these p l e a se , ,
y ou l e ss h ere i s f ood sti ll u ncoo k ed wh i ch ca n be p re p a red j u st

, , ,
a s y o u o rder
”
Th e Em p ero r b ec au se o f hi s a lmost i n credib l e
.
,
p ect ed ly open th e d oo rs th u s reveali ng al l th i s to B oh emu n d

to ,
.
“
Amaz ed at the spect a cle B oh emu nd ex clai med : ,
I f such ri che s
w ere mi ne long a go I w oul d h av e been l o rd o f many lan d s
,
Th e
“
g u i de an swe red An d a l l t hes e thi ngs t h e Empero r bestow s upon
,
yo u today as a gi ft ”
M o st gl a dly B oh emu nd receiv e d them an d
.
wi th m a ny graci ou s thanks h e le ft i ntend ing to retur n to hi s r es t in ,
th e i nn B u t changing h i s mi n d w hen th ey wer e b rought t o h i m he

.
, ,
“
who a li ttl e be fo re had admi re d t hem sai d : Neve r can I let mysel f ,
be t reate d w ith s u ch i gnom i ny by th e Empe ro r G o t ak e t ho se thi ngs .

,
”
an d c a rry the m back t o h i m who sent th em T he Em p e ro r kno w .
,
ing th e base fi ckl e nes s o f th e L a ti n s q u ote d th i s common sayi ng , ,

“
B oh emu n d h av ing h ea r d th i s
”
Let th e evi l retu rn to i ts a utho r .
,
a n d seei ng th a t th e mes senge rs were bu si ly b ringin g the se th i ngs
b a ck t o h i m deci ded a new abo u t th e go o d s wh i ch h e ha d sent

,
b a ck w ith regret a nd li ke a p oly p u s change d i n a moment h e n ow

, , , ,
showed a j oy o u s c o u ntenan ce to th e b earers Fo r he wa s qui ck an d .

,
a man o f ve ry d i shone st d is p osition a s mu ch su rpas sing i n mal i ce ,
a n d i nt repid ity al l t he Lati n s wh o ha d cros sed over a s he was in
fe rior t o them i n powe r and wealth B u t even though h e thu s ex .
celle d a l l in gre a t c u nn ing th e i n const a n t characte r o f the Latin s

,
wa s a ls o i n hi m Ve ri ly the r i che s wh i ch h e s p urned at fi rst h e

.
, ,
n ow gl a dly acce p te d Fo r wh en thi s man o f evi l des ign h a d l e ft

.
h i s coun t ry i n wh i ch h e p o sses sed n o wealth at al l ( u n de r th e p re ~

’
t ext i ndeed o f a do ring a t t he Lo rd s S epulch re b u t i n reali ty eu
, , ,
d eavo ring to a cqui r e f o r h i msel f a k ingdo m) h e foun d h i msel f i n ,
nee d o f m u ch m on ey es p eci a lly i n d ee d if h e wa s to sei ze the R 0

, , ,
man p owe r I n t h i s h e followe d th e a dv i ce o f h i s f a th e r and s o

.
,
to s p eak wa s leav ing n o st on e u nt u rned

, .
M o reove r the Em p e ro r who u n de rstood ful ly h i s wi cked i mten

, ,
ti on a n d pe rverse mi nd sk ill ful ly manage d ca re f u l ly t o rem ov e

,
wh ateve r might f u rthe r B oh emu nd s a mbi ti ou s d esign s Whe re fo re

’
.
,
B o h emu n d seeki n g a h ome fo r hi msel f i n the E a st an d usi ng C retan

,
s chemi ng against Creta n s d i d n ot obtain it F o r th e Em p e ro r

, .
fe a red l est a fter obtain ing powe r h e wo u l d u s e i t to place th e La ti n

, ,
counts u n d e r obligat i on to h i m fi n al ly th u s a ccompli sh i ng easi ly ,
wha t h e wi shed B u t s i n ce h e di d n ot want B oh emu nd t o s u rmi s e

.
th a t h e w a s a l re a dy di s cov ered the Empe ro r misle d h i m by th i s ,

“ ” “
hop e : N ot yet h e s a i d h as th e ti me com e fo r th e th ing wh ich
, ,
you say ; but a fte r a l ittle i t shall come about by yo u r fort itude an d
t r u st i n me .
A fte r th e Em p e ro r h a d bestowe d u p on th e G a ul s p romi ses gi fts , ,
an d hon ors o f eve ry kind th e nex t day h e sol emn ly took h i s se a t

,
o n th e i m p eri a l th rone S ummoni ng B oh emu n d and all th e co u nt s

.
,
TH E FI R S T C RUSAD E 97
h e t a l ked ab out th e th ings wh ich woul d ha pp en t o them on th e

j ou rney H e wa nted likewi se to sho w what me tho ds and mean s
.
, ,
o f wa r f a re th e T u rk s we re won t to em p l oy an d to give di recti on s ,
h ow t h e li ne o f b a ttl e sh o u l d be d r a w n up again s t t h em h o w
a mbush es shou ld be set an d how th ey o u gh t n ot t o foll ow the fl
l ,
,
ee
i ng T u rks too fa r An d so both by gi fts o f money an d by flatte r

.
,
ing s p eeche s h e sooth ed th e ru de n a tu re o f th e peopl e an d a f te r

, , ,
giving u se fu l advi ce h e pe rs u a d ed th e m to p ass ove r th e sea

,
.
6 R ay mon d
. and t h e E mperor ( Ap ri l 21 -
M ay 1 6,
( R ay mon d ) Although eve nts h ave lightly a c compan ie d t h e
w rite r s o far w ith h appy an d fav o rable ste p they n o w f ollow with ,
so gre a t a weigh t o f b itternes s a n d s or row tha t i t gri ev es me t o

hav e beg u n what I have vowe d t o fin i sh What i ndee d i s th e mo st .
, ,
i m p o rt a n t a n d fi r st ma tt e r th a t I sh a l l p ro cee d to ment ion ? Th e

most fa l se an d detestabl e d ece it o f the Em p e ro r s a d mon iti on ? O r ’
t h e most b a se fl ight an d unth i nkable d es p eratio n o f ou r army ? O r

s hal l I leav e a mon ument o f p er p etual so r ro w by enu merat i ng th e
death s o f such gre a t p ri nces ? Let any on e who des i res to kno w
thi s howeve r seek i t r a the r from others than f rom me T hi s one
, , .
very memo r abl e ev en t I co nsi d e r to merit ex cu s e f ro m si lence .
When ou r men tho u ght o f aban doni ng th e camp taking fli ght de , ,
s ert ing the i r f ellow s an d leaving everyth ing th a t they had brough t
,
a long f rom su ch d istant regi on s th ey we re b ro u gh t back by th e

,
s a vi ng deed s o f p enan ce a n d f a st to s u ch st a unch f orti tu d e that

on l y shame at t hei r fo rme r de s p e rate cond i ti on and fl igh t most
dee p ly a ffe cted th em S o m u ch may be sai d about th i s
. .
Acco r dingly when th e Count h a d b een rece ived most hono rably
,
by th e Em p ero r an d h i s p ri n ces the Em p e ro r d eman ded o f th e

,
Co u n t h om a ge an d th e o a th wh ich th e oth e r p ri n c es h a d made t o

h i m Th e Co u n t re p lied that h e h a d not come h ithe r t o m a k e an
.
o th e r h i s l o r d o r to fight for a n
y othe r th a n th e O ne fo r w hom h e
h a d l e ft hi s count ry an d h i s p o s ses si ons Nev e rth eles s i f th e Emp
.
,
e ro r woul d go t o J e r u s a lem with th e army h e wo u l d commi t h i m ,
se l f an d hi s men and al l h i s goo ds t o hi m B ut the Empe ro r ex .
cu s e d hi msel f f ro m t h e j ou rn ey by say ing that h e greatly feare d
lest the Ge rm a ns H ungari a n s Cu man s an d othe r w i l d peo p les

, , ,
wo u l d dev a st at e hi s em p i re i f h e mad e th e j ou rn ey with th e p i lgrims

, .
M e a n w hi le th e Co u nt u p on h eari ng o f th e fl ight an d death o f h i s

,
men bel i eved th a t h e h a d been b et r a yed an d th ro u gh ce rtai n of ou r

, ,
p rinces h e veh ement l y ch a rged th e Em p e ro r wi th h av i ng commi tted

t reason B u t Al exi u s s a i d th at h e di d n ot kn ow th a t o u r men h a d
.
dev a st a ted h i s k ingdom an d that h e an d h is men ha d su ffe red m a ny

,
i nj u ri e s ; th a t the re w a s noth ing o f wh i ch th e Co unt coul d com p lai n ,
ex ce p t t h a t wh il e th e a rmy o f the Co u nt i n i t s u su a l m a nne r w a s

dev a st ati ng th e v i ll age s a n d to wn s i t too k t o fl ight u p on seei ng h is ,
( th e Em p e ro r s ) a rmy N eve rth’

el ess h e promi sed th.a t h e wo uld ,
give sati s fa cti on t o th e Co u nt a n d o ff ered B oh e mu n d a s a h ost a ge

fo r th e sat i s fa cti on T h ey wen t to t ri a l ; th e Co u nt a cco rdi n g to
.
,
l a w w a s compe l l ed t o gi ve u p h i s ho stage
,
.
M ean wh i le ou r a rmy c a me t o Con st a nti n o p l e ; an d a ft er th i s th e

,
B i sh o p w hom th e a rmy h a d le ft i ll a t D u r a zz o fol lowed u s wi th

, ,
h i s b ro t h er Al exi u s a s k e d ( h om age ) a ga i n an d a ga i n an d p romi sed

.
th a t h e wo u l d give m u ch t o th e Co u nt i f h e wou l d d o h i m th e d e
si red homage a s th e ot he r p ri n ces h a d don e Th e Count howeve r .
, ,
w a s con st a ntly m edi t a ting h ow h e m ight a venge th e i nj u ry to h i s

men a n d d riv e a w a y f rom h i msel f an d hi s fo l lower s th e di sgr a ce
,
o f s u ch great i n fa my B u t the D u k e o f Lo r r a i ne th e Co u nt o f
.
,
Fl a n de rs a n d the oth er p ri n ce s d e p rec a te d s u ch a ction s ayi ng th a t

, ,
i t wo u l d be v e ry fool i sh to fight with Chr i sti a n s wh en th e T u rk s

we re th re a teni ng B oh emu n d i ndeed p romi se d th a t he wo u l d a id
.
, ,
the Em p ero r if th e Co u nt m a d e any at t em p t a g a i n st th e Em p e ro r

, ,
o r i f he n o longer re fu se d hom a ge a n d o a th The re u p on the Co u nt .

,
too k co u n sel wi th h i s men a n d s wo re th a t nei the r i n p erson n o r

th ro u gh a noth er woul d h e s u l ly th e l i fe o r hono r o f Al exi u s And .
wh en a ske d a bo u t hom age he re pl i ed th a t h e wo u l d n ot do i t at th e ,
ri s k o f h i s hea d wh ere fo re th e Em p e ro r g av e h i m few gi ft s

, .
( Ges ta ) Th e Co u nt o f S t Gi l l es ho weve r w a s lo dged o u tsid e .

, ,
the ci ty i n a s u b u rb a n d hi s f or c e h a d rem a i n ed behi nd Ac co r d

, .
in gl y th e Em p e ror b a d e the Co u nt d o hom a ge an d fe a lty t o hi m

, ,
a s th e oth ers h a d done An d wh i l e the Em p e ro r wa s m aking thes e

.
d em a nd s th e Co u n t w a s medi t a t ing h ow h e might t ake venge a nce

,
on the a rmy o f th e Em p e ro r B u t D u ke God f rey a n d Robe rt Co unt .

,
o f F l an d er s a n d the oth er p ri n ces sa i d to hi m th a t i t wo u l d b e u m

,
j u st to figh t aga in st Ch ri st i a ns The wi se ma n B oh emu n d a l so s a i d .

, ,
th a t if the Co u nt sh o u l d do t he Em p e ro r an y i nj u sti ce an d s h o u l d ,
re fu se to d o h i m fe a lty h e h i mse l f wo u l d t ak e the p a rt o f the ,
Em p e ro r Acco rd ing l y th e Co u nt a fte r receivi ng the a dvi ce o f

.
, ,
h i s men swo re th at h e wo u l d n ot con sent to h a ve th e li fe a n d

,
hono r o f Alex i u s s u ll ied ei the r by h imsel f o r by a nyone el se Wh en .
he w a s c a l led u p on fo r hom age h e a n swe red that he wo u l d n ot do ,
thi s at the ri sk o f h i s he a d .
Then the h ost o f Lo rd B oh emu n d ap p ro a che d Con stantino p le .
T a n cred i ndeed a n d Ri ch a rd o f P ri nci pa ti a nd a lmost the wh ole

, , ,
o f B o h e mu n d s fo rce w ith them c ros sed the S tr a i t by ste a l th to

’
, ,
a vo i d t he o a th to th e Em p e ro r An d now the a rmy o f the Co u nt .

1 00 T H E FI R S T CRU S AD E
co u rts ! I t wo u l d be too te d i o u s to en u mer a te w h a t we a lth there

i s the re o f every ki n d o f gold o f s i lv e r o f eve ry kind o f robes
, , , ,
a n d o f holy reli cs Th e re t r a de rs a t a ll ti mes b ri ng by b o a t a l l th e

.
n e ces s iti es o f ma n T hey have I j udge abou t twenty thousand

.
, ,
e un u ch s constantly li vi ng th e re .
Then a f ter w e we re s u ffici ently rested ou r leaders hav ing tak en

, , ,
co u n sel m a de un de r oat h a t re a ty w i th the Em p ero r at h i s ow n

,
i n stigati on T h is t re a ty B oh emu nd a n d Duke Go d frey who h a d

’
.
,
p receded u s h a d a l re,
a dy m a de B u t Co u nt R a ym on d then re fu sed
.
t o s u b sc ribe to i t T h e Count o f Fl a n de rs t ho u gh t ook th e o a th

.
, ,
like th e rest Fo r i t w a s es senti a l t h a t a l l est abl i sh f riendshi p wi th

.
th e Em p e ro r sin ce with ou t h is coun sel an d a id w e w ou l d not b e

,
a bl e t o m a ke th e j ou rn ey e a si ly n o r woul d t hos e wh o w ere to fol ,

~
l o w u s a long the same ro u te Th e Em p e ro r h i msel f s u pp li ed them .
w ith a s much a s th ey w i shed f ro m h i s t re a su ry a n d h is w a r drobe ;

a n d h e g a v e them h o rses a n d money o f wh ich t h ey we re m u ch i n ,
need f o r com p leting s u ch a j ou rney Wh en thi s h a d been acc om .
p lis h e d we c ros sed th e s ea whi ch is c a ll ed the A rm o f S t Geo rge

, .
a n d h a stene d then to th e city o f N i caea .
( S teph en ) Count S te p hen to th e Countess Ad ele most sweet ,
f ri end h is w i fe ; whateve r mo re s weet o r p l e a sing greet ing h e r min d

,
ca n c onceiv e .
B e i t known t o you r deligh t th at a ft er a s u ccess f ul j ou rney to

, , ,
Roman i a I conti n u e i n a l l hono r a n d bodi ly he a lth I took p a i n s

, .
to sen d y o u by l ette r fro m Con stanti no pl e a det a i l ed a c co u nt o f

, ,
th e co u rse o f my l i fe a n d p ilgrim age b u t lest some mi s f o rtun e , ,
be f a ll th a t mess enger I a m re w ri ti ng th e lette r to you ,

-
I a r rived a t Con st a nti nopl e wi th gre a t j oy by the gra ce o f Go d , .
Th e Em p e ro r ve ri ly re ce ived me wi th d igni ty a n d h ono r a n d with

, ,
th e gre at e st a ffe cti on a s i f I we re hi s o w n s o n a n d h e l o a d ed me

, ,
wi th m ost b o u n ti f u l a n d p reci o u s gi fts And i n th e wh ol e o f ou r .
a rmy o f G o d the re i s n ei the r d u ke n o r count no r othe r p e rson o f , ,
p o we r who m h e t rusts o r f a vo rs mo re th a n mysel f Ve ri ly my .

,
be l oved h i s Impe ri a l H ighness h a s ve ry o ften u rged a nd u rges th a t

, , ,
w e commen d one o f ou r s on s to h im ; he p ro mi ses mo reov er th a t , ,
h e w i l l a cco rd h i m so gre a t an d su ch d i sti ng u i sh ed h ono r that h e ,
( the b oy ) wil l not i n th e le a st envy o u r own ( p osi ti on ) I n t ruth .

,
I s ay to y o u th e re i s no man t od a y like hi m u n de r he a ven f o r h e ,
i s en ri chi ng all ou r p rinces m ost bo u nti f u lly i s rel ieving a l l ou r ,
knights with gi fts a n d re f resh ing a l l th e p oo r with fe a sts Ne a r th e .
city o f Ni c a ea the re is a fo rt re ss Civit ot e by n a me ne a r whi ch , ,
r u ns a n a rm o f th e s e a T h rough th i s th e p i o u s Em p e ro r s own
.
’
shi p s ru sh by night an d d ay t o Con sta ntinop le when ce they Ca rry ,

TH E FI RS T C RUS AD E 10 1
f ood to th e camp where i t i s di stribute d da ily among th e coun t less

,
poo r Also i n ou r t imes a s i t s eems t o u s t he re h a s n ot b e en a

.
, , ,
p ri n ce s o d i sti ngui sh ed fo r gene ral i ntegrity o f cha ra cte r You r .
fathe r my bel oved gav e many a nd la rge gi fts b u t h e was almost

, , ,
a s n othing i n compari son wi th thi s man 18

I h av e t aken pl easu re i n .
w ri ti ng th ese l i t tl e t hings abo u t h i m to y ou t hat you may kno w a ,
littl e what kin d o f ma n he i s .
8 S iege
. a n d ca f pt u re o J un e 1 9
N ica ea .
( M ay 14 -
( Ges ta ) An d thu s Duke God f rey w en t fi rs t to N i comedia to ,
gether wi th Tancre d and all t h e rest a n d t hey w ere there fo r th re e ,
d a ys The D uke in deed seeing th a t th ere was n o ro a d o p en by

.
, , .
wh i ch h e c ou ld cond u ct thes e ho sts to th e ci ty o f N i c a ea fo r s o ,
gre a t an army coul d n ot p as s th rough th e roa d along w hi ch th e

othe rs had p a s se d b e f o re sen t a head th ree t h ou s a n d men w i th
,
a x es and swo rd s to cu t a n d cl ea r th is ro a d s o th a t i t woul d li e open ,
e ven t o the c i ty o f N i cae a T hey cut th i s roa d th rough a ve ry .
n a r ro w an d ve ry gre a t mou ntai n an d fixe d b a ck a long th e w ay i ron

a n d wooden c ros ses on p osts s o t h a t th e p i lgri ms wo ul d k no w th e,
way M e a nwhi le w e c a me to N i caea whi ch i s th e ca p ital o f a ll

.
, ,
Rom a n ia on the f o u rth day t he d ay be f o re th e N ones o f May a nd

, , ,
t he re enc a mped H ow ev e r be for e Lord B oh emu nd h a d a r riv ed

.
, ,
th ere w a s s u ch sc a rci ty o f b re a d a mong u s that one loa f w as so l d

fo r t wenty or th i rty d enarh A f ter t h e i llustri ou s man B oh e mu n d
’
.
, ,
c a me h e o r d e red th e greatest ma rk et to b e b r ought by s ea an d i t

, ,
c a me both w ays at the s a me ti me th i s by lan d and th a t by s ea a nd , ,
th ere w as th e gre a test abu nd a n ce i n th e whol e a rmy o f Ch ri st .
M o reove r on the d ay o f the Ascen si o n o f the Lo rd w e b eg a n to

,
a tt a ck th e city on a l l s i des a n d to con st ruct ma ch ine s o f woo d , ,
a n d wooden towe rs wi th whi ch w e migh t be a bl e to des troy towe r s

,
o n th e w a lls We att a cked th e city s o b r av ely and s o fi ercely th a t

.
w e even u n d ermi ned it s wal l T he T u rk s wh o were i n th e ci ty .

,
b a rb a rou s ho rde th a t th ey were sen t mess ages to other s wh o ,
had come u p to give a id T h e mess a ge ra n i n thi s wi se : th a t th ey

.
might a pp roach th e c ity bol dly an d i n secu ri ty an d ente r th rough

the mi d dle ga te be c au se on that si de n o on e woul d o pp os e them o r
n th a t ve ry d ay —
,
p u t them to grie f Thi s g a te w a s besi ege d o th e

S a bb a th a fte r th e Ascen si on o f th e Lo rd—by th e Count o f S t
.
Gi ll es an d the B i shop o f Puy The Count a p p roach ing f rom an .

,
othe r s i de w a s p rotected by divi ne migh t an d w ith hi s most p ower

, ,
f ul a rmy gl ori ed i n te rrestri a l st rength An d s o he foun d th e Tu rk s .
coming ag a ins t u s h ere A rmed on a l l s i des w ith th e sign o f t h e

.
c ross he ru sh ed u p on th em v i ol entl y an d ove rcame them They

,
.
I o2 T H E FI R S T CRU S AD E
t u rn ed i n flight a n d most o f th em we re ki ll ed T hey c a me b a ck

,
.
a ga i n ,
rei n fo rced by othe rs j oy f u l a nd ex u lti ng i n a ssu red ( out
,
come ) o f b a ttle an d b e a ring a long w i th t hem th e ro p es wi th whi ch

,
to l e a d u s boun d to Ch o ros a n Coming gl a dly mo r eov e r th ey b e .

, ,
g a n to d escen d f rom th e c rest o f th e mo u nt a i n a sho rt d i st a nce .
As m a ny a s des cende d rem a i ned the re w ith thei r he a ds c u t off a t

th e h a nd s o f o u r men ; mo reove r o u r men h u rle d the h e a d s o f th e ,
ki ll ed fa r i nt o th e ci ty that th ey ( the T u rk s ) might be t h e mo re

,
te rri fied th ere a t T hen th e Co u nt o f S t G ill es a n d th e B i shop o f

. .
Pu y took co u n sel togethe r a s t o h ow they might h a ve u n d e rm ined

a cert a i n towe r whi ch w as o p p o si te thei r tents M en we re a ssigne d .
'
t o do th e di ggi ng with a rba l zs ta e an d bow men t o d e fen d them on

19
,
a l l si des S o they d u g t o th e fo u n d a t ion s o f the w a ll a nd fi xed

.
ti mb ers a n d wood u n de r i t a n d then set fi re t o i t H ow ever evening .

,
h a d come ; th e towe r h a d a l re a dy fa llen i n th e n ight a n d b ec a u s e ,
i t wa s n igh t they co ul d n ot fight with the enemy I ndeed d u ring .

,
th a t n ight the T u rk s h a sti ly b u i lt u p an d rest o re d the w a l l so st rong

l y th a t when d ay c a me n o on e co u l d h a rm them o n th a t si d e .
Now the Co u nt o f N o rm a ndy c a me u p Co u nt S te p hen a n d m a ny ,
othe rs a n d fin a ll y Roger o f B a rnevil l e At length B oh e mu n d a t

, .
,
the v e ry f ron t bes ieged th e city B es i d e h i m w a s T a n cred a fte r

, , .
,
hi m D u ke God frey then th e Co u n t o f St Gill es n ext to w hom w a s

,
.
,
the B isho p o f Puy I t w a s s o b esi ege d by l a nd th a t n o on e d a re d

.
to go o u t o r i n Ther e al l o u r f o rce s were a s sembl ed in o n e bo dy

.
,
a n d who co u l d h a v e co unted s o gre a t a n a rmy o f Ch r i st ? N o on e

as I thin k h a s ever be fo re seen s o m a ny di stingui she d knights
, ,
o r eve r wi ll a ga i n !
H o wev e r th ere w a s a l a rge l a k e on on e si de o f th e ci ty on wh ich

, ,
the T u rks u s ed to sen d ou t thei r shi p s an d go b a ck a n d fo rth a n d ,
b ri ng f od d e r w ood a n d m a ny oth er th ings

, ,
T hen o u r le a de rs .
co u n selled togeth er a n d sent m essengers t o Con st a nti no p le to tel l

the Em p e ro r to h a v e sh i p s b ro u ght to Civit ote whe re th ere i s a ,
fo rt a n d th a t h e s h o u l d o rd e r oxen to be b ro u gh t t o d r a g th e shi p s
,
l
ov er th e mo u nt a i n s a nd th rough the wood s until they ne a re d the ,
l a k e Thi s w a s don e f orthwith a n d h e sent h is T u rco p o les with

.
,
th em They di d n o t w a nt to p u t the shi p s on th e l a ke o n th e v e ry

.
d ay th a t they we re b ro u ght a c ros s b u t unde r cove r o f n ight they ,
l a u nch ed th em on th e l a ke i tsel f ( The bo a ts w e re ) fi l l ed w ith .
T u rco p ol es wel l de co r a ted w i th a rms M o reove r a t e a rli est da y .

,
b re a k th e shi p s stood in go od o rde r a n d h a stene d th rough the l a k e

'
a g a i nst the city The T u rk s m a rvelled u p on seeing th em not kno w

.
,
i ng whethe r t hey were m a nne d by thei r o wn f o r ces o r the Em p er

H oweve r a fte r they re cogn i ze d th a t i t w a s the host o f the
’
or s .
,
1 04 T H E FI R ST CRU S AD E
th e Alem a nni wh o we re on th e e a st th e othe r p a rty ente ri ng the , ,
m id d le g a te o f th e city an d p a s si ng ou t th rough a nothe r wo u l d ,
e a si ly d ri ve o u r men f rom the c a m p a t a ti me wh en they were n ot

e x p ecting s u ch a n a tt a ck B ut God wh o i s wont to reve rse th e .
,
p lan o f the i m p i ou s s o a lte red thei r p re p a r a ti on s t h a t a s i f i t

, ,
h a d been a r r a nged H e sen t th e Co u n t wh o w a s p re pa ri ng to e n

, ,
c a m p wi th h i s men u p on th e squ a d ron o f T u rks whi ch w a s n o w

,
a bout t o ente r th e ci ty H e p u t them to fligh t a t th e fi rst ch a rge

.
an d ,
a fte r ki ll ing seve r a l p u rsu ed t he rest to th e t o p ,
o f th e mo u n
t a in The othe r p a rty o f T u rks wh i ch w a nted to a tt a ck th e Ale
.
m a nn i w a s p u t to flight i n th e s a me w a y a n d d est roye d A fte r th i s .

,
m a chi ne s we re const ructed an d t h e w a l l a tt a cke d i n v a in fo r ,
i t w a s very fi rm a g a in st u s a n d w a s v a l i a ntly de fen de d by a r

ro ws a n d m a chi nes S o w e fo u ght fiv e week s wi th n o resul t At
. .
’
length th rough Go d s wi ll so m e men o f the ho u seh ol d o f th e B ish o p
, ,
a n d th e Co u nt d a ngero u s ly eno u gh a pp ro a ch ed the co rne r towe r
wh ich fa ced the e a st a n d h av ing m a de a t estud o ,

21
they beg a n , ,
a fte r a st r u ggl e to un dermi ne o n e o f th e towe rs a n d by d iggi ng

,
th rew i t to the gro u n d Th us the c ity w ou ld h ave been t a ken h a d

.
,
n o t th e sh a dow s o f n ight p rev ented H oweve r th e w a l l w as re .

,
b u i l t d u ring th e n ight a n d th i s rendered o u r f o rme r l a bo r v a i n

, .
At len gth the city terri fied w ith fe a r w a s com p ell ed to s u rren d e r
, ,
.
On e re a son w a s th a t the shi p s o f th e Em p e ro r wh i ch h a d been

d r a gged ove r th e l a n d we re let d o wn into t h e l a ke Th ey the re for e .
g av e themselve s u p t o the Em p e ro r si nc e t h ey now ex p ect e d no ,
fu rthe r ai d a n d s a w the a rmy o f t h e Fr a nks i n c re a si ng d a i l y w h i le ,
th ey were c u t o ff from th ei r fo rc es Th e Co u nt o f N o rm a n dy h a d .
come Alexi u s h a d p romi sed t h e p ri nce s a n d th e p eo p l e o f th e

.
F r a nk s th a t h e wo u l d give the m a ll th e g o ld s i lver h o rses a n d , , ,
goo d s wi thi n ( th e c ity ) a n d th a t h e wo u l d est ab lish t he re a L a ti n

,
mon a ste ry a n d h os p i ce fo r the p oo r Fr a nk s ; besi des th a t h e wo u l d ,
give t o e a ch o ne o f the a rmy s o m u ch o f h i s o w n p o ssessi on s th a t

they woul d a l w ays w a nt t o fight fo r h i m Acco rd ingly the F r a n k s .
, ,
p l a ci ng f a i th i n th es e p romi ses a p p roved the s u rrend er An d so

, .
,
when Alex i u s h a d receiv ed th e city he a ffo rded th e a rmy su ch a n ,
ex a m p l e o f gr a t it u de t h a t a s long a s they l ive the p eo p le w il l c u rs e

h i m a nd p ro cl a i m h i m a t r a i tor .
We recogn i z e d then th a t the Em p e ro r h a d bet r ayed Pete r the

, ,
H e rmi t wh o h a d l ong b e fore come to Co ns t a ntino p l e wi th a gre a t

,
m u lt i t u d e Fo r h e com p elle d hi m igno r a nt o f the lo c a lity a n d o f al l

.
,
mi l it a ry m a tte rs to cross th e S t r a it wi th h is men an d ex p osed th em

,
to th e T u rks M o reove r when th e T u rks f rom Ni c a e a s a w th a t

.
,
u nw a r l ike m u l titu de they c u t them down witho u t e ffo rt an d de l a y

,
TH E FI R ST C RUS AD E 19 5
to the numb er o f sixty tho u s a nd Th e rest i n deed fle d t o a cert a i n .

, ,
fo rtifi ed p l a ce an d es c a p ed the s wo rd s o f th e Tu rks T he T u rks .

,
m a de bol d an d h a u ghty by t hi s sent the a rms an d the c a p tives wh i ch

,
th ey h a d t a ken the re t o th e S a r a cen s a n d th e nobl es o f thei r ow n

r a ce a n d th ey w rote to th e p eo p l es a n d ci ti es fa r o ff th a t th e Fr a nks
,
were o f n o a cco u nt i n b a ttle .
( F u l c h e r ) S ince th e mi ddl e o f M ay Lo rd B oh e m u n d a n d D u ke ,
Go d f rey a n d Co u n t R aymon d a n d the Coun t o f Fl a n de r s h a d a l

re a dy been bes iegi ng thi s c ity I t w as th en i n po ssess ion o f T u rk s
.
f rom th e E a st a v a li a nt r a ce o f v e ry ex p er t a rchers
,
T he se i n .
,
d eed h a d c ros sed th e Eu p h r a tes ri ver f ro m Persi a fi fty ye a rs b e

,
fo re a n d h a d s u bj ected to themselves th e whol e l a n d o f Rom a ni a a s ,
fa r a s th e ci ty o f N i comedi a O h h o w m a ny s ev ered h e a d s a nd
.
,
bon es o f th e de a d we then fo u n d beyon d N i comed i a lying u p on ,
the p l a i n s n e a r the s ea ! Th es e p eo p l e i nexpe ri enced i n the u s e o f ,
th e a r ro w the T urks h a d a nni hil a ted M ove d by p i ty a t th i s si ght

, .
,
we shed m a ny te a rs .
When a s h a s been s a i d those who we re a l r e a dy besieging N i c a e a

, ,
he a r d th a t ou r l e a de rs ha d a rrived n a mely th e Co u nt o f No rm a ndy ,
a n d S te p h en o f B loi s they gl a dly c a me ou t t o meet them an d u s

,
a n d es corted u s to the pl a ce be f o r e the c ity o n the southern si d e ,
wh ere we p i tch ed ou r tents O nce a l re a dy t h e T u rks h a d p re p a r ed

.
t o u n ite h o p ing to d r ive th e be siegers fro m th e c i ty i f they cou ld

, , ,
o r a t least to fo rti fy the city mo re s ecu rely wi th th ei r s ol d iers But .
th ey we re fie rcely re p u lse d by u s a n d a bout two h u n d red o f them ,
w e re ki l led When mo reove r th ey s a w t he Fr a nks so s p i rited

.
, , , ,
a n d s o st rong i n b r a ve w a r fa re th ey retre a ted i n h a ste i nto the in

,
t e rio r a w a i t ing a n o p p o rt u ne t ime fo r a tt a ck ing

, I t w a s i n the .
fi rst week i n J u n e th a t w e c a me l a st o f a ll t o th e si ege , , .
Then on e a rmy w a s fo r me d o f th e ma ny w hi ch those sk il f u l i n

, ,
n u mb ers e stim a te d t o be st rong 23

O f these we re .
a rmed fo r b a ttle wi th l e a th ern co rslets a n d h el met s B es i des t h e .
a rmy we re th ose u n a rmed n a mel y cl e ri cs ,

m onks w omen a nd chi l , , ,
d ren Wh a t f u rthe r th en ? I f a ll who h a d d e pa rted from thei r

.
home s on the p i o u s j o u rn ey h a d been p resent there wi th o u t doubt ,
the re woul d h a v e been s ix mill ion soldi ers B u t at Rome i n A p u l i a .

, ,
i n H unga ry o r i n D a lm a ti a some u nwi lling to u nde rgo h a rdshi p s

, , , ,
ret u rne d to thei r h omes ; i n m a ny di ff erent p l a ces thous a n d s were

ki l led ; a n d s ome who wen t wi th u s fel l si ck a n d d i ed M a ny gr av e .
y a rds we re to be seen a long th e ro a d s on the p l a i ns i n th e p l a ces , ,
whe re ou r p i lgri ms we re b u ried .
B e i t kno wn th a t a s l ong a s we bes iege d the city o f N i c a e a foo d ,
fo r s a l e w a s brought t o u s i n sh i p s by o rder o f th e Em p ero r T h en

, .
1 06 T H E FI R ST C RU S AD E
ou r le a d er s o rde red m a chi nes o f w a r t o b e m a de rams s cr ap ers , , ,
wooden towe rs a nd sl i ngs Ar row s we re sho t f ro m th e bo ws an d

,
.
,
d estru cti ve s ton es w er e h u rle d O u r enemy fi r ed a t u s a n d w e a t .

,
th em each doi ng h i s best i n th ese en co u nte rs Wi th ou r m a chi nes

,
.
w e o ften as s a i l e d th e city b u t b ec a u se a st rong wal l r esi sted u s th e

, ,
att a ck f a i l ed T u rk s o ften pe ri shed stru ck by a rro ws o r ston es

.
, ,
an d Fr a nk s likewi se T ruly y ou w oul d h a v e gri ev ed an d sobb e d

.
,
i n p i ty f o r w h en they s le w on e o f ou r men b e fo re th e w a l l i n any

,
way th ey l et down i ron hook s b y me a n s o f ro p e s a n d to ok th e

,
body u p Th ey s n a t ch ed i t a w a y a nd non e o f u s d a red o r was

.
, ,
able to w rest i t f rom them A fte r st ri pp ing th e co r p se th ey th r ew

, .
,
t h e bo dy Out si de .
Then w i th th e ai d o f oxen a n d rop es w e d ragged s ome sm a l l

, ,
boat s f ro m Civit ot e ove r l a n d to N i c a e a a nd l au nche d them i n th e

l ak e to gua rd th e a pp ro a ch to th e city l es t i t be su pp l i e d w it h p ro ,
vi si on s B ut wh i l e w e w ere we a ryin g the ci ty wi th si ege fo r fiv e

.
w eek s an d ha d o ften te r rifi ed th e T u rk s w ith ou r atta cks a c o u n ci l ,
h a d m e a ntime been hel d a n d th rough a mb a ss a do rs t o th e Em p ero r

,
th e i nh ab i t a nts secretly su r r en de re d to h im the city whi ch w a s a l ,
re a dy h a rd p res se d by ou r fo rces a n d ski ll Th en t he Tu rks a dmit .
te d in to i t th e T u rco p ol es sent th ithe r by th e Emp e ro r Th ey t ook .
p o sses si on o f th e ci ty w i th a ll the money i n i t i n th e n a me o f t h e

, ,
Empero r j u st a s h e h a d comm a nd ed Whe re fo re a fte r all th i s

, .
,
money was t a ken t he E m p ero r o r d ered gi f ts to be p resente d t o o u r

,
le a d ers gi fts o f gol d an d si lve r an d r a i men t ; a n d to th e f oot so l

, , ,
-
d ier s h e d i st ributed b rass coms whi ch t hey c a l l tart a ro u s O n th e , .
d ay o f th e s i ege a n d t he su rrend er o f N i caea the m onth o f J un e ,
ha d re a che d th e so lsti ce .
( A ns elm ) To h i s reve ren d l or d M a n a sses by gr a ce o f Go d , ,
A rchb isho p o f Rhei m s An sel m o f Rib emon t h i s li ege man a n d

, ,
-
h umbl e se rvan t i n th e Lo rd ; greeti ng .
In a smu ch a s you a re o u r l o rd an d a s th e kingdom o f t he wh ol e ,
o f Fr a n ce i s es p e c ial ly de p endent u on yo u r c a re w e a re n oti fyi ng

p ,
yo u f a the r o f th e ev ents wh i ch h a ve be f a llen u s ; h o w fo rso oth

, , , ,
th e a rmy o f th e Lo rd i s bea ring i tsel f I n th e fi rst p l a ce w e a re .

,
a w a re th a t a dis ci p le i s not a bov e h i s m a ste r n o r a s e rv a n t a bov e ,
h is l o rd ; yet ma y i t b e p a r d one d u s w e adv i se an d beseech y ou i n

, ,
th e Lo rd Jesu s to consi de r wh a t y ou a re wh a t a l so i s th e p ri estly ,
a n d p on t ifi c a l d u ty P rov i d e there fo re fo r o u r l a n d so th a t b oth

.
, , ,
th e nob les li ve i n conco rd among th emsel ves a n d th e p eo p l e l a bor ,
i n sec u r i ty o n th a t whi ch i s thei r s a n d t h e m in i st e rs o f Ch ri st , ,
l e a d ing a q u i et a nd p e a ce fu l l i fe b e free t o d ev ot e th emselves t o the ,
Lo rd . I l ikewise p r a y you a n d the c a nons o f th e H oly M oth e r

1 08 T H E FI R S T C RU SAD E
leon 2 4 su ffere d f o r Chri st h a s b een m a de desol at e by the T u rk s

, , .
Fro m he re we h u r rie d o n to th e ve ry l a rge ci ty o f N icaea s inging ,
r a i se t o God ( a s w e m a rched )
p .
M o re th a n th ree h u n d red to wer s my beloved wi th wal l s o f mar , ,
v e l on s con str u cti on en c l os e N i c a e a We found t he T u rk s wi thin .
i t bo l d fighte rs ; h e re w e di scovered t h at t he i nfini t e a rmy o f G o d

h a d no w fo r f o u r w ee k s b een eng a ge d in a d e a th d eal ing s t ru ggl e '
-
with the pe o p le o f N ic a e a S h ortly be fo re we came t o th e a rmy

.
,
S ol i m a n p r in ce o f the T u rks h a d s u ddenl y r u shed u p on ou r men

, ,
w ith a l a rge a rmy p re p a re d fo r b a tt l e t hi nking th a t by a cert a i n ,
ch a rge h e co u l d b re a k int o th e ci t y t o a id h i s p e o p l e T hi s b a se .
d esign t h ro u gh the com pa ssi o n o f G od t u rned o u t othe rwi se th a n

, ,
h e th o u gh t F o r o u r men getti ng them selves re a dy mo st q u i ckly

.
, ,
received t h e T u rk s wi th fi e rce s p i rit A l l the l a tt e r t u rned th e i r .
b a c k s i n fl ight i mmedi a tely O u r men follo wing th em ve ry closel y

.
, ,
k i lle d m a ny o f th em a n d p u rs u e d t hem ove r a wi de s p a ce o f ter ri

tory wo u n di ng a n d k i l li ng them ; a n d h a d n ot the d i ffic u l t moun
,
t a i n s been u nknown t o ou r men on t h a t s a me day they woul d have ,
d riven the enemy to gre a t a n d i rremed i a bl e dest ructi on O f ou r .
men no on e p er i she d a t th a t t i me b u t a fte rw a rd s a s ou r great

, , ,
a rmy together eng a ge d i n m a ny most sh a r p en co u nte r s ki ll i ng m a ny ,
o f the T u rks a n d t hei r l e a der s with h u rl ing engi nes an d a r row s
some o f o u r men we re k ill e d tho u gh t r u l y n ot m a ny—no kni ght

,
, , ,
o f reno wn exce p t B a l d wi n o f Fl a nd e rs Co u nt o f Ghen t When ou r , .
wo rthy p ri nce s o f G o d s a w N i c a e a s o t u rret ed a s w e h ave s a i d ,
a bov e they con st r u cted wi th gre a t l abo r ve ry h igh wooden towe rs

—
,
p rovi ded w i th l oo p holes a n d v a r i o u s engine s The Tu rk s upon .

,
behol d i ng th i s w ere o v e rcome w ith fe a r a n d s u r rendere d th e cit y

,
to th e Em p e ro r by envoys on condi ti on th a t h e p ermi t t hem to go

,
o u t o f the ci ty n a ke d u nde r s a fe c on d u ct
, a n d th a t t hey be h e l cl ,
a l ive i n c a p ti vity by t h e Em p e ro r .
9 . A l ex iu s at f
th e (
s u rre n d er o N i ca ea
27 .
( J u ne 22 —
June ,
Whe n t h e Em p e ro r h e a rd thi s he c a me n e a r a l , ,
mo st u p to u s H owev er h e d a r ed not en te r hi s own city o f Ni c a e a

.
,
at a l l fo r fe a r th a t th e i nfi n ite th rong o f inh a bi t a nt s who reve re d

, ,
h im a s th ei r benev olent fath er wou l d smot he r hi m i n th ei r e x u lt a

,
u
ti on H e est abli sh ed hi msel f on a ce rt a in i s l a nd o f the s e a ne a r u s

.
.
Al l ou r p ri nce s exce p t my sel f a n d th e Count o f S t Gi lles ra n t o

,
.
,
hi m to ce l eb r a te s o gre a t a v i cto ry wit h h im a n d h e received them , ,
a s w a s p ro p e r wi th v ery gre at a ffecti on A nd beca u se he heard

,
.
,
th a t I h a d rem a i ned n e a r the ci ty l est by ch an ce a most h ostil e , , ,
h or de o f T u rks sho u l d overc o me ou r a rmy a n d th e city h e wa s ,

TH E FI RS T C RU SAD E 19 9
gre a tly del ighted ; in deed h e v a l u ed i t m u ch mo re h ighly an d w a s

,
bette r p lease d th a t I h a d rem a i n ed a t suc h a t i me than i f I h a d giv en

h i m a mo u nt a i n o f go ld O n th a t s a me i slan d on wh i ch h e w a s
.
st aying th e gre a t Em p ero r so o rdered the di st ributi on o f the mo re

p re ci o u s s p oi ls o f the ci ty o f N ic a e a th a t th e knight s we re to h av e
s u c h thi ngs as gold gems si lve r rob es ho rses a n d th e l ike ; a l l

, , , , ,
v i ctu a l s were to b e d i st ributed a mong th e fo ot sol di er s ; al l th e -
p rin ce s he a r r a nge d to en ri ch f ro m hi s ow n t r easu res .
As w e h a ve s a i d be fo re Go d t ri u m p hi ng t h e ve ry l a rge ci ty o f
, ,
N i c a ea wa s s u rren de red o n th e 1 3 t h d ay b e fo re t he Ka l en d s o f
J u l y I t i s read i n ( the h i sto ry o f ) the p rim iti ve ch u rch t h a t the
.
holy f a the rs celebr a t ed a syno d a t N ica ea an d a fte r the Ari a n he resy ,
h a d been dest roye d the re confi rme d by the te a ch i ng o f th e H oly

,
S p i ri t th e fa ith o f t he Ho ly T rinity A n d thi s c ity wh i ch b e c au se .

,
o f i ts s in s l a t er be c a me a mi stres s o f e rro r now by th e m er cy , ,
of G o d h as be en m a d e
,
th rough H i s s in f u l se rvants a di sc i p le o f
, ,
t ruth . I tel l y ou my beloved th a t i n fiv e weeks w e wi ll rea c h

, ,
Je r us a l em f rom N i cae a the ci ty so o fte n menti oned unl ess Antioch

, ,
resi st s u s F a rewel l
. .
( A n n a ) B ut though the Em p e ro r w i sh ed to a ttach himse l f t o
th e G a u l s an d a dvan ce with them a gai nst t h e b a rb a rian s yet fe a r , ,
i ng thei r countles s m u lti t u de h e deci de d t o go t o P el eeanu m i n , ,
o rde r th a t b y c a mpi ng nea r N i caea h e migh t l ea rn wh a t w a s h a p

p eni ng to the G a u l s a n d a l so le a rn th e u nd ertaki ngs o f the Tu rks
,
o ut si de a s well a s the con diti on s i n the ci ty

,
.
The a u g u st Em p ero r t a r ri e d abou t P e l a ca n u m fo r some ti me '
si n ce h e desi red th ose G a lli c co u nts wh o were n ot yet bo und to h i m

a l so to t a ke th e o a th o f loy a l ty T o thi s e nd h e sen t a l etter to
.
,
B ut u mit e s a sking all th e co u nt s i n common n ot t o sta rt u p o n th e

,
j o u rney t o Anti och unt i l they h a d s a id fa rewel l to th e Empero r .
I f they d id thi s they w o u l d a ll be showe red with n ew gi ft s by h i m

, .
B oh emu n d w a s th e fi rst to p ri ck u p h i s e a rs at th e mention o f mon ey

a n d gi fts .
! u i ck ly won by the se wo r ds o f B ut u mit e s h e strov e in
d u s t riou s l y t o f o rce al l th e othe rs t o retu rn to th e Em p e ro r—s o
,
gre a tly d i d c u p i dity move th e man T h e Em p ero r receive d t hem .
on th ei r a rr iv a l at P e l e ea n u m w ith m a gni fi cen ce a n d th e gre a test

show o f goo d wi ll At length wh en they we re a ssemb led he a d
-
.
, ,
“
d resse d them thus : You kno w th a t y ou h a ve a l l boun d yo u rselve s
t o me by o ath ; i f y o u d o not now i nten d to igno re th i s a dvise a n d ,
p ers u a d e those o f yo u r n u mbe r wh o h a v e not yet p ledge d f a i th t o

”
t ake th e o ath . Th ey immediately s u mmone d th e count s wh o h a d
n ot s w o rn A l l o f these c a me togethe r a n d to ok th e o ath
.
.
T a n c red h oweve r ne p h ew o f B oh emu n d and a yo uth o f mo st

, ,
1 10 T H E FI R S T CRU SADE
i nde p end ent s p i ri t pro fe ssed that h e ow ed f a i th t o B oh emu nd al one

, ,
a n d wo u l d se rve hi m e ven t o dea th Reb u ked by th e l ou d p rotest .
o f th ose o f h i s own fe l l ow s who s t o o d n e a r a n d o f th e Em p ero r s

’
ret i nu e b esi de s h e tu rned to w a r d th e tent i n wh i ch the E mpero r

—
, ,
wa s then d w e l li ng the la rgest an d mos t c apaci ou s wh i ch anyone h a s

— ,
“
ever seen a n d a s i f to m a ke s p o rt o f them s a id I f y ou giv e me , ,
thi s ( tent ) ful l o f mon ey an d i n a dditio n a l l th e other p resent s , ,

”
wh i ch y ou gave al l th e cou nts I t oo w il l take the oath But
, , , .
P a l a eol og u s 25
f ul l o f ze a l fo r t h e Em p e ro r co u l d n ot en du re th e
, ,
moc k ing sp eech o f Tan c red a n d p u sh e d h i m a w ay wi th contemp t .
Th en Tan c red v ery re a dy w i th h i s a rms s p r a ng u p on h im S eei ng

, , .
t h i s t h e Em p ero r a ro se hastily f ro m h i s se a t an d stoo d b etween

,
them B oh emu n d to o rest rai ne d th e youth s ayin g I t Is not fi tting

.
, , ,
shame f u l ly to st rik e t he ki n sman o f the Empe ro r The n T a n c red .

,
recogni z ing the d i sgr a ce o f hi s i nso len ce to w a r d Pal a eol ogu s a n d ,
e rs u a ded by th e a dvi ce o f B oh emu n d an d th e others o ffered to

p ,
take th e oath h i msel f .
10 . Th e view s o f A l ex iu s on his rel a ti on s w i th th e Cru s a d ers .
H o w m u ch y ou h av e w ritten t o my emp i re m ost v ene rabl e se r ,
va nt o f Go d a bbo t o f the mona ste ry o f M o nte Cass ino ! I have

,
rea d you r l etter whi ch d ecla res h on o r an d p r a is e to my em p i re .
T owa r d me a n d my s ubj e cts the re i s i n deed v e ry great fa vo r f rom , ,
Almighty an d M ost M e rci f u l Go d fo r m a ny a re H i s bl es sings , .
T h ro u gh H i s com p as si on and by H i s gra ce H e h a s h on o re d an d

exa l te d my em p i re Ho w ev e r not on ly be c a use I h ave nothi ng o f
.
,
goo d w ith i n me but b ec a u s e I s in abov e all m en I dai ly p ray th a t

, ,
H i s com p a ssi on a nd p a ti enc e may b e sent to su sta in my we a kne ss .
B u t y ou fi ll e d w ith goo dnes s a n d v i rt u e j u dge me si nn e r that I

, , ,
a m a goo d man
,
a n d tr u ly yo u h a ve th e a dv a nt a ge o f me
,
My .
em p i re t ho u gh i t is p r a i sed w ith out h a vi ng wo rk w o rthy o f p rai s e

, ,
h old s th e p r a i se t o i ts ow n con demnati on .
“
I be seech y ou e a rnestly t o f u rni sh a id to the a rmy o f Franks ,
yo u r mo st th ought f u l letters st a te Let yo u r Vene rable H olin ess b e .
a s s u red o n th a t s co re fo r my em p i re ha s been s p read ove r them a n d

,
w ill a id an d a dvi s e them o n al l m a tters ; i ndeed i t ha s a l rea dy c o ,
o p e r ated w ith them a cco rdi ng t o it s a bi lity no t a s a f ri end o r rel a , ,
t iv e b u t l ike a f a th e r I t h as ex p en d ed a mong th em mo re than

,
.
anyon e ca n en u me r a te An d h ad not my em p i re s o co op e rated w ith

.
th e m an d a ide d th em wh o el se w o u l d h av e a ffo rded them h el p

,
?
’
N o r does i t gri eve my em p i re to a ssi st a secon d time By Go d s .
gr a ce t h ey a re p ros p e ri ng u p to th i s day i n th e se rvi ce wh i ch they

,
h a ve beg u n an d th ey w i ll conti nu e to p ro s p e r i n th e f ut u re a s l ong

,
C HA PT ER I V
F R O M N I CAE A To A N TI O C H
( In th e mar ch a c ro s s A s i a M i n o r t h e Cr u s a d e r s fo r t h e fi r s t ti me en
c o u n t e r e d t h e ir r ea l e n e my t h e S e lj u k i a n T u r k s
,
T h es e h a d p r evi o u s l y c on .
t ent e d t h ems e l v es w it h a n e ffort t o s l i p i nt o N i c ae a t h e ir c ap it a l bu t th e , ,
o d d s w er e t o o g r e a t a n d t h e c ity w a s a ll o w e d t o fa ll N o w h o w ev e r w it h .
, ,
t h e Cr u s a d e r s o n t h e ma r ch t h e s u p e ri o r k n o w l e d g e o f t h e c o u n try e n j o y e d
,
by t h e T u r k s a n d th e ir s w i ft e r h o r ses c o mb i n ed t o o ffs et t h e n u me ri c a l
a dv a n t a g e o f t h e Ch ri s ti a n s F o r t h e L a ti n s c o n s i d e r a bl y o u t n u mb e r e d t h e
.
T u r k s in s p it e o f t h e fac t t h a t t h ey w er e s o fa r a w ay fr o m h o me in t h e
,
h e a rt o f t h e e n e my s t e rrit o r y Th e e x p l a n a ti on o f t h i s a n o ma l o u s s it u a
’
.
ti o n l i e s in th e c on d iti o n o f t h e T u r k i s h a n d M oh a mmed a n r ea l m Th e .
Ca l i p h o f B a g d a d h a d b e c ome s p irit u a l h ea d o f t h e M oh a mme da n s Th e .
Ca l i p h o f E gy p t w a s h ea d o f t h e I s h ma e l it e s ec ti o n o f t h e M o h a mme d a n s
a n d b itt e r l y o pp o s e d t o t h e Ca l i p h o f B a g d a d T h e ir figh ti ng g ro u n d w a s .
S y ri a S i x ty y ear s b e fo r e t h e F ir s t Cr u s a d e a n ew vit a l ity h a d b ee n in

.
,
j ec t e d i n t o t h e C a l i ph at e o f B a g d a d b y t h e c r eati on o f t h e S e lj u k S u l t an a t e .
T h e s e S e lj u k s w h o w e r e th e mo s t a d van c e d o f th e T u r k s h ad bu t r ec ent l y
, ,
t ake n o n t h e M o h a mme d an fa it h W it h a l l t h e z ea l o f n eop h y tes t h ey d e .

,
v ot e d t h ems e l ve s z ea lo u s l y t o t h e s p r ea d o f th e ir r e l i g i o n U n d e r th eir .
e a r l i er S u l t a n s t h ey h a d e x te n d e d th e ir d omai n a c r o s s W es t e r n A s i a t o t h e
,
v e ry g a t es o f C on s t anti n o p l e Th e s ec ond o f th e ir S u l ta n s t o ru l e W es t e r n
.
A s i a A l p A r s l a n h a d w o n a b ri ll i an t vi c t o r y ove r t h e E a s t e r n E mp ire a t
, ,
Ma n z ik e rt in 1 0 7 1 w h i c h o p e n e d A s i a M i n o r t o th e T u r k s T h e ir i d e a s o f
'
, .
p o l iti c a l or g a n i z a ti o n h o w e v e r w e r e a s r u d i men t a r y as t h os e o f t h e p e op l es
, ,
o f t h e W es t a n d A s i a M i n o r w a s g iv e n t o a r e l ativ e o n th e feu d a l b a s i s
,
o f p e r s o n a l l oy a l ty a n d h o ma g e t o t h e S u l t a n Th e v a s t e mp ir e o f t h e S u l
.
t a n s s o on b ec a me u n ma n a ge a bl e Th e thir d S u l t an M a l i k S h a h fo u n d h is
.
, ,
va s s a l s r e s t l e s s a n d h a d t o s u p p r es s a t l e a s t o n e r e v o l t U p o n h is d eat h in .
1 09 2 ,
q u a rr el s a r o s e a mon g h is s on s w h i ch l as t e d fo r mor e t h an a gen er a
ti o n D u ri ng t h i s t i me t h e n u me r ou s f eu d a l va s s a l s e x er c i s e d p r ac ti c a l in
.
,
d e p e nd e n c e T h ey n o t o n l y p a rti c i p a t ed in t h e w a r s b et w e e n t h e riv a l s b u t
.
,
o ft e n w a rr e d w it h o n e a n o t h e r I t w a s at th i s j u n ctu re th at t h e Cr u s a d e r s
.
c a me .Th e T u r k s w e r e s o e mb itt e r e d a mon g t h e ms e l v es t h at t h ey r e fu s e d

t o mak e c o mmo n c au s e a g a i n s t t h e i n v a d e r s a n d a s a re s u l t t h e Cr u s a d e r s, , ,
w e r e a bl e t o ov e r c o me o n e a ft e r a n o t h e r o f t h e ir p ri n c i p a l iti e s Th e fi r s t o f .
th e s e c a ll e d t h e S u l t a n at e o f R u m ( R o mani a ) i nc l u d e d p r ac ti ca ll y a l l o f
, ,
A s i a M i n o r Th i s h a d b e en g iv e n t o S u l i ma n by A l p A r s l a n a n d h ad b e en
.
e x t e n d e d by h im t o N i c ae a w hi c h h e ma d e h i s c a p it a l
, T h i s S u l i ma n w a s .
w e ll k n o w n a n d f e a r e d by t h e G r e e k s H is s on K i l i j A r s l an D a u d w ho m
.
, ,
t h e Cr u s a d e r s c a ll e d S o l i man w a s r u l i n g a t t h e ti me o f t h e Cr u s a d e ( 1 09 2
,
1 1 06 ) a n d l e d t h e fig h ti n g in A s i a M i n o r a g a i n s t t h e C h ri s ti an s .
TH E FI R ST C RUSAD E 1 13
At Ni caea va ri ou s b and s w er e fo r me d i nt o o n e a r my a nd th erea ft e r

the ,
t h e d i ffe r en t a u th o r s s e rv e t o c o rr e c t a n d c orr o b or a t e o n e a n o t h er in t h e
a cc ou nt o f t h e ir co mmon e x p e ri e n c e s Tw o e x c epti on s o c c u r ; o n e in re
.
g ar d t o th e b a tt l e o f D o ry l aeu m w h en t h e a rmy w a s t emp o r a ri l y d ivi d e d

, ,
a n d th e o t h e r w h en B a l d w i n a n d T a n c r e d l e ft t h e ma i n a r my o n j ou r n e y s
o f a d v e n t u r e in Ci l i c i a Th e d ivi s i o n o f t h e a r my b e fo r e D o ry l a eu m w a s
.
e n d e d by t h e b a tt l e a n d t h e d i g r es s i o n o f B a l d w i n t o E d e s s a t oo k h im p e r
,
man en t ly fr om t h e ma i n a rmy w h i l e th a t o f T an c r e d en d e d w h en t h e ma i n
,
a r my j o i n e d h im b e for e A n ti oc h F u l ch e r w h o acc o mp ani e d B a l d w i n t h er e

-
.
, ,
fo r e c e a s e s a t t h i s ti me t o q u a l i fy a s a n ey e w itne s s o f eve n t s w h i c h oc -
c u rr e d in t h e ma i n a r my F o r Tan c re d s s e p a r a t e ac t s th e a cco u n t by t h e
’
.
A nony mo u s may b e S u p p l e men te d b y th at o f R ao u l de Ca en w h o p r o b a bl y ,
g ai ned h is s t ory fro m T a n c r e d h i ms e l f 1 Ev ent s fo ll o w ed o n e an oth e r in . .
s u c h r a p i d s u cc e s s i o n a s t o c o n fu s e w rit e r s w h o d e l ay e d t h e co mp o s iti o n o f
th eir na rr ativ e s for s ome ti me T h i s is e s p ec i a ll y tr u e o f R ay mon d w ho s e

.
,
s t o ry mu s t b e c a r e fu ll y c h ec k e d by t h e l ett e r s a n d t h e G es ta O n mos t ma t .
t er s o f i mp ort ance in t h i s c ha p t e r t h e a cc ou nt s a g r e e Th e mo s t n ot a bl e .
e x cep ti o n i s th a t o f t h e d e fec ti o n o f t h e G r e e k c o mma n d e r Te t ig u s c a ll e d ,
a l s o Ta t ic Ti tidu s To ta n u s a n d S ta tin u s Th e d iver g en t vi ew o f A nn a d e

-
.
, , ,
s e rv e s c o n s i d e r ati on in v i e w o f t h e i n c r e a s e d d i s tr u s t b e t w e en t h e L a ti n s
a n d t h e G r ee k s )
?
1 . B a t tl ef o D ory l a eu m
( J u ly 1 .
,
Th en th e fi r st d a y a fte r l eavi ng the city we c a me

( G es t a ) o n ,
t o a certai n b r idge an d rem a ine d there fo r two d ays O n th e th i rd .
day h oweve r be fo re d ay h a d beg u n t o d a wn ou r men a ro se S i nce

, , ,
.
i t w as night they we re u n a ble to kee p t o one ro a d b u t we re div i ded

, ,
i nto t wo li n es a n d th u s div i ded p roceeded fo r tw o d a ys I n on e

, , .
l i ne were the m en B oh emu n d Rob ert o f N o rm a n dy th e ren owne d

, , ,
T a nc red an d sever a l o the rs ; i n th e othe r we re the Co u n t o f S t

,
.
Gi l les D u k e God f rey the B i sho p o f Pu y H u gh th e G re a t the

, , , ,
Coun t o f Fl a n der s an d m a ny o thers B ut on th e thi r d d ay the T u rks

,
.
r u shed vi olently u p on B oh e mu nd an d thos e wh o were w ith hi m .
Fo rth wi th the Tu rk s bega n to whi stl e an d ch a tte r a nd shout a t the

t o p o f thei r v oices u tte ri ng a di a bo l i c a l so u n d I kn o w not ho w i n
, , ,
thei r o wn tong u e The wi se man B oh emu n d seeing i nn u me r a bl e

.
, ,
Tu rks w hi stl ing a n d sho u ting f ro m a f a r with de moni ac a l vo i ce s ,
st r a ightw a y or de re d a l l th e k n ights to di smo u n t an d q u i ckly p i tch

thei r tents B e fo re t he tents h a d been p itched h e s p oke a gai n t o
.
,
“
a l l th e k nights : S e ign o rs a n d b r a vest kn ight s o f Ch ri st b ehol d ,
the b a tt l e i s n ow c l ose a bou t u s on a l l s i des The re fo re l et al l the .

,
knight s a dv a nce m a n f u l ly a ga in st th e en emy a nd let th e f oot ,
so l di ers s p re a d th e tent s c a re f u l ly a n d ve ry q u i ckly ”

B u t a fte r .
th i s w a s al l done the Tu rks we re a l re a dy enci rcling u s on al l si de s

, ,
s l a shing h u rli ng p i e rcing an d shoot ing fa r a n d wi de i n wo nd ro u s

, , ,
1 14 T H E FI R S T CRU SAD E
f a shi on Th o u gh we co u l d n ot res i st th em n o r with stan d th e p re ss

.
,
o f so gre a t a n enemy yet we ( held o u t ) th ere togeth er ,

Our wo .
men a l so we re on th a t d a y o f gre a test s u p p o rt to u s Th ey b rough t

, ,
.
d ri nking w ate r t o ou r fighte rs an d f u rth ermo r e ev e r co m f o rte d , , ,
th os e w h o w ere fi ghti ng an d de fendi n g the m Ac co rd ingl y th e

l
.
,
wi se ma n B oh e mu n d st r a ightw a y sen t wor d t o t h e other s ( to wi t

, , ,
the ren owne d C o u nt o f S t Gi l les th e famo u s D uk e God f rey H u g h .

, ,
th e Gre a t th e mo st h ono rabl e B i sho p o f Puy an d a l l the oth er

, ,
kni gh ts o f Ch rist ) to h u r ry a n d come to th e b a ttl e a s q u i ckly a s

p ossib l e s a ying th a t i f th ey wi sh ed t o fi ght th a t day let th em come
, , ,
b rave l y T hey utterly re f u sed ( at fi rst ) laughing at th e messengers

.
,
“
a n d s a yi ng S u rely thi s i s a l l f a l se !
,
”
Fo r w e d i d n ot beli ev e th at
tho s e p eo p le w e re so i m p u dent t h a t they al ready d a red to ri se up
a n d fi ght a gai n with u s Fin a lly D uke Go d frey b ol d a n d b rav e .
, , ,
an d H u gh the Gre a t went ah e a d wi th th ei r armi e s Th e B i shop o f .
Pu y a l so f ollowe d t he m w ith h is a rmy a n d the Coun t o f St Gi ll es , .
a fte r th e m wi th th e great h ost .
O u r men won de re d ex cee di n gly wh ence ha d a ri sen s o great a

m u lti t u de o f T u rk s A r ab s Sa r a cen s a n d other s wh o m I kno w
, , ,
n ot h ow t o en u mer a te fo r al most a l l the mountai n s and h i ll s an d ,
v a l l eys a n d al l th e l evel p l a ces wi th i n a n d with out w ere on al l , ,
s i de s cove re d wit h t h a t ex c ommun i cat e ra ce Acco rdingly se c ret .

,
“
s p eech wa s h el d a mong u s p rai si ng an d a dvi si ng a n d s aying B e , ,
o f on e mi nd i n the f a ith o f Ch ri st an d i n th e vi cto ry o f th e S tan d ,
a r d o f the H oly Cr oss bec a u se thi s d ay i f i t p l e a se God you w il l

a l l h a ve been m a d e ri ch
” ‘ ,
St raigh tw a y ou r l i ne s o f b attle w e re .
, ,
f ormed O n the le ft s i de w as t h e w i s e man B oh emu n d Robe rt o f

.
, ,
No rm a n dy th e r en owne d T a n cred th e most h ono r a bl e Robert o f

, ,
An se and t he f a mo u s Ri ch a r d o f P rin ci p ati Th e B i sho p o f Pu y

, .
,
i n dee d c a me ove r a n othe r mo u nt a i n su rro u nding th e i n c redu lo u s

, ,
Tu rk s o n al l si d es O n th e l e ft s i de al so ro de th e mo st mi ghty
.
, ,
knigh t R a ymond Co u nt o f S t Gi ll es O n th e right wing w a s the

, , . .
h ono r able D u ke God frey an d the m ost fi e rce kn igh t the Co unt o f , ,
Fl a n de rs H u gh th e Gre at a n d m a ny oth e rs wh os e n a mes I do not

, ,
kno w I mmedi ately howev e r u p on th e a rr iv a l o f o u r t roo p s th e

.
, ,
T u rks Ar a b s S a racen s A gu l arni a n d a l l t h e barbarou s n a ti on s

,
3
, , ,
q u i ck l y t u rned i n fl igh t th ro u gh th e mo u nt a i n p as ses a n d ove r th e

l ev el p l a ce s M o reover t h e n u mbe r o f the T u rk s Pe rsian s P u bli
.
, , ,
c an i
r
,
4
S a r a cen s A g u la ni an d oth e r p a gans w a s th ree hun dre d an d
,
sixty tho u s a n d besi des th e Ar ab s whose n umber n o o n e know s

, , ,
u nl es s i t b e Go d a l one T hey fl ed i n deed v e ry q u i ckly to th ei r

.
, ,
tents b u t th ey we re not p erm itted to rem a i n there long Aga i n

, .
th ey took t o flight an d w e fol lowe d th em k il ling them on e wh ol e

, ,
THE F I R ST C RUS AD E 1 15
d ay ; a nd we took much b ooty — gold s i lve r ho rse s a sses c a mels , , , , ,
sh ee p c a ttl e an d v ery many othe r things whi ch w e do not k no w

, ,
.
H a d n ot Go d been w ith u s i n th e b a ttle an d qu i ckly sent u s a sec

o n d b a ttl e l ine n ot one o f u s woul d h av e esca p ed fo r th i s fi gh t
, ,
l a ste d fro m th e thi rd hou r ev en t o th e ni nth B u t Almighty God .

,
h o ly a nd mer ci f ul who n eithe r p e rmi tte d H i s kni ghts to p e ri sh n o r

,
to fal l i nto th e hand s o f th e enemy hasti ly sen t u s H is aid Tw o ,

.
h onor abl e kn igh ts o f o u rs God f rey o f M o u nt Sc a gl ioso a n d Wi l , ,
l iar n s o n o f Ma rch is u s b rothe r o f Tan cred d i e d th ere a n d ( a lso )

, , , ,
o the r kni ghts a nd f oot sol di er s whos e n a mes I do not kno w -

.
Wh oeve r wi ll be wi s e or l ea rn ed enough t o d a re t o d escribe th e

v a lo r ski ll a n d f o rti tu d e o f th e T u rks w h o thought t o f righten th e
, , ,
h ost o f th e Fr a nks wi th t he th reat s o f th ei r ar ro ws j ust a s they ,
f right en t h e A r a b s S a r a cen s Ar meni a n s Sy rians an d Greeks

,
?
, , ,
B u t p l ease Go d n ever wi l l th ey be s o p ower f ul as ou r m en

, ,
In .
d eed they s ay th a t they a re o f th e Franki s h race an d th a t no one

, ,
ought natu ra lly to b e a knight exce p t th e F rank s a n d th emselv es .
I shal l s p e a k the truth wh i ch n o on e wi l l d a re deny C ertai n ly i f

,
.
,
they h a d eve r been fi r m i n the faith o f Ch ri st an d holy Chri stian ity ,
an d h a d been w il ling to con fess th e O n e Lo rd i n T r ini ty a n d tha t ,
the S on o f Go d w a s bo rn o f a V i rgi n M oth er su ffered a n d a ros e , ,
f ro m th e d e a d an d a scen d ed to heav en wh i l e H i s d i sci p l es looke d

,
on ,
and th en fin a l ly s ent t he co nsolation o f th e H oly S p i ri t an d
, , ,
h a d bel i eve d wi th a righ t mi nd an d f a i th i n H i m r ul ing i n h eav en ,
a n d on e a rth no one coul d h ave foun d mo re p ower f u l b r a ve r o r

, , ,
m or e sk i l fu l fight er s than th ey An d yet by th e grace o f God they .

, ,
w ere conqu e re d by ou r men ! Th i s battl e was f ought on th e fi rs t

d ay o f J u ly .
B ut a fter th e Tu rk s enemi es of Go d a n d holy Ch ri stian ity ha d , ,
b een enti rely b eaten fl eei ng h ithe r a n d t hi ther fo r f ou r d ays an d

,
nights i t h a p p en ed that S ol iman thei r D uk e s on o f the ol d S oli

, , ,
man fl ed f rom N i cae a H e f o u n d t en thou s a n d Ar ab s wh o s a i d

, .
t o hi m O u nh appy a n d mo re unh app y than al l the Gent i les ! why

, ,
“
,
d o you fl ee te rrifi ed ,
To them S ol i m a n te a r fully repl i e d : Be
c a use j u st re cently w hen I ha d all th e Fr a nk s be a ten an d though t
,
th em al ready boun d i n c aptiv ity an d wh en I wo u l d soon hav e ti e d ,
th em t o on e a nothe r then loo ki ng b a ck I s aw s u ch a n i nnu mer a bl e

, , ,
h os t o f them th at i f a ny o f you had b een the re y ou w ould h a ve

, ,
t hough t that al l th e mo u ntai n s hi ll s v a l leys a nd l evel pl a ces we re , , ,
fi ll ed w ith the i r mult itu de U p on s eei ng them w e bega n i mme .

,
d iat e ly to t a ke t o su dden fl ight so a m a z ingly a f r a i d th a t w e h a rdly ,
e sca p ed f ro m th ei r h a nd s ; wh ere fo re w e a re sti l l i n very gre a t

te r ro r An d i f you wi sh to beli eve m e an d my wo r d s t a ke you r
.
,
1 16 T H E FI R ST CRU SAD E
selve s h en ce bec au se if t hey c an only l e a rn o f y ou s c a rcely on e

, ,
o f y o u wi l l a n y longe r rem a i n a l iv e T h e enemy upon h e a ring .

,
su ch t i di ngs t u rn ed the i r b a cks a g a in a n d s p re a d o u t th rough a l l

,
Rom a n i a .
( y
R a m o n d ) Acco rdi ng ly we set o u t f rom t he ci ty o f N i c a e a
,
i nto Rom a ni a a n d o n t he s econ d day B oh emu n d with some o f th e

,
ri n ces r a shly s e p a r a ted f ro m th e Count a nd B i sho p a n d D u k e

p .
Wh en on th e thi rd day o f th i s d igressi on B oh e mu n d w a s p l a nning

t o p i tch h i s tents h e s aw a h u nd re d an d fi f ty t ho u s a n d Tu rks a d
,
v a n c in g to b a ttle An d wh il e h e w a s d r a wi ng u p h i s l ine s tem p o

.
ra rily a n d w a s p rep a ri ng fo r b a ttle h e lost s ev e r a l o f h i s a rmy , .
I n th e mi dst o f th i s h e s ent wo rd t o the Co u n t a n d D u ke t o h el p

,
h i m fo r th ey w e re t wo mil e s a w a y
,
M o reov e r a s soo n a s th e .
,
m ess enge r o f B oh e mu n d c a me to the c a m p a l l st r a ightw a y sei zed ,
thei r h or se s an d a rm s a n d h a stened t o go a ga i n st the enemy H ow .
eve r wh en S ol im a n a n d t hos e wh o w ere w i th h i m recogni zed o u r

,
a rmy coming to b a ttl e a g a in st the m they we re f o rced t o fl ee de , ,
s p a irin g o f vi cto ry An d thus h e who h a d t a ken c ap t ives a n d ve ry

.
m a ny tent s from the c a m p o f B oh e mu n d th ro u gh Go d s mi ght a b a n ’
d o u e d hi s o w n A wond ro u s m i r a cle w a s repo rted b ut we d i d no t

.
,
s ee it ; th a t tw o knights cl a d i n sh i ni ng a rmo r a n d o f won der fu l
a p p e a ran ce a dv a n ced be fo re o u r a rmy a n d s o th re a tene d th e enemy
th a t they gr a nted the m n o ch a nce t o fight i n a ny w ay I n deed .

,
wh en th e T u rk s w a nt ed to st ri ke them w ith l a nces they a pp e a red

i nv u ln e r abl e to them H ow eve r we l e a rned th ese th i ngs whi ch
.
,
we h av e st a ted f rom th ose T u rks wh o s p u rne d th e co m p a nio nship

o f the i r own p eo p le a n d clung t o u s Wh a t we a d d fo r test imony .
i s as follo ws : th ro u gho u t the fi rst a n d se con d d ay w e f oun d h o rse s

o f the enemy togeth er w ith thei r m a ste rs
,
de a d a l ong the ro a d , .
When the re fo re ou r l e a der s h a d rece ived th e Ern

, ,
a
p e ro r s p e rmi ssi on to de p a rt w e l e ft N ic a e a on t he thi rd d ay b e fo re

,
th e K a len d s o f J uly a n d a dv a nci ng we c a me i nto th e i nteri o r p a rt s

, , ,
o f Rom a ni a B u t when w e h a d been on the w a y t w o d a y s i t w a s

.
,
re p o rted to u s th a t the T u rk s h a d s et a mbu shes fo r u s a nd ex

p e c t e d to j o in b a ttle w ith u s i n the p l a ins th ro u gh wh ich th ey
thought we We re goi ng t o p a s s We di d n ot l ose co u r a ge h oweve r .
, ,
a t t hi s n ews B ut th a t eveni ng w hen o u r sco u ts s a w m a ny o f them

.
,
a l ong w a y o ff they a t on ce noti fied u s o f i t

, Th ere fo re on th a t .
,
n ight we h a d ou r tents p rotected on a l l s i des by gua rds B ut e a rly .
in th e mo rni ng wh i ch w a s the K a l en ds o f J u ly we took u p o u r

, ,
a rms a n d a t the sign a l o f th e t rum p et w e divi ded i nto wi ngs

, wi th ,
trib u ne s a n d c e nt u ria n s l e a ding th e c oho rt s a n d cent u ri es Then .
w ith flags flyi ng we went o u t a g a in st the enemy in goo d o rde r

, .
w e r e als o the re wh o h u mbly b esough t God to destroy th e power

,
o f o u r enemy an d sh ed u p on u s th e gi f ts o f h i s mercy W eepi ng .

,
they s a ng a n d singing th ey wep t Th en m a ny f ea ri ng th at d eath

, , .
,
w as ne a r ran to the p ri est s an d c on f esse d thei r s in s t o th em

, Our .
leaders Coun t Rob ert o f N o rm a n dy an d Ste p hen Co u nt o f B l oi s

, , , ,
and Ro b ert Co u nt o f Flanders a n d B oh emu n d also res i ste d th e

, , , ,
e nemy w ith al l thei r mi ght an d o f ten t ri ed t o charge upon t hem .
T hey als o we re strongly att a cke d by th e T u rk s

B u t th e Lo r d n o d o ub t ap p e a sed by o u r s u pp li cati ons —f o r H e
.
, ,
, ,
gives vi ct o ry nei the r to th e splen d o r o f nobi li ty no r to bri lli a nce o f

a rms b ut to the p u re i n h ea rt a n d to h i m wh os e need i s pio u sly
fo rtifie d by d ivin e st ren gth —l ittl e by l ittl e r esto re d t o u s ou r
,
st rength an d weaken e d t h e Tu rks mo re an d mo re Fo r w e s aw ou r .
a l li es h a s ten ing to ou r a id f rom beh ind Prai sing G o d w e regain ed .

,
o u r co u r a ge and fo rming i nt o troo p s an d coho rt s p resse d fo rw a r d

, ,
to re si st th em Oh h ow many o f ou r men co mi ng sl ow ly a fte r u s

.
, , ,
they ki lled t h a t d ay ! Fro m th e v ery fi rs t hou r o f th e day u nti l th e

s ixth a s I hav e sai d di ffi cu lti es ch ecke d u s ; b u t then l i tt le by l i t
, , ,
tl e w e re cove re d a n d were rei n fo rce d by o u r all ies M an i f estly

, .
D ivi n e Grace w a s wi th u s fo r as i f by s u dd en i m p ul se a ll t he , , ,
T u rk s t u rne d thei r b a ck s on u s i n fl ight B u t w e f oll owe d t hem .
th rough th e mou ntai n s an d val leys c a l ling a fte r them l ou d ly We ,

.
d i d n ot ceas e p u rs u i ng th e m u nti l ou r a dv a n ce g u ar d h a d co me u p
to t hei r tent s T he re some o f ou r men l o a de d ho rs es a nd camel s
.
w i th thei r good s a n d even wi th th e tent s wh i ch th e Tu rks i n thei r

fr igh t had l e ft the re O the rs followe d th e fl eei ng T u rk s even until
.
n ight B u t bec au se ou r ho rses were fami shed a n d ti red w e ke p t

.
,
a few o f th ei rs I t w a s a g re a t mi ra cl e o f G o d that d u r ing th e fol

.
,
lowi ng day an d the thi rd th e p a ga n s d i d not h a lt i n th ei r fl ight , ,
a lth o u gh no one u nl ess i t wer e G o d ,

followe d th em fu rth e r Ex , .
c e e d in gl y rej oi ced at su ch a v i cto ry we a ll gav e thanks t o Go d b e ,
c a u se H e d i d n ot w il l th a t o u r ex p edi tion s houl d b e a n nih i l a ted ,
but th a t i t sho ul d p ro sp er mo re glo riously th a n u su a l fo r the h ono r ,
o f H i s o w n Ch ri stian ity Wh e re fo re f rom th e E a s t t o West i ts

.
,
glo ry sh a l l resou n d f o reve r .
2 . H a rds h ips f
o th e march th r ou g h As ia Minor .
( J u ly
3
-
O ctobe r ,
1 09 7 )
) Then w e went on p u rs u ing the most i niq u i tou s Tu rks
( Ges ta ,
wh o d a il y fl e d be fo re u s B ut t hey went t o fa l l th e fo rti fie d town s

.
o r citi es d eceivin g and del u ding the i nh a bitants o f th ose l a n ds

, ,
s a ying : We h av e conquered a l l the Ch ri sti a ns an d hav e s o over

come th em th a t n o one o f th em wi l l eve r d a re to ari s e b e fo re u s ;
T H E FI RS T C RUS AD E 1 19
on ly let u s co me i n T h ey d est royed th e chu r ch es h omes an d

.
, ,
ev e rything el se u p on entering a nd c a rri ed off wi th them th e h o rs es

, , ,
a s s es mul es gol d an d s i lve r an d wh a teve r they coul d fin d I n

, , , , .
a dditi on al so they c a r ri ed o ff th e chi ld ren o f Ch ri stian s with t he m

, ,
a n d bu rn ed a n d d evast a ted eve ryth ing that w a s conven ien t o r u s e
f ul fl eei ng greatly f rightened be fo re ou r faces Acco rdi ngly we

, , , .
,
we re f ollo wi n g them t h r ough d ese rts a nd d ry an d u n i nh abit able ,
land f ro m wh i ch we scarcely esc ap ed a n d came ou t aliv e H u nge r

,
.
a n d th i rst p i n che d u s on a ll s ides and the re was absol u tely nothing ,
for u s to eat un less by ch a n ce te a ri ng a n d gri n ding grai n wi th ou r

, , ,
h a nd s we con ti n u ed to exis t on s u ch f oo d a s w ret che d ly a s p os

,
s ible There mos t o f ou r c a val ry ce a sed to exi st bec a use ( the re

.
,
a fter ) m a ny o f these b ec a me f oot sol di e rs F or want o f ho rses -

.
,
o u r men u sed ox en i n place o f c a val ry h o rses a n d bec a u se o f th e ,
very gre a t need goat s sh eep a n d d ogs se rv ed as b e a sts o f b urden

, , ,
.
M e a nwhi le w e bega n t o ente r th e be st l a n d fi l led with bo d i ly ,
n ou ri shment deli c a ci es an d go od s o f a l l ki n ds an d th en we a p
, , ,
p roa c h e d I con i um The inh abi t a n ts o f th a t l a n d p ers u ade d an d

.
a dvi se d u s to t a k e along skin s fi ll ed wi th wate r bec au s e the re i s ,
the gre a test l a ck o f wate r abo u t on e d a y s m a rch f ro m there We ’

.
a cco rdi ngly di d s o u nt i l we cam e to a ce rt a i n rive r

,
an d ther e w e ,
lodged for two d a ys H owever ou r s co uts bega n t o go on a he a d .

,
unt i l th ey came t o H eraclea i n w hi ch town ther e w a s a ve ry l a rge ,
ga th eri ng o f Tu rk s w a iting an d p l otti ng h ow th ey co u ld h a r m an l

,
p u t to grie f the kni ghts o f Ch rist Th e knight s o f Al mighty G o d .
f o u n d a n d boldly a tt a cked thes e T u rks An d thu s ou r enemy wa s .
overcome o n th a t day a n d they fl ed a s s wi ftly a s an a r ro w fl i es

,
when di s ch a rge d w i th a mighty p u l l o f s t ring an d b ow O u r men .

,
a cc o rdi ngl y ente red th e c i ty i mmed i a tely a nd rema i n e d th ere fo r

,
fou r d ays .
( F u l ch er ) Then i n deed we continu ed ou r j o u rney qu i etly on e

, , ,
d ay s u ffering su ch ext reme thi rst that m a ny men a n d wo men d ie d

f ro m its to rments W hole t roo p s o f T urk s fl eei ng b e fo re u s so u gh t
.
, ,
re f u ge by sc a tteri ng th ro u ghout Rom an i a Th en w e c a me to th a t .
Anti och w hi ch they c a l le d th e l esse r i n the provi n ce o f P i si di a , .
a n d then ce to I coni um I n thes e regions we v e ry o ften were i n

.
n ee d o f b re a d a n d oth er foods Fo r we foun d Rom a ni a a l a n d .

,
wh ich is goo d a n d very ri ch i n al l p roduct s th o ro u ghly dev a state d ,
a n d r a vi shed by th e Tu rk s S ti l l y o u wou l d o ften s ee th is mult i

.
,
t u de o f p eo p le we l l re freshed by wh a teve r l ittle v eget a ti on we foun d

a t i nte rval s on thi s j o u rney th ro u gho u t b a r ren regi on s Thi s hap .
p ene d by th e a id o f God w h o f rom fiv e loaves an d two fi shes fe d ,
th e five tho u s a n d Where fo re gl a d and rej oi ci ng w e de clare d that

.
, ,
th es e we re gi ft s o f th e me rcy o f Go d T ruly on e wo ul d not k no w .

,
whether t o l a u gh o r t o c ry f ro m p i ty wh en m a ny o f o u r men ,
wi thou t pa ck mu le s s inc e m a ny o f th ei rs h a d a l re a dy perishe d

-
, ,
l o a de d shee p go a ts h ogs a n d dogs w ith th ei r s u p pl ies Su ch as

, , , ,
cl oth i ng a n d f oo d a n d wh a teve r lugga ge was necess a ry fo r p il

, ,
gri ms T h e ski n o f tho s e a n i m a ls w a s wo rn by t he w eight o f t he

.
b a gga ge And kn ights w ith th ei r a rmo r someti mes even mo unte d

.
oxen B u t w ho eve r hea r d s u ch a mixtu re o f l a ng u ages i n o ne

.
a rmy ? Th ere we re Franks Flemi sh Fri sian s G a ul s Allob roges , , , , ,
Loth a ri ngi a n s Al em a nni B a v a ri a ns N o rman s Angles S cots

, , , , , ,
Aqui t a nian s I t a l i a ns D a ci a ns A p ul i a n s I beri a ns B reton s Greek s

, , , , , ,
a n d Armeni a n s
6
I f a B reton o r Te u ton questi on ed me I wo u l d
.
,
n ot kno w h o w to ans we r either B ut though w e s p oke d ive rs e l a n .
gu a ges we w ere h ow ev e r b roth e rs i n th e lov e o f Go d a n d s eeme d

, , ,
to be ne a re st k in Fo r i f on e lo st any o f hi s p os ses si ons who ev er

.
,
foun d it ke p t i t c a re f u l ly a long ti me u nti l by i nq u i ry h e fo u n d , , ,
the l ose r an d r etu rne d i t to h i m Th i s w a s i ndeed th e p roper w ay .
fo r thos e w h o we re m a k i ng thi s h oly p i lgrimage i n a right spi rit .
Wh en we h a d r each ed th e ci ty o f H e r a cle a w e beh el d a c ert a in ,
p rod igy i n th e s ky wh i ch sh in i ng i n b ri ll i a n t wh i tenes s a p p e a re d

, , ,
i n th e s h ap e o f a s wo rd w ith th e p oi nt to w a rd s th e E a st We d i d .
n ot know wh a t i t p o rten d ed fo r t h e f u tu re ; bu t we le f t th e p resen t

a n d futu re to th e Lo rd Th en w e a rr ived at a ce rt a in fl o u ri sh i ng
.
to wn wh i ch i s c a l led M a r a sch an d w e reste d there for thre e days .
3 . B aldw in an d Ta n cred d epa rt from th e main ar my .

( Early Sep
temb er ,
( Ges ta
) Th ere T a ncred s o n o f M a rc h is u s a n d B a l dw in th e , , ,
f a mou s Co unt b rot he r o f D u k e God f rey se p a r a ted f ro m th e others

, , ,
a nd t ogeth er went i nto the v a ll ey o f B o tre n th ro t T a n cre d went

7
.
to T a rsu s a lon e w i th h is troo p s At l ength th e Tu rk s c a me ou t .

,
f 1 om th e city a nd a dv a n ced t o meet them ; then g a there d togethe r , ,
they h a stened to b a ttl e a g a i n st th e Ch ri sti a n s As ou r men a p .
p roa c h e d an d f ought ou r en emy fle d ret u rning r ap i dly to th e ci ty

, , .
B u t T a ncred di stingu i shed a n d h ono r able k nigh t o f Ch ri st

, ,
l oosened h i s b re a st p l a te a n d en c a m p ed be fore th e ga t e o f th e ci ty
-
F ro m anothe r si de there u p on c a me th e f a mo u s man Count Bal d

, , ,
w in with hi s a rmy d em a nd ing a n d p r a yi ng T a n cre d mo st ha rsh

, , ,
knight th a t wit h the gre a test f ri end shi p he wo u l d d eign t o take

,
h i m most ki ndly i nt o p a rtne rshi p i n the city To hi m T a n c red sai d .

,
”
I a bso l u tely re f u s e to t ak e you i nto pa rtne rshi p An d s o when .
n ight c a me the t e rrified Tu rk s took to fl ight i n a body Then th e

, .
i nh abitants o f th e ci ty c a me out under th e sh a dows o f th e n ight ,

h ad o r d a u gh te r a nd s i nce h e w a s unabl e t o de fen d hi msel f

n o s on ,
a ga in st th e Tu rks th i s Greek w i she d h i ms el f an d h i s l a n d t o be

,
de fen ded by thi s Ba ld wi n f o r h e h a d h e a r d that both h e an d h i s

,
so ld ie rs w er e mo st b rav e fighters .
A s soon a s B a l dwi n had h e a rd t hi s o ffe r a n d had been persu a d e d ,

'
o f i ts t ru th by th e oat h o f th e d e p u t i es f ro m Edes sa h e s et o u t ,
w i th h i s l i ttl e army o f about eighty kn ight s a nd cro s se d t h e E u

p h rat es A fte r we ha d c ros sed thi s ri ve r w e w ent on ve ry h a sti ly
.
,
a l l night an d v e ry mu ch a f r a i d we p a ss e d b etw een th e Saracen

, ,
fo rt s leav ing t hem on e ithe r si d e o f u s Wh en th e T u rks i n th e

,
.
f o rti fie d t ow n o f S a mos at a h a d he a r d thi s they s et a mbush fo r u s ,
a long th e way by whi ch they th ough t w e wo u ld go B u t the fo l .
l ow i ng n igh t a cert a i n A rmeni a n most h os p i t a bly ente rtai ne d u s i n

his castl e a nd wa rned u s to g u a rd ou rs elve s f rom th e a mbu s h o f
th e enemy Wh e re fo re f o r t wo d ays w e rem a i ne d conce a l ed i n
.
,
thi s p l a ce B u t the T u rks wea ri e d by s u ch del a y on th e th i r d d ay

.
, , ,
rush ed do wn i n a sud den on sl au ght f ro m thei r p l a ce o f h i di ng a nd ,
w ith flags flyi ng ran be fo re the st ronghold i n wh i ch we w e re ; a n d

,
th e booty wh i ch th ey foun d there i n th e past u res th ey sei zed b e fo re

ou r eyes W e went ou t a ga i nst th em ; but be cau s e we wer e t oo
.
f ew we we r e un abl e to conten d w ith th em They shot a r ro ws bu t

, .
,
woun d ed non e o f u s H ow eve r t h ey le ft i n c a m p on e o f thei r men

.
,
ki lled w ith a l a n ce H i s h or s e w a s ke p t by t h e one who u nh o rse d

.
h i m Then th e pa gan s l e ft b u t w e st aye d ther e T he fol lowi ng

.
,
.
d a y we resumed ou r j o u rn ey an d p asse d i n f ront o f th e A rmen i a n

f orts When t hey h ea rd th a t w e w ere go ing to de fend them f ro m
.
th e T u rk s unde r who se yok e they h a d fo r s o long b een o pp ress ed

, ,
i t was w on der f u l t o s ee h ow th ey a dv a nced to me et u s hu mbly a nd ,
f o r th e lov e o f G od T hey c a r rie d cros ses a nd b a nne rs a n d they

.
,
k iss ed o u r robes a nd o u r feet .
( Feb ru a ry 2 0 At l ength w e rea ched Edes s a wh ere t h e

,
a fo res a i d D u ke o f the ci ty a n d h is wi fe togethe r wi th th e citi zens , ,
gl a dly received u s ; an d wh a t h a d been p romi se d t o B a ld wi n they

fu lfi lle d a t o n ce A fter we h a d de l a yed the re fo r fi fteen d ay s th e
.
,
ci ti zen s wi ck edly p lott ed to k i l l thei r p rin ce b e c a u se they hated

hi m an d t o s et u p B a ld wi n a s r u le r ove r th e lan d in h i s p l a ce
, _ .
T hi s w as suggeste d ; an d i t w a s done B a l dwi n an d hi s men we re .
m u ch gri eved th a t they we re n ot ab le t o obtain mer cy for h im As .
so on as B al d win h a d a cce p te d a s a gi ft f ro m th e citi zen s the p rin ci

p al it y o f thi s man wh o h a d b een wi cked ly mu rd ered h e began a ,
w a r a gain st the T u rks w h o were i n th e country O ften h e con .
que red ei the r ki l li ng o r t aki ng th em p ri sone rs H oweve r i t h a p

, .
,
p ened a lso th a t m a ny o f o u r men we re k il led by th e T u rks

, , .
TH E FI R ST C RU SAD E 123
I F u lche r o f Ch a rt res w a s ch ap l a i n fo r the same B al dwi n I

, ,
.
sh a l l now resu me wh ere I le ft o ff the na rrative about th e a rmy

of G od .
4 Th e marc h
. th rou gh A rmenia .
( Th e th i r d week i n O ct ob er ,
1 09 7 )
The greate r a rmy namely Raymon d Count of S t
( G es ta ) , , ,
.
Gi lles th e mo st l e a rned B oh e mu n d D uke Go d f rey and th e othe r

, , ,
p ri n ces ente re d th e la n d o f A rmen i a th i rsti ng a nd r a ging a fte r

, ,
t he bl oo d o f th e T u rk s At length th ey c a me to a ce rtai n f ortifi ed

.
,
p l a ce wh ich wa s s o strong th a t they coul d d o n othi ng to i t T here .
w a s there h oweve r a certai n ma n n a med S i meo n wh o h a d been

, , ,
bo rn i n th a t region an d who so u ght th i s l a n d that h e might d e fen d

,
i t a ga i nst t he h ost i l e Tu rks T o h i m they w i l l i ngly gave th e lan d .

,
a n d h e rem a i n ed the re w ith h i s peo p l e T hen going f ro m thi s .

,
p l a ce ,
we came ha pp i l y to C a esare a o f C ap p adoci a Going o u t o f .
C app a do cia ho wev er w e c a me t o a ce rtain very b eau ti f u l and ex

, ,
c ee d in gl y f r u i t ful city whi ch th e Tu rk s ha d b es iege d for th ree

,
weeks be f ore ou r a r ri val b u t h a d n ot conq u e red I mme d iately upon , .
ou r ar riv a l the re i t s tr a ightw a y s ur ren de re d in to ou r han ds wit h

,
great p le a s u re A ce rt a i n kni gh t who se name was Pete r o f t h e

.
Alp s begged thi s f ro m all the s eignors t o d e fend i t i n feal ty t o God ,
the Holy S e p ul ch re the s eigno rs and the Empero r T h ey granted

, , .
i t t o hi m freely with gre a t a ffecti on O n the fol lo wi ng night B ohe

, .
m un d h e a rd th a t th e T u rks wh o ha d b een engage d i n the si ege o f

t h e city we re ah e a d o f u s i n great n u mbers S tr a i ghtw a y he ma de .
h imse l f re a dy t o att a ck them on a l l si des wi th h i s k ni ght s alon e ,
b u t h e co u l d not fi n d them Then we came t o a cert a i n ci ty Cax on .

,
by n a me i n wh i ch there wa s th e gre a test abundance o f a l l good s

,
wh ich w e needed The re u p on th e Ch ri st i a n i nh abi t a nts o f th a t ci ty

.
,
s u r rend e re d i mme di a tely an d w e rem a i ne d the re th re e d ays ve ry ,
wel l p rovi ded for an d ou r m en w e re gre a tly r e f resh ed

, .
When R a ymon d Co u n t o f St Gil les he a rd th a t the Tu rks wh o

, .
,
w ere i n custody at Ant io ch h a d with d r a wn h e concl u de d on h i s ,
own counsel th a t h e wo u l d sen d th ith e r some o f h i s kni ghts to gu a r d

t h e pl a ce diligently Then h e cho se tho se who m h e wi shed t o ap
.
p oi nt n a mely Pete r Vi scount o

, f C a sti l lon Wi llia m o f Mo ntp ell ie 1
, ,
Pete r o f R oa m Pete r R a ymon d o f H au tp ou l wi th fi ve hun dred

, ,
knights T hey c a me acco rd ingly i nto a v a l ley ne a r Anti och t o a

.
, ,
cert a i n f ortifie d p l a c e o f the P u b lic a m a n d th ere they he a rd th a t

'
the T u rk s we re i n th e c ity a n d re a dy t o d e fen d i t vi go rously Pete r .
o f R oas a the re se pa r a ted from th e othe rs a n d w ith th e a pp roa ch o f

nigh t c ro ssed ne a r Anti och an d ente red the valley o f R u gia H e .
124 TH E F I R ST C RU SAD E
f oun d T u rk s an d S a ra cen s fo u gh t with th em k i lled many o f them, , ,
an d p u rs u ed th e rest c l o sely The Armeni an i nhabi tants o f the .
l a n d seei ng th a t h e ha d b rav ely ove rcome t he pa ga n s st raigh tway

, ,
s u r rend e re d t o h i m H e i mmediately took th e c i ty o f R u s a an d

.
9
,
ve ry many fo rtifi e d p lace s .
H o wever w e wh o h a d remai ned goi ng then ce ente re d a d iab oli

, , ,
c a l mou ntai n whi ch was s o h igh an d stee p that n on e o f u s d ar ed

,
t o s tep be fo re a noth e r th ro u gh t he p a s s wh i ch wa s open i n th e

m o u nt a i n T here ho rs es fel l head long an d o ne p a ck an i mal pu sh e d
.
,
ove r ano the r Th e kn ight s stoo d there s ad ; they be a t themselve s

.
,
wi th th ei r hand s f o r thei r gre a t gri e f an d sadnes s u n ce rtai n what ,
t hey sh o u l d do abo u t th emselve s a n d thei r a rms s el l in g t h ei r shi el d s ,
a n d th ei r best b re a st p late s t ogeth er wit h the i r h el met s f o r onl y

-
, ,
'
th ree o r five d en an i o r whatev e r th ey co u l d get Th o se wh o cou l d

, .
n ot sel l the m th re w the m a way f o r n othing a n d ma rch e d on An d .
so we went ou t o f th e a ccu rs ed moun tai n an d c a me to a

ci ty ca l led M a ra sch The i nhab itant s o f th a t ci ty came ou t re
.
j o ic in g to meet u s and b ringi ng a long th e greate st m a rket Th e re

, .
we h a d al l s u pp l i es wh i le w e wai te d fo r Lo rd B oh emu n d to ar rive .
An d t h u s ou r k nights re a ched th e vall ey i n wh i ch i s s ituate d th e

rega l ci ty o f An tio ch the ca p it a l o f all Sy ri a whi ch the Lo r d J esu s
, ,
Ch ri st h a n de d ov er to th e bles sed Pete r chi e f o f the A p ostl es t o

re c a l l to th e w o r sh i p o f the t rue faith —th e sam e L o rd J es u s wh o
, ,
l iveth an d rei gneth wi th Go d th e Fa the r i n u nity with the H oly ,
Gho st fo rever and eve r Amen

, . .
When we h a d beg u n t o a p p roach th e I ron B ri dge ou r advan ce ,
gu a rd wh o we re accu sto med t o p re ced e u s f o u n d i nnumerabl e

, ,
T u rks a ssemb led to meet u s They were o n t he i r way t o giv e a id t o .
Antioch Acco rdi ngly ou r men r u sh ed u pon them w i th on e h e a rt

.
,
and on e mi n d an d ove rcame the T u rks T h e b a rb a rian s w e re .
th ro wn i nto con stern a ti on and fl ed an d many o f them di ed i n th e ,
str u ggle O u r men th e re fo re hav i ng d e fe at ed th em by the gra ce

.
, ,
o f God ,ca pt u red great s p oil s h ors e s c a mel s m u l es asse s l aden fi
, , ,
w ith gr a in a n d win e At l ength o u r men wen t a n d en cam p ed o n

.
the b a nk o f th e ri ve r Fo rthwi th th e w i se man B oh e mu n d wen t

.
, , ,
with fo u r thou san d k night s t o watch be fo r e th e gat e o f the c ity ,
( to see ) wheth e r p erchan ce anyone wa s l e a vi ng o r ente ri ng the

, ,
ci ty secretly by n ight .
( R a y mon d ) An d s o a fter conque ring an d s catteri ng the Tu rk s

, ,
w e c a me p e a ce fu lly a n d q u i ckly a c ro ss Romani a u p to Anti och .
B ut the Co u nt ke p t h i s a rmy a sh o rt d i stan ce beh i n d becau se o f hi s

il l ness A ce rt a in in ci d ent b ro u gh t a bo u t by d ivi ne clemen cy sho u l d
.
n o t be p a ssed i n si l en ce even th ough w e knew th a t i t wo u l d b e

,
126 T H E FI R ST CRU S AD E
th at t hey we re fleei ng we re w ith u s dai ly b u t thei r wive s were in

, ,
t h e ci ty I n deed th ey c r a f ti ly i nvesti ga ted ou r cond it ion a n d

.
,
st rength an d re p o rte d ev erythi ng to those exco mmuni cate wh o w e re

shut u p i n th e city B u t a fter th e T u rks h a d b een i n f ormed o f
.
o u r condi t 1 on they began li ttl e by l ittle to go ou t f rom the city

,
an d to ha ra s s o u r p i lgri ms not only on o ne S i d e but on al l s i d es , , ,
fo r they w e re i n h i di ng eve rywh ere f ro m s ea to mountain t o , ,
meet u s .
M o reov er the re was at n o great d i stan ce a ce rtai n fo rt res s n a med

,
A regh whe re m a ny ve ry brav e T u rk s wh o f requently di stu rbed

, ,
ou r men we re ga the red

,
Th e reu p on wh en ou r s eignors hea rd su ch
.
,
re p o rts they we re ex ceedingly s or ry a nd sent some o f th e

, ,
kn igh ts to ex p l o r e c a re f u l ly th e p l a ce whe re the T u rk s we re When .
th ey h a d f o u n d th e p l ace whe r e th ey we re conce a le d o u r ,
knights w ho we re seeki ng them enco u ntere d them B ut whi l e o u r

, ,
.
men wer e reti ring l itt l e by litt l e to the place wh e re th ey kn ew B oh e

m u n d w a s lo cate d w it h hi s a rmy t wo o f the m wer e i mmedi atel y ,
ki lled B oh emu n d u p o n he a r ing o f th i s a ro se w ith hi s men like

.
, , ,
th e b r a vest a thlete o f Ch ri st The ba rba ri an s r u sh ed agai nst th em .

,
’
bec a use ou r men we re f ew ; yet uni ted they en tere d b a ttle Ve ri ly , , .
m a ny o f ou r en emy we re kil led an d othe rs t a ken c ap t ive b e fo re , ,
th e ga tes o f th e city we re the re beh e a ded i n o rde r that tho se who

, ,
w e re i n th e city m igh t be come th e s a dd e r Others i n d eed u sed to .

, ,
come ou t f ro m t he city an d cli mb u p on a cert a i n g a t e a n d s hoo r

a rrow s a t u s s o th a t thei r a rrow s fe l l i nto th e c a m p o f Lo rd B ohe
,
mun d and o ne wom a n w a s k i lle d by th e sho t o f an a r ro w A c

, .
c ord ingly a l l ou r l e a d ers as sembled a n d hel d a co u nci l

,
saying , ,
“
Let u s b u i ld a fo rt ress on the t op o f M t M a rega rt 10
a m ount .
,
above t h e h ost s o f B oh e mu n d by me a n s o f whi ch we ca n remai n ,

”
se c u re and s a f e f ro m th e fe a r o f th e Tu rks And s o when thi s .
fo rtre ss was b uilt a n d fo rtifi ed a l l th e l e a d ers g u arde d i t i n tu rn , .
( y
R a m o n d ) S in ce th e o c casio n o ffe rs i tsel f to u s w e o u ght to ,
s p e a k a bo u t Anti o ch a n d i ts l oc a tio n s o th a t th e ba ttl es a n d

a ssa u lts w h i ch wer e m a de there may be e a sily un de rstoo d by
tho se wh o h av e n ot s een i t T here is a ce rt a i n p lai n a mong th e .
mountai n s o f Leb a n on wh i ch i n w i dth i s o ne d ay s t r a vel an d i n ’
length a day and a hal f Th i s p l a i n h as on its w est ern s i d e a ce r

.
tai n sw a m p ; o n t he e a st a r ive r wh i ch a fte r en ci rcl ing a ce rt a i n

, ,
a rt o f thi s p l a i n s o w in ds b a ck to the foot o f the mount a i ns wh i ch

p ,
a re i n the mi d d l e o f th a t l a nd th a t the re i s n o p a ss a ge between the
mo u ntai n s an d the st re a m an d th u s i t fl o ws i nto the M edit err a nean

, ,
whi ch i s ve ry clo se to Anti och M o reove r Antio ch i s so situ a ted .

,
i n th ose passes whi ch the rive r cl inging t o th e a fo resai d mountai ns , ,

T H E F I R S T C RU SA D E
H o wev e r s i n ce the se m a tte rs had become cle a rly known in th e

,
cam p B oh emu nd w a s cho se n t o go ou t again st th em M o reove r

,
.
,
the Counts o f Flan de rs an d N o rman dy set ou t w i th hi m Th ey .
co u l d n ot lea d o u t mo re than on e h u nd red and fi fty knight s an d had ,
n ot th e sha me o f ret u rning re st r a i ned them t h ey wo u l d hav e tu rned ,
b a ck becau s e o f the few knight s Thu s Go d u rgi ng them they .

, ,
s et fo rth f ound the enemy an d pu rs u ed them an d fo rce d them to

,
d est ru ction i n th e r iv e r Wh en they had t hus gai ned th e v i ctor y

.
a n d s p oi l s they retu rned with great exu ltati o n t o th e c a m p I n

, .
the meanwh i le th e Genoe se shi ps had l a nde d on the coast wh i ch wa s ,
about ten mi le s f rom th e c a mp That p la ce mo reove r wa s cal led .

, ,
th e Po rt o f S t S i me on . .
An d no w the en emy going f orth from the ci ty l ittl e by l ittl e

, ,
k i l l ed th e sq u i res o r p e a s a nts wh o we re he rdi ng th e ho rses a n d

catt le beyond th e river an d they took gre a t p lu nde r i nto the ci ty
,
.
Fo r we ha d p l a ced th e tent s ne a r the rive r an d had made a b ri dge

o f the shi p s wh i ch we re fo u n d t h e re H owev er the ci ty al so ha d a .
,
b ri dge wh i ch was on th e l ower w est e rn co rne r an d the re was a

, ,
c ert a i n li ttle mo u nt a i n op p osite u s wh e re t he re w e re t w o mosques ,
an d some cas a l iai o f t omb s We menti on these things mo reove r .

, ,
that the d eed s wh i ch w e w i l l de scribe as done th e re w ill be easily

'
cl e a r Ju st as we sai d wh en the boldnes s o f th e en emy ha d some

.
,
what i nc re a sed ou r men goi ng fo rth f rom t he cam p t hough fre

, ,
q u ently fewe r th a n th e enemy we re nev e rth el ess n ot a f r a i d to , , ,
a ttack them T he T u rks h owever though f requently scatte red an d

.
, ,
p u t to fl ight ro se u p ,
ag a i n for batt le th ere not only beca u se they ,
h a d th e swi ftest ho rses a n d we re n imble an d u nb u rdened w ith arms ,
othe r th a n bo ws but a l so bec au se i n the b ri dge wh i ch w e have

, ,
mentio ne d t h ey h a d a h ope o f re f u ge They lo oke d f o rw a r d to

, .
th e ch a n ce o f sh o oti ng a r rows at a di st a n ce f ro m th e littl e mo u n

tai n fo r t hei r b ri dge was a bou t on e mi le d i stan t f ro m ou r b ri dge
,
.
O n th e p l a i n mo reove r whi ch la y between th e t w o b ridges th ere

, ,
we re con stant a s s au l ts a n d d a ily fight s I t h app en ed i n deed at th e .

, ,
begi nni ng o f t he siege th a t the Coun t a nd th e B i sh o p o f Puy placed

th ei r c a m p ne a r th e rive r and th u s nea rer th e enemy they we re
, ,
mo st f req u ently a ttacked by t hem An d s o i t c a me ab ou t th rough .
a ss a u lt s o f thi s ki n d th a t they lo st al l thei r h o rses becau se th e ,
T u rks n ot p re pare d to figh t w i th l a nce s or swo rd s b u t wi th a r

, ,
row s at a d i st a nce were t o be fe a red wh i le they fl ed a s well a s

, ,
wh en they p u rsued .
TH E FI R ST C RU SAD E 129
6 S u mmar y
.
f ma rc h t o A n tio ch an d th e beginning of t h e
o th e
s ieg e ( J un e 2 8 November
.
-
( A n s e l m ) H oweve r m oving c a m p f rom N i caea on the,

f o u rth
d ay be fo re th e Ka l en ds o f J uly w e ke p t t o the m a rch f o r th ree ,
d a ys O n the fou rth d ay th e T u rks with f or ces gathe re d f rom a ll

.
, ,
s id es aga i n a tt a cked a sm a lle r p a rt o f o u r a rmy ; mo reove r they

, ,
k ill ed many o f ou r men an d d rove al l the res t withi n the c a mp

itsel f T h e men i n comm a nd o f thi s p a rt o f the a rmy we re B 0 h e
.
m u nd Co unt o f th e Rom a n s
,
11
Count Ste p hen a n d th e Count o f , ,
Fl a nd ers To these i n s u ch f e a r f u l str a i ts th er e s u d den ly a pp e a re d

.
th e stan da r d s o f th e la rge r a rmy ; i n t he f ront rode H u gh th e Gre a t ,
a n d the D u ke o f Lo rr a i ne but th e Co u n t o f S t Gilles as wel l a s ,

.
,
th e ven e r abl e B i sho p o f P u y w e re foll o w i ng F o r t hey had he a rd ,

.
o f th e b a ttl e a n d were h a steni ng to thei r a i d M o reove r th e T u rk s .

,
a re esti mated a s u p on wh om o u r men a dv a n ced ki lling ,
m a ny and f or cing the rest to fl ight O n thi s day I retu rne d f ro m .
th e Em p e ro r to w h o m th e p ri n ces h a d sent me fo r ou r common

,
-
i nt erest Fro m thi s day o u r p rin ce s re ma in ing togeth er i n on e

.
,
a rmy di d not se p a r a te f rom each othe r An d wh i le w e were th u s

,
.
c ro ssi ng th e regi on s o f Rom a nia a nd Armen ia we fo u n d n o obsta cle ,
exce p t th a t a fter we ha d p a ssed I coni u m ou r a dv a n ce guard en

cou ntered a few T u rk s T hese w e re pu t to fl i g h t a nd on th e twel fth
.
,
day be fo re th e K a len d s o f N ovembe r we lai d s i ege t o Ant ioch

Th en we took by fo rce t h e n eighbo ring citi e s o f T a rs u s and L a o
d icaea O ne day ho wev e r be fo r e we h a d su rroun de d the c ity i n
.
, ,
si ege we pu t t o fl ight a t the I ron B ri dge some T u rk s w h o h a d gone

,
o u t to dev a st a te th e regi on an d w e snat ch ed f rom t hem m a ny ,
Ch ri st i a n s ; mo reove r we led back ho rs es an d c a me l s ( la d en ) wit h

,
-
ve ry gre a t p l u nde r B u t a fter we h a d s u r ro u n ded th e ci ty i n si ege

.
,
t h e Tu rk s o f th e ne a rest castle were d a i ly ki l li ng tho se o f th e

'
a rmy goi ng i n an d out The p rinces o f ou r a rmy c a me u p on the m

.
i n h i ding a nd kil led fou r h u n d re d o f th em an d d rove others h e a d

l ong into a ce rt a i n rive r S ome h ow eve r they b rought a l ong with .
, ,
t hem .
Kno w that w e a re besieging Antio ch with al l d iligence to t a ke i t

ve ry sho rtly a s we th ink We a re a bu nd a n tly s u pp l i ed with gr a in
, .
,
w ine oil an d al l goo ds beyo nd bel ie f H o weve r I a s k y ou a n d

, ,
.
,
a l l t o whom thi s lette r shal l h a v e come to p r a y Go d fo r u s a n d fo r
o u r de a d Th e f ol l owing a re tho se wh o h a ve p e ri sh ed i n a rms : A t

.
N i c a e a B a l dwi n o f Ghent B a ldwi n Ch a l d ernns wh o w a s th e fi rs t

, , ,
to d o battl e wi th th e T u rks O n the K a l end s o f J uly i n b a ttl e .

,
Robert o f P a ri s Lis ia rd o f Flan ders H il d u in o f M a zinga rbe A n

, , ,
s el l u s o f Ca i nm M a n a sse s o f Cl ermont , Th e fol lowing a re tho se .

w ho di ed i n p e a ce at N i c a e a : W id o o f Vi try Od o o f Va rne u il , ,
H u gh o f Rh ei ms ; a t t he c a stle S parn n m th e v ene rabl e a bbot Roge r , ,
my ch ap l a i n ; at Anti o ch Ala r d o f S pinialc wm H u gh o f Cal niac n m

,
2
,
.
1
Ag a i n a n d a ga i n I u rge y ou re a ders o f thi s lette r t o p ray f o r u s , , ,
a n d y ou Lo rd A rchbish o p n ot to d elay recommen ding th e same

, ,
t a s k to you r bi sho p s An d know f o r a f a ct th a t w e h a ve a cq u i red

.
t wo h u n d re d citi es a n d fo rtresses for th e Lo rd Let the M oth er .
Ch u rch o f the West b e j oy f u l ; S h e wh o ha s b o rn e s u ch o ff s p ri n g

t o a cq u i re so gl o ri o u s a n a me fo r h e r an d to ai d so ma rvel ou sly th e
Ch u rch o f th e E a st An d th a t y ou may beli eve th i s ( t o b e gen u i n e )
.
,
know th a t y ou h a ve sen t m e a t ap est ry th rough R aymon d o f Ca s

s el Fa rewell
1 3
. .
( T h e C ru s a d ing P rin c es
) B oh e mund son o f Robe rt and Ray
.
, ,
mon d Co u nt o f S t Gil le s l ike wi se D u ke God frey an d H ugh th e

,
.
,
Grea t to th e lo rd s a n d v a s s a l s o f th e wh ol e wo rl d wh o che ri sh th e
,
C a th oli c f a ith in ho p e o f eterna l li fe .
I n o rder th a t i t may be kn own to a l l h o w pe a ce ha s been m a d e be

tween o u rselv es an d th e Em p ero r a n d h o w i t h a s f a re d w ith u s ,
i n the land o f t h e S a r a cen s s in ce w e h av e come the re w e are send ,
i ng to y ou th i s o u r l eg a te wh o wil l d i ligently set fo rth i n o rde r al l

, ,
th a t h as been don e by u s .
T he fi rst m a tte r t o b e tol d i s th a t th e Em p e ro r i n th e mi ddle o f ,
May p l edged u s h i s f a i th a nd secu r ity o n oath givi ng u s l i kewi se

, , , ,
ho st a ges n a mely h i s n e p hew an d h i s son in law

,
I n a ddi ti on t o - -
thi s h e ad d ed th a t he wo u ld not f u rthe r attem p t to molest any

,
i l gri m to the H o l y S e u l ch re L at e r h e sent hi s r o t opa tr on

“
p p p .
,
th ro u gh a l l hi s l a n d sendi ng h i m even to D u r a z zo an d comm an ded

, ,
th a t n o on e sh o u l d d a re to h a rm any p i l gri m ; th a t i f any one S h ou ld

v i ol a te th i s comm a n d h e wo u l d fi tt in gl y s u ffe r th e p enalty o f h a ng
,
i ng i nst a n tl y Wh a t mo re ? Let u s ret u rn n ow to th ese m a tters by

.
wh i ch yo u r he a rts sh ou l d be fil led with th e greatest j oy .
At th e en d o f th e month o f Ma y i n dee d w e m a de a st a nd to do , ,
b a ttle with the T u r k s Th a nks to G o d howev e r we ove rc a me th em

.
, , .
O f th em mo reove r thi rty tho u s a n d a re un do u bted ly de a d ; o f u s

, ,
b u t th re e th o u s a n d rest i n p e a ce who a re wi thout any d oubt glo ry

‘
,
ing i n etern a l li fe Th ere i n deed a l l o f u s gai ned i n cou ntl es s

.
, ,
me a s u re a n a b u n d a n ce o f gol d S i l ver an d p reci o u s g a rments a s , , ,
well a s a rmo r We a lso sei z ed the h u ge city o f N i caea w ith gre a t

.
’
v a l o r a n d b eyon d i t we a cq u i red fo rt s an d t owns a l ong a t en d a ys
,
j o u rn ey A fte r th i s h owever w e eng a ged i n a great b a ttl e a t

.
, ,
Anti och wh i ch we b r a vely won t o s u ch an extent that o f thei r ,
n u mbe r seventy tho u s a n d were ki l l ed b u t o f ou r o w n only ten ,
th ou s a n d li e de a d i n p e a ce Wh o ha s seen s u ch j oy ? F o r whethe r
.
th rough th e mi dst o f A rmeni a we rout e d the u ns p e ak a ble Tu rks ,
who h a d i ncess a ntly follo wed u s ( a n d p u rsu ed t hem ) u p to the ,
gre a t E u p h r a tes rive r an d even t o th e b a nk o f thi s rive r whe re ,
they d ro p p ed a ll thei r b a gga ge a n d p a ck sa dd les a n d fl ed th ro u gh

th e ri ve r i nto A r a b i a B ut th e b r a v er o f t h ese T u rks ente ring
.
,
Syr i a h a stened by f o rced m a r ches n ight an d day i n o rde r th a t they

, ,
migh t ente r th e roy a l city o f An ti o ch be f ore ou r a r riv a l Th e w hole .
a rmy o f God h owev er u p on le a rning o f th i s

, , ( v i cto ry ) g a ve fi tting ,
th a nks a n d p r a i s e t o th e O mni p ot ent Lo rd .
( S ime on a n d A d h ema r ) S i meon Pat ri a rch o f J e ru s a l em and

.
,
Adhem a r 16
B i sho p o f S t M a ry o f Puy e s p e ci a lly th e l a tte r who
, .
, ,
rece ived f rom Po p e U rb a n cha rge o f the Ch ri sti a n a rmy ; greeti ng ,
p e a ce a n d ete rn a l s a lv a t ion f ro m o u r Go d a n d Lo rd J es u s Ch ri st
, .
By c ommon a dv i ce w e clergy b isho p s and monk s a s wel l a s , , ,
d u kes count s a n d oth e r le a d i ng l aymen a re sendi ng ( envoys ) t o

, ,
y o u wi th most u rgent p r a yers f o r th e s a lv a t ion o f you r s o u l s We .
a dmoni sh a ll who d we l l i n th e n orthe rn region s o f the West n o t
t o del a y c oming t o u s H oweve r let t hos e com e a bov e all wh o d e

.
,
-
s i re thei r s a lv a t ion a n d h a ve bodily health an d means fo r th e

j o u rney Eve n tho u gh y ou c a n come w ith b u t l ittl e Go d Almighty
.
,
wil l p rov i de fo r yo u s o th a t you may l ive W e Ch ri sti a ns most .

,
beloved b reth ren a re i n Rom a ni a Tho u gh with gre a t di fficulty

, .
,
w e h a ve n eve rth eless conque red th e l a rge ci ty o f N i c a e a a n d s u b

, ,
j e c t e d i t to ou r s w a y We h a ve fo u gh t t h ree b a ttles ; ou r a rmy h as

.
moved f rom Ni c a e a t o An tioch ; an d we h av e t aken by sto rm m a ny

othe r c iti es a n d fo rtre sses o f th e T u rks We h a ve a h u n dred .
tho u s a n d mo u nted kni ghts a nd armo re d men b u t wh a t o f i t ? We ,
a re f ew i n c om pa ri so n w ith t h e
p a g a ns b ut v e ri ly God is fighting ,
i n ou r beh a l f I n thi s conn ecti on he a r too b reth ren the mi r a cle

.
, , , ,
whi ch th e s a me most h oly P at ri a rch commen ds to a ll Ch ri s ti a ns

h o w th e Lo rd H i msel f a p pe a red t o hi m i n a v i si on p romi s ing th a t ,
e a ch o ne n ow eng a ged in th is ex p edi ti on wil l m a rch be fo re H i m

o n th a t a w f u l l a st d a
y o f J u dg ment we a ring a c ro wn T he re fo re .
,
si nce y o u wel l kn ow th a t tho se wh o h a ve rem a i ned ap ost a te i n

deed a fter h a v i ng been signe d wi th th e cross a re i n t ruth e x c om
, ,
mu n icat e we a dmoni sh a n d beseech y o u t o smite th em a l l with t h

,
swo rd o f a n a them a if they d o not m a k e h a ste to f ol l o w u s so th a t

, ,
by next E a s te r th ey may be where we a re i n Rom a ni a F a re wel l . .
B e mi nd fu l o f u s who a re l a bo ring night an d d ay P r ay fo r u s . .
7 . Th e foraging f ex pe d i ti on B oh e mu n d
R obert of F l a n d ers
o an d .
( D ecember 2 8 1 09 7 Ja n u a ry 2 (
,
-
( G es ta ) N o w gr a in a n d a l l food bega n to b e e x cess ive l y de a r

b e fo re the bi rth d a y o f the Lo rd We di d n ot d a re to go o u tsi de ;
.
T H E FI RS T C RUSAD E 1 33
w e co ul d fin d absolutely nothing t o eat withi n th e land o f the

C h ri sti a ns a nd no one dare d t o enter th e lan d o f the S a r a cen s w i th
,
o u t a grea t a rmy At last holdi ng a coun ci l o u r s e ignors deci ded

.
,
h o w t hey might c a re fo r s o m a ny p eo p l e T hey co nclu de d i n th e .
c oun ci l th a t on e p a rt o f ou r for c e shoul d go ou t d i ligently to co l

lect f oo d a nd to gu a r d the a rmy ev erywh e re wh i le the othe r p a rt ,
sho u ld remain fai th ful ly to watch th e ene my At length B oh emu n d .

,
s a i d S eign ors an d mo st d i st ing u i she d k nights i f you w ish an d i t

, , , ,
s eems hono rabl e a n d good t o y o u I wi ll b e t h e o ne to go o u t w ith ,
th e Coun t o f Flan d ers on th i s q u est ”

A cco rd ingly when the s e r .
,
vi ces o f the N a tivity had been most glo ri ou sly celeb r a ted o n Mo n
d ay th e second da y o f th e week the y a n d mo re th a n t went y
, ,
tho u s a n d knights an d f ootme n went fo rth a nd ente red the l a nd o f

the S a r a cen s s a f e a nd unh a rmed
, .
Th ere wer e as semb le d i n dee d m a ny Tu rks A rab s a n d S a r a cen s

, , , ,
f ro m Je r u salem Damasc u s Ale p po an d othe r region s wh o w ere

, , , ,
o n thei r w ay t o rein fo rce Ant io ch S o wh en they h e a r d th a t a . .

,
Ch risti a n ho st w as b eing led i nto thei r l a n d they m a de them ,
s elv es re a dy there fo r b a ttl e a gai nst the Ch ri st i a n s a nd a t e a rl i est ,
d ayb re a k they c a me to the p l a ce where ou r p eop le we re g a th ered

togethe r The b a rba rian s divi d ed themselves an d fo rmed t wo ba t
.
t le l ines one i n f ron t an d on e behi n d seeking to s u rroun d u s f rom

, ,
every si de The wo rthy Count o f Fl a nde rs th ere fo re gi rt abou t on

.
, ,
a l l s id es w i th t h e a rmo r o f t ru e faith a n d th e S i gn o f the c ross ,
wh i ch he loya lly wo re d a i ly wen t aga i nst them togethe r wi th B ohe

, ,
m u nd a nd ou r men rushed u p on them a l l togethe r They i mme

, .
diat el y took t o fligh t a nd hasti ly tu rned thei r b a cks ; very m a ny o f

them were ki lle d a n d ou r men t ook thei r ho rs es a nd othe r s p oi ls
, .
B u t othe rs who ha d rem a i ne d al iv e fl e d swi f tly a nd went a w a y

, ,
t o the w r a th o f p erdi ti on We h oweve r ret u rn ing with gre a t re

.
, ,
j o ic ing p r a i sed a n d m a gn ified God Th ree i n O ne wh o l iv eth a nd

, , ,
r ei gneth now a n d f o reve r Amen ,

.
Fi n a l ly the T u rk s i n t h e city o f Antio ch en emi es o f Go d a nd

, ,
H oly Ch ri sti anity he a ring th a t Lo r d B oh emu nd an d th e Coun t o f

,
Fl a n ders we re n ot i n th e s iege came ou t fro m the ci ty a n d boldly ,
a dv a nce d to do battle w ith u s Kno wi ng th a t th os e most v a l i a nt

.
kn ights wer e a way they lay i n a mb u sh for u s everywhe re mo re e s

, ,
p ec iall y on th a t si d e where th e siege w a s l a gging One Wedn esd a y .
they fo u n d that they co u l d resi st an d h u rt u s T he mos t i niq u ito u s .
b a rb a rian s came ou t c a utio u sly an d r u sh i ng v iol ent ly u p on u s , ,
ki lled many o f ou r knights a n d foot s old i e rs wh o we re o ff thei r -
g u a rd Ev en the B i sho p o f Pu y on th a t bi tte r d ay l ost hi s sene

.
sc h a l w h o w a s c a r ry ing a nd m a n a ging h is st a n da rd An d ha d i t
, .
1 34 T H E FI R S T C RU S AD E
not b een fo r the st ream wh i ch was between u s a nd them they ,
wo u l d h a ve a tt a cke d u s mo re o ften a n d done th e gre a test hu rt t o

o u r p eo p le .
At t h a t t im e t he famo u s ma n B oh e mu n d , a dv a n ci ng w ith hi s a rmy

,
f rom the land o f t he S a r a cens c a me t o th e mount a i n o f Tan cre d ,

17
,
wond ering wh ethe r p erch a n c e h e co u l d fi n d a nyth ing t o car ry a w a y ,
f o r they w ere r a ns a cki ng t he whol e regi on S ome i n truth fo un d .

, ,
somethi ng bu t oth ers wen t a w a y em p ty h a nded

,
Th en the w is e -
.
“
ma n B oh e mu n d u pb r a i de d them saying :
, ,
Oh u nh a pp y a nd m os t , ,
w ret ch ed p eo pl e ! 0 most vi le o f a l l Ch ri st i a ns ! Why d o y ou w a nt

,
t o go a w a y s o qu ickly ? On l y s to p ; stop u nti l we sh a ll a l l b e g a th

e red togeth e r a n d d o not w a n d e r abo u t l ike sh ee p wi thout a sh e p
,
-
h e rd M o reove r i f th e enemy fi n d y ou w a n de ring they wi ll ki l l

.
, ,
you fo r they a re wa t ch ing by night a n d by d ay t o fin d you a lone

, ,
o r r a nging a bo u t i n gro u p s w i thou t a le a de r ; a n d they a re s triving

”
d a i ly t o ki l l y ou a n d le a d y o u int o c ap tivi ty Wh en h i s wo rd s .
w e re fi n ish ed h e retu rn e d to hi s c a m p with hi s men mo re empty

, ,
h a n de d th a n l a den .
( R ay mon d ) An d s in ce a l re a dy i n th e th i rd month o f th e s i ege

food wa s bought too de a rly B oh e mu n d a n d th e Co u n t o f Fl a nd e rs
,
wer e ch osen to le a d an a rmy i nt o H is pa nia fo r f ood the Cou nt

18
,
a n d t he B i sho p o f Pu y being le f t a s a g u a rd i n t he c a m p Fo r the .
Coun t o f N o rm a n dy wa s away a t the t ime a n d th e D u ke w a s ve ry ,
i ll H oweve r when t h e enemy le a rne d thi s th ey re p e a ted thei r

.
, ,
cu stom a ry a s s a u lts Th e Co u nt mo reove r w a s compell ed to at

.
, ,
t a ck th em in hi s u s u a l m a nne r a n d a fter fo rming th e r a nks o f th e

!
f oot sold i e rs h e wi th som e kn ight s p u rs u e d th e a s s a i l a nts

-
, ,
He , .
c a p tu red a n d ki l l ed two o f them on th e s l o p e o f th e l ittle mount a i n

a n d fo rce d a ll th e enemy to ent e r by th e b ri dge A s o u r foot .
s ol di e rs s a w th i s th ey l e f t th ei r p o sts a n d th ei r st a nd a rd s a n d ra n
,
i n a mob u p to th ei r b ridges An d wh en the re a s i f a l re a dy i n .

,
s a fety they c a s t stones a n d we a p o ns u p on t ho se who we re de fen ding

,
the b ri dge Th e T u rk s a ft e r fo rming a li ne beg a n to rush a g a in st

.
, ,
o u r men by th e b ri dge a n d by a a th wh i ch w lo wer down

p a s .
M e a n whi l e ou r knights ch a sed tow a rd o u r b ri dge a ce rt a in ho rs e

,
wh ose m a ste r they h a d ove rth rown Wh en ou r p eo p le s a w thi s .

,
thi nki ng o u r kn ight s i n flight th ey sh owed thei r b a cks t o the a t ,
t a ck o f th e enemy witho u t del a y T hen th e T u rks ki l le d wi th out .
ce a sing thos e wh o fl ed Ev en i f the knights o f the Fr a nk s w i she d

.
t o resist a n d fight fo r th ei r p eo p l e they we re c a u ght by the c ro wd o f ,
fleeing f ootmen by th ei r a rms an d by th e m a nes a n d t a i l s o f th e

, ,
ho rses a nd were ei th e r th rown f rom thei r h o rses o r o u t o f com

, , ,
p a ssi on a n d reg a r d f o r the s a fety o f thei r p eo p l e we re b ro u ght t o ,

136 TH E F I RST C RU SAD E
ev er th e T u rks a n d th e A r a b s comi ng a ga inst th e Co u nt o f Fl a n
, ,
de rs s a w th a t th e a ffa i r w a s n ot to b e cond u cted a t a d i st a n ce w i th

,
a r ro ws b u t a t clo se q ua rters wi th swo rd s they tu rne d i n flight

, ,
.
Th e Co u nt follo wed them f o r t w o miles a n d i n th i s s p a ce he s a w ,
th e bo di es o f th e k i lled ly ing like b u n dl es o f gr a i n r e ap ed i n th e

fi eld Th e ambu shes wh i ch B oh emu n d ha d en counte re d w ere sc a t
.
t e re d a n d p u t to fl ight i n th e same way B u t th e co untl ess ho rde .
o f foot sol di e rs o f w hi ch w e s p oke a bov e s l i p p ed a w a y i n fl igh t

-
, ,
th rough p l a ce s i m pa s s abl e to h o rses I w o u l d d a re I s a y we re i t .

, ,
n ot a rroga nt t o j u dge to p l a ce thi s b a tt le a h e a d o f th e fights o f

,
the M a cc abees s in ce i f M a c cabae u s with th ree th ousan d felled

,
f orty eigh t tho u san d o f the enemy mo re th a n si xty tho u san d o f th e

-
e nemy w ere h ere tu rn e d i n fl ight by a fo rce o f f o rty kn ights I .
d o not i ndeed belittl e the v a l o r o f th e M a cc a bees n o r ex a lt the

, , ,
v a lo r o f ou r kn ight s bu t I s ay th a t G o d then m a rvelou s i n M a cca

, ,
b ae u s w a s no w mo re ma rvel ou s i n ou r t ro o p s
, .
A ( st r a nge ) resu lt o f thi s a chi evemen t was that a fte r th e en emy

h a d b een p u t t o fl igh t t h e cou r a ge o f o u r men d ec re a sed s o th a t ,
th ey di d not dar e to pu rs u e tho se whom th ey s a w h e a dlong i n

fl ight Ac cordingly wh en the a rmy ret u rne d v i cto ri o u s a n d em p ty
.
,
h a nd ed th e re w a s s u ch f a min e i n th e c a m p th a t two s ol id i we re
,
s c a rcely en ough to kee p one man i n b re a d fo r a day n o r wer e othe r ,
thi ngs to b e obt a i ned les s d ea rly .
8 . S nfi erings in
f
ca mp bef ore A n tioch .
( J anua ry M arch -
( Ges ta ) When the Armen ians a n d Syri a ns h oweve r s a w th a t , ,
ou r m en w ere ret u rning u tte rly em p ty h a n de d th ey counsel led t o -
gethe r an d wen t a w a y th ro u gh th e mo u nt a in s an d p l a ce s o f whi ch

th ey h a d p revi o u s kno wledge makin g s u btl e i nq u i ry an d b u yi ng ,
grai n a n d othe r b od ily s u sten a n ce Th i s th ey b ro u ght to the c a mp .

,
i n wh ich h unge r w a s gre a t beyon d me a s u re an d th ey sol d a s ingl e ,
a s s lo a d fo r eight p wh i ch i s wo rt h h u n d re d a n d t wenty
p er re o n e
-
s oli d i o f d e n a rii T he re i n deed many o f ou r men di ed bec a us e th ey

.
, ,
di d not h a ve the me a n s whe rewit h to buy at s u ch a dear p ric e .
Wi l l i a m C a r p ente r a n d Pete r th e He rmi t sec retly le ft bec a u se o f

th e gre a t s o rro w and mi se ry Tan cred p u rs u ed a n d caught th em .
a n d b ro u ght them b a ck i n d i sgr a ce They ga v e h i m a p le d ge th a t .
th ey wo u l d ret u rn wi llingly t o c a m p an d ren de r s a ti s f a cti on t o th e

s e ign o rs Then Wi l l i a m l a y a l l th a t n igh t like a n ev i l th i ng in the
.
, ,
tent o f B oh emu n d On th e next d ay a t e a rly d a wn h e c a me sh a me

.
fa c e dl y a n d stood i n th e p resen ce o f B oh e mu n d who a dd ressi ng , ,
hi m s a i d O th e mi s f o rt u ne a n d i n f a my o f a ll Fr a nce the dis

, , , ,
gr a ce a nd vi l l a i ny o f G a ul ! O most evi l o f al l wh om th e e a rth ,

TH E FI RS T C RUS AD E 1 37
endu re s ! Why di d y ou s o v i lely fl ee ? W a s i t p e rch a nce fo r th e , ,
reason tha t y ou w ished to bet r ay th ese kni gh ts a n d the h ost o f

”
Ch r ist a s y ou b et r aye d othe rs i n H is pa nia ?
,
H e w a s enti rely
s i lent and no s p eech p roceeded f ro m h i s mou th Almost al l tho se .
o f Frank i sh ra ce gath ered togethe r a n d humbly a ske d Lo r d B oh e
m u n d no t t o let anyt hi ng w o rse b e fal l h im H e n odd e d w i th c a l m .

,
“
count en a nc e a n d s a i d T o thi s I wi l lingly cons en t for l ove o f y ou
, , ,
i f h e wi ll s we a r to me wi th h i s who le he a rt an d m in d th a t h e wi l l
nev e r wi thd r a w f ro m the ma rch to J e rusal em whethe r fo r good ,
o r evi l ; an d i f T a n cre d wi l l agree n ot t o le t anyth i ng untow a rd b e
fal l h i m eithe r th rough h i m or hi s men

,
When W il l i a m h a d .
hear d these wo rd s h e wi llingly a greed and B oh emu n d fo rth wi th

, ,
d i smis se d h i m Late r in deed Ca r p ente r c a ught i n th e gre a test

.
, , ,
v i l l a i ny slip p ed aw ay by st ealth wi thou t long del a y T h i s p overty

,
.
a nd w ret ch edness Go d meted ou t to u s b e ca u s e o f o u r sin s Thu s .
i n t he whol e a rmy n o one cou l d fin d a thou s a n d kn ights w h o h a d

h o rses o f the b est ki nd .
M e a nwhi l e th e h os ti le Te tigns u pon h e a ring th a t the a rmy o f ,
th e Tu rks had com e u pon u s sai d th a t h e w a s a f r a i d th i nking th a t , ,
we w oul d all p eri sh an d fal l i nto th e h a n d s o f the enemy F a bri .
c a ting al l the f a lsehood s wh i ch he coul d i ndu st ri ou sly sc a tte r h e ,

“
s ai d : S eigno rs an d most i llust ri ous m en y ou s ee that w e a re h ere ,
i n the gre a tes t n ee d an d a id i s comi ng t o u s f rom n o s i de S o

,
.
p e rmi t me now t o retu rn to my count ry o f Rom a n i a a n d I wi ll , ,
for ce rtai n ca u se m a ny shi ps to come h ith e r by s ea l a den w ith

, ,
gra in w i ne b a rl ey m e a t bu tter a n d chees e a n d al l the goo d s

, , , , , ,
whi ch you n eed I sh al l al so cau s e ho rse s to be b ro u gh t fo r sale

.
,
an d a ma rket to b e b ro ught hi the r i n th e fealty o f the Em p ero r .
S o I wi l l s we a r al l th is l oy a lly to y ou a n d attend to it Also my .

,
servants a n d my t ent a re sti ll i n c a m p f ro m wh i ch y ou may beli eve ,

”
fi rmly that I w i ll ret u rn a s qu i ckly as p ossible An d so h e co n .
cl u ded h is s p eech T h a t foe went and le ft al l hi s p o ssessi ons i n th e

.
ca m p a n d h e rem a in s an d w il l remai n in p erj u ry

, , , .
There fo re i n th i s way t he gre a tes t need cam e u p on u s be cau s e ,
th e Tu rks p ressed u s on a l l si d es s o th a t n on e o f u s da red n ow to ,
go ou t o f the t ents fo r they constrai ne d u s on on e si de a nd ex

, ,
c ruciating hunge r on th e other ; b ut o f s u cco u r an d h el p we h a d

non e Th e l es se r fo l k a n d the v e ry p oo r fl ed to Cy p r u s Rom a n i a
.
, , ,
a nd i nto th e m ount a in s T h rough fe a r o f the most evi l Tu rk s w e

.
d a re d n ot go to th e s ea an d the w ay w as neve r m a d e o p en to u s, .
Acco rd i ngly when Lo rd B oh e mu nd h ea rd th a t a n i nn u me r a bl e

,
h os t o f T u rk s w a s comi ng aga inst u s h e went c a u tio u sly to th e ,

“
others saying :
, S eigno rs mo st illus trious knights what a re we , ,
going to d o ? Fo r we a re not s o great tha t w e can figh t on t wo

s i des B u t d o you know w hat we may do ? L et u s m ake two l i ne s
.
o f ou rselves ; let a p o rt ion o f th e foot s ol di er s r em a i n togeth e r t o -
gu a rd th e p avi l i on s an d by f einting th ey w i l l b e able to resi st tho se

,
wh o a re i n th e ci ty Let th e othe r po rti on howev e r consi st ing o f

.
, ,
kn ights go w ith u s t o meet o u r enemy who a re lodged h ere n ear

, ,
u s i n th e fo rt res s A regh b eyon d th e I ron B ri d ge ”

M o reove r when .
,
evening c a me th e f a mou s man B oh emu n d a dvan ced wi th th e o th e r , ,
m ost i l lust ri o u s knight s and went t o l i e b etween th e rive r an d th e

l a ke At ea rl ies t d ay b reak h e st r a ightw a y o rd ere d s co u ts to go
.
o u t a n d s e e ho w m a ny squad ron s o f T u rks th ere we re wh ere ( they ,
we re ) an d d efi nitely w h a t t hey were doi ng Th ey wen t ou t a nd .
bega n to i nq u i re c r a fti ly wh ere th e lin es o f t h e T u rks w e re h i d den .
The n they s aw inn u me rab l e T u rks d ivi de d i nto two b a ttl e lines , ,
co ming f ro m th e S i d e o f the rive r w ith the i r gr e a test v a lo r m a rch ,

“
i ng i n the rea r T h e s couts ret u rne d v ery qui ck ly s a ying B ehol d !
.
, ,
S e e th ey com e ! B e p re p a red the re f o re a ll o f y ou f o r th ey ar e

, , , ,
al re ady n e a r u s An d the wi se ma n B oh e mu n d s po ke to t he othe rs

.
, , ,
“
S e ig nors mos t i nvi ncibl e kn igh ts a r r a y you rselv es fo r b a ttle each
, , ,
“
one f o r h imsel f ”
Th ey a n swered : Wi s e a n d f a mo u s man ! Gre a t
.
a n d magni fi cent ma n ! B r a ve a n d v i cto ri ou s man ! Arbite r o f ba t

t les an d j u d ge o f d is p utes ! M a ke a rrangements fo r u s an d yo u r
,
s el f ”
. T h ere u pon B oh emu n d comm a n ded th at e a ch on e o f the
,
p ri n ces shoul d hi ms el f fo r m h i s l i ne i n o rde r They di d so an d .

,
s ix l ines w ere fo rmed Five o f them w ent o u t t ogether to a tt a ck

.
them ( th e enemy ) B oh emu n d ac co rdi ngly m a rched a sho rt di s

.
, ,
t a n ce i n the re a r w i th his lin e .
Thu s w hen ou r m en we re s u ccess ful ly u nited one b a n d u rged on

, ,
the othe r Th e cl a mo r reso u nded t o th e s ky Al l fo u gh t a t the same

. .
tim e S h owe r s o f we a pon s d a rken ed t h e ai r Wh en thei r t r 0 0 p s

. .
o f gre a test valo r wh o h a d been i n th ei r re a r c a me u

, p they att a cke d , ,
o u r fo rces sh a r p ly s o t h a t o u r men f el l ba ck a l i ttl e

,
A S th e most .
l earn e d man B oh emu n d s a w thi s h e gro a ned Then h e co mman ded

, , , .
“
h i s con sta ble th a t i s to s ay Robe rt so n o f Gi r a rd s ay ing :
, Go , ,
a s qu ickly a s you c a n li ke a brave ma n an d remembe r ou r i llu s

, ,
tri on s an d cou r a geo u s f o re f a th e rs o f ol d B e keen i n th e se rv i ce .
o f G od a n d the H oly S e u l ch re a n d b e a r i n min d th a t thi s b a ttle

p ,
i s not c a rn a l bu t s p i rit u al B e t he re fo re t h e b r a v est a thlete o f

, .
, ,
Ch ri st G o i n p e a ce The Lo r d be wi th y ou everywhe re
. . An d .
s o th a t ma n fo rtifie d on a l l s ides w ith th e si gn o f the cross went

, ,
i nto the li ne s o f th e Tu rks j u st a s a l i on f a mi she d fo r th re e o r fou r

, ,
d a ys go es fo rth from h i s c a ve r a gin g an d t hi rsti ng fo r th e b l ood

,
o f beasts an d rush ing unexp e cte dly among the h erd s o f sheep tea rs
, ,
1 40 TH E F I RST CRU S ADE
the no rth that i t seemed a s i f d a wn ha d a ri sen to a nnoun c e th e
d ay . And tho u gh i n thi s w ay G od ch a sti sed H i s a rmy s o that w e ,
were i nten t u po n th e light wh i ch w as r i sin g i n the d a rkne ss yet ,
th e m in d s o f some we re s o b l i n d a n d a b a ndon ed that they we re

r ecalle d neith e r f ro m l u x u ry n o r robbery At th i s t i me th e B i sho p .
p res cribed a f a st o f th ree days a n d u rged p raye rs and al ms to ,
geth e r w ith a p roce ss ion u pon the peopl e ; m o reove r h e commande d

, ,
t he p rie sts t o devot e themselves t o m a sse s a n d p raye rs the cleri cs to ,
ps a l ms T he re u p on th e me rci ful Lo r d rememberi ng H i s compa s

.
, ,
sion p u t off th e pun i sh ment o f H i s ch il d ren l est th e a r roga nce o f

, ,
thei r a dversa r ie s in c rease .
Th ere w a s besi des i n ou r army a c ertai n membe r o f th e E m

, ,
p e ro r s ho u sehol d who m he ha d given to u s i n hi s p lace Ta ti ns

’
by n a me m a ngled i n n ose an d al l vi rtue I ha d a lmo st fo rgotten

, .
hi m S in c e he de served to be abandone d t o obl ivi on f o rever T hi s

, .
ma n h ow eve r was d a i ly w hi spe ri ng i n the ea rs o f the pr in ces tha t

, ,
th ey sho u l d s catte r t o the n ei ghbo ri ng c amp an d thence a ssa i l t h e ,
p eo p l e o f Ant i och by f requ ent a ssau l t s and ambush H oweve r a s .
a l l thi s w a s m a de clea r t o th e Coun t ( fo r he h a d bee n si ck smee
th e d ay when h e wa s f o rce d to fl ee at th e b ri dge ) h e cal l ed h i s ,
p rinces an d the B ishop o f Puy togethe r A fte r hol d ing a coun ci l .

,
h e g a ve t he m fi fty m a rks o f si lver on th i s con di ti on t r u ly that i f , ,
a n y o f hi s kni ght s lo st a ho rse i t shoul d b e re sto red to h im ou t o f

,
tho se fi fty m a rk s and othe r ( res o u rce s ) wh ich h a d been given to

the b rothe rhoo d M o reover t hi s k i n d o f co oper a ti o n wa s o f gre a t
.
,
p rofi t a t th a t time s in ce th e poo r o f ou r a rmy wh o w a nted to c ro s s

, ,
the r i ve r to gathe r h e rb s f e a red th e f r eq u ent as saults o f th e enemy

, ,
an d sin ce ve ry ra rely di d any ca re to go ag a in st the enemy b ecaus e ,
th ei r h o r ses we re st a rve d an d weak an d i n a dditi on s o f e w th a t , , ,
sc a rcely on e h u nd red co u l d be fo u n d i n the whole army o f th e

Co u nt a n d B i sho p A simi la r l ot h a d be fal l en B oh e mu n d an d th e
.
othe r p ri nces Acco r dingly fo r th i s re a so n ou r kni ghts we re not

.
,
a fr a i d t o m eet th e enemy e s p eci a lly th ose who had ba d o r weak

,
ho rses since they knew th a t i f they l ost thei r ho rses they wo u l d

,
ob t a i n bette r on es M o reove r something el se o ccu r red namely th a t

.
, ,
a l l th e p ri nces ex ce p t t he Co u nt p romi sed th e city to B oh e mu n d p ro ,
vid ed i t w as taken S o B oh emu n d a n d t h e o the r p ri n ces swo re t o

.
thi s agr eement that they wo ul d not wi th d r a w f rom the s i ege o f

,
Anti och fo r seven yea rs un l es s th e ci ty was t a ken , .
Wh il e the se m a tter s we re h app en ing i n the c a m p rumor al so ,
a nn o u n ce d th a t t h e a rmy o f th e Empero r was comi ng It wa s re .
orted to h a ve been a ssembled from many peo p le s ; namely Sl a vs

p ,
a n d Pa t z inak s a n d Cu ma n s a n d T u rco p o l es F o r they are c a l le d .

T H E FI RS T C RUSAD E 141
T u rco p oles w h o eithe r we re rea red among th e Tu rk s or we re born ,
o f a T u r k i sh f a the r and a Ch ri sti a n mothe r Thes e p eo pl es mo re .

,
ove r be c a u se they ha d h u rt u s o n the m a rch con fes sed that t h e v

,
we re a fr a i d to m eet u s Al l th is how eve r th a t m a ngl ed Ta tins

.
, ,
h a d made u p a n d he h a d m a de su ch comments i n o rder to be abl e

,
t o get a w ay Th i s man a fte r he ap ing u p n ot only ( these ) st a te

.
,
ments bu t even th e ve ry greatest i n su lts bet r a y a l o f h i s co m

, ,
p a n i on s a n d p erj u ry sl ip p ed a w a y i n fl ight a fter h avi ng gr a nte d t o

, , ,
B oh emu n d two o r th ree ci ti es a s o 21

Ma mis t ra Ad a na Ac co rd
, , ,
.
ingly a ft er a cq u i ri ng everlast ing S hame fo r hi msel f an d h i s p eo pl e

,
i n th i s wa y h e f eigne d a j ou rney to th e a r my o f th e E mpero r an d

, ,
le a ving hi s tents a n d hi s s ervants h e s et ou t w i th th e cu rse o f Go d

,
.
I t w a s a nnou n ced to u s at th i s time t h a t the chi e f o f the Ca li ph

w a s coming t o the h elp o f Ant ioch wi th a l a rge a r my wh i ch he w a s ,
l ea ding f rom Cih oros an On thi s a ccount a fte r a co u n ci l h ad been

.
,
h el d i n th e hous e o f th e B isho p i t was dec ided that t he f oot sol di er s

,
-
sho u l d gua rd th e camp an d th e knights sho ul d go ou t o f th e c a m p

a ga in st th e enemy ; fo r th ey s a i d th a t i f the many u n warlike an d
fear fu l in o u r army saw a multitud e of T urk s t hey woul d a ffor d ,
ex a m pl e s o f f ri ght r a the r th a n o f boldness O u r men th ere fo re

,
.
, ,
set fo rth at n ight lest tho se i n th e ci ty sho ul d n oti ce ( thei r de

,
p a rt u re ) an d re p o rt i t to tho se who we re coming t o ai d them a n d ,
h i d th ems elves a mong the l i ttle mountain s a bout tw o leag u e s di st a n t

f rom o u r cam p .
H owever when i t became mo rning th e enemy app e a re d w ith

, ,
th e sun Let them he a rken l et t hem h earken I beg who h a ve at

.
, , ,
o n e ti me an d a n othe r t ri ed t o h u rt th e a rmy so th a t wh en t hey , ,
recogn i ze th a t Go d enlarges H i s comp a ssi on amon g u s th ey may ,
h a sten t o m a ke resti t u tion by l a ment a ti on s o f p enance Accord .
ingly a fter th e k night s h a d b een fo rmed i n s i x sq u a drons God

, ,
multi p l i ed them s o m u ch th a t they wh o ha d s ca rce l y seemed t o

n u mbe r seventy be fo re th e fo rm a ti on a fte r i t we re s wo rn to n u mbe r ,
mo re th a n tw o housand i n e ac h sq u a d ron What i ndeed sh a ll I .

, ,
s a y o f t hei r bol dness whe n th e k ni ghts even s an g th e mi l itary s ongs

,
s o fe st ively that they rega r d e d the co ming b a ttl e a s i f i t wer e a

g a me ? M o reove r the b a ttle h a pp ene d t o b e fo u ght in thi s p l a ce
,
wh er e the s w amp and r ive r a re a mil e a p art Th i s h oweve r p re .

, ,
vented th e enemy f rom s p re a ding o u t so th a t they co u l d not en ci rcl e ,
u s i n thei r u s u a l manne r F or Go d who h a d given u s other things

'
.
, ,
a ffo rde d u s s ix s u cc essive v a lleys fo r a dv a nci ng t o b a ttl e I n on e .
hou r a fter going fo rth the fi el d w a s t aken a n d wh il e t he s u n shon e ,
b rightly th e b a ttle w a s comm i tte d to a rms an d sh i eld s O u r men

,
.
,
mo reover a t fi rst a dvance d a l ittl e wh i le the T u rks th o u gh th ey

, , ,
1 42 TH E F I RST C R U SA D E
s catte red to shoot w i th thei r bows yet m a de a move to ret reat ,
.
B u t o u r men su ffe re d v ery m uch unti l the fi rst r a nks o f t he Tu rk s

we re p u shed i nto the re a r for a s we le a r ned f ro m thei r des erte r s
, ,
the re we re sai d to be n ot l es s t han twenty eight thou s a n d h ors emen -
i n thi s b a tt l e An d when th e fi rs t l in e o f th e T u rk s w a s su ffici ently

.
mixed u p w i th th e f ol lowing li ne s th e F r a n k s c a ll ed upon the L o r d ,
a n d cha rged N o r w a s the r e del a y ; the Lord st rong a n d mighty

.
,
i n b a ttle was p res ent H e p rotected H i s chil d ren a n d h u rle d dow n

, .
,
th e en emy S o t h e F ranks pu rs ued them even t o thei r ve ry s trongly

.
f o rti fi e d c a m p whi ch wa s about ten m ile s f ro m th e p la ce o f battl e

, .
B u t th e c u sto di a ns o f th e cam p u p on s eeing th i s set fi re to i t , ,
a n d fle d We we re howev e r s o rej o i ced a n d ex u l t a nt a t th i s th a t

.
, , ,
we ha iled a s a secon d vi cto ry th e b u rn in g o f th e cam p .
An d th u s on th a t s a me d a y th e li gh t i n the cam p was so grea t

th a t t her e w as n o p l a ce towa rd th e ci ty w her e fighti ng w a s n ot
going on F o r th e en emy h a d a rr a nged th a t wh ile w e we re most
.
,
fi ercely engage d by th e b es i eged w e shou l d be ove rwhel med by thei r ,
u nex p e cte d ai d fr o m the rear B u t God who gr a nte d vi cto ry t o .

,
ou r knights fought a mong ou r foot so l d i ers ( a l so ) An d on that

,
- -
d ay w e obt a i ne d n o le ss a t ri um p h ov e r the b es i eged th a n o u r

k nights re p o rted ove r th e h elpe rs Acco r d ingly a fte r the v i cto ry .
,
a n d th e spoi l s h a d been won t he seve r a l h e a ds o f the d e a d we re

,
b ro u ght t o th e c a m p An d th a t w e might cau se f e a r a mong the

.
en emy by the evi dence o f th e ( f a te o f ) th ei r s c a t tere d a ll ie s th e ,
h e a d s th a t ha d been bro u ght along we re s u s p en de d on stakes Thi s .
we be l i eve d l ate r t o h ave been don e by th e d i s p osit ion o f Go d .
Fo r when th e s t a nd a r d o f th e B le ssed M a ry had been ca p t u red they ,
p u t i t poin t down w a r d i n th e groun d a s i f to sh a me u s An d thus , .
i t h app en ed th a t they w e re rest rai ne d f rom ta u nti ng u s by the sigh t

o f the u p l i fte d he a d s o f th ei r men .
At th i s ti me the re w ere i n ou r camp envoys f rom th e King o f

B a bylon wh o u p on seeing th e won de rs wh ich Go d w a s wo rki ng
, ,
th ro u gh H i s s er vants glo ri fi e d J esu s th e s on o f th e Vi rgin M a ry

, , ,
who th rough H i s p oo r h ad gro u n d t o d ust t hei r mightiest tyr a nt s .
These envoys m o reove r p romi se d u s f a vo r an d good wi ll wi th thei r

, ,
k ing ; bes i des they tol d o f very many goo d deed s o f thei r kin g
,
tow a rd th e Egy p ti a n Ch ri sti a ns an d ou r p ilgrims Th ereupon o u r .

,
envoys were s en t b a ck with t hem t o ente r u p on a t reaty an d f riend

23
sh i p wi th t he Ki ng .
9 . Ca ll f or r ein f orcemen ts .
( S ime on an d th e b is h ops ) Th e P a t ri a rch o f J er u sal em a n d the

.
bi shops Greek
,
as well as Latin an d th e whol e a rmy o f Go d an d
,
1 44 TH E FI R S T C R U SA D E
an d th e whol e o rd e r o f th e o rth odox d o excomm u ni c a te th em an d ,
remove them u tterly f rom t he commun i on o f th e Chu rch An d d o .
y u l ikewi s e that they may n ot h ave b u ria l am on g Ch ri sti a n s

o , ,
unless they a re st aying f or s u i t abl e re a son s Com e an d receive t h e .

,
t w o fol d glo ry !
-
Th i s the re fo re al so w rite , , .
10 The f a f or tres s
ere c tio n o F ig h ts w it h th e Tu rks ( M a rch
—
. . .
5 en d o f May ,
( Ges ta ) H oweve r when ou r leader s s a w tha t those o f ou r

.
,
en emy wh o were i n the c ity we re d oing u s d a mage an d ha rassing

us , w a t ching a n d ly i ng i n amb u sh wh e reve r they coul d h ur t u s ,
they as semble d together a n d sai d B e fo re we lose o u r peopl e let , ,
u s bu i l d a fo rt at the mo sq u e wh i ch i s be fo re th e gat e o f the c ity ,
whe re th e b ri dge i s ; and the re p erchan ce w e wi l l be abl e t o h a ras s

, ,
”
o u r enemy Al l a greed an d a pp rov e d it a s a go od thi ng to be
.
,
“
don e Th e Coun t o f St Gil les s p oke fi rst an d sai d H el p m e b u i l d
. .
,
“
th e fo rt an d I w i l l f o rti fy an d g u a rd i t B oh emu n d a n swe red
”
,
If .
,
i t i s you r de si re an d th e oth er lo r d s a pp r ove I w i l l go with yo u to ,
th e Po rt o f S t S imeon di ligent l y to fetch th ose men who a re

m
.
th e re fo r th i s wo rk Let th e othe rs who a re t o re a in fo rti fy

.
, ,
them selve s o n all side s lest pe rchance th e enemi es o f G o d an d

, , ,
ou rse lve s sho u ld go ou t f rom the ci ty an d let a l l b e ga the red at th e ,

”
p l a ce w h i ch w e h av e po i nte d ou t An d thus i t w a s done . .
S o th e Co u nt an d B oh e mu n d wen t fo rth t o the Po rt o f St S i meon . .
We wh o rem a i ned i n o ne body b ega n ( to b u i ld ) th e fo rt ,
u nti l th e T u rk s p rep a red th emselves a nd c a me ou t o f th e ci ty fo r
b a ttle a ga in st u s An d th u s t hey r u she d upon u s an d put u s to

.
fl igh t and k i ll ed s eve r a l o f u s whe re a t we were exceedi ng l y s a d ,

.
O n th e n ext d ay when th e T u rks s aw th a t ou r le a ders we re

,
a bsent a n d th a t on the d a y b e fore they h a d gone to th e Po rt ,
th ey m a de them selves re a dy and went ou t t o meet them ( B oh e mu n d

a n d Raymon d ) a s they c a m e f ro m the Po rt Then a s th ey saw the .
,
Count an d B oh emu n d com ing an d esco rting th a t host they beg a n ,
i mmed i a tely to whi stl e a n d ch a tter an d sho u t wi th t he most vi ol en t

, ,
o u tcry en ci rcli ng u s on a l l si d es hu rling shooting wound ing ( ou r

, , , ,
men ) an d c r u elly cutti ng them down wi th the sw o rd

,
For s o .
fi e rcely di d they a tt a ck ou r f o r ces that th e latte r t o ok to fl ight o ve r

the t op o f ‘ th e m ou nt a in a nd w her ever a p a ss a geway w a s o p en
,
.
H e wh o co u l d a dv a nce a t ra p i d pa ce es ca p ed a l ive but h e who co u l d ,
n ot fl ee met de a th T here were m a rty red on t h a t d ay mo re th a n

.
a th o u s a n d o f o u r k n igh t s a n d footmen who we bel ieve a scen ded , , ,
j oy f u l ly to he a ven Clothed i n whi te an d wear ing the robe o f

.
m a rtyr dom th a t they h a d received they there gl or ified an d mag ,

n ifi e d ou r Lo rd G od Three i n O n e i n whom they ha p pi ly t riumphed

, , ,
“
cry ing a loud wi th on e vo i ce Where fo re d i ds t thou no t de fen d ,
o u r blood whi ch t o d a w shed f Thy na m e ?
h
y a s o r-
B oh e mu nd th ere fore d id not hol d to th e r o a d wh i ch t e h a d

, ,
y
taken bu t wi th a few knights ca me mo r e qui ckly to u s who wer e
,
!
gathe red together Then ange red at th e ki ll ing o f ou r men w e

.
, ,
calle d u p on th e n a me o f Ch ri st an d p utting ou r t ru st i n the ma r ch ,
to th e H o ly S e p u lch re togeth er wen t ou t again st them for b a ttl e

,
an d a tt a cked them with on e he a rt and one m i nd The enemi es o f .
G o d an d o u rselve s sto o d tho roughly a stoun ded an d greatly t e rri fied ,
th ink ing that ou r men wou ld con que r a nd kil l th em j u st a s they ,
them selves ha d d o ne th e peo p l e o f the Co u n t an d B oh emu nd B u t .
Almighty G o d di d not ac co rd the m th i s end T h ere fo r e the t r u e .
k ni ghts o f God a rmed on al l si des wit h the sign o f the c ros s r u she d
, ,
fie rce ly u p on th em a n d attacked them v i o l ent ly b u t they fl ed

‘
,
qui ck ly by mean s o f the na rrow bri dge to thei r ent ran ce Th ose .
who coul d not cro ss th e b ri dge al ive becau se o f th e mult itud e o f ,
p eo p l e an d ho rses th e re r eceived ete rnal d e a th a n d y i elded thei r

,
u nh a p py s o u l s to the devi l a nd th e mi nis ters o f S at a n An d s o .
w e overca me them d riving an d h ur li ng them do w n i nto t he rive r

,
.
The w a te r o f th e r a pi d st re a m seemed to fl ow eve rywh ere red
w ith th e blood o f th e T u rks And i f pe rch a nce any o f t hese wi sh e d .

, ,
to craw l u p o n th e col umn s o f the bri dge or by s wi mming tri e d to ,
reach th e l a n d h e wa s w oun de d by o u r men wh o stood a ll a ro u n d

, ,
o n the bank o f the r ive r Fu rthe rmo re th e noi se an d outc ry o f

.
,
bot h o u r for ces an d the i rs so un de d to th e s ky Showe rs o f j a vel in s .
a n d a rro ws covered the s ky an d ( obs cu red ) the cle a rn es s o f the
d a y ; voi ces ( sh ri eked ) w ithi n an d w i thou t the city Ch ri sti a n women .
o f th e city c a me to the w i n do ws o f the w a ll w here t hey behel d th e ,
w retched fate o f th e Tu rk s a nd st e a lth i ly a p p l a u ded w ith thei r

hand s as w as thei r custom Th e Armen i a n s an d Syri a n s wi ll ing
,
.
,
o r u nwi ll ing shot a rrow s o u t at us by o rde r o f the Tu rk i sh l e a de rs

,
.
Li k ewi se there w ere ki lled i n body an d so u l a t t h a t b a ttl e twelve

,
Emi r s o f the T u rki sh ho rde an d other s o f th e fo remo st an d br a ve r ,
kn ights wh o took a le a d ing p a rt i n the de fen se o f th e city Th e .
n u mbe r ( o f thes e ) w a s fi fteen h u n dre d The res t who r em a ine d .
a live d a red n o longe r shout o r ch a tte r by night o r by day a s th ey ,
h a d fo rme rly been w o nt to do An d so night alon e overc a me a l l .
o f t hem an d u s a nd n igh t prevente d both si des f ro m fighting

, ,
h u rling p ie rc ing a n d shoot in g Th u s o u r e nem i es we re overcom e

, , .
by th e v a l or o f G od an d th e H oly Se p ul ch re an d t hey cou l d n o ,
longe r h a v e s u ch strength ei ther i n voi ce o r deed a s they h a d , ,
be for e An d thu s on th a t d ay we we re bounti fully su ppli e d wi th

.
1 46 TH E F I R S T C RU SAD E
the i r h o rse s an d many oth e r things wh i ch w er e n eces sa ry en ough

for us .
On the n ext d ay at ea rl i est dawn other T u rk s w ent o u t f ro m

, ,
th e ci ty a n d col l ecting a l l th e feti d co r p s es o f th e de a d T u r k s

, ,
whi ch th ey co u l d fi nd o n the b a nk o f th e rive r ex cept those wh i ch ,
l ay hi dden i n th e s a n d o f th e s a me river th ey b u ri ed th e m at t h e ,
mo sq u e wh i ch i s a cros s th e bri dge i n f ron t o f the c ity gate At .
th e s a me t ime they bu ri ed w i t h th e m the i r garments go l d b esants , ,
bow s a r ro ws an d very many othe r i nstru ments whi ch we we re

, ,
u n a b l e to n a me And s o wh en ou r me n h e a rd th a t the T u rk s ha d
.
,
b u ri e d th ei r d e a d al l m a de p re pa rati on a n d came i n ha ste to the

,
d i abo l i c a l t em p l e a n d o rde re d th e bo d i es to be exh um ed the tomb s ,
b roken o p en a n d the co r p ses d r a gge d f orth f ro m t h e s epu l ch re

,
.
Th ey c a st a l l th e c a d a vers i nto a d itch an d c a r ri ed o ff th e seve re d

h e a ds t o ou r tents i n o rd er to fi n d ou t thei r nu mb er ex a ctly—a l l
,
the he a ds th a t i s except th ose l oade d upo n th e fou r ho r ses o f th e

, ,
envoys o f th e Emi r o f B abylo n an d sent to th e s ea Th e T u rk s .
gri eve d exceedi ngly u p on behol din g th i s a n d we re s a d even t o ,
de a th ; grieving d a i l y they di d n oth ing el se exce p t wee p a nd l a ment

,
.
B u t the th i r d day we began w i th j oi ned fo rces to co nst ru ct th e

a bove — mentio n ed fo rt res s o f s ton e wh i ch w e t ook f ro m the t ombs ,
o f th e Tu rk s An d s o w hen th e f o rt was fi n i shed w e fo rth with

.
, ,
beg a n to p res s ou r enemi e s f ro m eve ry s i de Thei r a r rogance wa s .
n ow red u ced t o nothing We ho weve r ro a me d i n s ecu ri ty hi ther

.
, ,
a n d thithe r to th e Po rt a n d to th e mount a i n s prai s ing a n d gl o ri fy

, ,
i ng ou r Lo r d God wh o se ho no r an d glo ry i s forever an d eve r

, ,
Amen .
N ow n e a rly a l l th e r oads w ere fo rbi d den a nd close d t o th e T u rks

0 11 every si de exce p t o n th a t p a rt o f th e rive r where the re was a
,
f ort a n d a ce rt a in mon a stery I f thi s fo rt ress ha d been th oroughly .
g u a rd ed by u s n ot on e o f these p eopl e w oul d h a ve d a r ed t o go ou t

,
o f th e g a t e o f th e city At length o u r le a der s held a coun ci l an d

.
“
with u n a ni mo u s a cco r d s a i d Let u s s ele ct on e o f u s to hol d th at
,
fo rt st u rdi ly an d close to ou r en emies the m o u nt a i ns a n d p l a i ns the ,
B u t mo st o f the m r e fu se d to be
”
entr a n ce an d exi t o f th e c ity .
i n st a l le d the re themselves u nle ss the re were ma ny in a b o dy ,
( wi th them ) T a n c
. red w a s th e fi rs t t o o ffe r hi msel f be f o re
“
th e othe rs s aying : ,
I f I kn ew wh a t i t wou l d p rofit me I wo u l d ,
c a re f u ll y strengthen th e fo rt w ith my men a lon e an d I wo u ld ,
en ergeti c a l l y deny ou r enemy th e road by whi ch too f req u ently they

a re w ont t o r a ge a g a in st u s Th ey st ra ightw a y p ro mi sed h i m fo u r
.
h u n d red m a r k s o f si l ve r T a nc re d d i d not ta rry ; a l tho u gh a lone

.
,
h e went f o rth with h i s most renown ed knights and se rv a n ts a n d

1 48 TH E FI R S T C RU SAD E
I t c ame to a fight a n d o u r men tu rned th ei r b a cks I n deed w e

, .
,
l os t u p to th ree h u n d re d men but how mu ch b ooty a n d h ow m a ny ,
a rms i t i s i m p ossibl e to s a
y Whi le w e w ere being slaughter e d an d
.
p ress ed toget he r li ke c a ttle among th e mount a in s an d preci pi ces ,
th e men from the c a m p began to advan ce a ga i n st th e enemy An d .
s o i t h a pp ened th a t they ( the S a ra cen s
t er o f th e f ugi ti ves Why th u s L o rd Go d ?

.
) we re recalle d f rom a slaugh
T hey i n th e camp,
‘
w e re be a ten a n d th ese t wo great est p ri n ce s i n Thy army we re also
,
be a ten o u ts i d e the ca m p ! S ho u l d w e fl ee t o th e camp ? O r tho se

f rom the c a m p to u s ? A ri se an d ai d u s for T hy name s sak e ! ,
’
B e c a u se i f i t h a d been l ea rne d b a ck i n th e camp that th e p ri n ces

wer e be a ten o r i f i t had ch a n ce d that w e kn ew o f the flight o f
,
thos e i n t h e c a m p al l wo u ld have fl ed togeth e r Th e Lo rd Go d

, .
th u s a r o se a s o u r h el p e r a t th e o p p o rt u n e ti me a n d tho se who m H e ,
h a d p revi ou sly te r ri fied H e n ow a r ou sed t o b e fi rst i n battle

, .
Wh en Gra cian u s 2
rul e r o f the c ity saw th e s p oi l s t a ken f ro m
,
5
,
o u r men ,
a n d t h e vi cto ry o f hi s pe opl e a n d th a t som e o f t he ,
men w ere sti l l bo ld h e s ent al l h i s kni ght s a n d foot s old iers

,
~
ou t ; a n d led 0 11 by h ope o f v i cto ry he o rde re d th e g a te s o f th e

, ,
ci ty t o be sh ut behi n d hi s men o rde ri ng h i s kni ghts t o conqu er or ,
to d i e M e a nwh i le o u r m en a dvance d a S ho rt d i st a n ce at com m a n d ;

.
,
the Tu rks h ow eve r w ith d rew shot w ith thei r bow s an d ch a rge d
, , , ,
o u r men ve ry bol dly B ut ou r m en su ff ere d i t for a wh i le unti l

.
,
they coul d a ttack them in m a s s ; n or d i d they yi el d at th e ch a rg e

o f th e en emy T he re w a s i n deed s u ch l a ment a ti on a n d o utc ry to
.
, ,
G o d i n th e c a m p th a t yo u woul d h a ve t ho u ght th e me rcy o f Go d

m u st d escen d at th e fl owing o f thei r te a rs When they we re abou t .
to com e to clo se qu a rte rs a cert a i n k night Y s oa rd o f G a nges a

, , ,
most nob l e P roven ca l w i th on e h u n d re d an d fi fty foot soldie rs -
c a ll ed u p on God on bend ed knees Th en e n co u r a ging h i s c omp an .

,
”
ion s by s ayi ng O n sol di ers o f C h ri st ! h e rush e d u p on th e en emy
, ,
.
O u r othe r li nes a tta cke d li ke w is e T h e re u p on t he a r rog a n ce o f .

,
t he enemy i s d i sturbe d Th e ga te i s sh ut th e b ridge i s n a rrow but

.
, ,
th e rive r i s v ery w i d e Wh a t res u l t ? Th e enemy i n p a ni c a re

.
kn ocked d ow n and kil led a n d ove rwhelm e d w ith stones i n th e rive r ;

no a ven u e o f esc a p e m o reove r lie s o p en An d h a d not Gra cianu s
, ,
.
o pene d the g a te o f the city we wo ul d on t h a t d ay h a ve h a d p e a ce

,
f ro m Ant ioc h I h a ve h e a rd f rom m a ny wh o were the re th a t wi th

.
bo a rd s t a ken from th e br i d ge they de st roye d t wen ty T u rk s and

mo re i n th e ri ve r Th e D u k e o f Lo rr a ine ga i ned m u ch glory there
.
,
fo r h e ch ecke d th e en emy a t th e b ri dge a n d d ivi d ed them i n t w o a s

they we re cl imb ing u p .
T here u pon wh en th e vi c to ry h a d been ach i eved o u r men re

, ,
THE F I R S T CRUSAD E 1 49
tu rn ed to camp w ith gre a t rej oi cing m a ny h o rses a n d mu ch booty , ,

.
A ce rt a in mem o rable i n ci dent o ccu r red th ere wh i ch woul d th a t ,
th ose who fol low ou r vows co ul d ha d s ee n ! Fo r whi l e a ce rta i n ,
h orseman o f th e enemy th ro u gh f ea r o f d eath was rushing h ea d lon g

i nto th e d epths o f the stream h e was c augh t by many o f h i s o w n ,
people an d cast down f ro m h is h o rse a nd b ru she d off i n the m i dd le

o f th e stre a m togethe r w i t h that multi tu de w hi c h ha d c a ught h i m
,
.
I t was wo rth th e t roubl e to have seen some o f th e p oo r r eturn i ng

f ro m th e v i ctory fo r s o me o f them ri di ng a bo ut among th e tents on
, ,
Ar a bian h o rses di splaye d t o thei r co mpan ion s the r el i e f o f thei r

,
pove rty ; other s m o reove r d res sed i n t w o or thr ee si lken ga rments

, , ,
m a gni fie d God th e Give r o f vi cto ry and rewar d ; sti ll othe rs p ro

, ,
t ec t e d by th ree or fou r s hi el ds ea g e rly sh ow ed th e evi den ce o f ,
thei r t ri umph An d whi le by thes e an d othe r di spl ay s they p er

.
s u a d e d us t o a bel ie f i n th e magn i fi cen t vi ct o ry th ey co u l d n ot ,
pe rsuade u s o f th e nu mbe r ki lle d S i nce the v i ctory h a d bee n .
obtai ned a t even ing t h e h ead s o f th e dead we re not c a rri e d to

,
cam p An d th e next d ay whe n th e f o rtress wa s to be e rected

.
,
be fo re the enemy s bri d ge some o f the Tu rk s we r e f oun d i n t he

’
,
di tch fo r tha t h i ll wa s us ed as a bu ri a l gro un d o f th e Sa r a cens

,
.
Thereu p o n th e p o o r p rovoke d at th e re mains o f t hese p eo p le

, , ,
b rok e open al l thei r to mbs An d thu s when the Tu rk s h a d be en .
exhumed n o one ha d a d o u bt how gre a t ha d been the v i cto ry fo r

, .
,
a bout fi ftee n hu n dred w e re counted I am n ot speaking now abou t .
those bu ri e d i n th e ci ty an d thos e c a rri e d off by t he rive r H ow .
eve r wh en th e unbearab l e stench o pp ress e d t ho s e wh o were at work

,
o n the f ort r es s the co rpse s were cas t f orth i nto the rive r T he
,
.
s a i lo rs i n dee d wh o ha d been scatte re d an d wounde d i n the fl i ght

, ,
o f t h e Coun t an d B oh e mu n d w e re stil l d u b ious because o f thei r , ,
fright abou t th e ext ent o f th e v i cto ry Howeve r whe n they s a w

,
.
,
s o g reat a multi tude o f dead a s t hough made w el l the reby they , ,
began to magn i fy God wh o i s wont t o co rrect an d glad den H i s,
chi l d ren The re fo re i t ha d been s o ar ranged by the di s p os ition o f

.
G o d that those wh o h a d given t o th e w i l d be a sts an d bi r d s th e

be a rer s o f p rov is i on s d est roye d on th e c oast a n d o n the bank s o f
th e r iver shoul d themselves becom e f oo d f or the beasts a n d th e
bi rds i n t h e s a me pl a ces Acco rd ingl y when the vi cto ry ha d b een
.
,
r ecogn i zed an d celeb rat ed and th e fo rt ress co nst ructed th e c ity o f ,
Antio ch w a s besi ege d f ro m no rth an d south .
Consult a tion w a s h el d a t th i s ti me a s t o wh o o f th e p r i n ces co u l d

t o g a r ri son t h e fo rt res s Ve ri ly a m a tte r o f common res p on
g o .
,
s ib il ity i s frequently n eglected s ince e a ch o n e thi nks t h a t i t i s bei ng ,
l ooked a fte r by othe rs An d wh ile some o f th e p ri nces as i f fo r

.
,
a p ri ce so u gh t f rom t h e other s th e pr iv ilege o f guar ding it t h e

, ,
Co unt took ove r th e c u sto dy o f the f ort re s s a gain st th e w i l l o f h i s

m en b oth to avoi d th e ch a rge o f sloth a n d av a ri ce an d to sh ow
, ,
the p ath o f e nergy a n d val or t o th e to rpi d F or du ring th e p a s t .
s umme r h e h a d been t r i ed by a s eve r e a n d p rot racte d i llnes s an d

h a d been so we a k du ri ng t he who le wi nter that he w a s sai d to be
re a dy neithe r to fight n or to pay Al though h e ha d don e man y .
thi ngs yet bec a u se i t wa s b el i eve d h e c ou l d d o mo re h e w a s p ro

, ,
cl a i med a nobody Acco rdingly h a ving come upon th i s di fficulty

.
, ,
th a t is a questi on o f hi s valo r h e su ffe re d su ch gre a t h a tre d f rom al l

, ,
th a t h e w a s al mo st c u t off f rom h i s ow n peopl e I n th e meant i me .

,
w hi l e the Co u n t wa s igno ring thi s ho p i ng th a t th e en emy o p p res se d , ,
o n m ost s i des woul d fl e e th ithe r f ro m the city h e w a s e a rly on e

, ,
mo rn i ng s u r ro u n d e d by the en emy Th e r e shon e f orth then a great .
mi r a cl e o f di vi ne p rotecti on fo r s ixty o f ou r men s u stai ne d the

,
a tt a ck o f s even thou san d S a r a cen s ; a l l the mo re won der ful s in ce ,
the heavy sh owe rs o f th e p a st d a ys h a d moi st ene d th e fo re st earth ,
fi l li ng the mo a t o f th e n ew fo rt ress An d thu s n o l a ck o f ways but .

,
th e v a lo r o f God a l on e che cke d th e en emy I d o n ot th ink how .

,
eve r that I sh oul d p a s s ove r th e d istingu i sh e d bravery o f some o f

,
t he knights wh o cut off by th e e nemy wh i l e they we re gu a rd ing

, ,
th e bri dge coul d n ot r etu rn to the fort res s fo r re fuge s i n c e i t w a s

, ,
a bowshot a way The reu p on thes e kn ights a fte r m a k in g a ci rcl e

.
, ,
i n th e multit u de o f th e enemy rea che d th e co rn e r o f a n eighbo ri ng ,
hous e an d the re stoutly an d w ithou t fe a r s u s taine d th e a tt a cks o f

,
the enemy th e r a ge o f a rro ws an d t he clo u d o f stones f rom al l

, ,
s i des M eanwh i l e the soun d o f battl e hear d i n th e c a mp a roused

.
,
o u r men Th u s th e fo rt ress w a s fr ee d f ro m th e enemy an d t hough

.
,
t hey a b a n don ed the s iege wh en they s a w a id coming fro m a far ,
a n d though th ei r b ri d ge was very n e a r yet the l a st o f t hem w er e ,
cut o ff Th e reu p on whe n th e moat an d the wal l s o f th e fo r t res s

.
,
h a d been restore d th e be a rers o f p rovi s ion s co u l d go b a ck an d

,
f or th f rom the Po rt i n secu ri ty Acco rdingl y t h e h a t re d whi ch th e .

,
Count h a d bo rne w a s s o l ight ened t h a t he w a s c a l le d by all t h e

f a th e r a n d p rese rve r o f th e a rmy F rom th i s t i me there fore the .
, ,
f a me o f t h e Co un t i nc re a se d be ca u se he h a d borne th e a tt a ck s o f
,
th e enemy al on e .
Wh en the re f ore the b ridge an d th e g a te o f the b ri dge we re he

, ,
s iege d t he T u rks bega n going ou t by a noth er g a te wh i ch fa ce d

, ,
th e so u th be si de th e river ; a n d they s ent thei r h o rse s ou t to a cer

,
t a i n retre a t bet ween th e mount a i n s a n d th e river whi ch was a very ,
fi ne p a sture Thereu p on wh en the p l a ce h a d been d i sc ove re d by ou r

.
,
men they enc i rcled th e city by a d i fficu lt mo unt a in a t the clos e o f

,
1 52 T H E FI R S T CRU S AD E
l e a ders c a me togethe r a nd h el d a co un cil saying :, I f B oh emu nd ,
c a n a cqui re th e ci ty ei ther by h im sel f or w ith the h el p o f others

, , ,
l et u s give i t to h i m f reely an d w ith one accor d on cond i tio n th a t ,
i f the Em p e ro r come s to o u r a i d an d w i she s to car ry ou t every agree

ment a s h e s wo r e a n d p rom is ed w e w i ll retu rn i t to h i m by ri ght
, , .
B ut i f h e d oe s not d o thi s l et B oh e mu n d kee p i t i n h i s p ower , .
I mm ed iate l y th ere fo re B oh emu n d b eg a n m ee k ly to b eseech h i s

, ,
fri en d i n d a i ly p eti t ion h ol d ing ou t mo st hu mbly th e gre a test a nd

,
s w eete st p romi ses i n th i s man n e r : B ehold we have n ow t ruly a ,
fi t t i me to a ccompli sh whateve r goo d we w i sh ; th ere fo re n ow my , ,

”
f rien d P iru s h el p me , Gre a tly p l e a se d a t th e mess a ge h e re p li e d
.
,
th a t he wo u l d a id h i m i n eve ry w ay a s h e ough t to d o A cco rdi ngly ,

.
,
at th e a p p roa ch o f n ight h e cauti ou sly s ent h is so n to B oh emu n d

,
a s a p le dge th a t h e might be th e mo re s ec u re a bo u t h i s ent r a nce to

,
“
th e c ity H e als o sen t wo r d to h i m in th i s wi se :
. To mo r row soun d
th e t rumpets for th e F ranki sh h os t t o move on pretend in g th a t ,
they a re goin g to p lu nd er th e lan d o f th e S a racen s an d then tu rn ,
b a ck q u i ckly ove r th e mount a i n on the right W ith a l ert mi n d .

,
i n d eed I w i ll b e a w a iting thos e fo rces an d I w i ll tak e th em i nto

, ,
the to we rs whi ch I have i n m y power an d ch a rge ”

Then B oh emu n d .
o rd er ed a ce rt a i n se rv a nt o f h i s Mal ac orona by n a me to be c a ll ed , , ,
a n d b a de him as he ral d t o a dmon i sh mo st o f the Fr a nks f a ith fu lly

, ,
t o p re p ar e the mselves t o go i nto th e l a n d o f the S a racen s T hi s was .
s o don e T hereupon B oh emu n d entr u ste d h i s p l a n t o D uke Go d

.
f rey an d th e Co u n t o f Fl a nde rs a lso to th e Count o f S t Gi lles an d

, , .
“
the B i sh o p o f Pu y say i ng Th e gr a ce o f Go d favo ring Ant ioch
, , ,
w il l th i s n igh t be su r ren d ered to u s ”

.
Al l thes e matters were at length a rr a nge d ; the knight s h el d th e

l evel p l a ces a n d the f oot sol di e rs th e mo u nt a in Al l the n ight they .
rode a n d m a rche d u nt i l d a wn a n d then beg a n to ap p roach th e ,
to wers wh i ch th at p e rson ( P iru s ) w a s watch f ully gua rd ing B ohe .
m un d s tr a ightw a y d ismo u nted an d g ave o rde rs to th e rest sayi ng , ,

“
Go with secu re mi n d an d h a ppy a cco rd a n d cl imb by la dder into ,
An ti och whi ch i f i t ple a se Go d w e S h a l l h a ve i n o u r p owe r im

, ,
”
medi a tely They w en t u p the l a dd er whi ch h a d a l re a dy been
.
,
p l a ced a n d fi rmly boun d to th e p roj ecti ons o f th e c ity w al l Abo ut .
s ixty o f o u r men cli mb e d u p i t an d were d i st rib u te d a mo ng th e

towe rs whi ch th a t man w as w a t chi ng P iru s u p on s eei ng th a t s o .
,
f ew o f o u r m en h a d a scen d ed began t o t remble wi th fe a r f o r both ,
hi msel f a n d ou r men l est th ey f a l l i nto th e h a n ds o f th e T u rk s

An d h e s a i d Micro F ra n cos e chome—T here a re few Fr a nk s h ere !
.
,
“
,
Where i s most fi erce B oh emu n d th a t un conqu e re d k night ? ”

M ea n
,
wh il e a cert a i n Longoba rd servan t des cen de d ag a in an d ran a s ,

TH E FI RS T C RU SAD E 1 53
q u i ckly ( a s poss i ble ) t o B ohemu nd say ing Why d o you stan d , ,
h ere i l lus tri ou s man ? Why have y ou com e hithe r ? B ehol d w e

, ,
B oh e mu n d w a s moved w i th t h e
”
a l re a dy h ol d th ree to we rs !
r es t a n d a l l wen t j oy fully t o th e l a d der Ac co rdi ngly w he n tho s e
, .
,
who we re i n th e to we rs s a w thi s th ey began t o shout w ith h a ppy ,

“ ”
voices Go d wi ll s i t !
, We began to sho u t likewi s e ; now th e men
beg a n to cli mb u p there i n wo n dro u s f a sh ion T hen they re a che d .
th e top an d ra n i n h a st e t o th e oth e r t ow ers T hos e whom th ey .
f oun d the re they str a ightw a y senten ce d t o d e a th ; they even k illed a

b rothe r o f P iru s M eantime the l a dd er by wh i ch w e had a s cen de d
.
broke by ch a nce whe reu p on t he re a ros e th e gre a tes t d i sm ay an d

,
gloom a mong u s H owever though the l a d de r h a d b een b rok en

.
, ,
there w as sti l l a ce rt a i n gat e ne a r u s wh i ch h a d been sh ut on th e

le ft s i d e an d h a d rem a i ned u nknown to so me o f the pe o p l e fo r i t ,
w a s n ight B u t by feeling a bo ut a n d i nqu i ring w e fo u n d i t a n d

.
,
a l l ran t o i t ; a n d having b roke n i t o p en w e ente red th rough i t

, ,
.
The re u p on th e noi se o f a c o u ntl es s mult it u d e reso u nded

,
th r ough a ll th e city B oh e mu n d di d n ot gi ve h i s men an y rest

.
,
bu t o rde red his st a ndar d to b e ca rri e d u p i n f ront o f the c a stl e

o n a certai n h i ll I ndeed a ll w e re s h out ing i n th e ci ty togeth er
.
,
.
M o reove r wh en a t e a r l ies t d a w n tho se i n th e ten ts out si de h e a r d

,
the mo st vi ol ent ou tc ry soun ding th rough th e city th ey rush e d ou t ,
h u r ri e d ly a n d s aw th e stan d a r d o f B oh emu n d u p on the moun t an d ,
w i th ra p i d p a ce a l l ran hastily an d ente re d the ci ty They k il led .
th e T u rk s an d Sar a cen s whom t hey f oun d ther e except thos e ,
who h a d fled i nt o th e cit a d el O thers o f th e Tu rks went ou t th rough

.
th e ga tes an d by fleein g esc ap e d a l ive

,
.
B u t Cas s ianu s thei r l or d fe a ri ng th e race o f th e F r a nks gre a tly

, , ,
t ook fligh t with th e m a ny othe rs w h o were w ith h im a n d c a me

i n fl i ght to t he l a nd o f T a n c red n ot fa r f rom th e city Thei r ,
.
ho rs es howeve r w e re wo r n o u t and t a ki ng re f u ge i n a c e rt a i n
, , , ,
v i ll a they d a shed i nto a ho use Th e inh abit a nts o f the mount a in

,
.
,
Sy ria n s an d A rmeni a ns u p on necog n iz ing h im ( Cas s iain u a)

, ,
s tr a igh tway s ei zed h im cu t o ff hi s he a d a nd took i t i nt o th e

, ,
resen ce o f B o h e mu n d s o th at they might gai n thei r l iberty T he y

p , .
a lso sol d hi s swor d belt a n d s cabb a r d fo r s ixty bes a n ts Al l thi s

-
o ccu r re d on the thi rd d ay o f th e i nc oming month o f J un e the fi fth ,
day o f the week th e th i r d day be fo re th e N one s o f J une All the

,
.
squ a r es o f the ci ty we re al re a dy everywhere full o f th e co r p ses o f

t h e de a d s o th a t n o one co u ld endu r e i t the re for the excessive
,
s tench N o on e co u l d go al ong a street o f the c i ty ex cep t ove r the

.
bo d ies o f th e de a d .
( yR a m o n d ) M eanwhile
. messengers beg an t o com
, e very
1 54 TH E FI RS T C RU SAD E
f req u ently s ayin g that a id wa s c o ming t o the en emy M o r eove r

, .
,
th i s re p o rt c a me t o u s not only f ro m the A rmen i a n s an d the Greek s ,
bu t w a s a l so announ ce d to us by th os e wh o wer e i n th e ci ty W hen .
the T u rks had obt a ined Anti och f ourteen ye a rs be fo r e they h a d ,
conve rted Armen i an s an d G reek youth s a s i f fo r wan t o f se rv a nt s , ,
a n d h a d given them w i ves Wh e n su ch men a s th es e ha d a ch a n ce

.
t o esc a pe t hey c a me to u s w ith ho rses an d a rm s An d wh en th i s

, . .
r e p o rt b ec a me frequ ent m a ny o f o u r men a n d the Armen i a n m e r

,
ch a nt s bega n to fle e i n te r ro r M eanwh i le goo d kn ights w h o w er e

.
,
s c a tte re d a m ong t h e fo rtres ses came a n d brought a rms fi tted an d , ,
re pa i re d them An d when th e gr a d u a l ly l e ss eni ng s wel ling ( o f

.
p ri de ) h a d fl ow ed f rom ou r a rmy a n d co u r a ge ev er r e a d y to u n de r , ,
go d a ngers wi th b rothe r s an d for b roth ers h a d come ( i n i t s p l a ce ) , ,
on e o f th e conve rt ed wh o w a s i n th e ci ty sen t wo r d to o u r p ri n ce s
th ro u gh B oh emu n d th a t h e woul d s u r ren de r the ci ty t o u s .
A cco rd ingly wh en the p l a n ha d b een comm u n i c a ted the p rin ces

, ,
sent B oh emu n d a n d th e D uk e o f Lo r r a in e an d th e Count o f F l a n de r s

to t ry i t o u t An d when t h ey h a d com e to th e h il l o f th e ci ty a t
.
m i dnigh t a n i nte rm ed i a ry sent back by h i m wh o w as s u r rende ring

,
“ ”
th e city s a i d W a i t u nti l the l ight p a sse s
,
Fo r th ree o r fou r men .
w ent a long the w a lls o f t he c ity w it h l a mp s al l n ight a rou si ng an d ,
a d moni shing th e wat ch ers A fte r th i s how eve r ou r men ap

.
, ,
p roa c h e d th e w a l l rai se d a l a d d er an d b ega n t o a scen d i t A

“
,
. .
,
ce rta in F r a nk F u l ger by n a m e b rothe r o f B u d el lu s o f Chartres

, , ,
w a s t he fi rst bol dly to a scen d the wall ; the Count o f Fl a n ders fol ,
l o wing sent wo r d to B oh emu n d an d th e D uke t o a scen d ; a nd si n ce

,
a ll h urri ed e a ch to go ah ead o f t h e oth er th e l a d d er was b rok en

, ,
.
B u t those w ho h a d cl i mbed u p w ent down i nto the city a n d o p ene d

a ce rt a i n l i ttl e p oste rn Th u s o u r men went i n an d they d i d n ot
.
,
t a ke c a p tiv e any o f those whom they fo u nd When th e d a w n o f .
d ay a pp e a red they sh oute d o u t

,
Th e whol e city w a s d i st u rbed a t
.
th i s sho ut a n d t h e women a n d sm a l l ch il d ren beg a n to w eep Those

,
.
wh o we r e i n th e c a stl e o f the Co u n t arou se d at thi s o u t c ry si ne ,

“
th ey we re ne a re r ( i t ) beg a n t o s a y to on e a noth er Thei r a id h a s
, ,
” “
co me ! Oth ers h oweve r re p l i ed Th a t does n ot soun d li ke the
, , ,
”
voi ce o f j oy f u l peo p le An d wh en th e d a y wh i tened ou r st a nd a rd s
.
,
a p p e a re d on th e south er n h il l o f th e ci ty When th e distu rbed .
ci ti zen s s a w ou r m en on the mo unt a i n above them some fl ed th ro u gh ,
t h e g a te other s h u rl e d t hemselves h e a dl ong N o one r esisted ; i n

,
.
t r u th the Lo rd h a d con fo u nd ed t hem Then a fte r a long time a

,
.
,
j oy f u l s p e ct a cl e w a s m a de f o r u s i n th a t those wh o h a d s o long ,
d e fende d Ant ioch a g a in st u s we re n o w un abl e to fl ee fro m Antioch .
Even i f some o f them h a d d a red to t ake fl ight yet they co uld no t ,

1 56 TH E FI R S T CRU SAD E
of Go d and o f ou rselves by th e gr a ce o f God w e have en du re d ,
u p t o thi s ti me m a ny t ri al s a n d countl es s a ffli cti on s L ikewi s e .

,
m a ny h a ve a l re a dy cons u med all thei r s ubstan ce i n thi s mo st holy

p a ssi on Very m a ny o f ou r Franki sh bo rn in deed w o u ld h a v e
.
-
, ,
u nde rgon e t empora l de a th th ro u gh hunger ha d no t th e clemen cy ,
o f God and o u r we a lth come t o thei r a id Fu rthe rmo re th ro u gh th e .

,
wh ol e w i n te r we hav e end u red ex ce ssi ve c o ld fo r th e Lo rd C h ri st ,
a n d an i mmod e r a te ab u nd a n ce o f r a in W h a t some say that i n al l .

,
Syri a on e ca n s ca rcely en d u re the heat o f th e s u n i s fal se f o r , ,
wi nte r among th e m i s like ou r w este rn w i nte r .
M o reove r wh en Cas pia nu s Emi r o f An ti och that i s i ts p ri nce

, , , ,
an d lo rd saw h i msel f so closely p re sse d by u s h e sen t h i s s on

, , ,
S e ns a d ol u s 27
by n a me t o t h e p ri nce who hol d s J e ru salem an d
, ,
t o R o d oa n P ri n ce o f Al e pp o a n d t o D ocap P rin ce o f D ama s cu s

, ,
.
H e likew i se sen t hi m i nto A rabi a fo r B ol ia nu th an d i nto Ch oro s an

fo r H a mel n u thi
28
n
T h e se fiv e emi rs wi th t we lv e thou san d c h o sen
.
,
T u rki s h kn ight s s u ddenly came to ai d An ti och B u t u nawa re o f

, .
a l l thi s w e h a d sent many o f o u r knights among th e ci ti es a n d fo rt

,
.
re s s es . We have i n deed one h un d re d an d si xty fi ve town s a n d

, ,
-
f o rt resses th ro u ghou t Sy ri a wi thi n ou r ow n d omi n io n B u t a sho rt .
ti me be fo re they came t o the city we w i t h s even hun d red kn ight s , , ,
wen t ou t th r ee l e a gues to meet th em at a certai n pl a i n nea r th e

I ron B ri dge God m o reove r fough t fo r u s H i s f aith fu l again st
.
, , , ,
them ; fo r on th i s d ay w i th the might o f Go d w e we re v i ct o ri ou s

, ,
i n fighting th em an d w e ki l led la rge n u mber s o f them G od eve r

, ,
fighti ng i n ou r beh a l f We l ikew i se b rought b a ck to th e army mo r e

.
’
th a n t wo hun d red o f th ei r h ea ds so that Oh ris t s peo p l e mi ght ,
29
de ri ve gr e a t j oy th e re f rom M o reov e r t h e Empero r o f B abylon .
,
-
sent h i s S a racen e nvoys wi th l etter s to u s i n camp and by t h i s mean s ,
h e establi she d p ea ce and co nco rd w i th u s .
I lov e to te l l y o u d e a rest wh a t b e fel l u s th i s Lent O u r p ri n ce s

, , .
dec i de d t o erect a fo rt b e fo r e a cert a i n g a t e wh ich w a s si t u a te d

between o u r camp an d the sea Th e Tu rk s p assi ng o u t th roug h .
,
t hi s gate d a i ly u sed to kil l ou r me n 0 11 t hei r w a y t o the s ea fo r

, ,
t h e c ity o f Anti och i s five l eag u es di st a n t f rom th e sea O n thi s .
a c c ount they sent th e di sting u i she d B oh emu n d a n d R a ymon d Cou nt ,
o f S t Gi l les wi th a c om p a ny o f only s ixty knights t o t he sea then c e

.
, , ,
to fetch s a i lo rs to a id i n thi s wo rk H owever when they w ere .

,
retu rnin g to u s w i th t hese s a il o rs an a rmy o f Tu rk s whi ch h a d , ,
a ssembled c a me u p on o u r two un su s p ecti ng p r i nce s a n d d rove them

,
i nto p e rilo u s fl ight I n th i s ro u t u n exp ecte d a s we h a ve sai d

. , ,
be fo re w e lo st m ore t h a n five h u nd re d foot sol di er s t o the glo ry

,
-
o f Go d ; o f ou r kn ight s we l o st only t wo fo r certai n M ore ove r

,
.
,
T H E FI RS T C RU SADE 1 57
on that very d ay w e went ou t a long the roa d t o receive ou r b roth e rs

wi th j oy knowing noth i ng o f th ei r m i s fo rtun e
, .
B u t whi le we were a p p ro a ching th e a fo res a i d ga te o f th e

city a h o rd e o f kn ights a n d foot so ldie rs f r o m Anti o ch be a ring
,
-
th emselve s i n a t ri umph a nt m a nner rushed l ikew i se a ga i n s t u s ,

.
U p on se eing them we sen t word to th e Ch ri sti a n cam p th a t a l l

,
sho u ld follo w u s re a dy fo r b a ttl e W hi l e o u r men we r e sti ll

a ssemb li ng th e se pa rated p rin ces—namely B oh e mu n d an d R ay
.
mon d with th e rem a i n de r o f th ei r a rmy —c a me up an d re counte d

,
t h e gre a t m i s fortune wh i ch ha d be f a llen th em At th i s very bad .
n ew s ou r me n i nfl a med w ith ange r aga i n st t he sacril egio u s T u rks

, , ,
a n d ready t o di e fo r Ch rist went i nto battle f o r the lo ss o f thei r ,
b rothe rs H o weve r th e enemy o f Go d a n d o f o u rselve s fl ed be fo re

.
,
u s i n haste an d t ri ed to ente r thei r city but by th e grace o f Go d ,
the a ffa i r t u rn e d out fa r othe rw i se Fo r when they wanted to cro ss .
over th e rive r by the b ri dge wh ich ende d a t a m osque w e f ol lowi ng , ,
them clo sely ki l led m a ny o f them be fore they reach ed t he b ri dge ;

,
m a ny w e hu rle d off i nto th e r ive r al l o f w ho m we re k i ll ed ; mo re ,
ove r we ki lled m a ny o n th e b ri dge a nd l ikewi s e ve ry m a ny be fo re

,
th e ent ran ce t o th e ci ty Ve ri ly I tell y ou my beloved an d yo u .

, ,
may beli eve mos t t ru ly th a t i n th a t sam e battle w e kill ed thi rty ,
emi rs that is p ri nces a n d th ree hun d red oth e r nobl e T u rki sh

, , ,
knights not to ment io n the othe r T urk s an d pagans I ndeed the

,
.
,
dea d Tu rks an d S ara cen s are r eck one d 1 2 3 0 i n n u mbe r ! O f ou r

men ho wever we l ost n ot one s ingl e man
, ,
.
M o reove r on th e d ay follo wi ng E a ste r wh i le my chaplain

, , ,
Al ex a nde r w a s w ri ting th i s lette r wi t h th e greatest haste a p ortion

, ,
o f o u r men wh o we re lying i n w a i t fo r the T u rk s ha d a v i ctorio u s
b a ttl e w ith th em t h e Lo rd le a di ng a n d th ey k i ll ed s ixty o f t hei r

, ,
k nights wh os e h e a ds t h ey b ro u gh t back to th e a rmy

,
.
The se things w hi ch I am writ in g t o y ou d e a r est are indeed fe w , ,
o f the m a ny ( th a t hav e happened ) a n d sin ce I cannot ex p re ss to y o u ,
a ll th at my h e a rt hol d s dear es t I ( only ) bi d you do wel l a n d mak e

, ,
excel len t a r rangement for yo u r l a nd a n d t re a t you r chi ld ren a nd ,
yo u r v a ss a l s wi th h ono r a s befits y ou f o r y ou w il l su rely s ee , ,
me a s soon a s I can p o ssibly come Fa rew el l . .
( A ns e l m) . I n the n a me o f the Lo rd !
To hi s l or d and f athe r M a nas ses by grace o f Go d vene r able , ,
Ar chb i shop o f Rhe ims Anselm o f Ribem ont hi s loyal vas s a l an d , ,
humbl e servant ; greeting .
Let you r Emin ence re v eren d fath e r an d lo rd kn ow th a t even , , ,
though ab sent an d n ot p re sent we a re d a i ly a sk ing ai d i n ou r he a rt s ,

58 TH E FI R ST CRU SADE
fro m y ou—not only f ro m y ou but a l so f ro m all the sons o f th e , , ,
H oly M othe r Ch u rch o f Rhei ms i n wh om w e hav e th e greatest ,
fai th Likewi s e i n a smu ch as you a re ou r l or d an d th e co u ns el o f

.
, ,
the whol e k ingdo m o f F r a n ce i s e speci a lly de p endent upon you w e ,
a re kee p ing
y o u fath e r i n fo rme d o f wh a teve r h ap py an d a dve rse
, ,
events h a ve h ap pened to u s Let th e other s m o reove r b e i n formed .

, ,
th ro u gh you that you may shar e equally i n ou r su fferings an d t e

, ,
j c e w i th u s i n ou r su ccess
o 1 .
W e have in fo rmed you h ow w e f ared i n th e s iege an d c ap tu r e

o f N i caea i n ou r d e p a rtu re th en ce an d o u r j ou rn ey th rough al l
,
Rom a ni a an d A rm en i a I t no w remai ns for u s to tel l you a l i ttl e

.
a bou t the si ege o f Anti o ch t he many k i n d s o f d ange r we th er e ,
t a sted an d th e i nnumer able b a tt le s wh i ch we fought a ga i nst t h e

,
King o f Ale p po th e King o f Dam a scu s an d a gai n st the ad u ltero u s

, ,
Ki ng o f J e r u sal em 30
.
Anti o ch h a s b een besi eged by th e a rmy o f th e Lo rd si nc e

th e thi rteent h day be fo re th e Kale nd s o f N ovembe r wi th ex
ce ed ing v al o r an d c o u r age beyon d w o rd s Wha t u nhe a r d o f
'
b attl e s you migh t h ave p erceived there at a certai n ga teway t o th e

w est ! H ow m a rvelo u s i t wo u ld see m t o you we re you p resent
t o see th em d a i ly ru sh i ng f o rth th ro u gh si x g a tes —both th ey an d
, ,
ou rselves fi ghting fo r sa fety an d l i f e ! At that t ime o u r p ri nces ,
s eeki ng t o en clo s e the city mo re an d mo re clo sely fi rst bes i eged th e ,
easter n gate an d B oh e mu n d h av ing b ui lt a fo rt there stat ione d a

, , ,
p a rt o f h i s a rmy i n i t H ow ever si nce ou r p rin ces then felt some

.
,
w h a t el a ted God w h o ch a st en et h every s on who m h e l oveth s o

, , ,
ch a stened u s th at ha rdly sev en h u nd red ho rses co u l d be f oun d i n ou r

a rmy ; an d th u s n ot be c a u s e w e l acfke d p roven a n d v a li an t m en
, ,
b u t f rom l ack o f ho r ses o r fo od o r th rough ex ces sive co ld almo st , , ,
a l l wer e dying T h e T urks mo reove r su p pl i ed w ith h orse s an d al l

.
, ,
n ecess iti e s i n abu nd a n ce w e re wont d a ily t o r i d e a round ou r c a mp

,
-
a c ert a i n st rea m w hi ch l ay between se rv ing a s a wall Th e re w a s .
l ik ewi se a ca stl e o f th e Tu rks a lmo st eight mi le s away ; an d these

Tu rk s w er e d a i ly k il ling m a ny of ou r men who we re go in g b a ck an d ,
f orth f ro m ou r army O u r p ri nces wen t ou t ag a i nst th em and wi th

.
God s hel p p u t th em to fl igh t an d ki lle d many o f them T he re fo re

’
.
the r u l er o f Anti o ch seeing h i msel f a fflicted cal led th e K ing o f

, ,
D amasc u s t o h i s a id B y God s p rovi dence thi s Ki ng met B oh emu nd

.
’
a n d the Co u n t o f Fl a n ders w h o h a d gon e t o fi n d f oo d w ith a p a rt o f

,
o u r a rmy and
,
Go d s h el p p rev a il i ng h e w a s de feated a n d ro u ted
,
’
,
by them T he r u l er o f Antioch st i l l con ce rned about hi s sa fety

. , ,
sent t o the Ki ng o f Al ep p o an d a rou sed h im wi th p romi ses o f very

gre a t we a lth to th e en d th a t h e sho u l d come with al l h i s fo r ces
,
.
were s e t a t r a p fo r u s i n wh i ch Walo the Con stabl e an d oth ers

, , ,
o f t hem a s wel l as o f u s w ere d est royed A few d a ys a fter thi s .

,
m o reove r i t w a s annou nced to u s that Corbara ch i e f o f th e a rmy

,
31
,
o f the ki ng o f the Pe rsians h a d s wo rn t o o u r d eath an d h a d a l ready , ,
c ro ssed th e gre a t E u p h r a te s r ive r wi th a n i nn u merabl e army God .

,
howeve r wh o do e s n ot dese rt th os e wh o place thei r t ru st i n H i m

, ,
di d n ot ab a nd on H i s peo p l e b u t on th e N on es o f J u n e comp a s ,
s io n at e l y g a ve to u s th e city o f Anti o ch wh ich t h ree o f i ts ci ti zen s ,
bet rayed We h o weve r deva st a ted th e ci ty a n d o n that s a me d ay

.
, , ,
ki l led al l the pagan s i n i t ex cept some who were hold ing ou t i n th e

,
c a stl e o f th e ci ty .
( Th e Cru s a d ing P rin c es ) T o th e vene rable lo rd Po p e U rban .

,
B o h emu n d a n d Raymond Co u nt o f S t Gilles God f rey D uk e o f , .

, ,
Lo r rai n e Robe rt Coun t o f No rmandy Robe rt Co u nt o f F lan der s

, , , ,
a n d E u st a ce Count o f B oulogne ; greeting an d l oy a l se rvi ce an d

, ,
a s son s o f thei r s p i rit u a l f a the r t rue s ubj ect ion i n Chr i st , .
We a l l wi sh a n d de si re th a t i t be made k no wn to y ou how by th e ,
com p a ssi on o f God an d by H i s m ost m a n i fest a ssi stan ce Ant io ch h a s ,
been c a pt u red by u s an d ho w the Tu rks who h a d hu rle d m a ny in

, ,
s u l t s a t o u r Lo rd J e su s Ch ri st h a ve been ca p tu red a n d ki l le d ,
h ow we p i lgrims o f J es u s Ch ri st o n ou r w ay to J e ru salem have

, ,
a venged th e w r ong ag a i n st M o st H igh God ; h ow w e wh o w e re a t ,
fi rst besi egi ng the Tu rks we re late r be si ege d by T u rk s co mi ng f ro m

,
Ch o ros a n J er u s a l em Dam a sc u s a n d m a ny oth e r lan d s ; an d h o w

, , , ,
by th e com pa s si on o f J esu s Ch ri st w e h a ve been l ibe rated ,

.
Acco rdi ngly wh en a fte r th e c a p tu re o f N i c a ea we ha d de feated

, , ,
th a t ve ry great m u lti tu de o f T u rk s whi ch met u s a s y ou h a ve ,
he a rd i n th e v a l l ey o f Do rylae u m on the Kal end s o f J uly a n d

, ,
h a d pu t that gre a t S ol im a n t o fl ight d es p oi led h i s land an d al l hi s ,
osse s si on s and h a d a cqui re d an d p a ci fie d a l l Romani a w e wen t

p , ,
t o b esi ege Ant i och I n thi s si ege w e s u ffe red ve ry m a ny i ll s

.
,
es p eci a l ly f ro m b a ttles wi th t he n eighbo r ing Tu rk s an d p ag a ns wh o ,
r u shed u pon u s s o o f ten a n d i n s u c h n u mber s th a t we might mo re

, ,
t ruly h ave b een s p oken o f a s besi eged by those who m w e we re

besi egi ng i n Anti och N eve rtheless when we had w on a l l the se
.
,
b a ttles th e Ch ri stia n f a it h being gre a tly ex a lted by thei r ou tcome

‘
, ,
I B oh emu nd by an agreemen t m a de with a ce rtai n T u r k who

, , ,
b et r ayed th e c ity i tsel f t o me sho rtly be fo re d a yb re a k p l a ce d , ,
s c a l ing l a dde r s a g a i nst th e w a ll w i th t h e hel p o f m a ny s ol die rs o f

Ch ri st A cco rd ingly on th e thi rd day b e fo re th e Non e s o f J u n e
.
, ,
we took th e city wh ich be fo re th i s t ime w a s resi sting Ch ri st

,
.
Gas s ianu s h i msel f the tyr a nt o f t h e c ity we ki l led togethe r w ith

, , ,
T H E FI R ST C RUSAD E 61
m a ny o f hi s sol die rs and w e k e p t thei r wive s ch i l d ren an d se r

, , ,
v a nts togethe r with thei r gold si lve r an d al l p o sses s ion s Th e

, , ,
.
ci t a del howeve r which h a d been prev iou sly fo rti fied by th e T u rk s

, , ,
w e coul d not obtain .
( P e ople of L u cca ) To th e p r imates a rchb i sh ops bi sh o p s an d

.
, , ,
othe r recto rs a nd to al l the fa ith f u l o f t he lan ds o f Ch ri st any

,
wh ere ; th e clergy an d peopl e o f Lu cca ( sen d ) greeting full o f peace

an d gl a dne s s i n th e Lord .
T o th e p r a i se a n d glo ry o f th e Red eeme r ou r Lo rd J esu s Ch ri st , ,
we a re tr u ly and fai th f u lly m a king kno wn to al l ( th e n ews ) wh i ch

we receive d t ruly an d f a ith fu lly f ro m pa rti ci p ant s i n the a ffai rs
t hemselves —at wh a t ti me w ith wha t gre a t t ri u mp h th e m o st , ,
m ighty righ t h a nd o f Ch ri st gav e co mplete v icto ry ove r th e pagan s

t o ou r b reth ren H i s ch ampions a fte r t ri a l an d pe r i l s
, A ce rt a i n ,
.
ci ti z en o f o u rs B run o by name known and ve ry dear to a ll o f u s

, , ,
i n th e yea r p reced ing th i s w ent w i th th e shi p s o f t he Angles even ,
to Anti och i tsel f The re a s a pa rtne r i n w ork an d d ange r sharer

.
, ,
o f t ri umph a nd j o y h e fought a long with the fighte rs starve d w i th

, ,
the st a rving and conq u e red a l so w it h th e conq u eri ng ; an d when , ,
the com p lete vi cto ry h a d al re a dy been a ch i eved and he ha d re ,
j oic ed th ree week s the re with all h e retu rne d to u s a fte r a h ap py , ,
v oy a ge Plac ing hi m i n ou r mi ds t w e received f rom h i m th e

—
.
,
p u re a n d si m p l e t ruth o f the matte r l o ! i n h i s ow n a ccount a s ,
follo ws :
Whe n w e who were voyagin g by sea ha d come to Anti och th e ,
army wh i ch h a d gathe red togeth e r f rom eve rywhe re by land h a d

, ,
a l re a dy su r ro u n de d th e ci ty i n siege though not very wel l O n th e , .
follo wing day ou r p ri nce s p ro cee de d t o the sea fo r t he sake o f

, ,
.
v i siti ng u s They u rged u s to get togeth er an abun dant s u pp ly o f

.
woo d for th e con st r u cti on o f wa r engines whi ch w e di d a t great ,
ex p ens e O n the th i rd day moreove r be fo re th e N ones o f M a rch

.
, , ,
th a t i s t he fi rst F ri d a y ou r pri nces d eci de d t o e re ct a f ortr es s at

,
th e western ga te o f th e c ity Th i s f o rt res s a v e ry sho rt ball i sta .

,
shot aw a y ( f ro m the city ) i s no w cal le d by th e n a me o f th e B les sed

,
M a ry Th ere on that same day i n a n a tt a ck o f th e Tu rk s i n

.
, , ,
w hi ch they k i lle d o f ou r men we ki lle d 800 o f the enemy , .
F ro m th e th i r d d ay mo reve r wh en the f o rtre ss had b een erected

, , ,
u nti l th e th i r d d ay be fo re the N on es o f J une ou r men end u red m a ny ,
ha rd sh i p s a n d weakened by h unge r a nd the swo rd they toi le d

, , ,
th ere at gre a t cost H oweve r on th i s day th e ci ty was c ap tu red i n

.
,
the foll o wing m a nne r : Fo u r b roth er s n oble men o f Anti och on , ,
th e secon d day o f J un e p rom i se to su r ren d e r th e city to B ohemu nd ,

Rober t Cu rt os e an d Robert Co u nt o f Flan de rs Thes e h ow eve r

, , .
, ,
wi th th e commo n assent o f al l ou r p ri nces at n ight fall con d u ct th e

,
whole a rmy to the w a l l o f the ci ty w ith ou t th e knowle dge o f t h e

,
T u rks An d i n the m o rni ng when t he c i tiz en s o f Antio ch ope n th e

.
,
g at es to re ceiv e th e th ree n a med p ri nce s a lon e acco rding to p ro m is e

, ,
a ll o f o u r men su d denly ru sh i n togethe r . T h ere i s th e gre a test

c l a mo r : ou r men obtai n a ll th e f ortifi ed p la ces except the ve ry h i gh
ci t a del ; the Tu rk s —thes e th ey ki ll tho se they h u rl t o d estr u cti on
,
ove r th e p reci p i ce
.
The Agu l ani w e re t h ree thou s a n d i n n u mbe r an d f e a red n eith e r

l a n ces a r rows n o r a ny k in d of a rm s becaus e th ey an d al l thei r
, , ,
ho rse s w er e fi tted with i ron al l a ro un d an d they re f use d to ca rry ,
a ny a rm s ex ce p t s wo rd s i nto battle Al l o f the se c a me to th e si ege .
o f An ti och t o disp e rs e t he gathe ri ng o f Franks .
And wh en they n e a re d th e ci ty S ens a d olu s s on o f Cas s ia nus , , ,
Emi r o f Anti och w ent to meet th em a nd st r a ight w a y ru shed i n

, ,
“
t e a rs to Cu rbara beseech ing hi m wi th the se wo r d s :
-
,
Mo st in
v i ncible ch i e f I a s u ppli c a nt pray t hee to hel p me now that th e
, , , ,
Fr a nks are bes i egi ng m e on eve ry s i de i n the ci ty o f Antioch ; no w

th a t they hol d th e city i n thei r s way an d s eek to a l i enate u s f rom th e
regio n o f Rom a n i a or even yet f ro m Syri a a n d Ch o ro s an Th ey
, .
h a ve d on e everythi ng th a t they w is hed ; t hey h a ve k i lled my f a the r ;

n o w n othing els e rem a i n s ex cept to ki l l me a n d you an d al l the , ,
o th e rs o f ou r r a ce F o r a long ti m e n ow I have been waiting for

.
”
you r help to s u cco r me i n thi s d ange r .
To him Cu rba ra re p li ed : “
I f you w a n t me t o ente r whol e
h e a rtedly i nto you r servi ce a nd t o hel p you loyally i n th i s d a nge r ,
give that to wn i nto my han d s a nd then s ee h ow I w i l l s erve you and

,
”
p rotect i t w i th my m en .
“
S ens a d olu s repl i ed I f y ou c an ki l l al l th e Fr a nks an d give m e
,
thei r he a d s I wi l l gi ve y ou th e t own a nd I wi ll do hom age to y ou

, ,
”
a n d g u a r d th e town i n you r fe a lty .
“
To thi s Cu rba ra an s we red : Th a t won t d o ; h a n d over th e town ’
to me i mmedi a tely ”
And then wi l ly —
. n ill y h e hande d th e town
, ,
ove r to hi m .
B u t on the th i rd day a f te r we ha d ente red th e town Cu rbar a s

’
a dv a n ce gu a r d ran i n f ron t o f th e ci ty ; hi s a rmy howeve r en , ,
c a m p ed at the I ron G a te They took the fo rtre ss by S iege a n d ki ll e d

.
a l l o f th e d e f en de rs whom w e fo u nd i n i ron chain s a fter the greate r

,
b a ttle h a d been fought .
O n the n ext d ay the a rmy o f the pa ga n s mov ed on an d n e a r ing

, , ,
th e city they en c a mp e d b etween th e t w o r ive rs a n d st aye d ther e

,
fo r two d ays .A fte r th ey h a d r et aken the fo rtres s Cu rba ra s um ,

'
mon ed on e o f hi s emi rs whom h e kn ew to be t ruth ful gentle a n d , ,

“
p e a ce a bl e a n d s a i d t o h im : I w a nt you to un d e rt ake t o gu a r d thi s
f o rtre s s in f e a lty to me becaus e fo r the longest t i me I h a ve known
,
y o u to b e most loy a l ; the re fo re I p ray you kee p th i s c a stl e w i th , ,
t h e gre a test c a re for s in ce I k now y ou to be th e most p rudent i n

, ,
a cti on,
I can fi n d no one h er e mo re t r u th f u l a nd v a l i a nt .
“
T o hi m the Emi r re p l i ed : N eve r wo u l d I re f u s e to ob ey y ou
i n s u ch servi ce b u t be fo re you p e rsu a de me by u rgi ng I wi l l con sen t
, , ,
on the cond iti on that i f the F r a nks dr ive you r men f rom the deadly
TH E FI R ST C RUS AD E 1 65
fi el d of
battl e and conquer I wi ll s t raightw ay s u rren de r th i s fort
,
”
r ess t o them .
Cu rbara s a i d to him : I recogni z e you as s o h on or ab l e a nd w i se

th a t I wi l l fully cons en t to w hateve r goo d y ou w i sh to d o ”
An d .
the reu p on Cu rbara ret u rne d to h is a rmy .
Fo rthwi th th e Tu rks m ak i ng s p o rt o f th e gather ings o f Franks

, ,
brought i nto th e p resen ce o f Cu rbara a ce rtai n v e ry m ise r abl e s wo r d

c ove r ed wi th ru st a ve ry worn wo od en bo w a n d an exceedingly
, ,
useles s l a n ce which th ey had j u st recently t a ken f rom p oo r p i lgri ms

, ,
“
an d s ai d B ehol d th e a rms w h ich th e F r a nks c a r ry to meet u s i n
,
”
b a ttl e ! Then Cu rbara began t o l a ugh s a ying be fo re a l l who wer e
'
,
“
i n th a t g athering Th ese a re the w a rli ke a n d s hi n ing a rm s wh i ch th e
,
Ch ri sti an s h a ve b ro u ght a ga i n st u s i nto Asi a w i th wh i ch they ho p e ,
and ex p ect to d ri ve u s beyo n d th e confines o f Ch oros an a nd to wipe

o u t ou r names beyo nd the Amazo n r ive rs they w ho have d ri ven ou r ,
relat ives f ro m Rom an i a a nd th e roy a l ci ty o f Antio ch w h i ch i s th e ,
r enown e d c ap i tal o f a l l Sy ri a ! ”
Then he summone d h is scribe an d
“
sai d : Wri te qu i ckly seve ral d ocuments whi ch a re to be read i n
”
Ch o ros an .
“
To the C a li p h ou r Po p e an d to ou r King th e Lo rd S u lt a n most
, , , ,
vali ant k nigh t an d to a l l m ost i llustri ou s kn ights o f Ch oros an ;

,
greeting and hono r beyon d meas u r e .
Let the m be gl a d eno u gh an d delight w it h j oy ful conco rd a n d

s a ti s fy thei r app eti tes ; let the m comman d an d m a ke k nown thro u gh
a l l th a t region th a t th e p eo p l e give themselves enti rely to exuber a n ce
a n d l uxu ry a n d th a t they rej o i ce to be a r m a ny chi l dren to fi ght

,
stoutly ag a in st the Ch ri sti a n s Let them gl a dly receive these t h ree.
we ap ons wh i ch we re cently took f ro m a sq u a d o f F rank s a n d let ,
the m n ow l e a rn wh a t a rms th e Fr a nki s h h ost bears a ga i nst us ;

ho w very fi n e a n d p e r f ect th ey a re t o figh t aga inst ou r a rms whi ch
a re twi ce th ri ce o r even fou r ti mes w e l ded o r p u ri fied lik e th e
, , , ,
p u res t si lve r or gol d I n a d d ition l et a l l know

. a lso t hat I h a ve , , ,
the Fr a nk s shut u p i n An tioch an d th a t I ho ld th e ci t a del at my ,
f ree di s po s a l wh i le t hey ( th e en emy ) a re below i n the ci ty Like

,
.
wi se I hol d a ll o f them now i n my h a n d I sh a l l m ak e them e ithe r

,
.
u ndergo sente n ce o f de a th o r b e l ed i nto Ch o ros a n i nto the h a rsh est

,
c ap tivity becaus e they a re th re a ten ing w ith thei r a rm s to d rive u s

,
fo rth an d to ex p el u s fro m al l ou r te r rito ry o r to c a st u s ou t b eyon d ,
u pp e r In di a a s they h a ve cast ou t a l l ou r ki n smen f rom R o m a ni a o r

,
S y ri a N ow I s wear t o y ou by M oh a mmed a n d a ll the names o f the

.
go d s 2 th a t I w il l n ot retu rn be fo r e yo u r f a ce unti l I s h a l l h a ve
a cqui re d with my st rong righ t h a n d th e reg a l ci ty o f Anti o ch all ,
S yri a Rom a ni a an d B u l ga ria even to Ap u li a to th e hono r o f th e

, , , ,
1 66 T H E F I RS T CRU SAD E
god s and to yo u r glo ry a n d t o th a t o f a l l wh o a re o f the ra ce o f the

, ,
”
Tu rk s . An d thu s he put a n en d to h i s wo r d s .
Th e m othe r o f th e s a me Cu rba ra who dwelt i n the ci ty o f Aleppo, ,

“
c a m e i mmedi a tely to h i m an d weeping s a i d : , S on are th es e things
, ,
”
t r u e whi ch I h ear ?
“ ? ”
What th ings h e s ai d .
I have heard that y ou a re goi ng to engage i n bat tle w ith the h ost
o f the Fr a nks , s h e re p l ie d .
“
An d h e a nsw ere d : You know th e t ruth f ully .
“
S h e then s a id I w a r n you s o n i n th e n a me s o f a l l th e god s
, , ,
a n d by y ou r gre a t k in d ness not to ent e r i nto b a ttl e w i t h th e Fr a nks

, ,
bec a us e you a re a n u n conque red k ni gh t an d I h a ve n eve r a t al l ,
h ea r d o f an y i m p ru de nce f rom you o r you r a rmy N o on e ha s .
eve r fo u n d y ou fl eei ng f ro m the fi el d be fo re any vi cto r The f a me .
o f y o u r a rmy i s s p re a d a b ro a d a n d a l l i ll u str io u s knights tremb le

,
.
when you r n a me i s h e a rd Fo r w e k no w w ell en o u gh s on th a t y ou

.
, ,
a re mighty i n b a ttl e ,
an d v a l i a n t an d reso u r ce fu l an d th a t n o h ost ,
o f Ch ri sti a ns o r p a g a n s ca n h a v e a ny cou r a ge be fo re yo u r f a ce b u t ,
a re wont to fle e a t th e mention o f yo u r n a me a s shee p fl ee be fo r e ,
th e w rath o f a lion An d s o I bes ee c h you de a rest s on to y iel d

.
, ,
t o my advice neve r to l et i t rest i n yo u r m in d o r b e f o u n d i n you r ,

”
couns el t o wi sh t o u nd ert a ke w ar wi th the Chri st i a n ho st
, .
Then Cu rba ra u p on he a ri ng h i s moth er s w a rn ing repli e d wit h

,
’
,
“
w r a th f u l s p eech : What i s thi s moth e r that y ou tel l m e ? I th ink
, ,
th a t y ou a re i n s a n e o r f ull o f f u ri es Fo r I h ave wi th me mo r e
,
.
”
emi rs th a n there a re Ch ri sti a n s wheth er o f greate r o r les ser st ate
,
.
“
H is moth e r rep li e d to h i m : O s weetest s on t h e C h ri stian s
“
c a n not fight with yo u r fo rces f o r I kno w th a t th ey a re not able

,
to p rev a i l a ga in st you ; b u t th ei r God is fight in g fo r them dai ly a n d

i s w a tching ove r them an d d e fendi ng the m wi th H is p rotecti on by
d ay a n d n ight a s a sh e p h er d watches ove r hi s fl ock
,
H e does n ot .
p e rmi t them to b e h u rt o r d i stu rbed by a ny fo l k a n d who eve r ,
s eek s to st a n d i n th ei r w a y th i s s a me God o f thei rs l ikew is e p u t s t o

‘
‘
ro u t j ust a s H e s a i d th ro u gh th e mo u th o f th e p ro p he t D a vi d :
,
S c a tter th e p eo p l e th a t d elight i n w a rs an d i n a nothe r p l ac e : ,

’
Pou r ou t Thy w rath u p on th e n a ti on s th a t k no w Thee no t a n d

’
a g a i nst t he ki ngdoms th a t c a l l n o t u p on Thy n a me
3
B e fo re they .
a re ready to b egi n b a ttl e t he i r God al l p o we r f u l a n d p otent i n

, ,
b a ttle t ogeth e r w ith H i s s a in ts h a s a ll thei r enemi es al r ea dy con

, ,
q u e re d How much mo re wil l H e n ow p rev a il a g a i nst y ou who

. ,
a re H i s en emi es a n d wh o a re p re p a ri ng to res i st them with a l l yo u r
‘
,
v a lo r ! Th i s mo reove r de a rest kn o w i n ve ry t r u th : these Ch ri s

, ,
’
t i a n s c a lle d son s o f Ch ri st a n d by the mouth o f the p ro p h ets s ons
,
mo rt a l s li ke a l l th e rest ; b u t thei r Go d love s them gre a tly a bov e

,
a ll the othe rs a n d give s t he m v a lo r i n fighting beyon d th e rest F or .
( i t i s ) th ei r G o d Omni p otent i s H is n a me who m a de h e a v en an d

, ,
e a rt h a n d est abl i sh ed the s e a s an d al l thi n g s th a t i n them a re who se ,
d welling p l a ce is i n h e a ven p re p a red fo r al l ete rn ity who se m ight

-
is everywhe re to be f e a red .
“
H e r s on s a i d : ( Even ) i f su ch i s the case I wi ll n ot r e f r a i n ,
f ro m fighti ng w ith them ”

Th ereu p on when h i s mothe r he a r d th a t
.
,
h e wo ul d i n no w ay y i el d to he r a dvi ce s h e retu rne d a very s a d , ,
w om a n t o Ale pp o c a r ryi ng wi t h he r al l the gi ft s th a t s h e co u l d

, ,
t a ke a long .
B u t o n the th i r d d ay Cu r bara a rmed h i ms el f a n d mo st o f th e

T u rk s w i th h i m an d went to w a r d the city f rom th e si d e on wh i ch
the fo rt res s w as lo cated Thinki ng t h a t w e co u ld res i st them
.
,
w e p re p a red o u rs elves f o r b a ttle a ga i ns t them b u t s o gre a t w a s ,
t hei r v a lo r th a t w e co u l d n ot w i thst a n d th em a n d u n d e r c ompu l ,
s i on there fo re w e ent e red th e ci ty Th e g a te w a s s o amazingly

, , .
cl o se a n d n a rrow fo r t hem th a t m a ny d ied th e re f ro m the p ress u re

o f the r est M ean wh i le s ome fo u ght o u tsi d e the city others w ith in
.
, , ,
o n th e fi fth d ay o f the week th rough o u t th e d a y unti l t he even ing .
( R aymon d ) I n th e me an tim e wh i le ou r men engaged i n

.
, ,
co u nting an d i denti fyi ng the i r s p oi l s ha d d es i sted f rom the s i ege ,
o f the u pp er fo rt re ss a n d wh il e l i steni ng to th e pa g a n d a n c i ng gi rl s
, , ,
h a d fe a ste d i n s p l endo r a n d magni fi cence n ot at a ll mi nd f u l o f ,
Go d who h a d gr a nte d them s o gre a t a bless ing they we re b esiege d ,
by the p ag a n s on th e th i r d d ay on th e None s o f th e s a me J u n e ,
.
An d s o i t w a s br ough t abo u t that they w ho by th e m ercy o f Go d

h a d s o long besi eged th e T u rks i n Ant i och w ere th rough H i s di s
p os i tion i n t u rn b esieged by the T u rk s An d th a t w e migh t be the .
m o re f e a r ful t he u pp e r f o rt res s whi ch i s a ki n d o f ci t a d el w a s in

, ,
t he h a n d s o f th e enemy O u r men acco rd ingly unde r the stres s

.
, ,
o f fear took up th e si ege o f th e fo rt res s

,
.
Cor baga ho wever l o rd o f th e T u rks ex p ecting th e b a ttle t o

, , ,
t ak e p lace the re fixe d h i s tents at a dist a n c e o f about t wo m i les

,
f ro m th e c ity an d w i th rank s a rr a yed c a me u p t o t h e b ri dge o f th e

, ,
ci ty O u r m en h ow eve r h a d strength ene d the f ort ress o f the Co u nt

.
, ,
0 11 th e fi rst d ay f e a ring t h a t i f they p ro ceeded t o b a ttl e i t wo u l d b e

,
sei ze d by th e en emy wh o w er e i n th e ci t a del o r if they deserte d th e , ,
fo rt res s wh i ch w a s be f o re th e b ri dge a n d th e enemy o ccu p ied i t ,
th a t th e enemy wo u l d S hut u s off fro m a ch a nce to fi ght an d block

o u r exi t .
Th ere w a s i n the a rmy a kn ight most di sting u i shed a n d very

d e a r to al l R oger of B a rnevill e b y n a me w ho whi l e p u rs u ing th e
, , ,
a rmy o f th e reti ring enemy w a s c a ptu red an d d e p riv ed o f hi s he a d

,
.
Fe a r a n d gri e f a cco rd ingly a ss a il ed ou r men s o th a t m a ny w er e

, , ,
led to th e desper at e ho p e o f fl ight T he re u p on wh en th e T u rk s .

,
h a d o n ce a n d a ga i n s u ff e re d a r e p u ls e i n fighting they b esi ege d th e ,
f o rt res s o n t he th i rd day ; an d the fighting w a s c a rr i ed on the re

wi th su ch v iol ence th a t th e migh t o f God alon e w a s beli eve d to
d e fend the fo rtres s a nd resi st t h e a dve rs a ries For when th e T u rk s .
we re a l re a d y p re pa re d to cro s s th e mo a t a nd dest roy th e w a l ls ,
t hey we re t aken wi t h f right I kn o w n ot why an d r u shed he a dlong, ,
into fl igh t T hen s eeing n o r e a son fo r thei r fl ight they ret u rn ed

.
, ,
to th e si ege a fte r they had ru n a sho rt di st a n c e b l a ming the i r o wn ,
ti mid i ty ; a n d a s i f to a ton e fo r th e di sgr a c e o f th e fli ght th ey h a d

,
m a de they att a cke d mo re v iol ently a n d a gai n w er e mo re v iolently

,
te rri fie d by th e might o f Go d The re fo re th e enemy r et u rn ed t o .
thei r camp on th a t d ay O n th e n ext day ho weve r they returne d

.
, ,
to th e fo rt res s w i th a ve ry great s u p p ly o f s iege m a chin ery b u t ,
o u r men s et fi re to th e f o rtres s an d th ru st themselve s w i thi n the

w a ll s o f the ci ty An d t h us a s th e fe a r o f th e Frank s w a s i nc re a sed
.
, ,
the boldne s s o f th e enemy grew ; f o rsooth w e had nothing o uts id e ,
the ci ty an d th e fo rtres s whi ch w a s th e he a d o f th e ci ty w as h el d

, , ,
by ou r foe s Th e Tu rk s embo l d en ed by th is a r range d t o en te r

.
, ,
a g a i nst u s by th e fo rt res s O u r men ho weve r relying o n thei r

.
, ,
f avor able a nd l o fty loc a tion f ought a g a i ns t th e enemy an d at th e,
fi rst a tt a ck ove rth rew them ; b u t fo rget fu l o f th e th re a ten i ng b a ttle ,
a n d i ntent upon p lund er they ( i n t u rn ) w e re most v i lely p u t t o

,
fl ight Fo r mo re th a n a hun d re d men w ere su ffo c a te d i n th e g a te

.
o f th e city a n d even mo re ho rs es Then th e Tu rks w h o h a d entere d

,
.
th e f ort res s w a nted to go down into th e ci ty F or th e v a lley .
between ou r mountain a n d thei r fo rt res s w a s n ot la rge a n d i n t h e ,
m i ddl e o f i t w as a cert a i n ci ste rn an d a l ittl e l evel p l a ce No r d i d .
the enemy h a ve a pa th down i nt o the c ity exce p t th ro u gh ou r moun

t a in ; whe re fo re they st rov e with ev e ry i nten t an d a l l thei r mi ght
t o d rive u s ou t a n d r emove u s f ro m th ei r path Th e b a ttl e w a s .
w a ge d w ith such fo r ce f rom mo rni ng to even i ng th a t nothing like

i t w as ev er h ea rd o f The re w a s a c ert a i n fright f u l a n d as yet u n
.
h e a r d o f cal a mity b e fe ll u s fo r a mi ds t th e h a i l o f a r row s an d

,
r o cks an d the c onsta nt ch a rge o f j a vel i ns a n d th e de a ths o f s o

, ,
m a ny o u r m en bec a me u n con sciou s I f y ou a s k f o r th e en d o f

,
.
thi s fight i t w as n ight

,
.
2 . D ire s tra i ts
f o ( J une
th e Cru s a d e rs .
,
a) I n th e m i dst o f th i s Wi l li a m o f Gr a ndmesni l h i s
( G e s t .
, ,
brothe r Alberi c W ido Tru rs el l us a nd L ambert the P a u p er a l l o f

, , ,
t hem frightene d by yeste rd a y s b a ttl e wh i ch h a d l a ste d until even ’
i ng secretly s lipp e d a w ay by n igh t an d fl e d ove r the w a l l 0 11 f oo t

,
to th e s ea s o th a t nothi ng rem a in ed eithe r o n th ei r h a n d s o r f eet

, ,
exce p t bon e alone Many othe rs whos e n a me s I do n ot know fl e d

.
wi th them Ac co r dingly wh en t h ey c a m e to t h e sh i p s whi ch were

.
,
“
a t t he Po rt o f S t S i meon t hey s a i d to th e s a i lo rs :
. Why do you ,
s t a y he re w retch ed men ? Al l o f ou r m en a re dea d a n d we b a r ely

, ,
e s c ap e d w ith o u r l ives for t he a rmy o f th e T u rks i s b esi eging the,
res t i n th e ci ty on a l l s i de s B u t w hen th ose men h e a rd thi s th ey .

,
stoo d s t u p e fi ed a n d te rr i fi e d wi th f e a r rushe d to th e bo a ts a n d
, ,
put out t o s ea Th en th e T u rks c am e u p an d k i lle d al l w ho m

.
th ey f o u nd b u rne d the sh i p s wh i ch r este d on the be d o f th e r ive r

, ,
a n d took o ff thei r s p oi l s W e who rem a ine d co ul d n o longe r with .
s t a n d the fo r c e o f thei r a rm s We m a d e a w a l l between the m a n d .
o u rse lves whi ch w e g u a rded day a n d night M e a nwhi le w e were

, .
,
o pp res sed by s u ch n eed th a t w e ate ou r h o rse s a n d a sse s .
Th en the Tu rks who we re u p i n th e c a stl e p res se d u s on al l si des

s o c losely th a t 0 11 a ce rt a i n d a y they S h u t th ree o f o u r knights i n a
to wer wh ich w a s be fo r e thei r c a stle Fo r th e Genti l es ha d gon e .
ou t a n d ru sh e d u p on th e k nights s o fi e rcely th a t they co u l d no t
resi st thei r fo rce T wo o f th e kni ght s went ou t f ro m th e to we r

.
woun ded bu t t he th i rd m a n f ully de fende d h i ms el f f ro m th e a tt a ck

,
o f th e T u rk s th roughou t th e w hol e d a y wi th s uch ski l l th a t on th a t
d ay h e s tretched o u t t wo T u rks ov e r th e en tr a n ce to th e t owe r with

t hei r s p e a rs b roken T hu s th re e w ere th a t d ay shatte re d i n h i s
.
,
B u t th e Tu rk s su ffe re d the senten ce o f d e a th

’
h an d s . T he kni ght s .
n a me w as H ugh d e F orcen ez o f the army o f G os frid o f M t S c a g

-
.
~
l ios o H o weve r wh en that ven er a bl e man B oh emu n d s a w th a t h e

.
, , ,
co u l d n ot a g a i n lea d the p eo p le u p i nto the f o rt res s to battl e ( fo r

o f those wh o w e re sh u t u p i n th e h ou ses s om e fea red st a rv at ion ,
a n d oth ers th e T u rk s ) h e w a s gre a tly a nge red an d o rde re d fi r e to

,
b e p l a ced i mmedi ately t h ro u gho u t th e ci ty on th a t s i de wh ere

the p a l a ce o f Cas s ia nu s w a s lo c a te d When those who we re i n the .
ci ty s a w th is they l e ft thei r homes an d eve rything th a t th ey h a d

, ,
a n d fl ed some t o the c a stle a nd other s to the g at e o f the Count o f

S t Gi lles other s to th e gate o f D u ke God f rey—e a ch on e to hi s ow n
, ,
.
,
p eo p le .
Then a very seve re sto r m s o su ddenly a ros e th a t n o on e co u l d

g u i d e h i msel f a right The re u p on th a t w i s e man B oh e mu n d w a s
.
, , ,
exc eedingly s a d fe a ring fo r th e ch u rch es o f S t Pete r an d S t M a ry

,
. .
a n d othe r ch u rches T hi s fu ry l a ste d f ro m t he thi rd h o u r even to

.
mi dn ight a n d a lmo st t wo th o u s a n d ch u rch es a n d h ome s we re

,
bu rn ed H o weve r a t the a pp roach o f m i dnigh t a l l the f u ry o f t h e

.
,
c ap t u red b u t th e c it a de l h a s n ot been t a ken ; a ll ou r men a re b e

,
si eged wi th gre a t p res su re a n d a s I th in k hav e n ow been k i l le d , ,
by th e Tu rks Go b a c k the re fo re a s qui c k ly as y o u c an lest they

.
, , ,
”
fi n d y ou a n d thi s p eo p le wh i ch yo u a re l e a di ng wi th y ou .
Then th e Em p ero r te r ri fi ed w ith fe a r sec retly c a l le d W id o , , ,

“
broth e r o f B oh emu n d an d ce rt a i n othe r s an d sai d to them : Sei g
,
no r s wh a t sha l l w e d o ? B ehol d al l o u r m en h a ve been h el d i n c lo s e

, ,
si ege a n d p e rch a n ce at th i s h o u r h a v e al l been k i l le d by th e Tu rks

, ,
o r led i nto c ap t ivi ty j ust a s that i ll favo re d Co u nt who i s basely

,
-
fl eei ng re p o rts If you wi sh let u s t u rn b a ck at a q u i ck pa ce

, .
, ,
lest we t oo sho u l d d i e a su d den death even a s th ey a l so a re

, , , , ,
d ead ”
. When W ido a kn igh t m ost hon o r able he a rd such f a l se
, ,
ho od s h e beg a n t o weep wi th a l l th e r est an d to com p la in w ith

, ,
“
most v iolent outcry With one voi ce al l excl a i me d : . O t ru e Go d ,
Th re e a n d O ne why h a s t Th ou pe rmitte d thi s t o come t o p a ss

,
?
Why h a s t Th ou p ermi tted th e peopl e who fol lowe d Th ee to f a l l

i nto the h a nd s o f the enemy an d so qui ckly ab a n done d t hem wh o ,
w i shed to f ree the w ay o f T hy j ou rney a n d S ep u l ch re ? S u rely if ,
t hi s wo rd wh i ch w e h av e h ea rd f ro m thes e most i n i q u i tou s m en b e

t r u e we a n d th e othe r Ch ri st i a n s w il l depa rt f ro m Th ee an d n o
, ,
m o re r emembe r Th ee a n d n ot one o f u s w ill ag a i n dar e t o cal l

,
u p on Thy n a me An d t h ere was th i s most gloomy t a lk i n th e

.
whole a rmy s o th a t n on e o f th em wh eth er bi shop abbot cl eri c o r

, , , , ,
‘
l ay d a red t 0 cal l u p on th e n a me o f Ch ri s t fo r s ever a l d a ys
,
.
And n o on e co u ld con sol e W id o wh o wept a n d beat him sel f ,
w ith h i s h a n ds an d b roke h i s fi nger s an d sai d : W oe i s m e ! M y

lord B oh e mu n d hon o r an d g lo ry o f th e wo rld who m al l the w o rl d
, ,
w a s won t to f e a r a n d l ov e ! A l a s wh a t sadness i s m i ne ! I di d ,
n ot dese rve i n gri e f to s ee you r most hon or able fa ce I wh o d esi re d ,
to s ee nothing el se mo re Wh o w i ll l et me di e for y ou s w eetest .

,
fri en d an d lo rd ? W hy w as I n ot de a d a s I c a me f ro m th e w omb ,
my mothe r ? Why di d I come to th i s d day ? Why wa s I n o t

of s a
d rowne d i n t h e s ea ? Why di d I n ot f a ll f rom my horse t o meet

s u dden d e ath from a b roken n eck ? Woul d th a t I had gained a
h a p py m a rty rdom w i th y ou so th a t I might beh ol d you re ceiving a ,
m o st glo r io u s en d ! When a l l had ru n to hi m to con sole h i m s o a s

”
,
to b ring a n en d t o hi s gri e f he t u rned a w a y a n d s a i d t o hime s l f : ,
“
Per ch a nce y ou bel i eve thi s gri zz l ed sh a meles s knight ? T ruly I , ,
h a v e n ot eve r h e a rd m ent ion o f an y c a m pa i gn whi ch h e has made .
B u t b a sely a n d di shono r a bly he t u rn s b a ck l ike a most i niqu ito u s ,
a d
n i ll —
f avor ed man a n d wh a teve r th a t w retch r epo rts y ou may
,
”
k now to be f a l se .
M e a nwh i l e th e Empe ro r comman ded h i s men s aying :

,
Go an d ,
T H E FI R ST C RUSAD E 1 73
l e a d al l o f th e men o f th i s l an d i nto B ulgar i a an d s eek ou t an d ,
dev a st at e a ll p l a ces s o th a t when the Tu rks come t hey w il l be abl e

,
”
to fin d noth i ng Wi lly n il ly o u r men t u rn ed ba ck gri evi ng mos t
.
-
bi tterly even t o de a th a n d m a ny o f th e p ilgri ms di ed F a i ling i n

,
.
strength an d u n ab l e vigo rou sly to f ol lo w the a rmy t hey stoppe d

, ,
a n d died a long the way B u t all the r est r eturne d to Const a nti nopl e
.
6
.
( R ay mon d ) I n th e n ight ho weve r when ou r m en shoul d h a ve

.
, ,
ex p ecte d the m e rcy o f Go d m a ny beg a n t o d es p ai r an d let th em

,
selves down he a dlong from th e t op o f the w a l l s by ropes O thers .

,
mo reove r w ithd rawing f ro m the battl e i nto th e city a nnounced

, ,
t o ev erybody th a t the gene ra l beheadi ng o f al l ha d come ; an d t o ,
i n cre a se thei r fe a rs wh i l e some were u rging others t o resi st bravely

, ,
these same men tu rn ed i n fl ight .
I n t he me a nwh i le th e re wa s su ch f a mi ne i n th e city th a t a
,
ho rse s h ea d w i thou t t h e tongu e was sol d f o r two or th ree s olidi

’
,
th e i ntestin es o f goat s f or five a co ck fo r eight o r n in e What sha l l , .
I s ay abou t b rea d five s olidi s worth o f wh i ch w a s n ot enough to

,
’
sati s fy the h unge r o f one p e rson ? Thi s w a s n ot astoni shi ng n or ,
wh en th ey h a d abun d a nt gol d an d s i lve r an d clothe s coul d i t h a v e

weighed h e a vi ly upon those wh o bo u ght at s u ch a p ri ce H ow eve r .
,
thes e thi ngs w ere ( no w ) s o d e a r be c a u se th e cons ci ences o f th e

sol di e rs t roubled wi th c ri mes were bere f t o f cou rage M o reov er
, , .
,
th ey p l u cked u n ri p e fi gs f ro m the t rees cooked them an d s old them , ,
very dearly I n d eed the h i des o f cattle an d h o rses an d oth e r

.
,
th ings wh i ch they h a d d i s rega rded for a long ti me they no w s lo wly

cook e d an d sol d s o d e a rly th a t any one co u l d eat th e wo rth o f two
s o l id i
. M o st of th e kni ght s l ive d on t h e blood o f th ei r o w n ho rs es ;
aw a iting th e mercy o f G od they di d n ot yet w a nt t o kil l them , .
M o reov er thes e a n d many oth e r evi ls di ffic u lt to enu me r a te th re a t

,
ened an d b esi eged Anoth e r very se ri ou s c a l a mi ty h ap pene d i n that

.
s om e o f ou r men fl ed t o th e Tu rks an d tol d them o f th e m i se ry

i n th e city T he T u rks embolden ed by th i s an d othe r o ccu rrences
.
, ,
th re aten e d u s most v iol ently M o reover on e day at m i d d ay abo u t

.
,
th i rty T urks cli mbed i nt o one o f o u r to we rs wh e re a t ou r men ,
be c a me exceedingly ter ri fied N everth el es s bec a u se o f th e d a nge r

.
, ,
th ey fo u ght with th e hel p o f God ki ll ed some an d fo rced th e oth ers , ,
to fl ee p reci pitately Fo r thi s re a son a ccor dingly a l l p romi s ed

.
, ,
obedi en ce to B oh emu n d fo r fi fteen d ays a fte r the b a ttle s o th a t ,
h e might ar r ange about th e b attl e a n d th e cu sto dy o f th e city F or .
th e Coun t was very i ll a lso the B i sho p ; an d Co u n t S te p hen whom

, ,
th e oth e r p r i nce s ha d cho sen as r u l e r be fo re th e c a p t u re o f th e ci ty ,
h a d fl e d when h e heard rumo r s o f the battl e .

3 . R eve la tion ( J un e 4 f
o th e L an ce .
,
( G es ta ) B u t on e d ay a s o u r lea de rs sad and d i scon solate we re

.
, ,
stan ding b a ck be fo re th e f o rt ress a ce rt a in p ri est c a me t o th em an d ,
sa i d : S eign o rs i f i t p l e a se y ou l i sten t o a ce rt a i n m a tte r whi ch

, ,
I s a w i n a vi s i on Wh en on e n igh t I w a s lying i n the c h u rch o f

.
S t M a ry M othe r o f Go d ou r Lo r d J esu s Ch ri st th e S a vi o u r o f
‘
.
, , ,
‘
t he wo rld a pp ea re d to me w ith H i s mothe r a n d St Pete r p rin ce o f
, .
,
th e a p ostle s a n d s too d b e fo re m e an d s a i d Kno west th ou me ?

, ,
’
“ ’
I a nswe red N o At these wor ds 10 a wh ole cro s s appe a red
‘
.
, , ,
on H i s h ea d .
A second ti me there fore the Lo rd a ske d m e Kn owe st tho u

‘
, ,
’
me ?
“
To H i m I repl i ed : I d o not k n ow Th ee ex cept that I see a c ro ss
o n thy hea d l ike that o f O u r S avi o u r
H e a n swe red I am H e ‘ .
’
‘
’
.
,
I mm edi a te l y I f ell a t H is feet h umbl y beseechi ng that H e h el p ,
u s i n th e o pp res sion wh i ch w as u pon u s Th e Lo rd res p on ded : I .
have h el p e d yo u i n goodly manne r an d I w i l l no w h elp you I .
p erm itte d y ou t o h a ve the ci ty o f N i c a ea a n d to wi n a l l battle s , ,
a n d I con d u cted y o u h i the r t o t h i s po in t a n d I h a ve grieve d a t the ,
mi se ry wh i ch y ou have s u ffe red i n th e siege o f Antio ch B ehold .

,
wi th ti mely a id I sen t y ou s a f e a n d u nharme d in to t he city a n d 10 ! ,
( you a re ) w o rking much ev i l p le a s u re with Chri st i a n an d dep r a v ed ’

p a g a n women whe reo f a s tench beyon d meas u re a ri ses u nto he a ven
,
.
T hen th e lov ing Vi rgi n a n d th e blesse d Pete r f el l at H i s f eet

‘
,
p r aying a n d b eseechi ng H i m to ai d H i s peo p l e i n th i s t ribul a t i on ,
a n d th e ble sse d Pet er s a i d : Lo rd f o r so long a ti me th e paga n h o st ,
has h el d my h o u se a n d i n i t t hey h av e c om mitted m a ny u n spe ak ,
‘
a b le w rongs B u t now s in ce t h e en emy have been d r iven hen ce
.
, ,
’
Lo rd the a ngel s rej o i ce i n h eaven
,
.
“
The Lo r d then s a i d t o me : Go an d tel l my peopl e to r et u rn t o
M e a n d I w i l l ret u rn to th em an d w i th in fi ve d ays I w i ll s en d them
, ,
gre a t hel p Let them daily ch a nt the re spon se Congrega ti s u nt a ll

.
,
’
o f i t i nclu d ing th e ve rse
,
.
“
S e ign ors if y ou do n o t bel iev e that th i s i s t rue let m e cli mb u p
, ,
i nto th i s towe r an d I wi l l thro w mysel f dow n a n d i f I a m u n

, ,
h a rme d bel i eve th a t th i s i s t ru e If ho weve r I sh a ll have su ffe red

,
.
, ,
”
a n y hu rt behe a d me o r c a st m e i nto th e fi r e
,
Then the B i shop o f
,
.
P uy o rdered th a t t he Gos p el a nd th e Cro ss be b ro u ght so th a t h e ,
m igh t t ak e o a th th at th i s w a s t rue .
A l l ou r l e a der s wer e co u n sel l ed at t hat ti me to t ake o a th th a t

not one o f them w o u l d fl ee either f o r l i fe o r de ath as l ong a s th ey , ,
we re alive B oh emu n d i s sai d to have been the fi rst to tak e th e

.
1 76 T H E FI R ST CRU SAD E
According l y u p on h e a r ing th e st a tement s o f that man w h o re

,
p o rted to u s th e r eve l a t i on o f Ch ri st th rough th e wo rd s o f the

a p o stl e w e went i n h a ste i mme di a tely to t he pl a ce i n th e ch u rch
,
of S t Pete r w hi ch h e h a d poi nted o u t Th i rteen men d u g th ere

. .
f rom mo rn i ng u nti l ve s p e rs An d s o th a t man fou nd th e L a n ce .

,
j u st a s h e h a d i nd i c a ted They rece ive d i t with gre a t gladnes s an d

.
fea r an d a j oy bey on d me a su r e a rose i n th e whole city

, .
( R ay mon d ) An d s o a s w e s a i d wh en ou r men were i n a pan i c

.
, ,
an d wh il e they we re on t he v erge o f des p a i r d iv ine mer cy w a s a t ,
h a n d fo r th em ; an d th a t mercy w h i c h h a d co r re cted th e chi l dren

wh en they were w a nton console d them when they w ere ve ry s a d , ,
i n th e f ol l ow ing w ay T h u s wh en th e c ity o f Anti och h a d b een

.
,
c ap t u re d th e Lo rd em p l oyi ng H i s p owe r a n d ki n d n ess c hose a

, , ,
ce rt a in p oo r p e a s a nt Proven ca l by r a ce th rough who m H e com

, ,
fo rte d u s ; a n d H e sent th es e wo rds to th e Coun t an d B i shop o f
And rew a p ostle o f Go d a n d o f ou r Lo rd J esu s Ch ri st has

r ecently ad mon i sh e d m e a fo u rth t i m e a nd h a s co m
, ,
m a n de d m e t o
come to y ou a n d to give ba ck t o y ou a fter the city w a s c ap t u red , ,
the Lance wh i ch o p en e d the si de o f th e S a vi o u r To d ay moreove r .

-
, ,
wh en I h a d set ou t from the ci ty wi th th e rest to b a ttl e a n d when , ,
c au ght between two ho rsemen I w a s a lmost s u ffoc a ted on th e re ,
t re at I s at down sadly u p on a cert a in rock a lmost li fel ess When

, ,
.
I w as ree l i ng li k e a w oe begon e f rom fe a r a n d gri e f St An d rew -
, .
came to m e wi th a c om pa ni on an d h e th re a tened m e m u ch u nl e s s ,
”
I ret u rne d th e L a n ce to you q u i ckly .
An d wh en the Co u n t an d B i sh op ask ed h im t o tel l i n o rde r th e

“
a p o stol i c revel ati on an d comm a n d h e re p lie d : At th e fi rst earth ,
q u a k e whi ch occu rre d a t Anti och wh en th e a rmy o f the Fr a nks

‘
w a s be sieging i t s uch fe a r a ss a i le d me th a t I co u l d say nothi ng ex
ce p t Go d help me
,
Fo r i t w as n i ght a n d I w a s l ying do wn ; n o r
.
’
w a s th ere a nyon e el se i n my h u t t o s ust a i n m e by h i s p re sen ce .
When mo reover th e sh ak i ng o f th e e a rth h a d l a st ed a l on g ti me

, , ,
a n d my f e a r h ad eve r i nc re a sed two m en stoo d be fore m e i n th e ,
brigh test r a i ment Th e on e w a s o l de r wi th re d a n d wh ite h a i r

.
, ,
b l a c k eyes a n d k i nd l y fa ce h i s be a rd in d eed wh it e wi de a n d thi ck

, , , , , , ,
a n d h i s st a t u re medi u m ; the oth er w as yo u nge r a n d t a lle r h an d

‘
,
so me in fo rm beyon d th e ch i l d ren o f m en And the ol de r s a i d to

‘
.
’
m e What doest thou ? a n d I w a s ve ry gre a tly f righten ed be c a u se
I k n ew that th er e w a s n o on e p re sent An d I a n swered Wh o art
‘
.
,
’
thou ?
“
H e re pl ied Ri se an d fe a r n ot ; an d h eed wh a t I s ay to th ee
, , .
I a m An d rew th e A p ost l e B ring together the B i sho p o f Pu y a n d .

TH E FI R S T C RUSAD E 1 77
the Co u n t o f S t Gi lles an d Pete r R aymon d o f H a u t pou l a nd s ay

.
,
“
th es e wo rd s to th em : Why h a s th e B i shop neglected to p re a ch
a n d a d mon i sh a n d d a ily t o s ign h i s peo p l e w ith th e c ros s whi ch h e
‘
be a rs be fo re them fo r i t woul d profi t t hem m u ch ,
? ”
An d h e a dded
Com e an d I w i l l sh ow thee th e L a nc e o f ou r f a the r Jes u s Ch ri st ,
,
wh i ch tho u sh a l t give to th e Coun t F or G od h as grante d i t to .
him eve r s i nce h e w a s bo rn

’
.
“
I a rose th ere f ore an d f ollowe d hi m i nto t he city d ress e d i n
, , ,
n othi ng exce p t a shi rt And h e l e d me i nto th e chu rch o f th e .
a p ostle o f S t Pete r th ro u gh th e n o rth gate b e fore wh i ch th e

.
,
S a r a cen s h a d b u ilt a mosq u e I n th e ch u r ch i n d eed we re t wo

‘
.
, ,
lamps wh i ch th e re gave a s much l ight a s i f th e s u n h a d i ll um in a ted

,
i t An d h e sai d t o me Wai t h ere

. An d h e comm a n ded m e t o s it
, .
’
u p o n a column wh i ch was cl osest to th e stai rs by w h i ch on e as cen ds

,
to th e altar from th e south ; but h i s com pa n i o n stoo d at a di stan ce

be fo r e th e al ta r ste p s Th en S t An d rew goi ng u n de r gro u n d
‘
.
.
, ,
b rough t f orth th e L a n ce and ga ve i t i nt o my h a n ds .
“
An d h e s a i d to me B ehol d the L a n c e wh ich o pen ed H i s s i de ,
‘
’
w hen ce th e salv a ti o n o f the w hol e wo rl d h a s come .
“
Wh i le I h e l d i t i n my h and s wee p i ng f o r j oy I s a i d to h i m
‘
, , ,
Lo rd i f i t i s Thy w ill I w i l l t a ke i t an d giv e i t t o th e Co un t !

, ,
’
An d h e sai d t o m e N ot n ow fo r i t w i l l h a p p en t h a t th e c ity wi l l ,
b e t ak en T hen come wi t h twelve m en an d s eek i t he re when ce I

.
’
d rew i t fort h an d whe re I hi de it An d h e h i d i t . .
“
A fte r th ese t hi ngs h a d been s o d on e h e le d m e b a ck ove r the ,
w a l l to my hom e ; a n d s o th ey le ft me Then I t hought to my sel f .
o f the cond ition o f my p overty a n d y ou r gre a tne ss an d I fea red t o ,
a p p ro a ch you A fte r t hi s when I h a d set forth fo r foo d t o a ce rt a in

.
,
f o rt re s s whi ch i s n ear E des s a on th e fi rst d ay o f Lent at cock cr ow ,

-
‘
S t An d rew app e a re d t o me i n th e s a me g a rb an d w ith th e s a me
.
com pa nio n wi th who m h e h a d come b e f o re an d a gre a t b ri ghtnes s

‘
,
fi lled th e h ou se An d St An d rew s a i d Art th ou a w a k e ?

‘
’
. .
“
Th u s a ro u sed I re p l i e d No Lo r d ; my Lo rd I am not asl ee p
, , , .
’
An d he s a i d t o me H a st tho u tol d those th ings whi ch I bade

thee tel l some ti me ago ?
“ ‘
An d I a n swere d Lo rd h ave I not p r a ye d th ee to sen d some on e
’
el se to them fo r f ear f ul o f my pove rty I h esit a te d to go be fo re

‘
, , ,
’
th em ?
“
An d h e s a i d Dost thou n ot kn o w why th e Lo r d le d you hithe r ,
a n d ho w m u ch H e l oves you a n d why H e chose y ou e s p e ci a lly ?
H e m a de y ou come h ithe r ( to r eb u ke ) contem p t o f H i m an d to

a venge H i s p eo p l e H e loves you s o d ea rly th a t the s a int s a l ready
.
at rest fore know in g th e gr a ce o f D ivin e a r rangemen ts wi sh ed

,
-
,
1 78 TH E FI R S T CRU SAD E
t hat th ey w ere i n the fl esh and st ruggl ing along w ith y ou God .
h a s cho sen y ou f ro m al l p eo p le s a s grai n s o f whe a t are g a ther ed ,
f ro m th e oats F o r y ou excel in f a vo r a nd rewa rds a l l w ho may

.
come b e fo re o r a fte r y o u j u st a s gol d exce l s s i lve r i n v a l u e

, .
’
“
A fte r t h i s they w i thd rew an d s u ch i lln es s o p press ed me that
,
I w a s a bo ut t o lo s e th e l igh t o f my eyes a nd I was a r ranging to ,
d is p ose o f my very m eagre belongi ngs T hen I began to medi tate .
that these things had j u stly be fallen m e b ecau se o f my n egl ect

o f the a p o stol i c comm a n d Thu s com fo rte d I r etu rne d to the
.
,
si ege T hi nking agai n o f th e h a n d i c a p o f my poverty I bega n t o

.
,
fear t hat i f I wen t t o you yo u wou l d say that I wa s a ser f an d

,
w as tell ing thi s f o r the sake o f food ; there fo re I was s i len t i n stead ,
.
An d th u s i n the cou rs e o f t ime when at t he Po rt o f St S imeon on , .
P a l m Sun day I wa s lyi ng dow n i n th e tent w i th my lo rd Wi ll i a m

‘
,
Pete r S t An d re w a pp e a re d w ith a comp a ni on Clad i n the same

,
. .
h abi t i n wh i ch h e h a d come be fo re h e spok e th u s to m e Why , ,
h a st thou n ot to l d th e Coun t an d B i shop an d th e oth ers what I

comm a n ded thee ?
“
’
‘
An d I a n swe re d Lor d h ave I n ot p rayed th ee to sen d a nother
,
i n my place who woul d b e wi se r a n d t o whom th ey wou l d l i sten ?

B e si des th e T u rk s a re al ong the way a nd they k i ll tho se wh o com e
an d go f
“ ‘
An d S t And rew sai d Fe a r n ot tha t they wi ll ha rm thee Say
. .
a l so to th e Cou nt not to d ip i n t he rive r J o rdan wh en h e come s th ere ,
b u t t o c ro ss i n a b o a t ; mo reover when h e has c ro sse d d re ssed i n ,
a l in en shi rt a n d b reech es let h i m be spri nkled f rom the rive r

,
An d .
a fte r h i s g a rment s a re d ry l et hi m l ay th em a w a y an d kee p them

,
w i th the L a nce o f t h e Lo r d And th i s my lo rd Wi lli a m Pete r

.
’
, ,
h e a rd though h e d i d n ot see the a p ostl e

, , .
“
Th u s com fo rted I ret u rned to the a rmy An d wh en I wanted
, .
to tel l y ou th i s I coul d n ot b ri ng y ou t ogeth er An d so I set o u t

, .
to th e po rt o f Ma mis t ra There indeed wh en I w a s a bout t o s a i l

.
, ,
to the i sl a n d o f Cy p r u s fo r foo d S t And rew th reaten ed me m u ch , .
if I di d n ot q u i ckly retu rn to y ou an d t el l y ou wh a t had been com

man d e d me An d when I tho u ght t o my sel f how I wo u l d ret u rn
.
to c a m p fo r th a t p o rt w a s th ree d ays d i st a nt f rom the c a m p I

, ,
bega n to wee p most bitte rly since I c o u ld fin d n o w ay o f retu rn ing

,
.
At l ength a dmoni she d by my lo r d a n d my com p a ni on s we entered

, ,
th e shi p a n d bega n t o row to Cy p r u s An d a lthough w e we r e .
born e a l ong a l l d ay by o a r an d f avo ri ng w in ds u p to sun set a ,
sto rm then sud den l y a rose a n d i n the s pa ce o f on e o r two h o u rs we

,
ret u rned t o the p o rt whi ch w e ha d l e ft An d t h u s ch ecked f rom .
c ros sing a second a n d a th i rd tim e w e ret u rned t o the i sland at th e ,

‘
to them a s fol lo ws : T he Lo r d s ays th i s : Retu rn to me a n d I

‘
,
wi ll ret u rn to you An d w h en they ente r b a tt l e let th e m s ay

.
,
thi s O u r enemy a r e a sse mble d an d glo ry in thei r ow n b r a very ;

dest roy th ei r might O Lo r d a n d s catte r th em s o that they may
‘
, , ,
kno w th a t the re is n o oth er wh o wi ll figh t f o r u s except Th ee O ,
Lo rd An d s ay t hi s a l so to them I f y e d o wh a teve r I comman d

,
’
you even f o r five d a ys I w il l h a ve mer cy u p on you !

, ,
’
M oreove r w h il e H e wa s s ay ing thi s a woman o f co u nten an c e

, ,
rad iant beyond m e a s u re a p p ro a che d an d g a z ing u p on th e Lo r d , ,

“ ”
s a i d to h im Lo rd wh a t a re tho u s ayi ng t o thi s man ?
, ,
An d th e Lo rd s a i d to he r I am a ski ng h i m ab ou t thes e peop l e ,

”
w h o have entere d the ci ty who th ey are ,
.
“
T hen th e L a d y repl i e d O my Lo r d th ese a re the peopl e fo r , , ,
who m I ent re a t the e s o mu ch ”

.
An d when th e p r i es t sho ok hi s co mp a n i on who w as sleepi ng ne a r

h i m s o t h a t h e m igh t have a w itn es s o f s o great a v i si on they h a d
, ,
d i s ap pe a red f rom hi s eyes .
H o wever when m orn ing came the p ri e st cli mbed the hi l l oppos i te
,
the c a stl e o f th e T u rk s wh er e ou r p rin ces w e re st ayi ng a l l ex ce p t

, ,
th e D uke w ho was gu a rd ing th e castle on th e no rth h i ll

,
An d .
th us a fte r a ssembl i ng a ga theri n g h e to l d th es e wo rd s to ou r

, ,
p ri nces a n d i n o rde r to sho w th a t i t w a s t r u e he s wo re u p on th e

, , ,
C ross M oreove r wish ing to s a ti s fy the i n c re d u lou s h e wa s wi ll ing

.
, ,
t o p as s th rough fi re o r t o j ump f ro m th e top o f th e to wer Th en

,
.
th e p ri nces s wo re th a t they wo u l d nei th e r fl e e f rom Ant ioc h n o r

go ou t exce p t w i th th e common con sen t o f a l l ; fo r the peo pl e at
,
th i s ti me tho u ght th a t t he p ri n ces w a n ted to fl ee to th e f o rt An d .
thu s m a ny w e re com f o rted si n c e i n th e p a s t n i ght ther e wer e fe w,
who stoo d ste a d f a st i n th e f a ith a n d di d n ot w i sh to fl ee An d had .
n ot th e B i sho p a n d B oh emu n d sh u t th e g a tes o f th e ci ty v ery fe w ,
w oul d h ave rema i ned N evertheless Wi l li a m o f Gr a n dmesni l fl e d

.
, ,
a n d h i s b rothe r a n d m a ny oth e rs cleri c an d l ay I t b e fel l many

, ,
.
,
h ow eve r th a t w hen th ey h a d esc ap e d f rom the ci ty wi th th e great es t

,
d a nge r they faced th e greate r d a nge r o f de a t h a t the han d s o f t h e

,
Tu rk s .
At thi s t im e ve ry many things we re r evealed to u s th rough ou r

b reth ren ; a n d w e beh el d a m a rvelou s sign i n th e sky Fo r d u ring .
th e nigh t the re stoo d o ve r th e city a very l a rge st a r wh i ch a fte r a , ,
sh or t time d iv i de d i nto t h re e p arts and f el l i n the c a m p o f the

,
T u rks .
O u r men somewh a t com for ted a cc ord ingly a waited th e fi fth

, , ,
d ay wh i ch th e p ri est h a d m enti on ed O n th a t day mo reove r a fter .

, ,
th e n ecessa ry p rep a r a tio ns an d a fte r every one h a d been sent out ,

T H E F I RS T CRUS AD E
o f th e Ch u rch o f S t P eter t welv e men together with th a t man wh o

.
, ,
h a d s p oken o f th e L a nce beg a n to dig Th e re were moreove r a mon g

,
.
, ,
t h ose t welve men the B is ho p o f O range an d R aymon d ch a p lai n o f , ,
th e Co unt w h o has w ritten thi s an d th e C ount h ims el f a nd Ponti u s

, , ,
o f B a l az u n an d F e ra l d u s o f T h ouars
,
An d a fte r we h a d dug f ro m .
mo rn i ng t o even i ng some began t o d espai r o f fi n ding th e La n ce

,
.
T he Coun t l e f t bec a u s e he h a d t o guar d th e castle ; bu t i n place o f

,
h i m a nd t h e rest who w ere ti red ou t f ro m d iggi ng w e i ndu ce d ,
othe rs wh o w er e fresh t o conti n u e the wo rk stu rdi ly T h e yo u t h

,
.
who h a d sp oken o f th e L a nce ho weve r u p on seeing u s wo rn o u t , , ,
di s robe d an d t ak i ng off hi s shoes descen d e d i nto the p it i n h i s sh i rt

, , ,
e a rn estly ent re a ting u s to p r a y God to give u s H i s L a n ce fo r the

co m fo rt and vi cto ry o f H i s people At length the Lo r d w as m in ded .
,
t h ro ugh the gr a ce o f H i s me rcy t o S ho w u s H i s L an ce An d I w h o .

,
h a ve w ri tten thi s k i sse d i t wh en the p oin t a l on e ha d a s y et ap pe a r e d

,
above grou nd Wh a t gre a t j oy an d exu ltati on then fi lle d th e ci ty

.
I c a nnot d es cr ibe M o reove r th e Lan ce was fou n d on the ei ghteent h

.
,
d ay be fo re t h e K a len ds o f J uly .
O n the s e con d n ight S t An d re w a p p e a re d to th e youth th rough

, .
“
wh om h e ha d given the L a n ce t o u s a n d s a i d to h im B ehol d Go d ,
h as gi ven to the Count th a t wh i ch h e n eve r w i sh ed to give t o a nyon e

a n d has mad e h i m s t a n d a rd be a re r o f thi s a rmy as long a s h e s h a l l
-
,
”
continue i n H i s love .
When th e yo u th a sk ed mer cy f r om h i m for th e peopl e S t An d re w ,

.
repl ied to h i m th a t ve ri ly w oul d th e Lord sh ow me rcy to H i s p e ople .
An d a gai n when h e a sk e d th e s a me s a i n t abo u t h is com pa n ion wh o

, , ,
“
i t w a s h e h a d s o o ften s een w ith h i m S t A n d re w a ns we re d D raw , .
,
”
ne a r a n d ki s s H is foot .
An d s o wh en h e w as a bout to d r aw n ea r h e s aw a wou nd on
, ,
H i s f oo t a s f resh an d bloody as i f i t had j ust b een m a d e When .

,
ho weve r h e h esit a ted t o dr a w n e a r be cau s e o f the wo und and blood

, ,
S t An d rew s ai d to h im :
.
B ehol d the Fath e r who was w ou n d e d o n th e Cr os s for u s

, ,
wh ence thi s wo u n d Th e Lo rd l i kewi s e comman ds th a t y ou cel e

.
b r a te that d ay on wh i ch H e ga ve yo u H i s L a n c e And si n ce it w a s .
foun d at ves p ers an d th a t d ay c a nnot b e celeb ra ted celeb r a t e th e

, ,
s olemn festival on the e ighth d ay in the followi ng week an d then ,
e a ch ye a r o n the d ay o f the fi n di ng of th e Lance S ay a l so to .

, ,
them th a t they condu ct themselves a s i s t a ught i n th e E p i stle o f my

( An d th e E p ist l e w a s th is
”
brother Pete r whi ch is re a d t o day
, ,
-
“
H u mb le yo u rs elves un de r th e mighty h a nd o f Le t th e
cl eri cs s ing th i s hymn be fore the La nce : L u s tra s ex qu i j a m per
a c ta tempu s impl ens corporis An d when th ey shall h a ve s a id .
,
1 82 T H E FI RS T C RU S AD E
Ag nu s in c ru ce l eva tus immol a nd u s s ti pite let them fi n i s h th e hymn

,
”
on ben de d knees .
When h oweve r th e B is lI Op o f O range an d I a fte r th is a sked

, , , ,
Pete r B a rtho lom ew i f h e k new lette r s h e re p l ie d I do n ot th ink

”
, , ,
“
i ng t h a t i f h e we re t o s ay I do w e wou l d no t bel ieve h i m H e , .
d i d k no w a li ttle but at th a t ho u r h e wa s s o igno rant th a t he n ei th e r

°
k new l ette rs no r h a d a ny rem emb r a n c e o f th e th ings h e h a d l e a rned

f rom l ette rs ex ce p t t he P a ternos ter Cr ed o in D eu m Mag nifica t
, , , ,
Gl ory in E x ce l s is D e o a n d B enedi c t as D omi nu s D eu s Is ra el

, He -
.
h a d los t th e others a s i f h e had never h ear d them and tho u gh h e ,
w a s abl e a fte rwar ds to reco ve r a f ew i t w a s wi th the gre a tes t e ffo rt , .
4 . D ef e a t o ( J u ne 2 8
f K erbogh a .
,
( Ges ta ) F rom tha t h ou r w e to ok coun sel o f battle a mong ou r

.
s elve s F o rtw it h a ll ou r lea d e rs d eci de d u p on th e p l a n o f sendi ng

.
,
a m essenge r to the Tu rks en emi es o f Ch ri st t o a s k th e m w ith , ,

“
a ss u re d add res s : Whe re fo re have you mo st h a ughti ly ente red
th e l a n d o f th e Ch r i st i a n s a nd why have yo u en c a mped an d why , ,
? ”
d o yo u k i ll a nd ass a i l s e rv a nts o f Ch ri st W hen thei r speech w a s
a l ready en ded th ey fo u n d ce rt a i n men
,
Pete r t he H e rm i t an d H er l
w i n a nd they t ol d the m as fol low s :
, Go to th e a cc u r sed a rmy o f
the Tu rk s a nd ca re fully tel l the m al l thi s ask i ng them why they ,
h a ve b o ldly a n d haughti ly ente re d the l a n d o f the Ch ri st i a n s an d

”
o u r ow n ?
At th ese wo rd s th e mes sengers le f t an d w en t t o th e p ro f a ne a s se m

,
bl a ge s a yi ng everything to Cu rba ra a nd th e oth e rs a s f ol low s :

,
O u r le a de rs a n d nobl es won d er w here for e you h a ve r a shly a n d

mo st h a ughti ly ente re d thei r l a nd th e l a n d o f th e Ch ri s ti a ns ? We ,
th i nk fo rsooth and believe th a t y o u h a ve th us co m e h ithe r because

, ,
yo u w is h to b ecom e Ch ri stian s fu lly ; o r h a ve you come hither fo r

the pu rp os e o f har a ssing th e Chri st i a n s i n eve ry w a y ? Al l o u r .
l e a de r s togethe r a s k you the re fo re q u i ckly to leave th e l a n d o f

, ,
Go d an d th e Ch r i sti a n s w hi ch th e bl esse d a pos tle Pet er by h i s

, , ,
p re a chi ng converte d long a go t o th e w o r shi p o f Ch ris t B ut they .
gr a nt i n a dd ition th a t y o u may t a ke aw a y a ll yo u r belongings h orses

, , , ,
m ules a sse s c a mel s shee p a n d c a ttle ; al l oth er b elongings they

, , , ,
”
pe rmi t y o u to c a rry wi th y o u wh erever y ou may w ish ,
.
T hen Ca rbora ch i e f o f th e a rmy o f t h e S u l t a n o f Pe rs i a wi th

, ,
“
a ll th e oth er s f ul l o f h a u ghti ness a ns we re d in fi er ce l a ngu a ge : You r ,
Go d a n d yo u r Ch ri sti a nity w e neith e r seek n or d e si re an d we s pu rn ,
y o u an d t hem a bso l u tely We h a v e no w come even hi ther bec a us e

.
w e m a rvelled gre a tly why the p rin ces a n d nobl es wh om you menti on
c a l l th i s l a n d th ei rs th e l a n d we to ok f ro m a n e f femin ate peo p le
,
.
1 84 T H E FI R S T C RU SA D E
who ha d eve ry thing i n charge that i f h e saw a light b ur n at t h e ,
h ead o f th e a rmy h e shou l d have th e t ru mp ets s ound ed fo r i t

to ret reat k now ing that t h e T u rks ha d lost th e battl e Cu r bara
,
.
bega n i mmed iat ely to retreat l i t tl e by li tt l e to war d the mountain ,
an d ou r m en fo llowed them l i ttl e b y littl e At l ength th e Tu rk s .
d ivi ded ; on e party went to wa r d t h e s ea an d t h e rest h a lted t here

‘
,
exp ecti ng to en cl os e ou r men b etween t he m As o u r m en s aw th i s .

,
th ey di d l ikewi se Th er e a seventh l i ne was fo rme d f rom th e lin es

.
o f D uke God f r ey an d th e Count o f No rm a n dy an d i ts h ea d was ,
Rei n a l d They sent thi s ( l in e ) to m eet t he Tu rks who w er e coming

.
,
f rom th e sea Th e Tu rks howeve r eng aged th em i n battl e an d by

.
, ,
sh ooti ng kil led many o f ou r m en Oth e r s qua d ron s mo reove r .

, ,
wer e d r a wn out f rom t h e r ive r t o th e mountai n w hi ch was about ,
t wo m i les d i st a nt Th e s q u ad ron s b egan to go f o rth f rom both

.
si des an d t o su rro u n d ou r men on al l s ides h u rli ng shooting an d , , ,
w o u n ding th em There cam e o u t f rom th e mo untains als o coun t

.
, ,
les s a rmi es w ith whi te h o rses wh ose s tan da r d s w er e al l w hite ,

.
An d s o when ou r le a de rs s a w th i s a rmy th ey w er e enti rely i gno rant

, ,
a s to wh a t i t w a s a n d wh o th ey we r e unt il they re cogni zed the ai d

, ,
o f Ch rist whos e l ea ders w ere S t Geo rge M e rcu ri u s a n d D emet ri us

,
9
.
, ,
.
T hi s i s t o b e beli eved fo r many o f ou r m en s a w i t H oweve r when

, .
,
th e T u rk s wh o we re st a ti on ed on th e s id e tow a rd the s ea s aw that

t hat they coul d ho l d o u t n o lon ge r th ey s et fi re to th e grass s o th a t , , ,
u p on seei ng i t t hose wh o wer e i n the t ents might fl ee Th e l a tte r

, .
,
re cogni z ing th at signal sei ze d a ll th e p re ciou s spoi ls a n d fle d B u t

,
.
ou r men fo u gh t y et a littl e whi l e w he r e thei r ( th e T u rks ) grea test
strengt h w a s th a t is in th e region o f th ei r t ents D u k e God f rey

, , .
,
th e Count o f Fl a nde rs an d H ugh th e Great r ode n e a r th e w a ter, ,

’
whe re the enemy s str engt h l ay Th es e m en f o r t i fi e d by th e si gn .
,
o f th e cross t ogeth e r a tt a cke d t h e en emy fi rst Wh en th e other

, .
li nes s a w thi s th ey l ikewi se attacke d Th e T u rk s an d th e Persi an s

, .
i n t hei r tu rn cri ed ou t The r eu p on w e i nvoked th e Li vi ng an d T ru e

.
,
Go d an d ch a rged a g a in st t hem an d i n th e n am e o f J esu s Ch ri st ,
a n d o f th e H oly S ep u lch r e w e bega n the battle an d God h elping , , ,
we over c a me t h em B ut th e te rrified T u rk s to ok to fl ight a nd ou r

.
,
men fol lowe d them to the t ents The reupon the knight s o f Ch ri st .
,
ch ose r a th e r t o p u rsu e the m th a n to s eek any spoi ls an d they pu rsue d ,
them even to th e I ron B ri dge an d then up t o th e fo rt res s o f Tan ,
c red T he enemy i nd ee d l e ft th ei r pavi li ons th e re gol d s il ve r

.
, , , , ,
a n d many o r n a ment s a l so sheep cattl e ho rse s m ules , camels as ses , , , , , ,
gr a i n wi n e b u tte r an d many oth e r things whi ch w e n e eded When

, , , .
the Armen i a n s an d Syr i a ns w h o dwel t i n those regions h e a rd that

w e had o ve rcome t he T urks th ey ran to t h e mountai n t o meet them ,
an d kil l ed a s m a ny o f t hem a s they coul d c a t ch We howeve r .

, ,
retu rn e d t o t he ci ty w it h great j oy an d p rai sed an d bl esse d God ,
who ga ve th e v i ctory to H i s pe 0 p 1e .
Th e reupon wh en t h e E m i r who was guar d ing th e cit a del s aw that

,
Cur bara an d al l th e res t h a d fl e d f r o m the fi el d be fo re th e a rmy o f
th e Franks h e w as gre a tly f rightene d I mme d i a tely an d wi th great

, .
h a ste h e s ought the standar ds o f t h e F r a nks Acco rdi ngly th e .

,
Co unt o f S t Gi lles who w a s stati o ned b e f ore the citadel o rde red
.
, ,
h is st a n d a r d to b e b rought t o h i m Th e Em i r took i t an d c a re f ully

.
place d i t on th e towe r The L ongoba rd s who wer e th ere s a i d im

.
med i a tely : Thi s i s not B oh emu n d s st a n dar d ! ”

T hen th e Emi r ’
“
ask e d an d sai d : Wh os e is i t ? Th ey ans w ere d :
”
I t b elongs t o
the Co u nt o f S t Gi l les ”
T he reu p on th e Emi r went a nd s eize d
. .
,
t h e standa r d an d retu rne d i t to th e Count B ut at that hour t h e .
vene rab le man B oh emu n d c a m e a n d gav e h im h is s t a n d a rd H e

, ,
.
receive d it with great j o y an d ent ered i nto a n a greement wit h B oh e

m un d th a t th e p aga n s wh o wi shed to t a ke u p Ch ri stian ity mi ght
remain w ith h i m ( B oh emu nd ) an d that h e sh oul d pe rmi t tho se who
,
w ishe d t o go away to depart s a fe a n d w itho u t any h u rt H e a greed .
to all th a t the E mi r dem a n ded a n d st r a i ghtw a y sent h i s s erva nts

i nt o th e cita d el N ot many d ays a fte r thi s th e Emi r was b a pti ze d
.
wi th tho se o f h is men who p re fe r re d to recogni ze Ch ri st B ut .
th os e who wi she d to a dhe re t o thei r ow n l a w s Lo rd B oh emu n d h a d

con d ucte d to th e lan d o f the S a racen s .
Th i s b a ttle w as fo ugh t on th e fou rth d ay be fo re th e Kalen ds of

J uly on the vigi l o f th e a po stles Pe ter a nd Paul i n the r eign o f
, ,
ou r Lo r d Jesu s Ch ri st who h a s hon o r an d glo ry fo rev e r a n d eve r

,
.
Amen An d a fte r ou r enemi es h a d n ow been c om p l etely conque red

.
,
we g a ve fittin g th a nk s to God Th ree and O n e an d the H ighest , , .
S ome o f the enemy exh a u sted oth ers woun d e d i n thei r flight h ithe r
, , ,
a n d th ither ,
suc c u mbed to de a th i n v a ll ey f o r est fi el ds a n d ro a d s , , ,
.
B ut th e peo p le o f Ch ri st th a t i s th e v i cto riou s pi lgrim s r etu rn ed

, , ,
to the city rej oi ci ng i n th e h a ppy t ri um ph ove r thei r de f e a ted foe s

,
.
( R ay mon d ) A s we have sai d whe n ou r me n we r e be a ten

.
, ,
d i s cou r a ged an d in n a r ro w strai ts d ivin e ai d a ppe a red An d th e

, , .
bles sed An d rew t a ught us th ro u gh the yo uth w h o h a d s p ok e n o f

th e L a nce h ow w e ought to con du ct ou rs elves be fore th e battl e
and i n the b a ttl e :
“
You h a ve a l l o ffend ed dee p ly an d y o u h a v e b een d ee p ly h u mbl ed
,
an d you h ave cri ed ou t to th e Lo rd and th e Lo r d h a s h e a r d you , .
An d n o w let e a ch one tu rn hi ms el f to th e Lor d bec a use o f hi s s in s ,
a n d le t h i m give five alms b ecaus e o f the fi ve woun d s o f th e L o rd .

I f h e c a nnot do th i s l et h i m s ay the Pa ternos ter five times When

, .
th i s h a s b een don e begi n battl e i n th e n a me o f th e Lo rd by d ay or

,
by n ight a s th e j u dgmen t o f th e p ri nce s deem s b est bec a u s e the

, ,
han d o f Go d w il l b e w ith you I f anyon e has do u bt o f vi ctory .

,
l et th e g a tes be opened fo r h i m an d let hi m go fo rth t o the T u rks , ,
a n d h e w i l l s ee ho w thei r Go d wi ll s a ve h i m M o reove r if any .

,
o n e s hal l re fus e to fight l et hi m b e cl a ssed wi th J u d a s th e bet rayer

, ,
o f th e Lo rd wh o de serte d th e a post les a n d s ol d h is Lo r d to the

,
J e ws Let t hem fight i n the f a i th o f S t Peter hol ding i n m i nd th a t

. .
,
G o d p ro mi s ed hi m that a fte r th e thi r d day H e woul d a r i s e a n d

a pp e a r to h i m
.
a n d fo r thi s re a son
’
S t Pete r s an d n ot the p a ga n s
,
, a l so bec a u se th i s l a n d i s j u stly
A nd let yo u r battl e cry be Go d ’
.
, ,
-
‘
h el p u s ! a n d ve ri ly God wi ll hel p you All you r brothe rs w h o d i e d
’
.
s in ce th e beginning o f th e expedi tion a re p resent w ith you i n th i s

fight ; y ou h a ve only to sto rm th e tenth p a rt o f th e enemy becau se ,
th ey wi ll a ss a i l n i n e p a rts i n th e might a n d comm a n d o f Go d An d .
d o no t p u t off the b a ttl e b ec a u se ( i f you do ) th e Lo rd wil l le a d

, ,
a s m a ny en emi es f ro m th e o the r si de s a s y o u h a ve on thi s s i de an d ,
H e wi l l k ee p you sh u t u p h ere unti l you d evo u r o ne a nothe r B ut .
know ce rt a i n ly th a t tho se d a ys a re at h a n d whi ch the Lo r d p romi se d

t o th e B l es se d M a ry a n d to H i s a p ostles s ay ing th a t H e wo u ld ,
r a i s e u p the ki ngdom o f the Ch ri sti a n s a fte r th e kingdom o f th e ,
p a g a ns h a d been c a st down a n d gro u n d i nto du st B ut do not t u rn .
”
t o thei r tent s i n se a rch o f gol d an d S i lve r .
Th en the p owe r o f Go d w a s di s close d i n th a t H e wh o h a d c om ,
man d ed th e a b ov e wo rds t o be p re a ched to us th ro u gh H i s a po stle s o

co m forted the h e a rt s o f a ll th a t e a ch one in f a it h a n d ho p e seeme d
to hi msel f a l re a dy to h a v e t r i u m p hed ove r hi s en emy Th ey u rged .
on on e a noth er a n d i n u rgi ng reg a in e d co u r a ge fo r fighti ng Th e

,
.
c rowd t oo w hi ch i n the p a st d a ys s eemed to b e co nsu me d wi th

, ,
w a n t an d f ri ght n ow re p ro a che d th e p rin ce s an d c om p l a i ne d o f th e

,
del a y o f the b a ttl e H ow ev er wh en th e d ay for b a ttl e h a d b een

.
,
fixed ou r pr i nces sent wo rd by Peter th e H e rmi t to Cor bara le a de r

, ,
o f th e T u rk s to give u p th e si ege o f t h e city be c a u se i t w a s by

, ,
right th e p rop e rty o f S t Peter a n d th e Ch ris ti a ns .Th a t p rou d .
l e a de r repli e d th a t r i ghtly o r w rongly h e w a s going t o rul e ove r

, ,
the F r a nk s an d th e city An d h e com p ell ed Pete r the H ermi t who.

,
was unw il l ing to bow t o k neel to h im ,

.
Th e q u esti on w a s r a i se d a t th i s ti me a s to w h o sho u l d gu a rd the

ci ty a g a in st thos e wh o w ere in the cit a del whi l e th e rest went fo rth ,
to figh t Th ey b u ilt a ston e w a l l a n d r am p a rts on ou r h i l l ag a in st

.
the enemy ; these they fo rti fied w ith m a ny ro cks fi n a lly l e a ving ,
Co u nt R a ymond wh o w a s deathly i ll an d a bo u t two hund red m en

, ,
the re .
1 88 THE F I R S T CRU SAD E
”
An d then Corbara sai d Can n one o f them be d r i ve n back at all ?
“
An d Mird al in repli e d They w i l l not yi el d a f oot step eve n i f
, ,
all th e peopl e o f th e pagan s atta ck them .
T hen although d i stu rbe d i n min d h e d rew u p h i s many an d

, ,
mult ipl e l i nes agai n st u s An d w h en at fi rst t hey coul d have p re

.
vente d ou r ex it they allo we d u s t o go ou t i n pea ce O u r m en h ow

, .
,
eve r no w di r ecte d thei r l ines toward th e moun tai n s f earing that

, ,
the Tu rks might s u rroun d the m f ro m th e rea r H oweve r th e .

,
mountai n s we re ab out t w o long m i les f rom th e b ri d ge We we r e .
a dvan ci ng i n o p en fi le a s th e cle rg
y a re wont t o mar ch in p ro cessi on s .
An d ve rily w e h a d a p r oces sion ! F or th e p ri est s an d m any m o nks ,
d resse d i n wh ite robes went in f ron t o f the l in es o f ou r kni ghts

, ,
chanti ng an d i nvok ing t he a i d o f th e L o r d an d th e bened i cti on o f

th e sai nt s Th e enemy on th e c ont rary r u sh e d agai nst u s an d sh ot
.
, ,
a r row s . Corbara now ready to do what he h a d j u st r ecentl y re

,
fused l ikewi se sent w o rd to ou r prin ces ( p ropo si ng ) that five or ten

,
Tu rks sh o u l d do battle wit h a l ik e nu mber o f Franks an d tha t ,
those w hose knights were co nqu ered sho u ld p eace fully yi el d t o

“
t h e oth ers T o thi s ou r l ea d er s repl i e d You we re u n wi ll ing wh en
.
,
we w a nte d to do thi s ; n o w that w e h av e a dvan ce d t o fight le t each ,
figh t fo r hi s right .
An d wh en we h a d occ u p ied the wh ol e p lai n a s w e sai d a cert a i n , ,
p o rti on o f th e T u rks rem a i ned beh in d u s an d attacked some o f

ou r foot s oldi e rs B u t those foot sol d i e rs tu rni ng abo ut s u stai ned
-
.
-
, ,
th e a tt a ck o f the enemy vigorou sly When i n de ed the Tu rks co ul d .

, ,
i n no w ay d rive them ou t they set fi r e aroun d them so that th ose

, ,
w h o di d not fe a r the s w ord s might a t al l event s be ter rifi ed by fi re .
An d thu s th ey f o rce d t hem to give w ay fo r t h at p l a ce ha d m uch ,
d ry h ay .
An d when th e li nes h a d gon e fo rth the p ri est s with b a re f eet an d , ,
g a rbe d i n thei r p ri estly vestments stoo d on th e w a l l s o f th e ci ty , ,
c a l l i ng u p o n God t o d e fen d H is p eo p le a nd th ro u gh th e v i cto ry o f ,
th e Fran k s i n th is b a ttle t o a ffo rd a testi mo ny h a ll ow ed by H i s

b loo d . M o reove r a s w e we r e a dv a nci ng from th e b ri dge up to
,
th e mo u nt a in w e m et with gre a t d i fficulty bec a us e th e enemy w ant ed

,
t o su r ro un d u s I n the mi d st o f th i s th e li n es o f th e enemy fell

.
,
u p on u s who w e re i n the sq u a d ron o f the B isho p a n d tho u gh thei r ,
f or ces were grea te r th a n ou rs yet th r ou gh th e p rot ectio n o f th e

, ,
H o ly L a n c e wh i ch wa s the re they the re woun ded n o o n e ; neithe r

,
d i d th ey h i t a ny o f u s w i th a rrow s I behel d th ese thi ngs of wh ich .
I speak an d I bo re the La n ce o f th e Lor d the re I f a nyon e says .
th a t Vi sco unt H eracl iu s th e s ta n d a rd be a rer o f th e B isho p w a s

,
-
woun ded i n th i s b a ttle l et h i m k now th a t h e han de d over thi s

,
st a nd a rd to a nother an d f el l behi nd ou r l i ne so me d i st a nce .

TH E F I R ST CRU SAD E 1 89
When al l ou r fightin g men ha d l e f t th e c ity five oth e r li ne s ,
ap p ea red a mong u s F o r as has al ready b een s a i d ou r p rin ces h ad

.
, ,
d ra wn up only eight an d w e w er e th i rteen l ine s o utsi d e the city

,
In .
the begi nn ing o f the ma rch out to battl e th e L o r d sent d ow n upon

a ll H i s a rmy a d ivin e sh o we r l i ttle b ut f ul l o f b le ssing Al l those
,
.
tou ch ed by thi s we re fi l le d wi th al l grace a nd f o rtit u de and d esp isi ng ,
t h e en emy ro d e f o rth as i f a l ways n ou r i sh e d on t h e del i c a ci es o f

,
k ings T h i s m iracle al so a ff ected ou r ho rses n o less F or w hose

. .
ho rs e fai led u nti l th e figh t was ov er even t hough it h a d ,
tast e d not hing except the b ark or l eaves o f t rees for eight days ?
G od s o multipl i e d ou r army that w e w h o b e f o re seeme d few e r ,
than the enemy we re i n th e battl e mor e n ume ro u s than th ey An d

,
.
when ou r m en h a d t hu s a dvan ce d an d f o rmed i n l i ne t h e en emy ,
tu rne d i n fl igh t with out giving u s a chan ce t o engage in battl e O u r .
men p u rsu ed them unti l s unset T here th e Lo r d wo rk e d ma r .
vel ou s ly as wel l i n the ho r s es as i n th e men ; f o rsooth the men we r e ,
n ot called away f rom batt le by avar i c e an d tho se p ack ho rs es wh i ch ,
thei r master s h a d le d i nto b a ttl e a fte r a scan t feeding now very , ,
eas i ly f ol l owed the sl eek est an d sw i ftest ho rses o f th e T u rks .
B ut th e Lo r d d i d n ot w i s h u s t o h a ve th is j oy only F o r th e .
Tu rk s who we re guar d ing the ci tadel o f th e city g ave up ho p e upon

s eei ng t he h e a dlong fl i ght o f thei r peopl e ; some on th e pledge o f ,
thei r l ive s alon e s u r ren dered thems elve s to u s an d the rest fl e d

, ,
h eadlong And th ough th i s batt le was so t er rible an d f righ t ful yet

.
,
few knights o f th e enemy fell th ere ; but o f t hei r foot soldi er s s carcely -
any escape d M o reove r a ll th e tent s o f t h e enemy w ere c a ptu red

much gol d an d si lve r an d th e greatest amount o f spoi l s—gr a i n an d
.
, ,
cattl e an d camel s wi tho ut meas u re o r n umbe r An d that i nci dent .
o f Samar i a
10
abo ut th e me a s u r es o f wheat a nd ba rl ey wh i ch wer e
b o u ght fo r a S h ekel wa s renewe d f o r u s M o reover t h ese event s .
,
o ccu r re d on the vigi l s o f St Pete r a nd Paul through wh i ch i nt er

.
,
c e s s ors was grante d thi s vi ctory to th e p ilgri m chu rch o f the Fr a nks
by the Lo r d J esu s Ch ri st wh o livet h an d reigneth Go d th rough al l

,
ages Amen. .
5 1. S u mma ry f
( Jun e 5
o even tsbegi nn ing o f J u ly
.
( Ans el m ) B ut on t h e f oll owi ng d ay Cor bara ap p roach ed with

“
th e King o f Dam a s cu s D u ke B al d ach the King o f J e ru s a le m an d 1
, , ,
very many othe rs and l a i d si ege to th e ci ty Accor dingly we we re .

,
both besi eged by them an d ( wer e ou rse lves ) besi eging th e a fo re

,
sai d f ew i n th e castl e o f t h e ci ty an d w e w ere t hu s d riven to eat ,
t h e fl es h o f ho rses an d asses M o reove r on th e secon d d ay a f t er

.
,
thei r ar ri val they kil led Roger o f B onnevill e 12

O n th e thi r d day .
,
1 99 TH E FI R S T C RU S AD E
t hey attacked th e fo rt res s wh i c h w e had e recte d again st th e An

t ioc h enes but a ccompl i she d n oth i ng
, H oweve r t hey di d i nfl i ct a .
,
wou n d upon Roge r chatel ai n o f L i ll e f rom wh i ch h e di ed S eei n g

, ,
.
that they we r e accomp l i sh ing noth ing on that s i de they ascen d e d th e ,
hi ll s H o weve r wh en we w ent o u t agai nst them w e we re beat en

.
, ,
an d put t o fl ight Th en th ey ent e re d i ns i de th e wa ll a n d that

.
“
day and t h e fo llo w ing n ight we were only a s to ne s th ro w from ’

-
each othe r O n th e f ollo wi ng day at d ayb reak they called upon

.
B aph ome th 13
at th e t op o f thei r voi ces bu t w e calling upo n ou r , ,
Go d i n ou r h eart s ma d e a cha rge upo n t he m an d drove them al l

,
o uts i d e th e wal l s o f th e city Th er e Roge r o f B ethe nivil le d i ed . .
B ut they move d th ei r camp an d set s i ege t o all the gates o f t h e ci ty ,
seeking t o co mpel ou r su r ren d e r th ro ugh la ck o f f oo d .
The reupon w hen H i s servants ha d been placed i n such t ribu l a

,
ti o n Go d st ret che d fo rth H i s ri gh t han d i n ai d an d me r ci ful ly

,
reveal e d th e Lan ce w i th wh i c h t h e body o f Ch ri s t was pi er ced I t .
lay bu ri ed mo reover t o a d epth o f t wo men s statu r e beneath th e

, ,
’
fl oo r in t h e ch u r ch o f St Pete r S o wh en thi s p re c iou s g em was . .

,
fo u n d a l l o u r spi rits we re revived

, .
“
O n th e vigil o f t he a po stl es Peter an d Paul ( ou r pr in ces )
‘
, ,
a fte r taki ng coun se l am ong themselves s en t envoys t o Cor bara to ,

“
s ay : Th e a rmy o f t h e L o r d s en ds t h i s me ssage : Leave u s a n d
the inhe ritan ce o f S t Pet e r o r ot her wi se tho u shal t be put to fl ight
.
, , ,
’
by a rms ! Wh en h e hea rd thi s Corbara u ns heath ed h i s swor d ,
an d s wo re by h i s k ingdom an d th rone that he wo u l d d e fen d hi ms el f

f rom al l the Frank s ; an d h e f u rth er sai d th at he h i msel f o wn e d t he
l a n d a n d woul d po ss ess i t j u stly or unj u stly F o r h e ans we red , .
, ,
they wou ld h ea r n o wo r d f ro m h i m unti l aban doning Ant ioch they , ,
d eni ed Ch ri st and p r o fessed th e la w o f th e Pe rs i an s 15

When thi s .
mes s age wa s h ear d the Ch ri stian s cleans e d by con fes sion an d

, , ,
stoutly a r med by partak i ng o f t h e bo dy an d blood o f Ch ri st w ent ,
o u t f ro m t he gat e ready fo r b a ttl e T h e fi rs t to go fo rth w a s .
H ugh the Great w ith hi s F ranks ; next the Co u n t o f th e No rman s

,
a n d the Coun t o f Fl a n de rs ; a ft er t hem th e ven e r a ble B i sho p o f ,
Puy an d th e b a ttle l i ne o f th e Count o f S t Gi l le s ; a fte r h im .

,
Tan cre d ; an d l ast o f al l u nco nqu ere d B oh emu nd When a cco rd , .

,
ingly the l ines had been fo rmed with the Lan ce o f th e Lo r d an d

, ,
the C ro s s be fo re th em th ey began battl e w i th th e greatest c on ,
fi d enc e G o d he lping th ey tu rn ed in fli ght th e Tu rki sh p rinces

.
, ,
w h o w ere c on f u s ed an d u tt erly be a ten a n d k il le d coun tless n u mb e rs ,
o f them Retu rni ng the re fo re wi th v i cto ry w e gav e thank s to th e

.
, , ,
Lo rd an d celeb ra t e d th e fest ival o f th e ap ostl es wit h t he gr eatest

rej oi c ing O n t hat day the ci tadel was s u r rende re d to u s the s on
.
,
1 92 TH E F I R S T CR U SA D E
pass i o n o f Go d they glo ri fi e d Ch r i st M o reover a ft er a f as t o f

, .
,
t h re e d ays ha d been p resc ribed t hey d evo t ed t h emselves to p ray er , ,
c on fes sed what w rongs they had done an d mar ch e d aroun d th e ,
chu rches wit h bar ed f eet A f ter th i s wa s don e e ach a rmy equip p e d
.
,
it sel f for battl e .
“
O n th e vi gi ls o f t h e a po st l es P ete r and Pa u l ou r men a fte r , ,
i nvoki ng t he name o f Ch ri st ma rched ou t o f the city Th e B i shop ,

.
of S t M ary o f Pu y p rece d ed b ea ring th e Cros s an d th e t ri u mphal

.
,
Lan ce o f th e S avi ou r Th e p r i ests an d many c leri cs fol lo wed

.
,
d res sed in wh i te vestment s An d wh en t h ey ha d a d van ce d thu s for

.
a bou t th ree mi les t o th e fi el d they behel d a won d er f ul stan dard , ,
wh i te an d ex ceed ing h igh an d wi th i t a co u ntle ss ho st o f knights

,
.
At th e same t i me a win d and clou d o f dust a ros e an d d rove th e

Tu rk s i nto s uch fl ight that th e f ugi tives cast away th ei r a rms an d ,
even thei r ve ry gar ments An d th u s God scatteri ng th em t hey

.
, ,
melte d away n eve r mo re to a pp ea r to u s M arvelou s i t i s to re lat e .

,
fo r n o on e w a s c erta in w hen c e c a m e eith er th e stan da rd or those

who wer e w ith i t And s o ou r m en col lecting th e e qu ipment an d
.
, ,
h uge pl u n d e r o f th e f ugi tives w en t i nto th e ci ty exulti ng w ith , ,
great j oy M o reove r on that d ay t h e Lo rd gave them a greate r

.
,
abun d an ce o f foo d an d other suppl i es than w e have at h ome i n

h a rve st t im e And n ow t h ey po sses s freely the st ronghol d o f the
.
”
c ity an d all th e r egion about even t o upper N i caea
, ,
.
Thi s B run o faith ful ly explai ne d i n th e presen ce o f al l We mor e .

,
ove r de a rest b reth re n p ray an d bes eech yo u who ar e i n cha rge o f

, ,
th e peo p l e to reco unt an d expl a i n to yo u r s on s th e vi ctory o f Ch ri st ,
a n d by a d mon i sh i ng an d enj o ining r emi s si on o f s i ns t o p revai l upo n
a l l wh o ar e fi t p a upe rs an d w omen ex cepte d to go an d j oi n thei r

, ,
brothe rs And d o you al so devote yo u rs elve s ass i d u o usly to psalm s

.
,
vigil s an d p r a ye rs that f o rtifi e d by th e m erit s o f in te rcesso rs a s

, , ,
well a s by th e a rms o f warrio rs they may l ead a sa f e and t ranqui l ,
li fe al ong th e way wh i ch th ey a r e t o t ak e among barba rou s nat i ons .
We al so make it kn own to y ou that Lo r d Pop e U rba n hold s a

coun ci l at B ar i con si der ing an d a r r a n ging ( matte rs ) w ith many
,
senat o rs o f t he land ( w h o are ) soon t o tak e the roa d to J erusalem .
Fa rewell .
( Crus ading P rinc es ) B ut when we w i sh e d to attack th e c itadel

.
o n th e n ex t d a y we s a w ove r runni ng a l l th e fi eld s an i nfi n it e mul ti

,
t u de o f Tu rk s whose comi ng w e h a d b een ex p ecti ng fo r many

,
d ays wh i l e out si de th e c ity Thes e be si ege d u s on t h e thi r d d ay

, .
,
a n d mo re than o n e hun d re d o f t hei r s o ldi ers en te r ed th e ci t a del ;
f o r th ey w a nt ed t o b re a k th r ough th e gate i nto th e p o rti on o f the

city lo ca te d belo w th e citadel commo n to both o u rselv es an d them , .
TH E F IR S T C RU S A DE 1 93
B ut taki ng a s tan d on a nother hi l l op p os ite th e ci ta d e l w e gu a rde d ,
the roa d passi ng between t he t wo a rmi es dow n to th e ci ty l est ,
many mo r e o f t hem b re a k i n up on u s Fighti ng nigh t an d day .

,
withi n an d w ith o u t w e f o rce d them to en te r the ga t es o f th e citad el

,
whi ch l ed them to t h e city an d to retu rn to th ei r c am p A cco rdingly , .

,
whe n they saw th a t th ey co ul d do no ha rm on th a t s i de they s u r ,
ro u nd ed u s al l a b o u t s o th a t non e o f ou r men cou l d go o u t o r come

,
t o u s A s a resu lt o f th i s we we re all s o desti tut e an d a fl

. i ict e d tha t
,
m a ny o f o u r men dyi ng o f st a rv ati on a n d m a ny othe r wants ki ll e d

, ,
and a t e o u r f a mi shed h o rs es a n d a s ses .
B ut mean whi le by the most kind com passi on o f Almighty Go d

, ,
wh o comes t o ou r a id an d is watch ful i n ou r beh al f w e fou n d the, ,
Lanc e o f t h e Lor d by wh i ch the s i de o f ou r S avi ou r was pie rced

at th e han d s o f L onginu s 17
S t An d re w th e apostl e th ri ce app eare d
. .
t o a ce rtai n se rvan t o f Go d an d p oi nted ou t wh e re th e L a nc e lay

b u ri ed i n the ch u rch o f S t Pet e r ch ie f o f the a p ostl es We we re s o .
,
.
com fo rte d an d s t rengthened by fin ding i t an d b y many oth e r d ivi ne ,
revelati ons that w e w h o be for e ha d been affli cted an d timi d we re

, , ,
th en mo st bol dly an d eage rly u rging on e a nothe r to battl e .
A cco rdi ngly on th e v igi l o f th e a po stl es Pete r an d Paul a fte r

, , ,
w e ha d bee n besi eged fo r th ree we eks a n d fou r days w e p l a ce d ,
ou r t rust i n G o d a n d having con fes sed al l o u r i ni qu i ti es sought th e

, ,
gates o f th e city f rom whi ch we went o u t with th e whol e a r my ,
r eady for battle We w e re s o few that they we re s u r e that we we r e

.
l
n ot figh ti ng a ga in s t th em bu t r a th e r fl eei ng H o weve r wh en a l l , .

,
ou r m en we r e ea d y an d the l ines o f foot sol di er s as well as o f

r
,
-
kn i ght s h a d b een defin itely f o rmed we bol dly sou ght o u t w it h th e

, ,
L a n ce o f th e Lo r d ( th e poi nts ) whe re thei r valo r an d en d u r a n ce

was greatest ; an d f rom the fi rs t st a n d o f battle w e f or ce d them t o
fl ee H oweve r a s i s t h ei r cu stom th ey bega n to s cat te r themselves
.
, ,
eve rywhe re a n d by occ u pying hi l ls an d seiz ing ro a d s wh erever they

, ,
could th ey wante d t o en ci rcl e u s B u t th e gr a ce an d mer cy o f Go d

,
.
s o a i de d u s w h o ha d been i nst ru cte d a gai nst thei r wi les an d strat a

,
gem s by many battles that we who we re very f ew i n com p ar i son , ,

’
wi th them f o rce d them al l togethe r i nto one body ; an d Go d s right
,
h a n d fighting with u s w e f o rc e d t hem s o gathe red t o fl ee an d , , ,
a ban d on thei r camp wit h a ll that w a s i n i t When we ha d con .
quered t hem a fte r pu rsu ing them all d ay an d k ill i ng ve ry m a ny

,
o f thei r knights we r etu rn ed to the ci ty hap p y an d rej oi cing

, , .
M o reover a ce rt a in Emi r who wa s i n th e a foresai d c it a del w ith a

,
thou san d men su r ren dere d t o B oh emu n d an d at h i s han d they u m ,
a nimou s ly yi elded to th e C h r i stian fai th An d thus ou r Lo r d J esu s .
Ch r i st has boun d th e ci ty o f Antio c h to th e Rom a n religi on an d

faith .
C HAP TE R V I
D ISSEN S ION AMONG TH E L EADE R S

( W ith th e v e rth r o w o f K e rbog h a a l l p r es s i n g d a n g er from t h e S e lj u k i an
o
T u r k s a nd t h e C a l i ph o f B ag d a d w a s en d ed for s ev e r a l y ear s a t l ea s t .
H e n ce fo rth t h e mo s t s e ri ou s o b s t ac l e fro m t h e M oh a mmed a n s i d e con s i s t ed

in t h e F ati mit e Ca l i p h o f E gy p t Th e l atte r h ow ev er h ad e n t er ed i n to
.
, ,
n e g o ti a ti on s w it h t h e C r u s a d e r s s o t h a t t h e r e w a s l itt l e c a u s e t o w o rry o n
,
t h a t s cor e A ll S y ri a w a s n ow a t t h e d i s p o s a l o f t h e Chri s ti a ns a nd t h e fe a r
.
,
o f i mme d i a t e d a n g e r w a s r e mov e d B u t t h i s s it u a ti o n thre a t e n ed ev e n g r e at e r

.
p eri l s t o t h e c a u s e o f t h e Cr u s a d e r s F o r t h e ma i n i nc e ntiv e fo r c l o s e c o
.
op e r a t i o n a nd h a r mony w a s l o s t w ith t h e r e mov a l o f d a n g e r fr om c o mmo n
foes . Th e d e ath o f A d h ema r p ap a l vi c a r a t thi s j u nc t u r e a gg r av at e d t h e

, ,
s t a t e o f a ffa ir s fo r it t oo k a w ay t h e on l y l ea d e r w h o h a d c l a i ms u p on t h e
,
a ll eg i a n c e o f th em a ll A s a r e s u l t t h e l e a d e r s q u arr e ll e d a n d a l l bu t fou ght

.
,
w ith ea c h o t h e r O n one p r et e x t a nd an o th e r t h e j ou rn ey t o J e r u s a l em w a s
.
p os tp o n e d t o s ati s fy t h eir s e lfi s h amb iti o n s Th e ama z i ng p r e s su re e x ert e d

.
a t l en g th by t he c o mmo n k n i ght s a n d foot s o l d i e r s fo r s o me u n ity o f a c ti on -
a n d a d h e s i o n t o t h e o ri g i n a l v o w d ese rv e s mu ch g r ea t e r a tt e n ti on in t h e
h i s tory o f fe ud a l o r g a n i z a ti o n t h a n h a s u s u a ll y b een acco r d e d it Co u n t .
R ay mon d s u s e o f P e t e r B a rth o l ome w to s u pp o rt h is p er s on a l p l an s w a s

’
u nd o u b te d l y t h e c hi e f c a u s e fo r q u e s ti o n i n g t h e L a n ce on w h i ch P e t e r s
’
,
rep u tat ion w as p ri ma ri l y b as ed M e d i a eva l h i s t ory a ff o rd s fe w i ns t a nc es o f

.
t h e tria l by t h e o r d e a l o f fi re s o s tri n g e n t o r s o g r ap h i c a ll y d e s c ri b ed a n d ,
t h e v a ri e d a c cou n t o f t h e o u tc o me b etr ay s w h a t i n t en s e fe e l i n g h a d s p r u n g
u p a mon g t h e p a rti es s i nc e t h e c a p t u r e o f A n ti o ch Th e e l a b o r at e v e r s i o n
.
by R a y mo n d in mar k e d c o ntr a s t w it h t h e a b s o l u t e s i l en c e o f t h e A n o ny mo u s
, ,
n ec e s s it at e s t h e a d d iti o n o f t h e l e s s d ir ec t t e s ti mo ny o f R ao u l d e Ca e n a n d -
F u l ch e r Th e q u e s ti on c o n ti n u e d a s u bj e ct o f d e b a te fo r y ea r s in t h e W e s t
.
,
a s w e ll a s in t h e E a s t b u t fo r t h e ti me b e i n g t h e O r d e a l ma d e u n it e d a c ti on
,
a g a i n p o s s i bl e ) .
1 . D is orga niz a ti on o f th e A rmy .
( J u n e November
-
I,
( Th e Cr u s a di ng P rin c e s )
B ut S i n ce some so rrow i s ev e r wont
.
to o ccu r i n th e m i d st o f h a pp i ness th a t B i shop o f Puy whom you ,
committed t o u s a s yo u r vi c a r d ie d on th e K a le nds o f Augu s t a fte r ,
t h e ba ttl e i n wh i ch he h a d t a ken an h ono rable p a rt was ove r an d th e

city p acifi ed Now th ere fore w e yo u r son s be re ft o f th e fathe r
.
, , , ,
commi tt ed to u s bi d y ou ou r s p i ri t u al f a th e r w h o sta rted th i s ex

, , ,
p e d it ion who by yo u r se rmon s c a u sed u s a l l t o l e a ve ou r l a n ds an d

, , ,
a l l that w a s on thos e l a nd s command ed u s to t ak e u p th e c ros s t o

,
196 TH E F I R S T C RU SAD E
Count o f Flanders a n d al l th e rest sent th e most nobl e kn igh t Hugh

,
th e Great t o th e Empero r at C onstantinopl e ( w ith a m essage ) to

co m e a nd receiv e th e tow n an d fu lfi l th e a greem ents whi ch h e h a d
wi th them H e w en t an d n eve r a fte rw a r d ret u rn ed
. A fter a ll .
t hi s ha d been done al l ou r lea d e rs a ssembl ed and h el d a coun ci l a s

,
t o h ow th ey c ou l d s u cces s f ully l e a d an d r u l e over th i s mu lti tu de

unti l th ey sh o u l d hav e a c co mpl i sh ed th e march t o th e H ol y S epu l
ch re for whi ch they h a d al ready up t o th i s p oi nt su ff e re d s o m a ny
,
dange rs It w a s d eci ded i n th e counci l that th ey sho ul d not yet

.
d a re t o ente r th e lan d o f th e p agan s beca use i n the su mme r ti me i t ,
i s v ery d ry an d ha s n o wa t er an d s o th ey agree d to wait u ntil th e ,
Kal en d s o f N ovemb er Th en th e l e a de rs s e p a rate d a nd each on e

.
,
set ou t int o h i s o wn l a n d ( to w a i t ) u nti l th e ti me f o r going An d

, .
th e p rin ces h a d the t r u mpets soun ded th rou ghou t th e wh ole c i ty ,
anno u ncing t hat i f any needy p erson w ith out gol d an d s i lver w i sh e d
t o rem a i n w it h them h e wou l d b e gla d ly m a i nt a i ned by them u p on
, ,
m aking a n agreement .
The re w a s a cert a i n kni gh t o f th e a rmy o f th e Count o f S t .
Gi lles wh ose n ame was Raymon d Pil e tu s H e retai n ed ve ry m a ny

, .
vas s e l s kni ght s a n d foot sold iers

,
H e went o u t w i th th i s a ss embl e d
,
-
.
a rmy a nd ente re d th e l a n d o f the S a r a cen s an d setti ng out beyon d ,
t wo citi es cam e to a certai n fo rt i fi ed p la ce th e n a me o f whi ch w as

, ,
Tal a ma nia T h e i nh ab i t a nts o f th e p l a ce Sy ri a ns i mmedi a tely s u r

.
, ,
rend er ed to h i m o f thei r o w n a c co r d An d wh en all h a d been the re .
“
fo r eight days m essenge rs came t o h i m s ayi ng :
,
Th ere i s n ea r u s
h ere a fo rt res s fi l led wi th a mult i tu d e o f S a r a cen s T o t hi s c a mp .
w ent th e p il gri m kn ights o f Ch ri st an d a ttacke d i t on all si des a nd ,
i t was st r a ightw a y c a p tu re d by them wi th th e a id o f Ch ri st The re .
u p on th ey took a l l t h e i nh ab i t a nt s o f th i s p la c e an d ki ll e d thos e
,
who we re u nwi l li ng to receive Ch ri sti a ni ty An d wh en this h a d .
b een a c com p li she d o u r Fr a nk s retu rn ed w it h gre a t j oy to the i r

,
f o rme r c a m p .
B u t on the thi rd d a y th ey wen t o u t a n d c a me to a cert a i n city

n e a r them M a r r a by n a me M o reover the re were ga th e re d th e re
, .
,
m a ny T u rks an d S a r a cen s f rom th e ci ty o f Ale p po a n d f rom al l ,
the citi e s a n d towns wh i ch we re aro un d i t Th e barbarian s a cco r d .

,
ing l y c a me ou t a g a in st u s t o d o b a tle a n d o u r men thi nki ng

, , ,
to s tr u ggl e wi th t hem i n figh ting f o rced them t o fl ight ; bu t th ey , ,
retu rn ing a tt a cked o u r men f ro m ti me to ti me th ro u gho u t th e wh ole

,
d ay a n d thei r a tt a ck l a ste d u p to ev en ing

, T he s u mmer bei ng hot .
beyon d me a s u re ou r men w ere a l re a dy u n able t o end u re s u ch gre a t

,
th i rst b ec a u se they co u l d n owh ere fin d w a ter t o d rink ; neverth el ess ,
they w i shed t o retu rn i n s a fety t o thei r fo rtres s B u t b ecau se o f .

T H E F I R ST C RU SA D E 1 97
thei r si ns th e Sy ri a n s and the po or peopl e seiz ed with great fea r , ,
beg a n i mme diately to take the way b a ck a gai n As th e T u rk s s a w .
the m coming b a ck th ey b ega n at o nc e t o p u rsu e th em an d v icto ry

, ,
m i ni stered strength t o th em ; th u s m a ny o f these p eo p l e ga v e u p

th ei r s o u l s t o Go d f o r love o f who m they had th e re a ss embled Thi s .
sl a ughter o c c u r red on the fi f th day i n th e month o f J uly H ow ev e r .

,
t he Frank s who had rem a i n ed ret u rn ed to thei r c a mp an d th ere ,
R aymond li ngered w ith h i s p eo p l e fo r s eve ral d ays B u t th e oth er s .
who h a d rem a i ned i n Anti och st ayed i n the city w ith great j oy a nd
gl a dness .
Thei r g u i de and shepher d w a s th e B i sho p o f Pu y w h o at th e ,
n od o f Go d w as taken w ith a se ri ou s i llness a n d a s i t was th e wi l l ,
o f Go d de p a rted f ro m th i s e a rth an d
,
resti ng i n p ea ce s lept i n th e , ,
L o rd on th e f estiva l o f S t Pete r wh i ch i s cal l e d A d Vi n cul a As .

3
.
.
a re su l t the re w a s great an gui sh t ribulati on an d ve ry great gr i e f

, , ,
i n the whol e Ch ri sti a n a rmy b ec a u se h e had b een a s up p o rt to th e ,
p oo r counsel to th e r ich an d h e h a d o rdai n ed cl er gy

,
H e h ad
,
.
“
p re a ched a n d a dmoni sh ed the l eader s sayi ng : N o on e o f y o u can
b e s a ve d u nles s he respect s an d re f reshes th e p oo r You c a nn ot b e

,
.
sav e d w ith ou t them they canno t l ive withou t you ; i t i s fi tti ng

, ,
th e re fo re t hat th ey p ray Go d i n d a il y s u ppl i c a tion fo r you r si n s

, ,
b ecau s e y ou o ffen d H i m d a i ly i n m a ny ways Th er e fo re I ask y ou .

,
fo r th e love o f Go d to ch eri sh th e m an d sust a i n t he m a s mu ch as

”
y o u can .
N o t long a fte r thi s th e v en er ab le ma n Raymon d Co u n t o f S t

, , ,
.
Gill es went ou t a n d enteri ng th e l a n d o f the S a r a cen s h e c a me to

, , , ,
a ce rt a i n city call e d B a r r a w h i ch h e a tt a cked w i th hi s army an d

-
st raigh tw a y ca p tu red H e k i ll ed al l th e S a r a cen men an d w omen

.
,
n oble an d common wh om he f oun d th e re A fter h e h el d i t i n hi s

,
.
powe r h e re cal l e d it to the f a i th o f C h ri s t H e the n sought cou n

,
.
sel f ro m hi s wi sest men th a t h e mi ght h av e a bi sho p m ost devoutly,
o rd a i ned i n th i s ci ty to rec al l i t loyal ly t o th e wo rship o f Ch ri st

,
a n d ou t o f th e h ou s e o f th e dev i l to con s ecrate a te mpl e an d altars
o f the saints t o th e t rue an d l ivi ng God They st raightway chos e .
a ce rtai n hono ra ble a n d v ery wi se man an d con du cted h i m t o Anti
och t o b e con s ecrated a nd thi s wa s d on e Th e re st howev e r who

, .
, ,
h a d rem a i ned in Antio ch w er e th ere wi th great j oy an d gladn es s .
( R ay mon d ) A fter t h i s v i ctory it h app ene d that ou r p rin ces ,
B oh emu n d t h e Co unt th e D u ke a n d th e Count o f Flan ders re

, , , ,
ce ived th e fo rt ress o f th e city ; b u t B o he mu n d took th e h ighe st
towe rs al re a dy a t th a t t ime p lotti ng the wi les by wh i ch h e cau sed

,
a n i nj u sti ce F o r he n ext d rove t h e men o f th e Duke o f th e

.
,
Count o f Flan d ers an d o f th e Count o f S t Gi lles v i ol ently f rom

, .
th e ci t a d el s a yi ng th a t h e h a d given o a th to th a t T u rk wh o h a d
,
su rren d e re d the city t hat h e a lon e woul d h ol d i t O n thi s account .

,
t oo S in c e h e h a d d one th i s w ith i m pu ni ty h e bega n t o s eek th e

, ,
c a stl es an d g a t es o f the ci ty wh ich th e Count B isho p and Duke h a d , ,
g u a rde d d u ri ng the ti me th a t w e we re besi eged Al l ga ve i n t o hi m .

,
ex ce p t the C oun t Fo r th o u gh il l h e w a s yet u n wi lli ng to giv e up

.
, ,
th e ga te o f th e b ri dge e i th er f o r p r aye r p ro mi ses o r th r ea ts Di s , , .
co rd a t th i s ti me not only di stu rbed ou r p ri nces bu t i t a ls o so de -
stroye d h a rmony a mong th e p eo p l e th a t th ere we re few who di d n ot

q u a r rel wi th thei r com pa n i on s o r serv a nts abo u t matters o f th e f t
o r p l u nde r No r wa s the re i n th e city a ny j u dge wh o coul d o r
.
,
w oul d s ett le th es e di s p u te s b u t a s much i nj u st i ce a s h e co u l d b ea r

, ,
be fell e a ch ma n M o reover th e C ount a nd B i sh o p we re v ery i ll

.
,
a n d co u l d n ot i n th e l e a st p rotect thei r men f rom w rong B u t why .
do we d elay ove r t he s e m a tte rs ? Fo rsooth ou r men on ce mo r e , ,
enj oyi ng e a se a n d ri ch es a ga in st the comm a n d o f God pu t off t o t he ,
Ka len ds o f N ov embe r th e j o u rney on wh i ch a cco u n t t hey h a d co me ,
a ltho u gh a t th i s tim e th e ci ties o f th e S a r a cen s w e r e s o te r rifi ed a n d
be set wi th fe a r a t the fl ight o f th e Tu rk s th a t i f o u r F r a nks h a d

ri dden forth then w e bel i eve the re wo u l d n ot h a ve been a ci ty ev en ,
to J e r u s a lem wh i ch w o u l d h a v e th rown a st one a t them

,
.
‘
M e a n wh i le Lo rd B i sho p A dhem a r o f Pu y bel ove d o f Go d a n d
, ,
men a ma n d e a r i n eve rythi ng to al l p a s s ed i n p eace to th e Lo r d

, ,
o n th e K a l en d s o f A u gu st S o gre a t w a s the gri e f o f a l l th e Ch ri s

.
t a ins a t his de a th th a t wh en we u nd ertook to d es cribe i t w e who

, ,
s a w i t co u l d not a t a l l com p reh en d i t be c a u se o f its m a gni tu de How .
u se fu l he h a d b een to th e p ri n ces a n d th e a rmy o f G o d w a s m a ni
fes t a fte r h i s de a th wh en th e p rin ces we re divi de d a mong th em

s elves B oh emu n d goi ng b a ck to Rom a ni a a n d the D u ke o f Lo r r a i ne
,
s etting ou t t ow a r d Ed essa .
O II th e secon d n igh t a fter the B i sh o p h a d been b u ri ed i n

th e ch u r ch o f S t Pete r at Anti och th e Lo rd J e s u s H i ms el f t ogethe r
.
, ,
with St An d re w an d the s a m e B i sho p stood be fo re th a t Peter

.
,
B a rthol omew w h o h a d s p oken o f the L a n ce i n th e cha p el o f th e ,
Co u nt wh e re th e L a n ce o f th e Lo r d w a s An d th e B i sho p s p oke to .
h i m s a yi ng :
,
“
Th a nks be t o God to B oh emu n d and to al l o f you my b rothe rs
, , , ,
wh o h ave deli vered me f rom h e l l Fo r I h a d s inn ed gr a vely a fte r

.
th e L a n ce o f t h e Lo rd w a s fo u n d O n thi s a c co u nt I w a s led d own

.
i nt o he l l a n d th ere most sev erely p u ni shed an d m y h e a d a n d f a ce ,
we re b u rned a s y o u c a n see M y so u l w a s th e re fro m the ho u r in

, .
whi ch i t went fo rth f ro m my b ody unti l my p oor body w a s given to ,
the du st Th e Lo r d gave to me a mi d st the bu rni ng fl a mes th e ga r

.
2 00 T H E FI R S T C RU S ADE
o th e r ; t ho u c a nst see th a t th e Lo r d has given th ee th i s b e

ca u se o f thy dese rts The Lo rd com m a n ds thee O Count t o
.
, ,
fi n d ou t w h o wi l l b e wi l li ng _t o m a ke h i ms el f l o rd o f th i s ci ty over
th e oth ers ; a n d to s eek f rom h i m w hat k in d o f d omi ni on he s h a ll
wi sh t o est a bl i sh fo r t h e s a ke o f the Lo rd I f thou an d thy broth er s .
to wh om Go d g av e th i s city know t hat h e i s f a i th f ul an d w i sh es to

m a i ntai n the j u st i ce o f Go d let h i m h a ve i t An d i f h e i s u nwil li ng
, .
to d o a n d h o l d j u st ice a n d j u dgment b u t w i she s to k ee p t he ci ty ,
t h rough h is m igh t do tho u alon e a n d th ro u gh thy b rot he rs ask a d

, , ,
vi ce o f God a n d H e wi l l gi ve it th ee A n d thos e men wh o h av e fol

,
.
l o wed th e ri ght p a th o r wh om Go d che ri she s wil l no t f a i l thee ; l et

, ,
those howeve r wh o a re un wi lli ng t o kee p th e right way t u rn to

, , ,
h i m w h o i s u nw illi ng t o exe c u te j us ti ce an d i t w i ll be seen how Go d ,
wi l l save th em F o r t h ey sh a l l h av e th e sam e c u rs e f rom God an d

.
H i s M othe r wh i ch Lu ci fe r had w hen h e f el l f ro m h eav en And .
d o y ou i f y ou a re a l l o f on e mi nd ask a d v i ce i n p r a yer a nd Go d
, ,
wi l l give i t t o you An d i f there i s con co r d a mong you tak e coun

.
,
s el a bo ut a p a t ri a rch wh o i s o f you r l a w M oreover do n ot loos e .

,
thos e men w h o h a ve come to y o u f ro m ca p t i vi ty t o ke e p you r l a w .
D o n ot receiv e t ho se wh o h a v e w a n de re d i nto Ch oros an t o a do re

th e God o f th e Tu rks b u t hol d th em as Tu rk s a n d send tw o o r
,
th ree o f th em t o p ri so n a n d th ey w i l l b et r a y th e rest to you M o re '
.
’
over a fter the d eeds above name d have b een don e s e ek a dvi ce
, ,
.
from th e Lor d about th e j ou rn ey be c a u se o f wh ich y ou c a m e an d ,
H e wi ll a dvis e y ou J e ru sal em i s t en days f rom y ou an d i f y ou

.
,
a re n o t wi lling to k ee p th e above w ri tten comm a nds y ou sh a l l n ot ,
go i nto Je ru s a l em i n ten y e a rs An d a fte r ten yea rs I wi ll lead b a ck .
t h e in fi d el s i n h on o r a n d a hund red o f the m sh a ll p revai l agai nst

,
a t ho u san d o f y o u Do y ou men o f Ch ri st seek f rom th e Lor d th e

.
, ,
p etiti on whi c h th e a p ostl es so u ght An d j ust a s H e g a ve i t to th em .

,
s o a lso w i ll H e n ow gi ve i t t o you Y o u Co u nt an d Bo h emu nd go .

, ,
to th e chu rch o f S t An d rew a n d h e w il l giv e you t h e best couns el

.
,
f ro m Go d An d th at whi ch Go d shal l p lace i n yo u r h e a rt s ( to do )

.
,
do And a fte r St An d rew h as v i site d y ou v i si t hi m an d h ave yo u r

. .
,
b roth ers vi sit h im B etween you Co u n t an d B oh emu n d l et th ere

.
, ,
b e con c o rd an d l ove o f Go d an d n eighb o r An d i f i ndeed you h av e .

, ,
f o rtun a tely come t o a gr eement nothi ng wi ll b e abl e to s ep a r a te ,
you I t i s w el l to sh ow fi rst th e j u sti ce whi ch y ou ought t o ma i n

.
tai n . Ac co rdi ng a s t h e m en a re follow ers o f thei r i ndivi d u a l

b i sh o p s let the m p ro fes s th ei r w ealth ; let them ai d th e poo r o f
,
th ei r ki n d j u st a s th ey can an d a s the re sh a l l b e n eed M o reove r

, .
,
a bo u t oth er m a tters d o a s you sh a l l a gre e I f any a re unwi lling to .
d o thi s an d oth er j usti ce con st rai n them An d i f anyon e shal l w i sh

,
.
T H E F I R ST C RU SAD E 201
to ret a i n a ny othe r city o f thos e wh i ch Go d sh a l l giv e you make ,
h i m con d u ct h i msel f a cco rdi ng t o t he a bov e di recti ons I f how .

,
eve r they a re u n wi l ling t o d o thi s l et th e Coun t w ith the ch i ld ren

, ,
”
o f God p u n ish them .
Th es e w o rds a t fi rs t bel i eved were th en fo rgotten fo r so me s a i d

, , , ,
Let u s ret u rn th e cit y t o t h e Em p e ro r O thers h ow eve r s a i d not .

, ,
.
Wh en i n deed Peter w a s p ress ed by death at th e s iege o f A rch a s

, , ,
“
h e c a l led th e Coun t t o h i m a n d sai d Wh en yo u h av e re a ch ed ,
J eru s a l em ha v e th e a rmy a s k G od t o p rolong you r li fe a n d conti n u e

,
i t and God wi l l p r olong i t as much a s y ou h a v e a l re a dy l ived Ho w

, .
eve r w hen y ou sh a l l h a ve retu rned pl a c e th e La nce o f Go d five

, ,
le a g u es f ro m th e ch u rch o f S t Troph im a n d h av e a ch u rch b u i lt .

,
th e re a n d l et ther e b e a me d a l whi ch yo u sh a l l s we a r i s n ot f a l si fi ed
, ,
a n d d o n ot al l o w a nythin g el s e to b e f a lsi fi ed the re Th a t p l a c e w i l l .
b e c a lled the M o un t o f J oy Le t th ese th ings be done wi thin P ro .
v en ce for S t Pete r p romi s ed to h i s di sci p l e S t Troph im th a t

,
.
4
, .
,
h e wo u ld sen d t h e La nce o f Go d to h im ”
.
An d t h u s th ro u gh di s co rd an d seditio n s o f th is kin d th e p ro p e rty

o f th e p oo r w a s wi p ed o u t O f th i s a dvi ce wh i ch the pr in ces re
.
c e iv e d f ro m S t An d rew noth ing came . .
M e a n whil e the T u rks o f the Cali p h besi ege d a ce rt a i n f o rtifi ed

,
p l a ce c a l le d A s a The re fo re t he a ffli cte d T u rk s wh o w ere w i thi n

.
s e nt wo r d t o th e D u ke w ho w as i n that regi on to rec eiv e t h ei r

, ,
f o rtres s ; t h a t th ey th en wi sh ed t o hav e n o l o rd exce p t on e o f th e

r a ce o f th e F r a nks O n th i s account the re f o re th e D uke retu rn
.
, , ,
ing t o An ti o ch s u mmoned togethe r th e Count who had a l ready

, ,
c onv a les ce d f ro m hi s i ll n ess an d a ll h i s knight s an d f oot sol di e rs

,
-
for the s a k e o f th e p oo r t o le a d the m i nto H is pa nia fo r p l u nder .
H e u rge d gre a tly t h a t th e Cou nt fo r God for the glo ry o f t h e r a c e , ,
o f th e Franks a n d fo r h imsel f shou l d a id th e Tu rks w h o w ere c a ll

, ,
i ng u p on G od a dd ing th a t the besiege d T u rk s h el d fo rth th e C ro s s

,
a g a i n st th e m a ch in es o f th e be si egi ng T u rks A fte r thes e a n d .
man y othe r p r a ye rs o f thi s ki nd t h e Co u nt s et ou t with the D u k e ,

.
H o wever wh en t hi s was fo un d ou t by the T u rk s they w i th d rew

, ,
f ro m the s i ege A s o u r a rmy c a me to A s a th e D u ke r e ceiv ed h os

.
,
t a ges f rom th e fo rt ress fo r fe a lty t h ere a ft e r a n d th e Co u nt wi th , ,
a h e a vy ex p en se t o h is a rmy retu rned to Anti o ch Ag a i n th e Coun t

, .
a ss embl ed hi s a rmy to l e a d th e p oo r p eo p l e i nto H is pa nia b ecau se
they were f a i l ing f rom h u nger a n d i llnes s at An tio ch .
H oweve r S t An drew a pp e a red to Pete r B a rtholomew th i s time

, .
,
a t R u gi a i n a ten t wh ere th e B i sho p o f Agde w a s st aying an d th e

,
ch ap lai n o f C oun t R a ymo n d an d a no the r c h ap l a i n S i mon by n a me , .
Thi s S i mon mo reove r he ari ng them speaking together th at i s

, , , ,
2 02 T H E FI R ST C RU S ADE
S t An d rew wi th Pet e r B a rthol omew l ent h i s ears an d as h e sai d

.
, , , ,
“ ”
h e a rd v e ry m a ny things bu t rememb ered on ly thi s : ,
Lo r d I s ay ,
.
“
B ut th e B i sho p o f Agd e sa i d : I kno w n ot wh eth er i t wa s i n a
d ream o r not A ce rt ai n ol d ma n dre sse d i n a wh i te cloak an d
‘
.
hol d ing i n h is han d the Lan ce o f th e Lo rd stoo d b e fo re m e an d s a i d

“
,
An d I re p l ied I bel ieve L o rd ‘

to me D ost th o u b eli eve that thi s i s th e L a n c e o f J es u s Ch ri st ?
’
’
‘
-
.
, ,
An d wh en h e h a d thu s qu est ion ed me a s econ d an d a th i r d ti me ,
I s a i d Veri ly I bel i ev e Lo rd tha t th i s i s th e Lan ce wh i ch drew

, ,
fo rt h f ro m the si d e o f J esu s Ch rist th e bl ood wh en ce w e al l h a ve

’
been redeemed .
An d a fter thi s th e B i sho p viol ent ly arou sed me w ho w a s s lee p

, ,
~
i ng n ea r Wh en I l ooke d o u t I s a w an u nw onted s p l endo r an d

.
, , ,
f e el ing a ce rt a in gr a ce o f s p i ri t I b ega n to as k o f th ose wh o were ,
p resent whe t h e r t h ey ha d not i ce d a ny di st u rb a n ce a mong th e p e o p le .
“ ”
An d a l l beg a n to s a y N o t a t al l B ut wh e n w e s a i d to one a n othe r
, .
the thi ngs wh i ch we s a i d above th a t Pe te r t o who m thi s rev el a tion ,

“
h a d been m a de re p li ed An d t r u ly en o u gh d i d y ou h er e s e e a gr a ce
,
gi vi ng splend o r si n ce th e F a the r f ro m who m al l gr a ce p roce ed s

,
”
stoo d h e re f o r so me ti m e .
Wh en mo reove r w e a sked hi m t o mak e clea r what had b een tol d

, ,
h im h e s a i d t hi s to u s an d the Coun t :
,
“
On thi s n ight the Lo rd an d S t And re w came h ere i n th e f o rm .
i n wh i ch th ey h ave b een wont t o come b e for e togeth er wi th a cer ,
t a i n th i r d p e rson w it h a v ery l ong b e a r d whos e s tat u re w as sligh t

T h en S t An d rew th reatened m e
‘
a n d w ho w a s d resse d i n li nen . .
m u ch bec a u s e I h a d l e ft i n an u n wo rt hy p la ce th e rel i cs o f h is
body whi ch we re f o u n d i n hi s chu r ch a t Anti och an d s a i d W h en ,
I w a s h u rle d h e a dl ong f rom a mountai n n e a r Antio ch by t h e

in fi d el s I b roke t wo o f my finge rs a n d a fte r my death thi s ma n
, ,
t ook them a nd b ro u ght th em t o An ti och B u t tho u wh en thou .

,
d i dst fi n d them neglecte d th e m ; one th ou h a st p ermi tte d to be

,
’
taken a way f ro m thee th e othe r tho u h a st un wo rthi ly n eglected
,
.
An d he s howed h is h a nd w i thout th e fi ngers Th en Count he .

, ,
com p l a ined much a bo u t y ou fo r a lthough you h a v e receiv ed the , ,
i n e ffa ble rew a rd granted to n o on e else by th e Lo rd you do not ,
fe a r t o s in gr a v ely an d w i ck e d ly i n the sigh t o f Go d Th ere fo re .
t h e Lo rd sh owe d you thi s sign Fo r fiv e d a ys ago when y ou o ff ered

.
a c a ndle on th e festi val o f th e bles sed F id u s large en o u gh t o l a st

5
for th ree d ays a n d ni ght s i t di d not even give l igh t but melted
, ,
a w a y i mmedi a t ely a n d w a s d est roye d on th e grou nd M o reove r .

,
to n ight you o ffe re d a c a ndl e s o l ittle th a t i t coul d s c a rc ely last till

co ckcrow and i t is now d ay an d i t sti ll lasts n o r has a th i r d part
, , ,
2 04 T H E F I R ST C RU S A DE
man H e wi she d to h av e a Roma n b i sho p in t he O rient a l chu r ch .
Th e Co u nt granted t o the B i sho p on e h a l f o f th e city an d i ts l a n d 6

.
2 . D is pu t es be tw e en R a y mon d an d B oh emu nd .
( N ovemb er I , 1 0 98
J an u ary 1 3,
B ut a s the ti me s et app roach ed that i s t he Fe as t o f

( Ges ta) .
,
Al l S ai nts a l l ou r le a de rs retu rn ed to Ant io ch an d togethe r beg a n

,
t o s eek how they mi ght a ccomp li sh th e j ou rn ey t o the H o ly S ep u l

“
chre say i ng :
,
S ince th e t i me se t f o r g oi ng has a r rived the re i s not ,
B oh emu n d ho weve r d a i l y so u ght

”
t ime fo r fu rthe r qu a r relli ng .
, ,
( confi rmati o n o f ) the a greement wh i c h a l l th e lea de rs ha d l ong ago

m a d e w i th hi m to giv e h i m t h e c ity 7
B u t th e Co u nt o f S t Gi l l es . .
wi she d to co mmi t hi msel f to no a greement wi th B oh emu n d b e ,
cau s e h e f e a red to p e rj u r e h i ms el f wi th t he Emp ero r N e ve rth e .
less th ey o ften a ssemb le d in the Chu rch o f S t Pete r to d o what

,
.
w as j ust B oh e mu n d r ec ited h i s a gre ement an d p resen te d h is reck

.
oni ng Th e Co unt o f St Gi lles l ikewi s e l ai d ba re h is wo rd s an d

. .
, ,
th e o a th wh i c h h e h a d made to th e Em p ero r on th e a dvi ce o f B 0

h e mu n d T h e bi sh op s Duk e God f rey th e Count o f Flan de r s t he
.
, , ,
Co unt o f No rmandy an d th e oth er leaders se p a rate d f ro m the r est

,
a n d ente red ( th e spa ce ) wh ere t h e chai r o f S t Pet er s tan d s th er e .

,
to deci de upon a j u dgment be tween the two B u t fea ri ng lat er that

. .
th e j o u rn ey t o the H o ly S ep u l ch re might b e i nterr u pte d they w er e ,
u nwi l l ing to make p u b l i c t hei r j u dgment Th en th e C o u n t o f S t . .
“
Gi l l es s a i d : R a th e r th a n se e the way t o th e H o ly S e p u lch r e ( u m
a ch i eve d ) i f B oh emu n d wil l conse n t to go w it h u s I wil l fai th f ul ly
, ,
agre e to wh a tev er ou r p ee rs ( to w it D uke Go d f rey th e Co unt o f , ,
F l a n ders Rob ert o f No rman dy an d th e o ther s e ign ors ) app rov e

, , ,
B ohe mu n d app roved o f a l l thi s

”8
s a vi ng feal ty to t he E m p e ro r .
,
an d b oth p romi sed i n t he h a n ds o f a bi sh op th at th e j o u rn ey to th e

H oly S ep u l c hr e wo u ld i n n o w a y b e di stu rbe d by th em Then .
B oh emu n d too k co u nsel w ith h i s vass a ls h ow wi th men a n d p ro ,
vi si on s h e might f o rti fy th e c it a del o n the h igh mo u nt a in Th e .
Coun t o f St Gi l les lik eW 1s e took couns el wi th h i s men h ow h e

.
, , ,
might f orti fy w i th me n an d p rov i si on s eno u gh for a long ti me th e

p al a ce o f Cas s ia n u s an d th e to w er wh ich i s a bove th e g a te o f th e
,
b ri dge o n the s i de towar d t h e Po rt o f S t S i meon

, . .
Th i s ci ty o f Ant io ch i s i n de ed v ery be a uti fu l a n d glo riou s s in ce ,
w i thi n its w a l l s a re fo u r v ery la rge a nd ex ceedi ngly high mo u nt a i ns .
O n the h igher on e h a s been b u i l t a castl e won d er fu l an d exceed ,
in gly st rong D own be l o w i s th e ci ty g l orio u s ne a r at h a n d a n d

.
,
a d o rne d w i th hono rs o f a l l kin ds si nc e m a ny ch u rch es have been ,
bui l t wi th i n i t I t con t a i n s th re e h u n d red an d si xty mon a steri es

.
,
TH E F I R S T C RU SA D E 29 5
an d th e P a t ri arch ho ld s under h i s s way on e hun dr ed an d fi ft y th ree -
b i shops 9
Th e ci ty is en close d by tw o w a l ls ; t h e gre ate r o ne f u r
.
,
t h e rmore i s very high a n d m a rv elou sly wi de an d co nst ructe d o f

, ,
great ston es on wh i ch have be en a r ranged f ou r hu n d re d an d fi fty

,
towers T h e ci ty i s be a u t i f u l i n eve ry w ay O n th e east i t i s en

. .
clo se d by fo u r moun ta in s on th e we st besi d e th e wall s flow s a ce r ,
t a in stre a m O rontes by na me S o they we re u nwi lling fool i sh ly o r

,
.
sense les sly to give u p t h e regal ci ty o f Ant io ch wh i ch w a s o f s uch

great a utho rity that i t h el d s ev enty —
,
fi ve kings un de r it s sway Th e .
ch i e f o f thes e wa s Ki ng Anti ochus 10

f ro m who m i t i s call ed Anti ,
oc h. T he Franks besi eged th a t city f o r eight month s an d a day ,
a n d a fte rwa rds w e re shut up i n i t fo r th ree weeks by th e T u rk s
a n d othe r pagan s than wh o s e numb e r th ere ha s n ever b een a gre a ter

,
gatheri ng o f men wh et he r Ch ri sti a n s o r P a g a ns

,
Nevertheles s .
,
a fte r those pe o p le ha d been de f eate d by Go d s Ch risti a n s with the ’
ai d o f God a n d th e H oly S e p u l ch re w e reste d i n Anti o ch with great ,
j oy an d glad ne s s fo r fi ve months an d eight days .
When th es e th ings h a d b een fu lfilled Raymon d Co u nt o f St , , .
Gi lles le ft An ti och w i th h i s a rmy i n th e month o f N ovembe r a n d

,
ca me to a ci ty c a l led Rugi a an d to a nothe r w hi c h i s cal le d B a r r a .
B u t at th e en d o f th e fou rth d ay o f outgoing N ovemb er h e c a me

to t h e ci ty o f M a rr a i n whic h a very gre a t m u l tit u de o f S a racen s
, ,
T u rks A rab s and o the r pagan s had been as semb led an d th e C oun t
, , ,
hi msel f att acke d i t on th e next day N o t mu ch l a ter B oh emu n d .

,
w i th h i s a rmy fo l low e d th e Counts a n d j oi ne d th em on t h e day

11 -
o f th e Lo r d .
O n th e s econ d day o f th e wee k t hey attacked th e city v igo rously

on all si des s o fi er cely an d so p owe r f ul ly that thei r lad d e rs w ere s et
,
u p agai nst th e wal l B u t s o v ery gre a t w a s th e val o r o f the p a gan s

.
that o n that d ay th ey cou ld d o them no h u rt o r o ff en se H ow .
ev er wh en ou r leade rs s a w t hat they coul d a c co m p l i sh n othi ng and

,
we re l aboring i n v a i n R aymo n d Count o f S t G i ll es cause d a

, , .
,
certai n woo den fort res s to b e m a d e st rong a n d hi gh Thi s fo rt res s .
was cont r iv ed a nd b ui lt on f ou r w h eels O n ( the t op o f ) i t we re .
stati one d m a ny k ni gh ts an d Ev e r a r d th e H unte r wh o sou n d ed hi s ,
t rumpet lo u dly but b elo w w e re a rmed kni g ht s wh o to ok th e fo rt

,
r es s u p t o the ve ry wall o f the ci ty n e a r a cert a i n t owe r Wh en , .
the paga n p eopl e saw th i s th ey i mmedi a tel y cons tru cted a machin e ,
by mean s o f wh i ch t o cast gre a t stones on th e fo rt ress s o t hat they ,
al most ki lled ou r kni ghts Th ey a l so th re w Greek fi re on th e fo rt .
ress ex p e cting i t to bu rn a n d be destroyed B u t Almi ghty Go d w a s

, .
u nwil ling to bu rn t h e fortres s i n th i s fash ion fo r it to wered ove r ,
all th e w a ll s o f the ci ty Acco rdi ngly ou r knights w h o we re in th e

.
,
2 06 T H E F I R ST C RU SAD E
u p p e r compa rtment Wi lli am o f M ont p elli er an d many others

, ,
h u rl e d great stones u pon those wh o we re st a n ding on th e w a ll o f

the ci ty an d thu s st r u ck th em ove r th ei r shi el ds s o that enemy a n d ,
shi el d f el l dow n i nto th e c ity t o death S o w ere these men doing ; .
but the re st h el d gloriou s banners on thei r spe a rs and wi th l a nce s ,
a n d i ron hooks p l a nned to d r a g th e enemy t o th em .

T hu s they .
fo u ght u nt i l eve n ing T h e p ri ests an d cl e ri cs d re sse d i n thei r s a c re d

.
,
ve stments stoo d behi n d th e f o rtress p r a ying a nd beseeching God

, ,
to de fen d H i s p eop l e ex al t Ch ri stian ity an d c a st do wn p a g a n i sm

, ,
.
O n the othe r si de h oweve r ou r kni gh ts fought wi th the pagans

, ,
d a ily an d ra i se d l a d ders to th e w a l l bu t t hei r v a lo r w a s s o great

,
that o u r men co u l d a c com p l i sh nothing Go d f re y o f Lasto u r .
w a s th e fi rs t to cli mb u p th e l a d de r t o the w a l l b u t the l a d der ,
was i mmediately b rok en by th e m u l ti tud e o f th e othe rs Yet .
he cl imbe d on to th e w a l l w ith a f ew an d tho se w h o h a d a scen de d

,
clea re d th e wa ll clo se abo u t th em T h e others to o f ound .

, ,
anothe r l a dd er and q u i ckly set i t u p a gai nst t he wal l an d m a ny ,
knights an d foot s old i e rs asce n di ng by i t i mme di a tely cli mbed ov er

-
, ,
th e wal l T h ere u p on th e Sar a cen s s o s toutly atta ck ed them f ro m

.
th e wall an d f ro m th e gro u n d by sh ooti ng a rrow s a n d hu rl in g spea rs

ev e rywhe re that m a ny o f ou r men i n t e r ro r l et themselve s d own
f ro m t h e wall Fo r a long ti me th ose mo st i l l u stri ous men wh o
.
remained on th e w a l l bo r e t he a ttack o f the enemy a s long a s the ,
rest b en eath t h e fo rt res s we re u nd ermini ng the wal l o f th e city .
B u t when the S a race n s s a w that ou r men h a d und ermi ne d the w a ll ,
they w er e overcom e w i th fright a n d immediately fl e d i nto the city .
All th i s h a pp en ed o n th e Sabb a th d ay t o wa rd t h e h ou r o f ves p e rs

, ,
”
a t s u nset o n th e eleventh day o f i n coming De cember .
B oh emu n d the re u p on ha d i t p rocl a i me d t h rough a n i nt erp rete r

, ,
t o th e l e a de rs o f th e S a r a cen s that th ey might p l a ce themselve s ,
wi th t hei r w ives an d ch i ld ren an d othe r p o sses sion s i n a p a l a ce ,
n ea r th e gate and that h e w o u l d d e fen d t h em f ro m t he sentence o f

,
de a th B u t al l ou r men entere d the ci ty an d wh a teve r goods th ey

.
,
found i n th e ho uses an d i n th e p it s each on e app ro p ri a te d as hi s

own H oweve r wh en day came t hey ki ll ed m a ny o f th em wh ethe r
.
, ,
man o r woman wherev e r th ey f o u nd them No co rner o f th e ci ty

,
.
w a s f ree f ro m co rp ses o f the Saracen s a n d w e cou ld s ca r cely go ,
a nywh ere i n th e city w itho u t ste p p i ng on th e S a ra cen de a d At .
l ength B oh emu n d sei zed thos e who m h e ha d comm a nded to ente r

,
th e p a l a c e an d took f ro m them al l t hey h a d : to w it gol d si lve r , , ,
an d othe r o rn a ments So me h e ha d ki lled ; others h ow eve r he

.
, ,
o rde red to be taken t o Anti och fo r sale .
M o r eove r the del ay o f the Franks i n th a t city w a s for on e month

,
t h e battle An d t h us sin ce the b attle once begun w a s l a sti ng

.
, , ,
long a n d s everely the Du k e s knights who equal le d th e n u mb er

,
’
o f t h e twelv e apostle s an d r ega rded thei r lo rd a s th e vi c a r o f God ,
e n cou r a ged on e anoth e r a n d f ea rles sly a tt a cke d the li n e s o f t h e
T u rks Th e re G o d granted s o great a vi cto ry t o th e Duke th a t

.
h e k i lle d al mo st th i rty o f th e enemy a nd took th e sam e n u mber

c a ptive ; an d pu rsu ing th e r est i n the swam p s an d the rive r whi ch
,
wer e n ea rby h e fo rced some t o be d estroyed s ome d ro wn ed An d

, ,
.
so h e came to Ant ioc h with a great v i cto ry .fo r h e c a used sev e ral ,
h e a ds o f th e de a d to b e car ri ed by the l iving T u rks a si ght j oy ful ,
eno u gh for u s .
An d s o when a l l th e p ri n ce s h a d co me togethe r i nto th e chu r ch

,
o f S t Pete r they bega n to talk about ou r j o u rn ey Th en some wh o

.
, .
“
h el d c a st le s an d rev en u es i n th e r egi on o f Anti o c h sa i d : What
wi l l be don e about Ant io ch ? Who w i l l keep it ? Th e Emp ero r w i l l
n ot co me F o r whe n h e re ceiv ed the mess a ge t hat t h e Tu rks w ere
.
b esi egi ng u s he fl ed t r u sting n ei the r h is ow n cou rage n or the mult i

, ,
tude o f men wh i ch h e h d w ith hi m S h l l w e sti ll w it fo

a a a r h
. im ?
S u rely h e w i l l no t co me to ou r ai d h e wh o fo r ce d o u r b rot he rs on
, ,
th ei r way to t he ai d o f G o d and o u rs elv es to tu rn b a ck ! And i f ,
w e leave thi s city an d th e T u rks o c cu p y i t th e e n d wi l l b e wo rs e

, ,
t han be f o re B u t let u s a l l grant i t to B oh emu nd s i nce h e i s w i s e

.
,
”
a n d wi ll gu ar d i t v ery w el l ; a n d h i s n a me i s great among the pagan s .
“
B u t th e Co unt an d th e oth er s sai d on th e contra ry
. We s wo re ,
to th e Empe ro r u p on th e Cr os s o f the Lor d a nd the Cro wn of ,
tho rns an d u p on many othe r h oly obj e cts t hat w e w ou l d not retain
, ,
w itho ut hi s wi l l any c i ty o r fo rtress o f al l th a t b el onge d to hi s

Empi re .
An d th u s wi th some cont r a di cting th e o th ers i n thi s w ay and th a t

, ,
th e p r in c e s su ffered su ch d is co r d th a t th ey al mo st came to b low s .
Th e Duk e an d th e Co u nt o f Fl a n de rs rega rd ed th e ci ty o f An ti och

l ightly ; fo r though they w i she d B oh emu n d to ha v e i t yet they d a red ,
n ot a p prov e giving i t t o h i m fo r f e a r o f i nc u rring th e in f a my o f

p e rj u ry 13
. I n th i s way a cco rdi ngly th e m a tte r o f the j ourn ey an d
, ,
o the r things p ert a i ning to th e j o u rn ey an d t o th e p o or we re p u t o ff .
H o w ever when th e peo p l e s a w thi s e a ch on e began t o s ay to h is

, ,
“
com p ani on a n d n eighbo r then o p enly t o a l l : ,
S i n ce th e p ri nces ,
ei the r f ro m f e a r o r becaus e o f thei r o a th s t o the Emp e ro r a re u m ,
w i ll ing to le a d u s to J e ru s a lem let u s choose s o me b rav e knight i n

,
serving wh o m l oy a l ly w e can b e sa f e an d i f it is th e wi l l o f God , , ,
w e w i ll a rr ive i n J er u salem w ith thi s s a me k night as l ea d e r Ala s ! .
is it not en ough f o r the p rinces th a t w e have been he re a y e a r a n d ,
t w o hu nd red thousan d armed men h av e b een wast e d ? Let them -

TH E F I R ST C RU SAD E 2 09
’
who w i s h t o have th e E m p ero r s go ld h av e i t an d thos e wh o w i sh ,
to h av e th e rev en u es o f Anti och likewi se Let u s h oweve r tak e

, .
, ,
u p ou r m a r ch wi th Ch ri st a s le a de r fo r who m w e h av e come , Let .
thos e who w a nt to hol d Anti och perish mi se r a b l y a s it s i nh ab it a nt s ,
recently p e ri sh ed I f th i s gre a t dis p u te a bo u t Antio ch i s co n

.
t in u e d longer l et u s te a r down i ts wal ls an d th e peace whi ch h el d

, ,
the p ri nces togethe r be fo r e th e city w a s t a ken w i l l unit e t hem a fte r

i t h as been destroyed N ay be fo re w e w a st e a w a y utterly h ere
.
,
”
f rom st a rvat i on an d di sea se w e o ught to r etu rn t o ou r own homes
,
.
F or these an d othe r reason s th e Co u n t and B oh e mu n d m a de dis

co r d a nt p e a c e b etween themselv es S o when t h e day h a d been .
fi xed th e p eo p l e w e re o rd ere d to p re p are for th e avo w ed j o u rney

,
.
Acco rdi ngly when th e n eces s a ry p re pa rati on s h a d b een m a d e an d

,
th e d ay fixed the Cou nt o f S t Gilles a n d th e Count o f Flan der s

,
.
set ou t w ith t h e p eo p le i nto Syri a an d ther e they bes i eged M a r ra

, ,
a very ri ch an d p o pu lou s city M a rr a w as abo ut eight mi le s f ro m

.
B a r ra I ts ci tizen s we re s o h a ughty b ec a u se at o n e ti me i n a ce r
.
, ,
t a i n fight t hey h a d ki ll ed m a ny o f o u r m en th a t they c u r sed ou r ,
a rmy an d m a l igne d t h e p ri n ces an d t o p rovoke u s mo st th ey , , ,
p l a ced c ross es u p on th e w a ll s a n d p li ed them wit h i n s u lts Fo r .
thi s re a s on the re fo re on th e s eco n d day after ou r a rriv a l w e as

, , ,
sail ed th em s o fi ercely th a t i f w e h a d h a d fou r mo re l a dde r s the

city wo u l d have been t a ken : b u t s in ce w e ha d only two a n d t hose ,
s o s ho rt an d f ragil e th a t on e cli mbe d up o n t hem t i mi d ly i t was ,
d eci ded that mach i ne s h u rdl es a nd moun ds b e const r u cted by me a n s

, , ,
o f w hi ch th e w a l l co u l d b e fo r ced un d ermi ned a n d l evel led I n

the me a nti me B oh emu n d cam e w ith h i s a rmy arid b es ieged i t f ro m
, , .
th e othe r s i de Ag a in w i th o u t havi ng p re p a re d th e machi n es wh i ch

.
,
we spoke o f a bov e a s i f b ecaus e o f th e en co u ragement o f B ohe

,
mund wh o h a d not b een p resent at th e fo rmer assa u lt w e wi shed

, ,
t o a ttack the ci ty by fi lling th e moat B u t th i s was i n v a i n fo r w e

.
,
then f o u gh t mu ch wo r s e th a n w e di d b e for e A ft er t hi s th ere w a s .

,
such fami ne i n th e a rmy th a t p iti ful to s ay you cou ld s e e t en thou

, ,
s a nd men goi ng a b ou t th e fi el ds l ike cattl e digging a n d loo k in g ,
( t o s ee ) i f by ch a nce th ey mi ght fin d gra in s o f wh eat or b a rley , ,
or b e a n s ,o r th e gr a in s o f a n y oth er legu me I n t he me a n whi l e .

,
th o u gh th e machi ne s o f w h i ch w e s p oke a bove we re being p rep a red

to t a ke th e city by sto rm n everth el es s so me o f ou r men u p on see
, ,
i ng th e misery o f o u r p eo p l e an d th e bol dnes s o f th e S a racen s ,

’
des pa i red o f Go d s me rcy and fl e d .
B u t God who has con cern f o r H i s f ollo wers d i d not p ermi t H i s

, ,
p eo p l e whom H e s a w p l a ced i n extrem e tribu l a tio n t o s u ffe r t oo

fa r
. The re f ore H e sent wo r d to u s th ro u gh H i s bles sed ap ostle s
2 10 TH E FI R ST C RU SAD E
Peter a nd An d re w th ro u gh who m w e shoul d both learn H i s wi ll

,
an d b e a bl e t o satis fy H i s ste rn w i l l towa r d s u s Acco rdingly they .

,
c a me i nto th e cha p el o f th e Cou nt abo u t mi dn ight an d a rou se d Pete r

to wh om they h a d r ecently shown th e Lance Whe n h e th en s u d .
d en ly saw the m clo the d i n i ll shapen garb standi ng n ea r the chest -
whe re the re li cs w er e he b eli ev e d them to b e some pa u p ers w h o

,
wanted to s te a l so mething f ro m th e t ent Fo r the re was S t And rew . .

,
d r es sed i n an o l d sh i rt to rn at the sho ul de r s an d i n a cloak ripped .
at th e op en i ng o f hi s le ft sh oulde r ; th e re w a s noth ing ove r th e

right sh ould er a nd h e w a s vil ely shod Pet e r wo r e o nly a coa rse .
l
a nd l ong shi rt dow n to h i s ankles .
T h en Pete r Bart hol omew s a i d t o th em Wh o ar e you S i rs ? , ,
What do y ou wa nt ?
An d S t Pete r re p l i ed We are env oy s o f Go d I am Peter an o
.
,
.
,
thi s i s An d rew B u t w e w i she d to a p p ea r to the e i n thi s ga rb i n

.
,
o rde r th a t thou shou ldst see h ow mu c h i t p rofi te th t o se rve Go d

devo ut ly I n t hi s se a son an d garb a s thou se est u s w e came t o
.
, ,
”
God a n d s uch w e n ow a re
,
.
An d at thi s wo r d n oth ing wa s b righte r than they n oth ing m ore ,
bea uti f u l Pete r in deed wh o s a w thi s te rrifi e d at th e bright light

.
, , , ,
fe l l to the e a rt h a s i f de a d an d s weating f ro m exc essiv e a ngui sh

, , ,
h e moi sten e d th e e a rt h u p o n w hi ch h e h a d f a l len Then S t Pe te r . .
“ ”
rai sed hi m an d sa i d to h im Tho u di d st f a l l e a si ly , .
“ ”
An d h e repl ied I t i s so Lo rd , ,
.
“
Agai n S t Peter ( spoke ) :
. S o fal l al l who a re i n u nbel i e f o r ,
wh o tra nsgres s the comm a n ds o f G od B ut i f th ey a re penitent fo r .
thei r ev il d ee d s an d c a l l ou t to God th e Lo r d r a i se s them j u st a s I

,
.
,
rai se d the e w hen tho u h adst fal len An d j u st a s thy sweat remai ns .
o n the gro u n d s o Go d w i ll t a ke u p a n d be a r a w a y the si n s o f tho se

,
”
w h o c ry o u t to H i m Te ll me ho w i s th e a rmy
.
?
,
“
And h e re p li ed I nd eed S i re th ey a re i n great fe a r o f hunge r
, , ,
”
a n d al l w retchedne ss .
An d th en S t Pete r s a i d :. An d v e ri ly c an they be i n great f ea r

wh o ha d d ese rted A l mi ghty God ! They d o not remembe r the
dangers f rom whi c h H e res c u ed th e m t o give H i m a ny thanks F or .
when y ou we re al l beaten an d h umbl e d a t Anti och yo u c ri ed ou t to ,
th e Lo rd s o t hat w e wh o we re i n h e a ven h ea rd T h e Lo rd h ee de d .
yo u an d ga v e y ou H i s Lan ce a s a token o f v i cto ry ; then H e cau se d

y ou mi ra cul ou sly a n d glo ri ous l y to t ri u m p h ove r you r enemi es who
besieged you An d now to wh i ch Lor d do y ou entr u st you r sa fety
.
,
you who h av e gr a vely o ffended God ? Wi l l the h igh mountain s or

th e cave s protect y ou ? Fo r even i f y ou shou l d b e on a ve ry h i gh
a n d strong p l a ce a n d hav e ab u n d a n ce o f a ll the necessari es o f l i fe ,
2 12 TH E FI R ST C RU S AD E
to rtu red to de a t h th e S a r a cen s who m they coul d fin d I t h a ppened .

,
how ev er t o s ome o f ou r men th a t wh en th ey led th e Sa racen s

,
th rough the city fo r s p oil s th e S a r a cens con ducted t hem to ci sterns

, ,
a n d su ddenl y h u rl ed themselves i n to the m choosi ng d eath r a the r ,

’
than to b e wi lli ng t o reve a l t h ei r own o r oth e r s pro p erty Where .
for e al l fel l down de a d ; and th ey we re c a st f o rth among t he s wamp s

,
o f th e ci ty a n d out si de th e wa ll s An d s o not much booty w a s .
t a ken i n the c i ty .
M ean wh i le a qu a ri el a ros e b etween B oh emu n d s men an d thos e

,
’
o f th e Count fo r th e re a so n that t h ough th e knights o f B oh e mu n d ,
had n ot taken m u ch p a rt i n t h e si ege th ey obt a i ne d th e larges t ,
n u mber o f towers ho u ses an d c ap tiv es Th e Lo rd p er fo rme d a

, ,
.
mi ra cl e i n th e c ap tu re o f M a r r a B e fo re i t w a s taken a lth ough .

,
we ex p oun de d to the p eo p le t h e comman ds o f t h e a p ost les Peter

a n d An d rew j u st as w a s w ri tten abov e B oh emu n d an d h i s co m
, ,
p a n i-
ons l a u ghed a t u s Th ere f o re n ei the r h e n o r t h ose w i th h i m
.
,
we re p res ent at the fight b ut r a ther we re abs en t An d si nce th ey

,
.
’
n ow had th e great est sh a re o f th e s p oi l s s ome o f th e Count s f o l ,
l owi ng bo re i t u n w orth i ly At l ength a d isa greement arose b e .

,
t ween th e l ead ers th emselv es bec a u se the Coun t wi shed t o giv e t he ,
ci ty to t h e B i sho p o f B a r r a a n d B oh e mu n d w a s u n wi l li ng to l et
,
“
go t h e t ow ers wh i ch h a d s u r ren d e red t o hi m s a ying Unl es s th e , ,
Co u nt giv es u p to m e th e t owe rs at Ant i o ch I w il l not agree wi th ,

”
hi m i n anyth ing .
M e a n wh i l e th e knights a nd p eo p le bega n t o a sk a b out th e j ou rney

, ,
when i t wo u l d p l e a s e th e p ri n ce s to b egi n it F o r though th e m a rch .
had started l ong ti me a go yet i t seemed to u s merely to b egin th e ,
j ou rney s in c e i t w a s not yet ended B oh emu n d s a i d th a t h e woul d

, .
p u t i t o ff t o Easte r a n d i t was th en th e Ch ri st m a s ti me
,
M any .
,
lik ew i se de s pa i re d beca u se th ere we re f ew h o rses i n th e army and

, ,
th e D uke w a s a b sent a n d many o f th e knigh ts went a way t o B a l d

,
w in o f E des s a The re fo re m a n y t u rn e d ba ck At length th e B ish op

. .
o f A l ba ra an d some nobl es met with th e p oo r p eo p l e an d s u mmoned
the Coun t When th e B i sho p ha d fi n i shed h i s p re a chi n g th e k night s

.
,
a n d a l l the p eo p l e kn el t be fo re the Co u nt Wi t h m a ny te a rs they .
p r a ye d h i m to who m t h e Lo r d h a d giv en the L a n ce to be come thei r

le a de r a n d l or d o f thi s s a me a rmy a dd ing th a t he ha d especi a l ly ,
me ri te d the La nc e o f th e Lo r d fo r th e reason t h a t i f th e othe r

p rinces f a i led he h i m sel f i n debted fo r s o gre a t a bl essing o f th e
, ,
Lo rd woul d n ot f e a r to go f o rw a rd in s ecu rity wi th th e p eo p le

, .
O th er wi s e h e shoul d give t h e L a nce to th e p eo p le an d the p eo p le

, ,
wo u l d go t o J er u salem wi th the Lo r d H i msel f a s l e a de r Howeve r .

. ,
th e Count hesi tated bec a use o f t he ab sen ce o f the other p ri nces ,

T H E F I R ST C RU SAD E 2 13
f ea ri ng that i f h e a l on e sh oul d determine th e day o f th e j ou rney ,
t he others wou l d not go bec a u s e o f envy o f h im W hy s ay m u ch ? .
Th e Coun t ov e rco me by th e t ears o f t h e p oo r n a med th e fi fth o r

, ,
sixth d ay to be a nnoun ced th ro u gh t h e ci ty fo r the j ou rn ey a n d ,
a fte r th i s h e r etu rn ed t o Anti och .
Th e Coun t with th e B ish o p sough t a way t o ret a i n the cit y an d .

,
wh o a nd h ow m any men t hey co u l d le a v e th er e a s a g a r ri so n f o r

i t M e a nwh i le th e Cou n t s ent wo r d to t he Duke o f Lo r r a i ne an d
.
,
t o the o thers who w ere not p res ent at M a rr a t o assembl e i n one

p l a c e a n d de a l wi th th e m a tte rs wh i ch wo uld b e n eces sary fo r t he
m a rch An d s o they a ss emble d a t R u s a wh i ch w a s ab out m i dw a y
.
,
b et ween Anti och and M a r r a T h ere a col loq u y w as h eld an d a ll the

.
p ri nces b eh a ve d wo rse ( th a n u s u al ) F or th e p r in ces excused th em

.
s elv es f rom th e j o u rney a n d m a ny o t her s b ecau se o f them N ev er

, .
t h el e s s th e Cou nt wi sh ed t o give th e D uke ten th ou san d s olid i a n

, ,
eq u a l a mo u n t to Rob e rt o f No rm a n dy s ix tho u s a n d to the Co unt ,
o f Fl a nd ers a n d five tho u s a n d t o Tan c red a n d to th e othe r p ri n ces

, ,
a cco rd i ngly .
I n th e mi dst o f thi s wh en th e news c a me to th e p oo r wh o had

,
rem a in ed a t M a r r a that th e Count w a nte d to le av e m a ny kn ights

and f oot sol d i e r s o f th e a rmy i n th e ci ty o f M ar ra a s a ga r ri son
-
,
“
th ey sai d to one a n othe r Oho ! q u a r rel s about Ant i och an d quar
,
.
rel s about M a rra ! I n ev ery p la ce whi ch God shal l give u s wi ll

the re b e c ontenti on a mong th e p ri nces a nd a less eni ng o f th e a rmy ,
o f Go d ? S u rely th ere wi ll be no fu rt h e r argu men t about thi s ci ty !

Come a nd let u s d es troy it s wall s a n d p e a ce wi l l b e made b etween
, ,
”
th e p ri nces an d s ec u ri ty f o r th e Co unt les t h e l o s e i t , .
T he re u p on th e we a k and s i ck a rose f ro m thei r be ds a nd a rme d

, , ,
w ith club s th ey went t o the w a ll s A fter th os e st ones whi ch th ree

.
o r f ou r yok e o f oxen coul d s c a rcely d r a g h a d b een rol le d b a ck a ,
ser f easi ly pu shed the m fa r ou t fro m th e wal ls B ut th e B i sho p o f .
Al ba ra a n d o the r i nti m at e s o f t h e Count went aroun d th e ci ty com

p l a i ning an d fo rbi dd ing th i s t o b e don e i n any way When how .
,
ever those guar dian s ha d p a s se d th ose wh o h a d h id d e n themselv es

, ,
an d cl i mb ed down a t the a pp ro a ch o f the B i sh op an d h i s c ompan

i on s i mmedi a tely ret u rn e d t o th e wo rk b eg u n An d thos e who
, .
da red not dest roy by d ay o r could n ot being oth erw i s e en gaged

, , ,
a p p l i e d th emselves ( t o t he task ) a t ni ght T he re wa s s carcely any .
o ne o f th e p eo p l e t o o we a k o r i ll to tea r down th e w a ll .
Me anwh il e th er e w a s su ch fami n e i n th e a rmy that th e p eo p le

,
a t e mo st greedily th e a l r e a dy f et i d bod ies o f th e S a r a cen s whi ch
th ey h a d c a st i nto th e swam p o f t he city t w o weeks a n d mo re ago .
These even ts f rightened many o f ou r peo p le a s wel l as o the rs O n , .

th i s a cco u n t very ma ny o f o u r men tu rned ba ck d espai ring o f th e ,
j ou rney with o u t th e help o f th e F r a nki sh p eo p l e B ut the S a racens .
a n d th e Tu rk s s a i d o n the cont r a ry : An d w h o can resi st t hese

p eo p le wh o a re s o obsti nate a n d cru el th a t f o r a whol e yea r th ey
,
coul d n ot be tu rned f rom the si ege o f Anti och by fami ne s wo rd , ,
o r a ny othe r dangers a n d wh o n ow l ive on h u m a n fl esh ? ”

,
Th es e
a n d othe r very cr u el p ra ct i ce s t h e paga n s sai d ex i ste d among u s .
F o r Go d g av e fe a r o f u s to al l p eo p l e bu t w e d id not know it ,
.
Th e Count me a nwh i le h av ing ret u rne d to M a rr a f ro m th e col lo

,
qu y wa s exceedingly a ngry a t the peo p l e a b out th e destructi on o f

,
th e w a ll B ut wh en i t w a s ex p l a i ned to h i m that nei th e r the B i sho p

.
no r othe r p rin ces co u l d move th e p eo p le ei the r by th reats or b lows , ,
f ro m th e d est ructi on o f the w a l l s h e l ea rne d the reby th a t i t wa s

,
d ivi ne an d o rde red th e f o u n d a ti on s o f th e w a l l to be dest roye d .
M e a nwhi l e th e f a mi ne grew d a ily mo re s eve re An d n ow when

, .
th e day p ro p o sed f o r th e j ou rney w a s at h a n d w e comm a n ded th e ,
p eo p l e to o ffe r to Go d a l ms and p r ay er s fo r th e j ou rney B ut .
when the Count s aw that n on e o f the leading p rin ces c a me to h i m ,
and h e pe rcei ve d a l mo st a ll h is p eo p l e w a sting a w a y h e comman de d ,
th e p eo p l e t o go i nto i nter io r H is pa nia f o r fo o d an d ( h e s a i d th a t ) ,
h e h i msel f w i th his knight s wou ld p re ced e them B ut th i s di d n ot .
“
p le a se some o f h i s i n ti mate s Fo r t h ey sai d I n t h e army th ere
.
a re s c a rcely th ree h und re d kn ight s and the re IS n ot a la rge n umber

,
o f othe r a rmed men a nd yet w il l som e go on the ex p e d i tion an d

,
othe rs st ay he re wi th i n th e destroyed ci ty wh i ch i s wi th out f o rti ,
fi c a ti on ? ”
An d t hey en l a rge d upon th e v e ry gre a t fi ckl en es s o f
th e Coun t .
Neve rth el ess i n the en d the Co u n t s et fo rth bec au se o f t h e p oo r

,
an d g a i ned m a ny c a stl es a n d c a pt iv es a nd gre a t s p oil When h e .
w a s retu rn i ng with great exul t a ti on a n d v i cto ry a f ter ve ry many

o f th e S a ra cen s had b ee n ki l led s ix or sev en o f ou r p oo r w ere cap
,
t u re d an d k i lled by the p a ga ns All th ese de a d ho weve r h a d

.
, ,
c ro s ses on th ei r right sho u l d e rs M o reove r wh en th e Co u nt a n d

.
,
t h ose w ith hi m sa w th i s they th a nked A lmighty G o d wh o w a s mind

, ,
fu l o f H i s p oo r a s mu ch a s possible an d fo r thi s r easo n th ey we re

, ,
.
gre a tly com forted An d th u s that they might s a ti s fy all who h a d

.
rem a ined w ith th e b a ggage a t M a r r a th ey b rought a l ong on e o f the ,
k ill ed w ho w a s st i ll b re a thing Ve ri ly w e beh eld a mi ra cle i n th a t

.
,
man wh o though h e s carcely ha d a whol e p l a ce whe re hi s s ou l

, ,
coul d h i d e lingere d fo r s ev en o r eight d a ys wi thou t food be a ri ng

, ,
witness th a t J es u s to whose j u dgment h e w a s to go wi thout dou bt

, , ,
w a s Go d th e Au tho r o f thi s c ross Th ere f o re com fo rted by the

.
,
favo rab l e t urn o f ev ents a n d by the ( S i gn o f t he ) cross th ey le ft ,

Th i s w as n e ar a ce rt a i n fo rt ifi ed p la ce i n wh i ch the re w a s g a th
e red a very l a rge mu lti tu d e o f p a gan s O u r men a tt a cke d th i s .
p l a ce a n d woul d h a v e conque re d i t b r a vely had not th e Sa r a cen s ,
d ri ven out i mmen se h erds o f an i m a ls O u r men ret u rn ed ca rry i ng .

,
good s o f a ll ki n d s to thei r tents At th e b re a k o f dawn h oweve r

.
, ,
we fol d ed ou r t en ts an d went t o bes iege th ei r f orti fied p lac e We .
expected to p i tc h o u r cam p the re bu t th e p aga n ho st t ook to fl ight ,
a n d le f t t he pla ce em p ty H oweve r w hen ou r m en ente red they

.
,
fo un d th ere ev e ry a b u nd a nce o f wi ne bu tte r oi l an d eve ryth ing , , ,
th a t th ey n eede d Th e r e w e ve ry dev outly celeb r a te d the festiv a l

.
o f the Pu ri fi c a ti on o f the Vi rgi n M a ry Envoys c a me to u s the re .
f ro m th e ci ty o f Ca mel a Fo r th e Ki ng o f th a t p l ace s ent ho rse s

.
a n d gold to th e Co u n t an d ma d e a n agreemen t w ith hi m th a t h e
woul d n ot h u rt Ch ri sti a n s i n any w ay b u t woul d che ri sh a n d h ono r ,
them M o reove r th e Ki ng o f T ri p ol i sent w o rd to th e Co u nt th a t

.
,
h e wo u l d fai th f u l ly en ter into an a greemen t w it h h i m an d k eep

f ri end sh i p i f i t p l ease d h i m a n d h e sen t h i m ten h o rses fou r mules
, , , ,
a n d go ld B u t th e Coun t s a i d t h a t h e woul d i n n o w i s e a ccept

.
p e a ce w ith h i m un l es s h e bec a me a Ch ri sti a n

, .
A fter le a vi ng th i s ve ry fi ne v a l l ey w e ca me to a ce rt a in
f o rti fi ed town c a lle d A rch a s on M on d ay noo n the se con d da y o f ,
th e week i n the m i d dle o f Feb ru a ry an d a ro u n d i t w e p it ch ed o u r ,
tents T hi s t own w a s fi l le d wi th a cou ntless host o f p a g a n s Tu rks

.
, ,
S a r a cen s A r a b s a n d P u bl icani wh o had f o rti fi ed the town m a rv el

, , ,
o u s l y an d we re de f en di ng thems elves b r a vely At th a t time fo u r .
teen o f ou r knight s w ent a g a i nst the city o f T ri p ol i whi ch wa s n e a r ,
us . Th os e fo u rtee n fo u nd a bo u t s ixty T u rk s an d cert a i n oth e rs ,
wh o ha d colle cted i n f ron t o f th em some men a n d mo re th a n five

h u n d red a nim a l s S trengthen ed wi th th e s ign o f th e c ro s s they a t
.
,
t a cke d the Tu rk s a n d wi th th e hel p o f God w on d er f u lly over c a me

, ,
them k i lled s ix o f t h em a n d c a ptu re d s ix ho rs es Fu rth ermo re

, , .
,
R a ymo n d Pilet u s a nd R aymond Vi s co u n t o f T u renn e wen t o u t , ,
f ro m th e a rmy o f C oun t R a ymon d a n d comi ng b e fo re th e c ity o f , ,
T o rto s a they st rongly a tt a cke d i t fo rtifi ed a s i t was by a v e ry

, , , ,
gre a t m u lti t u d e o f p a ga n s B ut si n ce nigh t h a d a l re a dy come they

.
,
w i th d rew to a cert a in r eti re d p lace a n d cam p ed th ere ; then th ey

bu il t count l es s fi res as i f th e whol e host w a s the re I n deed th e
, .
,
p a g a n s te r rified w ith f e a r fl ed sec retly by n ight a n d le ft th e city

, ,
fi l le d wi th good s o f all kin ds I t a ls o contai n ed a ve ry fin e p o rt

.
on th e sea O n th e next d ay ou r men wen t t o a tt a c k i t on a ll s i des

.
a n d fo u n d it em p ty Th ey ente red an d l iv ed in i t a s long as th e

.
si ege be fo re A rc h as l a sted Th ere is ne a r i t a nother city c a l l ed

.
Ma ra c l e a The Emi r who r u l ed ove r i t m a d e a n a greemen t with

.
o u r men a n d let o u r men a n d o u r st a nd a rds i nt o th e city -

.
TH E F I R S T C RU S AD E 2 17
m
( y nd
R a o ) O n th e d a y fi xed they bu rned th e city an d s et
fo rth .B ut th e count h is c le ri cs an d t h e B i sho p o f A lb a ra

, ,
w ent unshod i nvoking th e com p ass ion o f God a n d th e p rote cti o n

,
o f th e s a in ts T a n cred fol low ed u s wi th f o rty kn ights a n d many

.
foot s ol di e rs Wh en th e kings o f th a t l a n d h ear d th is th ey sent

-
. ,
Ar ab n obl es wit h m a ny entre a tie s an d gi fts to th e Count s ( p romi s ,
i ng ) n ow a n d the re a fte r t o b e thei r tributari es an d to b ring p rov i s ,
i on s f ree an d f o r sa le A fter receivi ng s ecu rity f rom the m on o a th

.
,
a s wel l a s foo ds fo r th e j o u rney w e conti nu e d f u rt he r M o reove r w e

,
.
,
h a d g u i d es f ro m the Ki ng o f C a esa re a wh o le d u s b a dly on th e fi rst

day a s i t se emed t o u s fo r i n that c a mp w e w ere i n w a nt o f ever y
, ,
th i ng e xce p t w a te r Then on th e seco nd d ay th ese s a me gui de s im

.
ru dently l ed u s i nto a ce rt a i n vall ey wh e re th e c a ttl e o f th e King

p
a n d the w hol e regi on h a d fle d f o r f e a r o f u s At th a t ti me t he Ki ng .
,
h av i ng know n long b e fo r e that w e woul d come th ere h a d c om ,
ma n de d a ll h i s S a r a cen s to fl ee be fo re u s ; but i f h e h a d comm a nde d

th a t a ll o f th a t regi on s ho ul d o pp os e u s i t w ou l d not h ave tu rn ed ,
o u t s o w el l Raymond o f Lil l e an d h is co m pa n ions c a ught a S a r a

.
cen thi s d ay wi th l ett ers o f th e Ki ng whi ch h e w a s b e a r ing to a ll ,
o f th a t regi on ( saying ) to fl ee be f or e u s Wh en th i s b ec a me know n

, .
t o th e Ki ng h e s a i d I h a d o rd e red my men to fl
, ,
e e b e fo re t h e
Fr a nks as fas t as th ey c oul d an d ( in st e a d ) they c a m e to th em I

,
.
s e e th a t Go d has chos en thi s p eo p l e ; b es i des wh a teve r t h ey do I , ,

”
wi ll n ot h a rm them Th en the Ki ng h i ms el f b les sed G od wh o
.
,
p rovi d es su ffi ci ent n ecess a ri es fo r tho s e who fe a r H i m .
H owev e r when ou r kn ights s a w s u ch s u dden a n d s o gre a t abun

,
d a nce th ey a n d th e stu rdi e r p eo p l e too k u p al l th ei r money a n d

,
“
w ent to C a es a re a a n d Ca mel a t o buy fat h o rses there s ayi ng S i n c e , ,
G o d h a s t a ken con cern a bout ou r foo d w e w i l l t ak e c a re o f H i s ,

”
p oo r a n d H is a rmy T hu s i t c a me a bo u t th a t we h a d a bo u t a
.
tho u s a nd v ery fin e chargers The p oo r d a i ly grew bette r ; th e

.
knigh ts w ere d a ily com fo rted ; th e a rmy s eemed d a i ly to b e m u lti

p l i ed a nd th e f a rth e r w e p ro cee d e d th e gre a te r benefi ts God p ro
,
vid e d fo r u s Al tho u gh ev e rything was coming t o u s i n s u ffici en t

.
qu a nt iti es yet s om e b ent th e Co u nt to thi s p lan th a t h e sho ul d

, ,
w a n t to go o ff th e rout e a bi t for th e s ak e o f G ibel l u m wh ich i s a ,
ci ty on the s ea co a st B ut T a nc re d a n d m a ny othe r b rav e men an d

-
.
goo d b rou ght it a bout th a t th i s d id n ot h app en i n a ny w a y s a y ing : ,
Go d h a s v i sited th e p o o r a n d ou rs elves an d ought we to de pa rt ,
f rom th e j o u rn ey ? The p a st l a bo rs a t Antio ch the mi sery o f bat ,
t l e cold h u nge r an d every ki n d o f s u ffering are en o u gh fo r us

, , , .
Why shoul d we a lone b esi ege th e whol e wo rl d a n d k il l a ll th e in ,
h ab it a nt s o f th e wo rl d ? B ehol d o f one hund re d th ous a n d knights

2 18 T H E F I RS T C RU S ADE
w e hav e s c a rcely on e tho u s a n d an d o f two h u nd re d t hou s a n d f oot ,
sol d i e rs a nd mo re t he re a re not fiv e thous a n d now i n ou r a r my !

,
S h a l l w e wai t u nti l a ll a r e d es troye d ? Why wi l l they come f ro m

ou r l a n d wh e n they h ea r th a t Anti o ch a n d G ib el l u m an d th e other
,
ci ti es o f th e Saracens hav e b een c a pt u red ? B u t let u s go t o J er u

s a lem fo r wh i ch w e c a me an d veri ly Go d w i ll give i t to u s An d
, , ,
.
th en t h rough fea r alone o f th ose who w i ll come f ro m ou r l a n d a nd

othe r l a n d s th es e ci ti es G ibe ll u m T ri p oli Ty re an d Ac re w hich
, , , , , ,
a re on ou r ma rch wi l l be a b a n don e d by th e i nh a b it a n ts
,
.
Wh i le w e we re thu s p roceedi ng f o rw a rd som e T u rk s an d Ar a bs ,
we re fol lo wi ng th e a rmy ki lling an d des p oi l ing th e poo r wh o , , ,
b ec a use o f thei r long il lness rem a i ned b eh ind th e a rmy An d w hen ,

.
they h a d don e th i s once a n d ag a i n t he Coun t rem a i n e d i n h i ding ,
on the nex t d a y u nti l al l the a rmy h a d p a ssed Th e enemy i n h o p e .

,
o f p l un der a n d w ith o u t f e a r followed ou r a rmy i n th ei r u s u a l ma n ,
n er B u t whe n th ey h a d a l re a dy p a s e d the amb u sh ou r kn ights

.
, ,
coming f o rth f rom th e i r h i d in g p la ce w i th t h e C ount a tt a cke d th e ,
co l um n o f th e enemy ro u te d t h em _an d th rew th em into con f us ion

, ,
.
T hen they kill ed them a n d l ed thei r ve ry fine ho rses to t he a rmy

wi th gre a t exu lt a ti on A ft er th i s no en emy fol lowe d o u r a rmy b e
.
, ,
c au s e th e Co u nt w i th an a rme d m u l ti tu de o f knights wen t beh in d

o u r p eo p le M o reove r othe r a rm ed knight s with th e Count o f
.
,
N o rm a n dy T a nc red an d the B i sho p o f A lba ra w en t a h e a d i n gre a t

, ,
n u mbe rs s o th a t th e enemy might n o t u nex p e cte d ly d i stu rb u s f rom

,
ei the r re a r o r f ront Fo r th e Count si nce he h a d few kn ights with

.
,
h i m when h e s et fo rth f ro m M a rr a a sk ed t h e B i sho p a fte r h e h a d '
, ,
p l a ced a g u a rd a t B a rr a to come wi th h i m T h e B i sho p h e a ri ng

, .
,
o f a ce rt a i n knigh t o f h is W i lli a m s on o f Peter o f Cu mil ia c u m

, , ,
by n a me l e ft h i m th ere w i th s even knights an d thi rty f oot sold iers

,
-
H e w a s a ma n fa i th f ul a n d devoted t o God a n d i n c r e a sed the p ro p

e rty o f th e B i sh o
p by th e h el p o f G o d ten fol d i n a s ho rt t i me An d -
.
h e s oon h a d s eventy men in ste a d o f thi rty a n d sixty kn igh ts a n d

, ,
mo re .
I t w a s d eci d ed at th i s t im e abou t ou r j o u rney th a t w e sho u l d

l e ave the ro a d whi ch l ed by D a m a s c u s a n d t u rn to th e s ea — co a st ,
b e c au se if ou r sh i p s wh i ch we h a d le ft a t Anti och sh o u ld come

tow a rd u s we wo u ld h av e t r a d e w ith th e p eo p l e o f th e I sl e o f
,
Cy p r u s a n d th e oth er i sl a n d s An d wh en w e s t a rte d u p on th e route .
a greed u p on the i nh abi t a n ts o f the l a n d a ba n don ed ci ti es fo rt ifie d

, ,
p l a ces a n d vi ll a ges fu l l o f al l goods T h u s a fte r enci rc l ing gre a t ’
, .
,
mo u ntain s w e c a me i nto a ce rt a i n v ery ri ch v a l ley whe re s ome

, ,
p e a s a nts a rrog a n t bec a u se o f thei r n u mb e r s a n d the strength o f

,
thei r fortres s we re wi lli ng n eithe r to sen d t o u s fo r p e a ce no r to

,
220 T H E FI R ST CRU S ADE
compl a i ne d m u ch th a t th e kn igh ts had gone a w ay withou t pe rmi s

sio n a n d ha d le ft hi m i n d a nge r o f death Al l p romi sed tha t th ey .
wou l d n ot w i thd ra w f ro m th e si ege o f th e c a stl e u ntil by th e gr a ce ,
o f Go d ,
the fo u n d a ti on had b een ove rt u rned B u t God w ho was .
,
g u i ding the m s o th a t they shoul d not b e h i n de red by evi l s o f any

k in d whatsoev e r s o te r r ifi e d th e kee p e rs o f th e f o rt ress th rough
,
th e n ight th a t th ey n ot even gav e th ei r d ead b u ri a l s o h eadlong ,
w a s the i r fl ight M o reove r when it b ecame m orn ing w e went

.
,
th ere an d f o u n d only s p o il s an d a fo rt res s empty o f men .
Th i s ti m e the re we re with u s env oy s f ro m th e Emi r o f Came l a

a n d f ro m the King o f T ri p o l i Wh en the se beh el d th e b ol dnes s an d
.
b r a ve ry o f o u r men th ey begged o f th e Count pe rmi ssi on ( t o

,
l e ave ) s ay ing th a t they wo u l d retu rn a s qui ckly as p o ssibl e A c

,
.
c o rd ingl y wh en th os e env oy s we re al l owed t o le a ve w ith ou r envoys

, ,
th ey ret u rne d i n a sho rt t i me wi th great gi ft s an d many ho rses Fo r .
th e s iege o f that f o rt res s ha d f rightened t h e w h ol e regi on beca u s e ,
i t co u l d n eve r be f o r e b e t aken by a ny p e o p l e B esi d es th e inh ab i .

,
tant s o f that region sen t t o th e Co u nt w ith many ent reaties an d

gi fts p raying that wh en h e h a d cau sed the i r ci ti es a n d f ortre s s t o
,
be t a ken ov e r he wo u ld s en d t hem h i s standa r d s a n d h i s s eal s F or

, .
i t was th e c u sto m i n the a rmy that i f th e stan da rd o f any F rank

was foun d on a ci ty or f ort ress i t wa s no t the rea fte r be si ege d by ,
a nyon e . Whe re fo r e th e King o f T ripol i placed the stan da rd s o f

th e Co u nt on h i s ca stle s .
Th e n a me o f the Co u n t w a s at th i s time so great that i t seemed

mo re th a n eq u a l t o that o f any f o rme r l ea de r An d wh en o u r .
k night s who had b een s ent a s env oy s to T r ipol i sa w the rega l we a lth ,
mos t ri ch ki ngd oms and th a t p opulou s city th ey p ersu a de d th e

, ,
Co u n t to b esi ege A rch as a fo rtre s s ve ry st rongly f ortifi ed a n d u n

,
a s s a i l a b l e by h um a n mi ght i n o rder t o obt a i n f rom th e Ki ng o f

,
T ri p ol i a fte r th e fo u rth o r fi fth day a s mu ch gold a nd s ilve r as h e

sho u l d d esi re A nd so a t th ei r wi sh w e b esi eged th e fo rt res s w h er
.
o u r b rave men en du red su ch t ri a l s a s they n eve r ha d b e f o re An d .
besi des m ost bi tte r to tell w e l ost so m a ny a n d s u ch great k nights

, ,
.
Th e re w a s ki l l ed Ponti u s o f B al as u u wi th a ston e f rom a p et ra ry ,
a t whose p r a yers I a m w ri ti ng f o r a ll th e o rtho dox es p e ci a l ly th ose ,
a cros s th e Al p s a n d fo r you
,
reve re d head o f Viv i ers thi s wo rk
, ,
wh i ch I h a v e u nde rt aken to com p ose .
No w h owev er I sh a l l st ri ve wi th th e i n sp i ration o f God wh o

, , ,
d i d all t hi s t o w ri te wh a t remain s w ith th e same ch a rity wi th whi ch

,
I beg a n I beg th e re fore and beseech eve ryone to bel i ev e that

.
, ,
th es e th ings wh i ch they a re to h e a r a re tru e And i f I have a p .
pl i e d t o a nyone th ro u gh z e a l or h a te fo r anyone anythi ng beyond

, ,
TH E F I R ST C RU SADE 22 1
bel ie f o r p rob a bi lity may Go d apply to me al l th e to rtu res of h el l

, ,
a n d e ras e me f rom t h e b oo k o f l i fe ! Fo r though I a m igno rant o f

m a ny things th i s on e I know : that s in ce I hav e been p ro mote d to
,
’
th e p ri esth oo d on God s ex p ed ition I ought to obey Go d i n w it ,
me ssing the t r u th r a ther than to weave li es strivi ng fo r reward o r

, ,
money f ro m a nyon e el se B u t sin ce a cco r d ing t o th e apo stl e

.
, ,
“
cha ri ty va u nteth n ot i tsel f I want to p rocee d w it h th e same cha r ,
i ty May Go d giv e m e ai d !
.
Whi le w e we re delayi ng somewh a t i n p ressing th i s si ege o u r ,
s h i p s came to u s from Anti och an d Laod ic ae a a l so m a ny oth er shi p s ,
o f t h e Venetian s
“ a n d Greeks w i th gr a i n win e an d b a rley p o r k , , , ,
a n d oth e r things fo r s a le B u t sin ce thi s castl e wa s abo u t a mi l e

.
f rom th e s ea th e sh i p s c oul d not re m a i n i n p ort an d th e s a ilo rs t e

, ,
tu rned to th e po rt o f Lao dicaea an d t o th e po rt o f To rto sa Th i s .
To rto sa a v e ry st rongly f o rti fi ed pla ce bu i l t w ith wall s an d fo re

, ,
wal ls an d fi ll ed w i th m a ny goo d things ha d been aban doned by

, ,
it s Sa racen i nh a bi ta n ts f o r fe a r o f ou r army alone Fo r G od had .
establ i shed s u ch gre a t d re a d o f u s a mong th e Ar a bs an d S a r a cen s o f ,
that regi on that they bel i eved w e co ul d acco m p li sh everyth ing an d

that w e w a nted to dest roy al l t hat we coul d B u t thi s was be fo re .
t he s i ege o f A rch as .
H ow eve r thi s s iege wh ich w e had s et ch i efly fo r ot he r cau se s

,
cont r a ry t o j usti ce than f o r God Go d wa s u n wi ll i ng t o p romote , ,
b u t th ere d i d everything a ga i nst u s An d s in ce ou r men h a d b een .
p rom p t a n d ready fo r a ll othe r battles a n d as sa u lts i t wa s wonder ,
fu l th a t they were fo u n d sl uggi sh an d u seles s f or th i s I f any f er .
vent s p i ri ts w a nt ed t o d o a nythi ng they wer e eithe r wounded o r ,
wh a t t hey ha d b egun came to n a u gh t T h ere Anselm o f Ribemont .
gl o ri ou sly de pa rte d When h e a rose i n th e m orni ng h e calle d the

.
.
p ri ests to h i m a nd h a ving con fe sse d hi s n egligen ces an d hi s sin s

, , ,
h e begged m ercy f rom Go d an d f ro m them anno un ci ng to them ,
th a t the en d o f h is li f e was i mmi nent Th ey wer e a maze d at th i s .

,
si n ce th ey beheld hi m wel l an d unh u rt an d h e sai d to the m ,

“
D o n ot wonde r b u t rath e r li sten Th i s night I s aw Lo rd Engel
‘
.
,
r a n d o f S t P a u l who wa s k il l ed at M a r ra I w a s n ot a s lee p b u t
.
,
.
,
‘
aw ake an d I sai d t o h i m What i s thi s ? Fo r thou hast su ffered
, ,
d e a th and lo ! thou a rt no w al ive

,
“
And h e a n swe red I n deed tho se wh o en d th ei r l iv es i n th e s er
,
’
v i ce o f Ch ri st do n ot d i e
‘
.
“
When I a sked h i m a gai n about hi s bea uty whi ch wa s very great , ,
wh en ce i t h a d happ en e d to h i m h e a n swe re d m e Tho u sh ouldst , ,
n ot wonde r a bo u t my b eau ty wh en I d wel l i n so s p lend i d a home ,

.
’
An d st raightway h e sh owed me h i s h ome i n h eaven so beauti ,

222 T H E FI RST C RU S ADE ’
fu l th a t I co u l d be l i ev e n oth i ng mo re beauti ful S ee i ng tha t I was

st u nn ed at th e s p len do r o f hi s home he sai d t o me A mu ch mo re ,
.
,
‘ ’
b eau t i f u l one i s bei ng pre pa red for t hee to mo r ro w And wi th -
”
these wo rd s h e di sa pp e a re d .
M o reover i t ha p p ene d on th e s a me day on wh i ch An sel m had

,
reco u nted thi s to s eve r a l p eo p le t h a t h e wa s p ro cee d ing to battl e

a ga i nst the S ara cen s Th ey h ad gon e ou t s ecretly f ro m th e f o rt res s
.
a n d wante d to co me u p to ou r t ent s t o ste a l someth ing there or t o ,
h u r t s omeon e B u t wh en th i s fight ha d grow n great on both sid e s

.
a n d An s el m wa s resi st ing b r a v ely h e wa s st ru ck on t he head by a

,
ston e f rom a h u rling engi n e ; and th u s h e depa rte d fro m th i s w orl d

to th e p lace p re pa red f o r h i m by Go d .
H e re a l eg a t e cam e to u s f ro m th e King o f B abyl on wh o along ,
w ith h i m ha d s ent back to u s ou r legate s w ho m h e ha d hel d captive

fo r a y e a r H e w a s h e s it a ti ng w h eth e r to make f r iend shi p w i th
.
u s o r wi th th e Tu rks We wer e wi l ling to agree w ith h i m i n thi s

.
w ay : I f h e wo u l d giv e u s h elp f rom J er u s a lem o r i f h e wo u l d ,
give u s J e r u s a lem w i th what p ert a ined to i t w e wou l d giv e h i m al l ,
h i s citi es wh i ch th e T u rk s ha d t ak en f ro m h i m when w e sho u l d ,
c a p t u re th em Th e o the r cit i es o f th e T u rks h ow eve r wh i ch we re

.
, ,
n ot o f hi s kingdom w e wo u l d divi de between u s i f they we re taken

, ,
w i t h hi s h el p B u t the Tu rk s a s i t w a s rela t e d to u s we re wi ll
.
, ,
i ng t o do thi s fo r h i m : I f h e w o u l d come w i th them to batt l e

a g a i n st u s t hey wo u l d w o rshi p Al i who i s th e r a ce o f M oh a m
5 1
, ,
med wh om h e wo rshi p p ed They wo u l d al so a cce p t h is coin s an d

,
.
wo u l d p ay a ce rt a i n tr ib u te and th ey wo u l d d o m a ny oth er thi ngs

,
f o r h i m wh i ch w e di d not f u lly k now H e lea rn ed about u s th a t .
w e w ere f ew an d th a t th e Em p ero r Al ex i u s w as h osti l e to u s t o

,
de a th ; con ce rni ng th i s we fo u n d letters o f th e Emp ero r Alexiu s

,
w ri tten a bo u t u s in th e tent o f th e s a me Ki ng a fte r the b a ttl e w it h ,
th e Ki ng o f the B a bylon i a n s h a d b een fo u ght at Ascalon Fo r these .
a n d o the r r eason s t he re f o re,

the E mi r had deta in ed ou r envoys a s
,
c a ptives fo r a ye a r i n B a byl on B u t now wh en h e h ear d th a t hav

.
, ,
i ng entere d h i s l a nds w e we r e deva st a ti ng v i l lages fi el ds a n d a l l

, , , ,
h e sent wo rd to u s th a t w e sho u l d go w itho u t a rm s i n gro u p s o f

two h u nd red o r th ree hund re d t o J er u s a lem a n d th at a fte r a d o ring , ,
the Lo rd we shoul d ret u rn B u t w e l a u gh ed a t thi s ex p ect ing

,
.
,
Go d s mercy a n d anno un ced th a t u nl e ss h e f reely ga ve u s J e ru sa

’
l em we wo u l d s u e hi m f o r Baby l on Fo r th e Emi r a t th i s ti me hel d .
J er u s a l em Wh en h e h e a rd th a t th e T u rk s h a d been b eaten by u s
.
a t Anti oc h h e went to b esi ege J e r u s a lem kn owi ng t h a t the T u rks

, , ,
so o ft en s c a tte re d a n d p u t to fl ight by u s w ou l d n ot f a ce h i m i n ,
b a tt l e At l ength a fter giv i ng ve ry l a rge gi ft s t o tho se who were

.
,
2 24 T H E FI RS T C RU S ADE
A p ri l ) they h eld a co u n ci l and sai d :

, I t i s v e ry goo d to ca r ry ou t
the march to J eru s a lem w i th th e new f r u it s ”
.
( y
R a m o n d ) When a s w e s a i d ou r a rmy was l a bori ng gre a t
, ,
l y i n th e s iege o f A rch a s i t w a s announ ce d to u s that t h e Po p e o f

,
th e T u rk s wa s co ming t o ba ttl e a gai ns t u s ; an d sin ce he wa s o f th e

r a ce o f M oh a mmed inn umer a ble p eo p l e fol lowe d h i m
, Acco rd .
ingly th e a rmy wa s comman d ed th a t al l sho u l d p repa re th emselve s

‘
,
f o r battl e S o they sen t th e B i sho p o f A lba ra to the D u ke an d th e

.
Cou nt o f Fl a n de rs who w e re besi egi ng G ib e ll u m T hi s i s a fo rtres s

, .
a b ove th e s e a a bout h a l f way between Anti och an d th e f o rt ress o f

,
A rch a s t wo days di st a n t f ro m both

, When th ey had receive d th e .
m ess a ge th ey gav e u p th e si ege a n d came q u i ckly to u s M eanwh i l e

, .
( the re p o rt ) w a s fo u n d to b e fa lse Th e Sara cen s h a d mad e i t u p .
s o th a t wh i le o u r men we re th e reby t er ri fi ed th e bes i eged migh t be

, ,
a ble to g a i n a li ttl e rest .
’
S o wh en o u r a rmi es h ad b een j oi ned t h e m en o f th e Count s ,
p a rty bega n to S how th e sl eek h o rs es a n d th e rich e s wh ich

Go d ha d given them i n th e regi on s o f the S aracen s beca u se they
h a d ex p ose d th emselv es to death fo r G od ; but the othe rs h e l d fo rth
t h ei r p ov e rty At thi s t ime i t wa s p reach ed th at th e p eop le sho u l d
.
giv e a t ith e o f a ll they ha d taken beca u s e the re we re m a ny po o r i n ,
th e a rmy an d many si ck I t wa s co mman ded th a t they shoul d .
ren de r a fou rth pa rt t o the i r p ri ests whos e m a s ses th ey a ttend ed ,
a fo u rth p a rt t o th e B i sho p a n d th e othe r two part s to Pet e r th e ,
H e rmi t whom th ey ha d p l a ce d i n cha rge o f the poo r o f bot h

,
cl ergy a n d peo p l e An d t h u s h e r ecei ved t wo p a rts ; to w it on e p a rt

.
,
for those w ho we re o f the cl ergy a n d the othe r f o r th ose who we r e ,
o f th e peo p le Th e re fo re Go d s o m u l ti p li ed ou r a rmy i n h o rses

.
,
m u l es camel s a nd th e othe r n e ce ssi ti e s o f li fe th a t it bec a me a

, ,
m a rvel t o u s an d a d re a m And thu s f ro m the wealth o f p ossessi on s.
th e re a ros e a d i s p ute a nd a rrog a n c e a mong the p rinces s o th a t ,
th os e who love d Go d de a r l y desi red mu ch mo re that w a n t an d

f e a r f u l b a ttl es sh o u l d th reat en .
T h e Ki ng o f Tri p ol i w i she d t o giv e u s fi fteen tho u san d gol d

coi n s o f Sa ra cen minting b esi des ho rses m u les and many robes , , , ,
a n d th en t rib u te s e a ch yea r much gre a te r than thi s On e gol d co in .

,
f o rsooth w as at thi s t i me wo rth eight o r n i ne s olid i o f ou r money

,
.
Thi s w a s ou r money : P ic tavin i Cartens es Mans es Lu cc ens es , , , ,
Va la naan i M elg oriens es a n d P og es i t wo o f whi ch ( we re o ffered )

,
'
, ,
f o r o n e o f the o th e rs 16
B ut tha t lo r d o f G ib el l u m a f r a i d that h e
.
,
m ight ag a i n b e besi eged sent t o o u r p rin ce s fiv e thou s a n d gold ,
coin s h o rse s mul es a n d mu ch w ine ; then w e h a d f ood en o u gh

, , ,
.
And not only di d th es e sen d u s gi fts but al so those f rom m a ny ,

TH E F I R ST C RU SAD E 225
ci ti es an d c a stles S ome o f the S a ra cen s t oo we re ba p t ized eith er

.
, ,
o u t o f ze a l o r f rom f ea r o f o u r law renoun cing M ohammed an d ,
a l l h i s o ffs p ring F o r the se re a sons th e re fo re on e o f ou r p rin ces

.
, ,
sen t en v oys to th e c itie s o f th e S a racen s wit h lette r s anno u nc ing

th a t h e w a s l o rd o f th e whol e a rmy Thu s di d ou r p ri nce s con d u ct .
themselv es at t h is ti me ! An d T a nc red especi a lly sti r re d up the , ,
a ffa i r
. Although h e h a d received five thou san d s olidi and t w o very
’
fin e ho rse s o n th e agreemen t tha t h e woul d rem a i n i n the Coun t s
servi c e u p to J e r u s a l em h e n ow w a nte d t o with d ra w an d b e wi th
,
the D u k e o f Lo r r a in e O n thi s a c count many q u a r rel s w e re hel d

. .
At length il l en ough he w ithd rew f rom th e Co u nt

, , .
M a ny revel a ti on s were m a d e kn own to u s a t th i s ti me wh i ch ,
we re sent t o u s f rom God Th e fo l l owing i s o n e o f th es e wh i ch i s .

,
w ri tten un de r t he name o f h i m wh o saw i t .
“
I n th e ye a r o f the Lo r d 1 09 9 i n th e seventh I ndi ction t wenty , ,
”
si xth E pa ct fi fth Con cu rren ce on th e n igh t o f th e N one s o f April
, , ,
when I Pete r B a rth olomew l ay i n the cha p el o f t he Co u nt o f S t

, , .
Gil l es at the siege o f A rch a s I bega n to med itate on th e p ri est t o ,
w ho m the Lo r d a p p e a red wit h the Cross w hen we were b esieged by

th e Tu rks i n Ant ioch An d whe n I ma rv elled mu ch that H e h a d
.
n ev e r a ppe a red t o me w ith th e C ros s I s a w th e Lo r d ente ring wi th ,
H is a p ostle s Peter a n d And rew an d a ce rtai n othe r large an d
‘
, , ,
h e avy o f d a rk com p l exi on n early b a ld a nd wi th large eyes

‘
, , , .
“
An d the Lo rd sai d to m e What a rt th ou doi ng ? ’
I r e p l ied Lo rd I am stan di ng he re
, ,
An d the Lo rd spoke agai n Tho u hast ba rely es c a pe d being ‘ ,

.
’
s u bmerged ( i n si n ) w i t h th e rest B ut o f wh a t a rt thou no w think

‘
.
ing
An d I re p l ie d Lo rd Fa the r I was th i nki ng abo u t a priest t o
‘ ‘
, , ,
wh o m Th o u d i dst ap p e a r w ith th e C ros s .

’
“ ’
The Lo rd a n swe red I kno w t hat An d th en : B el i eve th a t I
, .
a m the Lo rd fo r whom tho u h a st come hi the r an d w h o su ffe red fo r
si nn e r s o n the Cro s s at J eru s a le m j u st a s thou w il t n ow beh ol d , .

’
“
An d at that very h o u r I s a w th e re a cro s s m a d e o f two black
a n d roun d p l a nks n eithe r p oli shed no r fi tted ex cept th a t i n th e
‘
, ,
mid dl e t he be a ms were n ot ched an d s u p p o rt e d ea ch othe r i n t u rn .
“
Th e Lo rd sai d to m e B eh ol d th e Cr oss s in ce i t i s th e C ro ss , ,
’
whi ch thou seek est An d on t h a t Cro ss wa s the Lo r d extende d
.
a n d c r u ci fied a s a t the ti me o f the Pa ssi on Pete r mo reov e r s u p .

, ,
p o rted H i s he a d from the right ; And rew f rom th e le ft b o re i t on

hi s neck ; th a t thi rd pe rson su pp orted i t f ro m th e rear with h i s
h a n ds
“
.
An d th e Lo rd sai d to me Say t o My pe opl e tha t thou hast seen ,

‘
226 T H E FI R ST C RU SA D E
M e th u s Do st tho u see these My five wo u n d s ? T hu s do you con

.
,
si st o f fiv e r a nks Th e fi rst rank i s the r a nk o f th ose who do not

.
f e a r j av el i n s a nd swo rd s o r any kind o f engin e That rank i s l ike

, .
u n to M e ; for I went to J e r u sal em a n d di d n ot f ea r s wo rd s a n d
l a nces cudgel s an d stave s o r i n a d di tion th e C ro s s T h ey di e f o r

, , , , .
M e ; an d I d ied f o r t he m ; a n d I a m i n t h em a n d th ey i n M e Wh en , .
su ch a s t hes e d i e t hey a re p l a ce d on th e right hand o f Go d wh e re

, ,
a fter the re s u rrecti on I s a t h avi ng a scen de d to h e a ven Th e s e c , .
o n d i s th e r a nk o f th ose w h o a re a hel
p t o th e fi rst ; b u t th ey g u a rd
th em from th e re a r a n d t o th em the fo r me r a l so come fo r re fuge ;
,
v eri l y th ese a re l i ke the ap o st l es w ho fo l lowed M e a n d at e wi th M e

, .
Th e th i rd i s th e r a nk o f tho se wh o b ring ston es an d j a vel i n s to th e

fi rst ; they a re lik e tho se w h o wh en th ey s a w M e p la ced on t h e ,
C ro ss b emo a n ing my P a ssi on be a t the i r b re a sts p ro cl a i mi ng th a t

, , ,
w rong h a d been done M e The fo u rth i nd eed i s the rank o f t h ose .

, ,
wh o u p on seeing t h e b a ttle su rge p u sh th emse lve s i nto h ou ses a n d

, ,
t u rn to th ei r o wn a ffa i rs t ru sting th a t v icto ry re st s n ot i n M y m ight

, ,
“
b u t i n h uman wo rth Th ey a re l ike th o se wh o s a i d H e i s wo rthy
.
o f d e a th ; let H im be cru cifi ed ; si nce H e m a kes H i msel f a king a n d

”
s a ys th a t H e i s the S on o f God Th e fi fth h oweve r i s th e ran k .
, ,
o f t ho se w h o wh en th ey h ea r th e shou t o f b a ttle look on f rom

, ,
a f a r a sking th e cau se o f th e o u tc ry an d a ffo r d exam p l es o f co w a r d

, ,
i ce not o f b r a v e ry an d a re u nwi lli ng to u nd e rgo dangers n ot only

, ,
fo r M e b u t l ikew i se fo r t hei r b roth ers

, ,
Und er the fo rm o f a voi d
, .
i ng ( d a nge r ) th ey w a nt oth e rs to fight o r b ri ng a rms to th e fight e rs

, , ,
a n d th ey f e a st a t looki ng o n ; th ey a r e l ike J u da s th e B etraye r a n d

’
Ponti u s Pi l a te th e j u dge ,
.
“
M o reove r th e Lo rd w a s nake d u pon th e C ro ss en ci rcled on ly
, ,
w i th a l inen cl oth f ro m kn ee s t o l oin s a n d th e l inen clo t h wa s o f a -
co l o r mi dw a y betw een red an d b la c k And a bo u t H i s e a r s H e had

‘
.
a wh i te red a n d green h e a d b a n d L a te r w hen th e C ross h a d been

‘
-
,
.
, ,
t a ken a w ay th e Lo rd rem a i n ed i n th e ga rb whi ch H e wo re be fo re

,
.
“
And I sai d t o H im Lo rd God i f I s ay thi s they wi l l n o t b e
‘
, , , ,
l ieve me .
’
“
Th e Lo rd re p l ied to me Dost th o u want to re c ogni ze tho se wh o
‘
,
wi ll n o t b el i ev e t h i s ? ’
“
And I s a i d Yea Lo rd ,
‘ ,
An d th e Lo rd a n swered Let th e C ou n t a ssembl e th e p rin ces

.
’
an d p e o p l e a n d let th em m a ke a r rangements abo u t t he b a ttles

, or ,
wh en i t s h a ll b e t ime fo r th e si ege o f th e fo rt ress Let t he most .
”
renown ed h er a l d p rocl a i m God hel p u s ! th ri ce a nd let hi m st ri ve ,
to c a rry ou t the a r r a ngements Then a s I h a v e told thee t h ou w ilt .

,
i
se e th ese r a nk s : a n d togeth er w ith th e o t he rs who bel i eve thi s tho u

wi l t d i sting u i sh the u nbeli ev e r s .
’
228 T H E FI RS T C RU S AD E
The Lor d agai n s a i d W hat h ave I sai d to thee‘ Ans we r ? ’
‘
.
,
And I kne w nothing Whe n H e p ress ed me to answ er s ome

‘
.
o f the thi ngs wh i ch H e h a d said I r ep lie d Lo rd I kn ow n othi ng

, , , .
’
“
An d th e Lord sai d Go an d tel l what t ho u kno west an d what
, ,
’
th ou knowes t w i l l be s u ffici en t fo r th ee .
“
Wh en h o wev er I wou l d hav e made thi s known to th e b reth ren
, , ,
so me began t o s ay that th ey woul d n eve r beli ev e that Go d s p oke t o

s u ch a ma n th a t H e p as se d ou r p ri nces and bi sh ops an d reveal ed
,
H i msel f t o a p e a s a n t man ; wh en ce th ey l ikew i se d oubted abou t th e

L a n c e Wh e re fo re w e cal le d togethe r those b reth ren to who m th e
.
L a n ce ha d b ee n reve a led at one ti m e an d an ot he r an d a fte r thi s , ,
A rn u l f ch a pl a i n o f th e Coun t o f N o rm a n dy w ho w a s a s i t we re
, , ,
th e he a d o f th e unbeli eve rs ; an d w e a ske d h i m why h e do ubted

18
.
Wh en h e sai d th a t the B i sh o p o f Puy h ad d o u bt ed i t a ce rt a i n ,

“
p ri es t by th e n a m e o f Pete r D esi d eri u s re p li e d I s aw th e B i sh op
‘
,
o f Puy a f te r h is de a th an d S t N i chol a s w ith h i m A fte r m a n y

. .
oth e r things th e B i sho p sa i d thi s to me I am i n the ch oi r with ,
S t N i ch olas but bec a u s e I wh o sho u l d h ave beli eved most doubte d

.
, , ,
the La n ce o f th e Lo rd I was led into h ell where my h a i r f ro m t h e

,
right si d e o f my he a d a nd my b ea rd we re b u rn ed ; an d though I
a m not i n p uni sh ment yet I w i l l no t cle a rly se e the Lo r d u nt i l my
,
h a i r an d beard gro w ou t a s they wer e be fo re Th i s an d m a ny .

’
o the r things th a t pr i est tol d u s w hi ch a fte rw a r ds oc cu rre d ; bu t

,
t hese th ings can be tol d i n t hei r p l a c e .
A ce rt a in o the r p ri est Eb rar d by name came an d s a i d :

,
At th e ,
ti me wh en th e Tu rk s w ere be sieging o u r a rmy i n Anti o ch I w a s ,
a t T rip ol i Fo r be f o re Antio ch w a s t aken I h a d come th ere fo r

.
the nece ss a ri es o f li fe When I h e a rd th a t Antio ch h a d bee n

.
t aken a nd th a t o u r men i n th e ci ty we re h el d i n su ch a st a ge o f
,
s i ege th a t n one o f them d a red to go i n o r o u t ex ce p t by ste a lth a n d , ,
th a t m a ny oth er ev il s th reaten ed the b esi eged ( mostly f a lse re p orts

wh i ch th e S a r a cen s a n d T u rks a d de d to th e t r u e evi l s ) I w a s do u bt ,
fu l o f my s ec u l a r l i fe a n d fl ed to a ce rt a i n ch u rch wh ere I knelt b e

,
‘
fo re th e m a j esty o f the M oth e r o f God Wi th t e a r s an d p r a ye rs I .
beg a n to a pp e a l th ro u gh h e r f o r th e mer cy of God ; a n d I d i d thi s fo r

some d ays rem a i ning w i tho u t f ood an d s a y ing to he r : 0 de a rest
,
La dy thes e a re p i lgri ms wh o h av e le ft a l l th ei r l i ttl e on es t h ei r

, ,
w ive s a n d a ll the i r de a r ones fo r th e name o f thy S on a n d fo r

,
thee They h a ve come hith e r f ro m d ist a n t region s a n d a re fighting

.
fo r t hy S on ; h a v e p i ty on them ! An d O L a dy wh a t wi l l be s a i d , ,
o f thy S on a n d o f t he e i n thei r l a n ds i f tho u givest them ove r into

,
the h a nd s o f th e Tu rk s
“
And w hen I h a d i n ange r a nd l a ment too o f ten re p e a ted thi s
TH E F I R S T CRU SA D E 29
a nd
‘
othe r stat emen ts lik e it a certa in S yrian who was a Ch ri sti a n
s a i d t o me B e o f goo d s p i ri t a n d see that yo u weep no l onger R e
,
,
,
.
,
c en t ly I was be fo re th e do o rs o f the ch u rch o f th e B lesse d M ary ,
Mo the r o f th e Lo rd a n d a cl eri c clothe d i n w h it e ga rments a p

, , ,
p eare d to m e When I asked hi m wh o h e w a s o r wh en ce h e c a me

.
, ,
“
h e re p l ied I a m M a rk th e evangel ist a n d I co me f ro m Alex a n dri a
, , ,
a n d I tu rn ed h ith e r b ec a u se o f th e Ch u r ch o f t he B less ed M a ry .
“
An d a gai n wh en I a ske d h i m whe re h e w a s go ing h e s a id O u r , ,
Lo rd is a t Anti o ch a n d h a s s en t wo r d t o a l l H is d i sci p les to come

the re si n ce th e Fr a nks a re d u e to figh t w it h the T u rks a nd w e
, ,
”
w i ll be thei r p rote ction An d wh en h e ha d s a i d thi s h e w en t
.
,
a w ay !
“
B ut s in ce I wou ld pl a ce l i ttl e f a i th i n thes e wo rds n o r c e a s e
f ro m gri e f o r te a rs th e same Sy ri a n s ai d t o me Kn ow i n th e
, ,
‘ ,
Gos p el o f th e bl es sed Pete r i t is w ri tten that the Ch ri sti a n h ost whi ch

shall t a k e J erus a l em sh a l l fi rst h av e been sh ut u p i n Anti och N o r .
c a n t hey th ence go fo rth u nti l th ey shall have f o u n d th e L a nce o f

’
th e Lo rd .
An d th e pri es t added I f you doub t any o f th i s l et th e fi re b e

, ,
bui lt ; a nd i n t h e n a me o f Go d an d w i th th e w itness o f th es e p eople ,
I w ill go th rough th e mi d st o f i t .
T h en a nothe r p ri e st S te p hen su rname d Valenti ne a man o f

, , ,
“
great i nt egri ty an d good li fe ca me fo rth an d s a i d The Lo rd J esu s , ,
H imsel f s p oke to m e i n th e ve ry mi dst o f th e s u fferi ng wh ich w a s

a t Antio ch a n d p romi se d i n th e p resen ce o f
,
H i s mos t B less e d
M oth e r th e Vi rgi n M ary th a t on the fi fth d ay to co me H e wo u l d
, ,
b e mer ci ful to H is p eo p le a nd compl ete th ei r d i ffe ren t undert aki ngs ,
i f they w o u l d retu rn to H i m w i th thei r whol e h e a rt An d on th a t .
da y th e H oly L a nce w a s foun d ; there fo re I bel ieve th a t th e p ro m

is e s o f th e Lo rd we re f u lfi l led I f y o u doub t a ny o f thi s a s soo n .
,
as I s a w th i s vi s i o n I o ffere d th e B i sho p o f Pu y as p roo f o f i t

-
t o go th ro u gh fi re i n th e p resen ce o f t he who le mult itude i f h e ,
w i shed o r t o th ro w mysel f f ro m the high es t to we r An d I sti l l

, .
make thi s ve ry o ffe r to y ou .
M o reove r the B i sho p o f Agd e c a me fo rth an d s a i d Wh eth e r I , ,
s a w th i s i n my s lee p o r n ot I kno w n ot fo r ce rt a i n ; Go d kn ows ,

.
A ma n d resse d i n wh i te a n d h old ing th e L a n c e o f th e Lo rd thi s

‘
, , ,
‘
L a nce I s ay i n h i s han ds c a me an d stoo d be fo re me an d s a i d to
, , ,
m e D os t t hou b el i ev e t h i s to b e th e L a n ce o f the Lo rd ?
,
’
“
An d I re p l i ed : I do Lo rd ,
.
’
I h a d hesi tate d somewh a t abo u t i t but a fter he h a d s te rnly ex

‘
,
a cted thi s ( a nswe r ) f rom me a s econ d a n d a th i rd t i me I s a i d to ,
h i m : I bel ieve Lo rd th a t thi s i s th e L a n c e o f my Lo rd J es us

, ,
’
Ch ri st An d a fte r thi s h e l e ft me
. .
2 30 T H E FI R S T ‘
CRU S A D E
An d I wh o have w ri tten th i s i n the p r es en ce o f th e b reth ren a n d ,

“
th e B i sho p s a i d thi s ther e : I w a s p re sen t wh il e th e digging took
l a ce ; a n d be fo re a l l o f the Lan ce a pp e a red a bove t h e grou nd I
p ,
ki s se d the po i nt An d th e re a re s eve r a l i n th e army w h o we r e w i th

.
me .
”
And I ad d e d Ther e i s a cert a i n o th er p ri es t B e rtr a n d o f
, ,
P u y by n a me w ho w a s a s e rvan t o f th e B i sh o p o f P u y du ring h i s
,
l i f e M o reo ve r th i s p ri es t w a s s i ck unto de a t h i n Anti och ; a n d

.
,
wh en h e h a d a l re a dy given u p h o p e o f h i s l i fe the re c a m e be fo re ,
h i m th e B i sho p o f Puy w it h h is st a nd a r d b e a re r H era cl i u s wh o , , ,
i n the gre a te s t fight m a d e a t Ant ioch w a s wo u n de d i n th e f a c e by

a n a r ro w wh il e h e w a s f ea rl essly l a u nch i ng f o r t h a g a i n st th e l i nes
o f the T u rks a n d a s a con sequ en ce en de d h i s l i f e

“
,
An d H er a cli us sai d Lo rd h e i s i l l ‘
‘ ’
.
‘
.
, ,
’
Th e B i sh o p re p l ied H e i s i l l b e c a u s e o f h i s unbel ie f
, .
‘
An d the p ri est th e re u p on s a i d : Lo rd do I n ot b eli eve i n the ,
’
L a n ce o f the Lo rd j ust a s a l so the P a s si on o f th e Lo r d ?
,
“
Then th e B i sho p s a i d to hi m A n d tho u m u s t yet beli eve m a ny ,
’
othe r th i ngs .
An d t hough t hi s d oes n ot p e rt a i n to th i s m a tter n ev e rthel ess , ,
si n ce i t i s w o rthy I wi l l a d d s omething fo r t h e s a ke o f good men

, .
When th e p ri es t h a d rese a ted h i msel f b e fo re th e B i sho p an d hi s

lord H e r a c l i u s fo r h e w a s si ck a n d co u l d n ot st a n d h e behel d i n
, ,
th e f a ce o f h i s lo rd the w oun d fro m whi ch h e h a d en d ed th e l abo r s

o f h i s mo rt a l l i fe An d th e p ri est s a i d to hi m S i re we beli eved
.
, ,
”
th a t thy w o u nd ha d al re a dy h e a led Why is t hi s ? .
“
H e r a cl i u s a nswe red W el l h a st tho u a sked th i s q u esti on Wh en
, .
I c a me be fo re my Lo rd I begged h i m th a t th is w oun d might n ev e r ,
be c l osed s in ce bec a u se o f i t I ended my li f e An d thi s the Lo rd

, .
”
gr a nted me . Th i s a n d m u ch el se the B i sho p a n d H er a cli us s a i d to
the p riest wh i ch a re n o t n o w ne ce ss a ry ( to r el a te )
, .
When h e h a d l i st ened to these an d m a ny othe r men Arnul f be ,
l ie ve d a n d con fes se d ; a n d h e p romi sed th e B i sho p o f A l b a ra th a t

h e wo u l d do p enan c e i n the p resen ce o f a ll th e p eop le fo r h i s u n
belie f H ow eve r on t h e a pp ointe d day when A rn u l f h a d com
.
,
s u mmon ed to co u nci l h e b ega n to s ay th a t h e wo u l d p l a ce f u ll f a ith

,
i n i t ( the La n ce ) b u t th a t h e wi sh ed t o s p e a k wi th h i s lo r d be fo r e
,
d oing p en a nce B ut w hen Peter B a rtholomew he a rd thi s h e w a s

.
,
exceed ing l y a ngry a n d l ike a p l a i n man an d on e wh o has wel l

, ,
kno wn th e t r u th h e s a i d I wi sh a n d b eg th a t a ve ry l a rge fi re b e
, ,
b u ilt ; a n d I w i l l pa s s th ro u gh the mi dst o f i t wi th the La n ce o f th e

Lo rd I f i t i s the L a n ce o f th e Lo rd I wi ll pa ss th ro u gh th e fi re
.
,
u nh u rt b u t i f i t i s n ot I w i l l be b u rn ed i n th e fi re
, Fo r I s ee
, .
”
th a t n eithe r sign s no r w i tnes ses a re bel i eved .
232 T H E FI R ST C RU S AD E '
th e fl a mes Wh en h e s a w th a t ( th i s man ) di d n ot com e forth

.
,
th inki ng th a t i t wa s Pete r B a rtholomew h e beg a n t o wee p bel iev , ,
i ng th a t he h a d been d est roye d i n th e fi re Th e re wa s a m u lt it u de .
o f men th e re a n d they co u l d no t s e e ev eryth ing An d m a ny o the r .
th i ngs were reve a l ed to u s a n d d one which w e do not wi sh to w ri t e

fo r fe a r o f ti ri ng th e re a d er s —si nce th ree s u it a b l e w itness es a re
s u ffi cie nt fo r a ny questi on Let u s not p a s s ov e r th i s on e occu r
.
rence A fte r Pete r B a rtholomew ha d p a sse d t h rough the fi re

.
,
though m u ch fi re w as s ti l l b u rn i ng yet th e p eo p l e s o e a gerly g a th ,
er e d b r a n ds a n d co a ls together wi th a sh es th a t i n a sh ort s p a ce o f
, ,
t im e non e o f i t rem a i n ed I n th e f a i th o f tho se p eo p l e the Lo rd

.
a f ter wa rd s w o rke d many goo d d eed s t h ro u gh th ese rel i cs .
B ut a s Pete r cam e fo rth f ro m the fi re wi th h i s sh i r t u nbu rn ed ,
a n d wi th no s ign o f a n y h u rt on that v e ry fine cl oth with wh i ch th e
L a n c e o f th e Lo rd wa s woun d all th e p eo p l e welcomed hi m when ,
h e had sign a lled to them ho ld ing th e L a n c e in h is h a n d an d h a d

, ,
”
shou ted a t th e t op o f h i s v oi ce Go d h el p u s ! Th ey w el comed ,
hi m I s ay a n d d r agged hi m a long th e gro u n d a n d a lmost th a t whol e

, ,
multit u d e ste pp ed u p on h i m e a ch on e wi sh ing t o tou ch h im o r t o , ,
t ake s om e pi ece o f h i s g a rment a n d e a ch on e beli eving h i m ne a r ,
so meone el s e An d th u s they made th re e o r f ou r w oun d s on hi s

.
l egs c u tti ng o ff t h e fle sh ; an d t r a m p li ng u p on hi s b a ck bone they

,
-
b roke i t An d the re Pete r wo u l d h a ve b reath ed out h is soul a s w e

.
,
bel i eve h a d not R aymon d Pilet u s a most n obl e a n d b r a v e knight

, , ,
s u p po rted by a crow d of com p a ni on s ru sh e d i nto the m a s s o f the ,
c on f u sed mob an d f reed hi m by fighti ng ev en to d e a th B u t no w .
f rom con cern an d a ngui sh we cann ot w rite mo re abo ut th i s .
When R aymon d Pil et u s h a d b ro u ght Peter to ou r h o u s e a n d h i s

wo u n d s h a d been bo u n d u p w e a ske d h i m why he h a d s top p e d i n
‘
,
“
th e fi re T o thi s h e re p li ed Th e Lo rd met me i n the mi dst o f th e
.
,
fl a me s an d tak ing me by th e h a n d s a i d to me S i n ce tho u d idst

, , ,
doub t th e fi nd i ng o f the L a n c e when S t An d rew sh owed i t to th ee .

,
thou sh a l t not p a s s th rough unh u rt b u t tho u sh a lt n ot s ee h e l l An d ,

.
’
h aving s a i d thi s H e le f t me Look th ere fo re i f y ou w i sh a t my

, .
, , ,
b u rns An d the re w a s a slight b u rn on h is l egs b u t not mu ch ; the

.
woun ds h ow ev e r w ere large , , .
A fte r th i s w e c a lle d togethe r a ll wh o h a d d o u bte d th e La nce t o

come a n d s ee h i s f a ce h e a d h a i r a n d othe r membe rs They wo u l d
, , , .
fi nd o ut th a t wh a t h e s a i d o f the L a n ce an d oth e r m a tte rs w a s tr u e ,
s in ce fo r p roo f o f these things h e h a d not fe a red to ente r s u ch a

fi re Th ere fo re m a ny loo k ed a n d u p on seei ng h is f a c e an d whole
.
, ,
“
body th ey g l o ri fi ed God s aying Well c a n th e Lo rd wh o d el ivered
, , , ,
thi s man f ro m s u ch a fl a ming fi re p rotect u s a mid st th e swo rds o f ,

T H E F I R ST C RU SA D E 2 33
ou r enemi es ! I n deed we d id not beli eve th a t a ny a r ro w co u l d p a ss

,
u nh u rt th ro u gh the fi r e a s thi s ma n p a sse d th ro u gh !

”
,
A fte r thi s Peter c a lled th e ch a pl a i n o f th e Count R a y mond by , ,

“
n a me to h i m a nd s a id Why di d y o u w i sh me t o p a ss th ro u gh fi re
, ,
f o r p roo f o f the L a n c e o f th e Lo rd a nd o t he r th ings th a t I re p o rted

a s f ro m God ? I kn ow well th a t y ou have t hough t thi s w ay an d
”
that .
An d h e tol d m e what he h a d though t B u t wh en R a ymon d d e .
“
n i e d th a t h e h a d s o thought Peter B a rtholomew repli e d You c a n , ,
n o t d eny i t t o me s in ce I kno w i t fo r c ert a in bec a u s e th e othe r

, ,
n igh t th e most B les se d Vi rgi n M a ry w a s he r e an d th e B i sho p o f

Puy th rough who m I le a rn e d the th ings wh i ch y ou deny S in ce
,
.
o u di d n o t do u bt th e wo rd s o f th e Lo r d a n d H is a p ostle s I wonde r
y , ,
i ndeed why you sho u l d w i sh at my ri sk to hol d t rial abo u t th ese

, , ,
”
m a tters al on e .
Th en Raymon d seei ng h is th ough t d etected an d h i msel f c u l p

,
a bl e be fo re Go d b roke f o rt h mo st b itte rly i n te a rs An d Pete r

,
.
thereupo n sai d : D o n ot des pa i r fo r th e mos t B les se d Vi rgin M a ry

a n d S t And rew wi l l obt a in p a rdon f o r yo u w it h Go d
. B ut you m u st .
”
be mo re ze a lou s i n beseech ing them .
M e a nwh i le s o m a ny a nd s u ch gre a t d i s p u tes a ro se between th e

,
l ea d ers o f ou r a rmy th a t a lmost th e w ho l e a rmy w as div id e d B u t .
G o d wh o w a s o u r Gui d e a n d M a ste r fo rb a d e s u ch ( a n en d ) to b e
, ,
f a l l H is goo d wo rk Th e ci ty o f Tri p ol i w a s not fa r f rom o u r c a m p

. .
A ccor d ingly when the l o r d o f th i s ci ty lea rned o f the d is co rd b e

,
t ween ou r p ri nces he re p l ie d a s fol lows t o o u r m en wh o c a ll ed u p o n

,
“
h im a b ou t p ay ing t ribut e : And wh o a re th e Franks ? An d wh a t
k ind o f knight s a re they ? An d h ow great i s thei r p ow er ? B ehol d
i t i s n ow th e thi rd month si n c e th e a rmy o f the Fr a nk s besi eged
A rch as a n d I hav e seen n ei the r a n ass a u l t o f thei rs no r a n y a rmed
,
man and yet th ey a re only fou r l eag u es a way B ut l et them c ome

, .
h ither a nd let u s s ee th em a n d p rov e thei r m i li ta ry skil l Why

, .
shoul d I become t ribut a ry to these me n wh os e f a ces I h a ve n ot seen ,

”
a n d wh o se b r a v ery I d o not know ? As th i s w a s re p o rted to ou r
“
a rmy s om e sai d to on e anoth er
, B eh old wh a t we hav e ga in e d by ,
o u r q u a rrel s an d di s co rd ! Go d i s bl a s p h eme d a nd we a re d es p i sed !

F or th is c au se the re fo r e ou r p ri n ces c a me t o a greement a n d deci de d
, ,
th a t th e B i sh o p o f A l ba ra s houl d gu a r d th e c a m p with a p a rt o f the

a rmy ; and a s w a s th ei r m a nne r o f figh ting
, th a t th e p ri n ce s w i th ,
the r a nks o f foot sol di e rs a n d kn ight s shoul d a tt a ck the w a ll s o f

-
th e ci ty .
H oweve r o n th e a pp oi nted day when ou r men th u s s et fo rth the

, ,
p eo p le o f T ri p oli relying on the multi t u de o f th ei r n u mbe r came

, ,
2 34 TH E F I RST C RU S AD E
fo rth to meet o u r men re a dy to figh t w i th the m T h er e i s a very

,
.
strong an d h igh w a l l o f a n a cqe d u c t i nto t h e c i ty between wh i ch ,
a n d th e s ea the re is no t mu ch s p ace ; f o r th e s e a enc i rcles T ri p ol i
o n th re e s i des A cco r d ingly the S a r a cen s fo rti fied thi s w a l l o f th e

.
,
a qued u ct wh i ch w e h a v e men ti on ed s o th a t i f any mi s fo rt u ne be fel l

, ,
them th ey could go f o rth a n d ret u rn a s though f rom castl e t o ,
c a stl e And t hus wh en ou r men s a w thi s m u l titu d e relyi ng upon

.
,
t h e p lace o f thei r a rms they c a l le d u p o n God a n d with u p r a i sed

, ,
s p e a rs th e foo t sold i ers a nd knigh ts w ent u p to the m i n a body a s

-
i f i n a p ro cessi on s o that i f y ou ha d seen ou r m en you w oul d have

,
beli eve d o r s a i d that th ey w ere f ri en ds not enemie s T he l an d ,

.
is n o w p ol lute d wi th the blood o f th e M oo rs a n d the a quedu ct ,
fi lle d w ith th ei r d ea d bodi es S uch fea r d i d the Lo rd ca st do wn

.
u p on the enemy th a t sc a rcely any o f the m co u l d fle e a f ter th e fi rst

b lo ws I t was i ndee d ve ry delight ful to beh old t he st ream o f t he
.
a queduct b e a r th e b eh e a d ed co r se s o f nobl es an d p eo l e swi ftly

p p
i nto th e city O n e o r t w o o f ou r men f el l the re ; but o f the enemy
.
,
we h e a rd that as m a ny a s s even hun d red h a d fal len .
An d th u s u po n ret u rni ng w ith a gre a t v i cto ry a nd m a ny s p oi ls

, ,
“
o u r p ri n ce s s a i d to t he p eo p le Th i s d ay th e Ki ng o f T ri p ol i s a w
,
u s a nd w e s aw the ro a d s t o th e c i ty a nd h ave con si d e re d i t s a p

,
p ro a c h e s . An d n ow i f you a pp
, rove w e h a ve deci ded th a t tomor
,
row th e ki ng may fi nd out wh a t kin d o f knigh t s w e a re ”

Wh en .
,
the re fo re th ey ret u rn ed o n th e n ext d ay they fo u n d no one o u tsi d e

, ,
th e w a ll A fte r th i s mo reove r th e King o f Trpioli sent wor d to o u r

.
p rinces t hat i f they woul d desi s t f ro m the s iege o f A rch a s he wou l d ,
giv e them fi ftee n thou s a n d gold co i ns ho rs es mules r a i men t a nd , , , ,
f ood a n d that h e wo u l d a ffo rd a ma rket o f a ll good s fo r a l l t h e

,
p eopl e ; i n ad d itio n to thi s that h e woul d retu rn al l ou r p eo p le who m

,
h e held c a ptive .
At thi s ti me env oys f ro m th e Em p e ro r Alexi u s c a me to u s with

v e ry gre at com p l a i nts a gain st B oh e mu n d bec a u s e he w a s ret a in ing ,
th e ci ty o f Anti och a ga i nst th e o aths wh i ch he h a d m a d e to t h e

Em p ero r B oh e mu n d w a s holding Anti och at thi s ti me fo r u p on
.
,
h e a ring _ t h a t th e Co u nt had s et fo rth f ro m M a rra i nto th e i nteri o r

o f Syri a h e vi olently expel le d th e Cou nt s me n f ro m t he towe rs o f
,
’
Anti och wh i ch they we re gu a rd ing Alex i u s fu rthe r sent wor d to .
o u r p ri n ces t h a t h e W oul d giv e the m m u ch gol d a n d s i lve r a n d
w o ul d come w i th the m to J e ru s a lem a n d t h a t they shoul d w a i t fo r

,
h im un ti l the Festiv a l o f St J ohn 19

E a ste r w a s then at h a nd
. . .
M a ny a mong who m w a s th e Co u nt f o r t hi s re a son s a i d :

, Let
,
u s w a i t for th e Em p ero r a n d we w il l g a i n both hi s gi fts a n d h i msel f .
H e w i l l cause a m a rket to come by lan d an d by s ea a n d w e wi l l be ,

h a ve c a rried b e fo re me be bro u ght to th e a rmy An d what sign .
i s bette r th a n th e C ros s ? O r h a s th a t C ro ss no t been stone d enough

fo r y o u ? O r h a s i t n ot le d y o u t r u ly t o the L a n ce o f th e Lo rd ?
And now Ou r L a dy a n d B lessed Vi rgi n Ma ry s ay s th a t unl ess y ou
kee p th a t C ro s s you w i l l n ot b e able to obt a i n co u n sel
, .
“
An d th e p ri est s a i d i mmed i a tely O dea re st Lord wh er e i s th e , , ,
”
B les se d M a ry ? An d st r a ightw ay t he B i sh op showe d h er to h i m .
A bo u t n i n e o r ten c u bits di st a nt fro m hi m w a s the B l es sed M a ry ,
exc eed ingly w on de r fu l i n f a ce an d a do rnment ; a n d by h er w a s St .
Ag a th a a n d a n oth e r v i rgi n b ea ring two w a x c a n dl es

, .
Th en th e p ri est s a i d t o th e B i sho p who stoo d by he r Si r e h ow , ,
m a ny thi ngs a re sa i d o f t h ee i n the a rmy that thy ha i r a n d be a rd ,
w e re b u rned i n h ell a nd many oth e r things whi ch are not beli ev ed !

,
An d n ow I beg th ee to giv e me on e o f t hose can dles to take to th e

”
Co u nt as p roo f o f th es e t hi ngs wh i ch t hou s ayes t
,
.
“
Then s a i d th e B i sho p to h i m Look a n d s ee my fac e I s i t n ot , .
”
b u rn ed ? A fte r thi s th e B i sho p a pp ro a ch ed th e B l esse d Vi rgi n
,
M a ry an d u p on le a rn ing he r wi l l h e ret u rn ed to th e p ri est a n d sai d

, ,
“
t o hi m Th a t wh ic h t ho u asketh c a nnot b e obtai n ed by thee ; b u t
‘
,
thi s ring th a t thou has t on thy finge r i s o f no u se to t h ee no r i s i t ,
right fo r th ee t o we a r i t Go and give it to the Count sayi ng M o st

.
, ,
H oly Vi rgi n M othe r sen d s thi s ri ng to thee ; an d a s o ft en a s t ho u

sh a l t f a i l i n a n y matter remembe r the L a dy w h o sent i t to thee
, ,
’
a n d a p p e a l to h e r a n d the Lo rd w ill a id t hee .
Aga i n wh en the p ri est a sked h i m wh a t h e wi sh ed h i s b rothe r t o

,
“
d o th e B i sh o p re p l ied to hi m
,
Let hi m st rongly u rge th e B i sh op
,
elect to c el eb r a te th ree m a sses to the Lo rd fo r th e so u l s o f o u r

rel a tiv es . O u r M ot h er comm a n d s th a t the L a nc e sho u l d not b e
sh own ex ce p t by a p ri e st clothed i n s a c red vestments ; a nd tha t the
”
Cross be bo rn e be fo re i t thus , .
An d th e B i sho p hel d the C ross p l a ced u p o n a l i ttl e spea r an d a ,
erson d ressed i n p ri estly g a rb fo l lo we d h i m h ol di ng the L a n ce

p ,
i n h i s h a nd s Th en the bi sh o p beg a n th i s res p on se Ga u d e Maria

.
, ,
Virg o cu n c tu s h a e res es s olo in t er e mis ti

,
H u nd red s o f t housand s o f .
voic es wi th o u t nu mbe r took i t u p ; a n d s o th e ga th ering o f s a i nt s

de p a rted M or eov er when i t bec a me mo rning th e p ri est went fi rst
.
, ,
t o see i f w e h a d th e Lan ce ; an d wh en h e s a w i t h e beg a n t o n a rr a t e ,
wi th m a ny t e a rs wh a t ha d b een he a rd an d seen a s we hav e tol d ,
a bove . Th ere fo re th e Count sent Wil liam H u go brothe r o f th e ,
B i sho p o f Pu y to L ao d icaea wh ere the C ro ss had b een le ft with

, ,
th e h ood o f th e s a me B i sho p .
M e a nwhi l e Pete r B a rtho l omew di st res sed wi th il ln ess f rom h i s

, ,
be a ti ng a n d wound s s u mmon ed th e Count a n d h i s p ri n ces a n d s a i d

,
TH E F I R S T CRU SAD E 2 37
t o h i m Th e en d o f my l i fe a pp roach es ; an d I kn ow wel l eno u gh

,
t h a t I wi l l be j u dge d be fo re Go d fo r a ll th a t I hav e done o r s a i d , ,
o r tho u ght ev i ll y I n you r p resence a n d i n the s ight o f God I

.
,
th i s d ay c a l l H i m to wi tn ess th a t I mad e u p nothi ng o f what I an

n o u n ced t o you a s f rom G o d and H i s a p ost l es a n d I s a y thi s to yo u ,
now .An d as y ou h a ve seen f u lfill ed th e things whi ch I a nn ou nced

to y ou s o w ithout doubt wi l l y ou see t he se things whi ch I tel l yo u
,
n ow i f i ndeed you s e rv e Go d f a ith ful ly

,
”
A fte r th i s Pete r d e .
p a rted i n sa f ety a n d p e a c e i n the Lo rd a t th e hou r a ppointed fo r

h i m by God an d he was b u ri ed i n that pl a c e w
, he re h e h a d pa sse d
t h ro u gh th e fi re with the Lanc e .
5 . A noth er vi ew o f th e r ev el a tion and

f t he Lan ce trial o .
( R a ou l ) Pe rmit u s to ru n back to th e o rigi n o f thi s

h a tred th a t we may won de r the les s wh en we r e a ch t h e f o rce o f th e
,
r a ging cu r ren t Wh ile Anti och w a s sti ll res i sting the p ri nce s o f Ga u l ,
by who m i t w a s enclos ed a qua rrel a ro se b etween the a dhe rents o f

,
B oh e mu n d an d Raymo nd M en o f both pa rti es we re sent t o gath er

.
gr a i n They foun d foo d and a fight at o ne an d the s a me ti me an d

.
,
th e grai n w a s di vi ded by th e swo rd B oth p a rti es we re woun ded .

,
a s well as f ri ghtened an d b oth si d es ret u rn ed home wo u n d ed

,
p ri nces wer e w rought u p at the s ight o f th e bloo d o f t h ei r vassal

Th e .
‘
host a n d they i nfl a med the mi n ds o f th e wo unded men t o r evenge
,
wh enev er a si mi la r a fl
'
a ir shou ld o ccu r They comman ded th a t .
th e fi re shoul d be cove re d i n cam p ; outs ide th e flam e shoul d be

f a n ned with a agi ng wi n d Thei r rea d y e a r s recei ved thi s c o m
r
m a n d wi ll ingly—a comman d di fficult to r evoke Acc ordingly when

.
.
,
the re a fter a greater b a n d o f one party met a smal ler o ne o f th e oth e r

la den wi th p rovi s i ons t he b u rden s o f foo d w er e p ut do wn the re
, ,
a n d the i r n eck s we re l o a de d wi th a sh ower o f blo ws ; a n d thu s the
o ne th a t w a s st ronge r enj oyed th e s p o il s T hen the we ake r p a rty .

, ,
t h u s despoi led gri eved th a t th ey ha d exe rted themselves for othe r s

, ,
a n d n ot fo r th e mselves H e who u n derstood th e tongue o f eithe r

.
n o w l a shed w i th i t ; mean whi l e th e i nn ocent w ere l a she d fo r i t ,

.
A l l f ro m N a rbonne A u ve rgne G a scony a n d all th i s kin d o f p eo p l e

, , ,
we re for th e P roven ca l s ; th e rem a i nde r o f G au l e s p eci ally th e No r ,
m a ns con spi red w ith th e A p u l i a n s The B reton s S w abi a ns H u ns

,
.
, , ,
R u th eni an s an d p eopl e o f thi s k i n d we re p rote cte d by th e b arba ritv

0
,
2
o f th ei r tongues Al l thi s was goi ng on o u tsi de the w a ll

. .
I n th e c i ty a l so th e q u a r re l d i d not de crea se but rather in

, , ,
cre a sed for when the besieged p eo p l e we r e in th e th roes o f famin e

, ,
a s menti oned a bove th ere ar ose fro m th e army o f R aym ond a

,
versati l e fabri c a to r o f l i es Peter who p reache d th a t th e salvati on

, ,
2 38 TH E F I R ST CRU S AD E
of th e p eo p l e h a d
been reveale d t o h i m i n thi s way : S t An d rew
‘
.
,
” “
the ap os tle he sa i d ap p e a re d t o me when I wa s hal f asleep an d
, , , ,
s p oke th i s comm a n d i n my ea r Ar i se a n d ann ounce to the p eople .
w ho a re l abo ring th a t con sol a tion h as come f ro m heav en whi ch th e ,
Lance that o p ened the s i de o f the Lo r d w il l con f er wh en i t i s f ound .
I t li es h i d d en ben eath t h e so i l w ith i n t he ch u rch o f S t Pete r . .
B re a k th e p avement at su ch a plac e ( a n d h e poi n te d ou t the place ) ,
a n d by diggi ng the re
y o u wi ll fi n d the i ron menti one d Wh en the .
h o r ro r o f b a ttle th reaten s t u rn that agai ns t th e enemy an d you

, ,
’
w i l l conq u e r t h ro u gh i t Te rrifi ed I th ought th a t I h a d been d e
.
,
ce ive d by a d rea m ; an d th a t I wou l d not d i sclo s e it b u t wo u l d ,
remai n s i len t fo reve r unl es s I wa s warned t h e se con d a nd the t hi r d

,
‘
ti me T he qui et o f th e n ext n igh t w a s ag a i n en fol d i ng me when
‘
.
th e sam e ap o stl e agai n ret u rned utt er ing t he ve ry statement whi ch ,
h e ha d m a d e be fo re bu t l ike on e s col din g an d i n w r a th

,
W h ere .
fo re h e s a i d di dst thou sh un m e a n d remai n s ilent ? Th o u a l one

’ ’
, ,
ar t del aying th e sa fety o f many Th e p eo p l e have cri ed ou t t o th e .
Lo rd an d h a ve been he a r d ; a n d stil l thy n egli genc e leaves t hem a s

i f n egl ected H a sten the re fo re as qu i ck ly as po ssibl e to co rre ct
.
, ,
’
th i s th a t thou mayest conti nu e to l ive
, F rightene d a t these wo rd s .
,
whe n I h a d emerge d f ro m t he slee p I w a s at the s a me t i me more ,
c ert a i n an d m o re t roubl ed ; yet sti l l I h esi tated wh ether t o keep th e ,
secret o r d i sclo se i t I n t hi s wor ry I p asse d a whole day an d h a l f

.
,
th e n igh t w ith p r aye r an d f a st ing beggi ng t he Lo r d fo r th e th i rd

, ,
v i s i t i f th e fi rst t wo h a d re a l ly b een f ro m h i m Th e c oc k had twi ce

,
.
a ccl a i me d the mo rn i ng wh en at l ength j u st be fo re the t hi rd cro w

, , , ,
sl ee p bo u n d my t i re d li mb s ; t he n w ithout delay he who h a d come a

fi rst ti m e w h o h a d come a secon d t i me a pp ea red there aga i n eve r
,
mo re te rrible ev e r m o re comman di ng
, Ri se up go l a zy b r u te .
,
‘ , ,
,
m u te d og del aye r o f sa f ety an d victo ry m ena ce to yo u r fel lo ws

, , ,
sola c e o f yo u r enem ies T ho u h a st t rembl ed wit h fea r wh ere the re

.
’
w a s no f e a r ; whe re i t i s th ou hast n o f ea r Th reat s an d cu rses .
stil l c onti n u ed w hen my s p i ri t ter ri fie d w i th fea r a t th e th reats

, , ,
c a rri ed me away f rom sl ee p ; p e rs p i rat ion and t remb lin g co u rsed

ove r my bo dy at t he s a me t ime an d i f fi re wa s bu rni ng on e s i de , ,
th e oth er w as st i ff w ith i ce B y these ste p s I cam e t o tea ch what .
I had l e a rned ; y ou h oweve r f ather s an d br oth ers do n ot stop to

, , ,
t est th e t r u th o f the m a tter ; i t rem a in s fo r m e to po i nt ou t th e pla c e

for y ou to di g .
When thi s rumo r was b ro u gh t to th e ears o f R aymon d h e call ed ,
a co u n ci l a n d h a d Peter s ummone d t o th e chu rch o f St Pete r . .
Wh en a sk ed a bo u t the p l a ce he p ointed behi n d the alta r t rue to h i s

, ,
sto ry and a dvi se d them t o dig ; an d th at h i s wo rd s mi gh t h a ve

,
2 40 T H E FI R ST C RU SADE
Genti le o r a J ew why wa s i t h i dden w ith i n the wall s o f a chu rch ?

, ,
Why ne a r a n a l ta r ? I f i t i s as cr ibed t o n ei the r b u t t o chance i n , ,
wh t hi sto ri c l a cco nt i s Pi late fo u n d to have c ome to Anti o ch

a a u ?
S u rely we kn ew that i t w a s th e lan ce o f a so ldie r a nd a sol di e r o f ,
Pi l a t e B u t wh a t fol l o ws i s delight f u l ! I hea r th a t th e fi n de r le ap e d

.
i n a fte r the digge rs h ad been l abo ri ng i n v a in an d that was gran te d

, ,
t o o n e ma n i n th e d a rkn ess wh i ch had been d en i ed m a ny i n t he open .
O h bo o ri sh fooli shness ! Oh boo ri sh cred u l i ty ! O h c r edu l ity

, , , ,
e a si ly won ! S o be i t ! H i s i nt egri ty co r robo r a te s th e man an d ,
ne a rne ss to the c r u ci fi xion the p lace I s th i s most recent f rau d o f .
th a t man n ot evi d ent enough ? I f he ha d walke d p u rely si mply , ,
in t he w ay o f Go d ; i f h e h a d t ru ste d i n th e a postl e w h o a p peare d

t o h i m h e hi msel f wo u l d n ot ( alon e ) be a r w it nes s to thi s d i scove ry
,
’
b u t wo u l d obt a i n an othe r s testi mony B ut wh y do I devote s o m u ch .
s co rn to th a t pe rson ? B eca u se th e P roven ca l s a s c ribe ou r v i cto ry ,
whi ch i s f rom above lik e l igh t f ro m t he F a th e r to th ei r piece o f

, ,
i ron Let that gr a s p i ng Co unt and stupi d r abbl e r egar d i t a s thei r

.
o wn ! We ho weve r h a v e won an d s hal l wi n i n th e name o f o u r

, ,
Lo r d J es u s Ch ri st Th i s sai d B oh emu n d an d wi th h i m th o se wh o ,
l ooke d more d ee p ly belo w th e su r fa ce th e Co u nts o f No rmandy an d

Fl a n der s a nd th e v i ce —
,
, p rel a te Arnul f a n d Tancre d , , .
Ac cord ingly R aymond wo unded by the sha r p poi nt s o f Bohe

, ,
’
mun d s a rgu ments so u gh t v enge a n ce by a thou san d a rts o r a thou
, ,
s a n d w ay s Then w ith d raw ing w i thou t a medi a to r h e s a i d

.
, , , ,
“
E ith e r I w i l l d ie soon o r I w i l l avenge the in s u l ts o f the son
,
o f G u i sc a rd I f th e meeti ng d oe s n ot o ccu r o p enly let i t come

.
,
sec retly Let th e d a gger p revai l wh er e the Lance wi l l n ot ! D ol u s

.
, ,
a n vir tu s qu is i n h os t e r e qn ir a t ? S i nce the c u stody o f th e ci ty i s

21 7
,
mi n e then th e cit a del on th e h ill the ch i e f p al a ce the ma rket p l a ce

, , , ,
th e b ridge a n d th e ga tes be l ong to me ; al so th e L a nce a nd most o f

,
th e p eo p le a re s u bj ect t o m e Wh a t remai n s ex ce p t that w ith .

, ,
B oh emu n d out o f the way I sh a l l g a i n th e p r inci p a l i ty ? ,
Wh i l e h e w a s tu rning th i s an d mu ch m o re over i n h i s mi n d h e ,
deci de d fi rst o f a ll th a t an u p ri sing sho u l d b e sti rre d u p among th e

p eo p le so th a t B oh emu n d wo ul d be ove rwhelmed f ro m h e a d t o
,
foot .I n th e begi nn ing o a th s wo u l d b e h u rled b a ck and f o rth i n

,
th e m a rket p l a ce ; th e cl a mo r wo u l d r i se to di sturb the p eo p le ; th e

le a de r s f ro m both si des wo u l d b ring a id to t h ei r men ; a n d eve ry
a rro w ev e ry j avel in wo u l d b e a i med a t B o h e mu n d Wh i le R ay
, ,
.
mon d w as digesting th i s p lot in h i s h e a rt l ike a l i on G od wi lle d t h a t , ,
th i s inj u sti ce shoul d not be con ce a led a n d i t was di sclosed to A rn u l f , ,
a n d th rough hi m to B o h e mu n d Th u s the pl ot w a s th w a rte d a n d .
th e so u l o f a man whose l i fe had a l ready been o f th e great est a d

,
TH E F I R ST C RU SAD E 241
v a nt age t o thos e s eeking J e rusal em an d w a s yet to be o f grea t ,
a dv a nt a ge w a s s a ved f ro m de a th
, .
Thu s t hei r a nge r h a d i ts begi nni ng ; t hus beg a n th e ki ndl ing o f

thei r h a t e . Wh i le thei r a rms were i d l e a n d e a se shut ou t w a r
l ike c a res t he q u estion o f th e fi n ding o f the above ment ioned s p ea r
,
po int was to b e put to test fo r d ivi s i on was d i stu rbi ng the peopl e ,
.
These f a vored the Lance t hos e con d emn e d i t neithe r p a rty a t al l

‘
, ,
reason a ble As a result th e ch ie f l e a ders a greed th a t h e who h a d

.
,
been the beginning o f th e di fficu lty sho u l d h i msel f en d i t an d sho ul d ,
p rove th e matte r i n q u estio n by the o r d e a l o f fi re Acco rdi ngly .

,
when Pete r h a d been b rought i n to t h e counci l they deci d ed that h e ,
sho uld t ak e n in e steps h ithe r an d thi the r th rough th e mids t o f b u rn

ing flami ng b ranch es that by thi s test the fi nding woul d be p roved
, ,
t r u e i f h e we re un hurt o r fals e i f h e w er e bu rnt

, ,
A pe rio d ,
.
o f th ree day s was set a si de fo r a fast and p r op er p rovi si on was ,
m a de fo r p raye r and V i rgi l S o th ey s epa rated B ut soon on th e . .

,
th i rd day they met a gai n B ranches we re set afi re i n a doubl e ro w

,
. .
Pete r d re sse d i n a shi rt an d b re e ch es othe rwi s e n aked p ro ceed ed

, , ,
th ro ugh the mi dst o f i t f el l bu rn e d at th e othe r en d an d di ed on

, ,
th e f oll owi ng d ay T h e p eople upo n se eing what w a s done con

.
, ,
fesse d th a t they had been decei ved by h i s wo r d y gui l e we re s or ry ,
that they h a d e r red and testi fied that Pete r w as a d isci p l e o f S imon
, ,
the m a gi cian 22
.
B ut R aymon d an d h i s P roven ca l accompli ce s d e f en ded the accu se d

wi th obstin ate mi n ds 23
p roclaimed h i m a
,
sai nt threaten ed Ar n ul f , ,
a s the chi e f di s cove rer o f th e f r a u d wh i ch h a d been reve a l e d a n d ,
fi n a lly s ent an a r me d b a n d ag a i nst h i m t o over whel m h i m u nex

,
p e c t e d l y a t h is ho u se H a d he n o t previ o u sly w a rned th e Coun t

.
o f No rm a n dy i n whose se rvi ce h e w a s h e wou l d h ave come t o a n

, ,
early d e ath Th e Count w as e a ting wi th h i m th e C ount o f Fl a n ders

.
, ,
a n d both wer e r ecl ini ng When th ey h e a r d the cau se o f the com

.
- '
mot i on t hei r ses si on w as b roken off Th e C ou nts se pa r a ted e a ch

,
.
,
t o h i s o w n f o rces a n d both sent a r ms to o p p ose the a rme d men

,
.
B u t f right en ed by the com moti o n o f th e N o rm a ns wh i ch they he a rd ,
they tri ed to cover u p th e m a tte r m ak ing bel i eve th a t they we re ,
l ooki ng for someth ing el se a n d h a d some othe r i ntent B y t hi s .
a rti fic e th ey s a ve d themselves ; oth e rw i se th o se whom fl ight s pa red
wo u l d h a ve gri eved n ot th a t they h a d t a ken u p a rms i n v a i n b u t

, ,
th a t they h a d don e so un f or tunately .

CH APTE R V I I
T H E C A PTU RE O F J E R U S A LE M
( Th e l a s t q u a rr e l b e t w een th e l ea d er s a t A rch a s a pp arent l y c l ear ed th e
mi n d s o f a ll T h e ir attit u d e th er ea fte r s e eme d o n e o f g ri m d et e r mi n ati on t o
.
fu lfil t h eir v ow a s q u i c kl y a s p o s s i bl e Th e d e s c ri p ti on o f t he s i e g e and t h e

.
c a p t u r e o f J e r u s a l e m o ff e r s v e ry g r ap h i c t e s ti mo ny a s t o t h e d e g r e e o f
‘
c ivi l i z a ti o n a tt ai n ed by e l ev e n t h c e n t u ry E u rop e W ith J er u s a l em in th eir
.
p o s s es s i on t h e Cr u s a d e r s w e r e st i ll t h r e at en e d by t h e v ac i ll a ti n g r u l e r o f
,
E gy p t o r B a b y l o n a s t h ey c a ll ed it J e r u s al em h ad b een s u rr en d e red t o
, , .
t h e S a r a c e n s o f E g y p t by i t s S e l j u k r u l e r s w h en t h e C r u s a d e r s w e r e a t
A nti o ch Th e i nab i l ity o f th e Ca l i p h to s end a n a rmy t o t h e r el i e f o f t h e
.
c ity w h i l e it w a s b e i n g b e s i eg e d is s u f fi c i en t evi d e nc e o f h is w ea k n e s s Th e .
ea se w it h w h i c h t h e Cr u s a d e r s d i s p o s e d o f A l A fd h a l s h o s t w h i l e it c o n
’
-
fi r ms thi s w eak ne s s al s o a ffor d s e loq u en t t e s ti mony t o th e p r e s ti g e wh i ch

,
W e s tern co u rag e and s k i ll h a d w on amon g t h e M oh a mmedans ) .
I . M arch to J eru s a l e m .
( May 13 —J une 7 ,
( Ges ta ) A cco rd ingly w e l e f t t he f o rti fie d to wn an d came t o

,
T ri p ol i on th e s ixth d ay o f th e w eek o n th e t h i rteenth d ay o f

i ncom ing May an d w e staye d th ere f o r th ree days At l ength th e
, .
,
Ki ng o f T ripol i m a d e an a greemen t w ith the le a de rs an d h e st raight ,
w ay loosed to the m m o re than t hree h un d red p ilgrim s who ha d been

c apt u re d there and g a ve fi f teen tho u san d bes a n ts an d fi fteen
hor ses o f gre a t val u e ; h e l ikewi se gave u s a gre a t m a rket o f h o rses ,
a sse s a n d a l l goo ds
,
wh en ce the wh ole a rmy o f Ch ri st w a s gre a tly
,
en riched B u t h e m ad e an agreemen t with them th a t i f they cou ld

.
w i n the wa r whi ch the E mi r o f B aby lon w a s getting ready a ga inst

them an d co u l d t ake Jer u s a l em h e w o u l d become a Ch ri sti a n an d
,
w o u l d recogn ize h is lan d as ( a gi f t ) f rom them I n su ch m a n ne r .
i t w a s settl ed .
We le ft th e ci ty on th e s econd d ay o f th e we ek i n th e month
o f Ma y a n d p as si ng a long a
,
n a r ro w a n d d i ffi c u l t ro a d all d ay
and n ight w e c a me to a fo rtre ss th e n a me o f wh i ch w a s
, ,
B o t rou n Then we c a me to a ci ty calle d G ib il et n ea r th e s ea i n

.
,
wh i ch we s u ffere d v ery gre a t th i rst and th u s wo rn o u t w e re a ch ed

, , ,
a r ive r n a med Ibr a h im Then on th e eve o f th e d ay o f th e Aseen

.
si on o f th e Lo rd we c ros sed a mountai n i n wh i ch th e w ay was ex

cee d in gl y n a rro w a n d there w e ex p ecte d to fin d th e en emy lyi ng
,
i n a mbu sh fo r u s B u t G od f a v oring u s n on e o f the m d a red to

.
,
w e s ay much a bo ut th em ? S u rely that peopl e h a d con spi re d aga i nst
‘
th e H oly o f Ho li es a nd H is i nh eri tance ! Exce p t by the comm a nd
a n d d i recti on o f God the p eople o f the Fr a nk s woul d h a ve en
,
co u n tered thes e i lls h a d n ot Go d str a ight w ay a rme d b rute a n i m a ls

,
a g a i ns t t hei r enemie s a s H e di d onc e i n ou r p r es ence

,
3
An d s o .
mu ch fo r thi s .
Wh en th ose S u ria n s w h o as w e sai d above c a me t o th e Count

, , ,
“
we re a sked a bout th e bette r r o u te they re p l i ed : The way th rough ,
D a masc u s is level an d f ull o f vit u al s ; b ut yo u w i l l n ot fi n d w a te r

fo r two d ays .The othe r w ay th ro u gh th e mo u nt a in s o f Leb a non
is s a fe en ough a n d we ll w a ter e d but i t i s v ery h a rd f o r th e p a ck ,
ani m a l s a n d c a mel s Th ere i s a n othe r way a lon g th e s ea whe re

.
,
the r e a re s o ma ny a nd su ch na rro w p a ss e s t h a t i f fi ft y o r a hun d re d

S a r a cen s w a nt to hol d th em th ey ca n d o s o a gai n st al l ma nk i n d
,
.
An d yet i t i s contai ne d i n th e Go s p el o f S t Peter w h i ch w e h ave .

, ,
that i f y ou a re t h e peopl e w ho a re t o t a ke J e ru s a lem you wi l l p a s s ,
a long the s ea co a s t though be caus e o f th e d i ffic u lty i t seems imp o s

-
s ibl e to u s M o reove r the re i s wr i tten i n th a t Gos p el a mon g u s not

.
,
only wh a t yo u h a v e do ne but a l so wh a t yo u ough t to d o a bo ut th i s

,
”
m a r ch an d m a ny othe r th ings .
Whi le s ome we re u rging i n thi s an d oth er w a ys a n d others we re ,
con tr a d i cting Wi ll i a m H u go o f M ontei l retu rn e d w ith the Cro s s

,
o f wh i ch w e s p oke a bove M o reover wh en th e f ri ends o f the

4
.
,
Coun t l ikewi s e behel d thi s C ro s s they bec a me s o eage r f o r th e march,
th a t ex ce p t f o r th e co u n sel o f th e Count a n d th e othe r p rince s

, ,
th e serv a nts o f the Coun t wo u l d have b u rne d thei r huts a n d been

the fi rs t to le a ve th e s i ege o f A rc h as Th e reupon the Count w a s .
,
d is tu rbe d t o tea r s a n d eve n to h a tre d o f h imsel f a nd h i s p e 0 p 1e .
B ut the D u ke o f Lo rr a i n e es p e ci al ly w i sh ed t hi s j ou rney a n d a d
mon i she d th e p eo p l e to i t A cco rdi ngly having s et fo rth f ro m th a t
.
,
detes tabl e a n d h a te f u l s iege o f A rch a s w e c a me be f o re T ripol i ,

.
Even t hen Co un t R aymon d w ith p r aye rs a nd gi ft s u rged al l th e

n obles to b esi ege th e c ity o f T ri pol i b u t a l l op p o se d h i m ,
.
At thi s ti me S t An d re w app ea red to Peter D esid e ri us o f who m

‘
, .
,
“
we h a ve m a de menti o n above an d s a i d to hi m Go an d s p e a k to , ,
the Co u nt s a ying : D o not mol est thysel f o r others fo r unl es s

, ,
Je ru s a le m sh a l l fi rst h a v e been t a ken t hou sh a l t h a ve no hel p D o ,

.
not t rouble thysel f abo u t the unfin ishe d s i ege o f A rc h a s ; let i t not
weigh u p on thee th a t th i s ci ty o r others wh i ch are on t he j ou rn ey, ,
a re n o t t a ken a t p resen t be c au s e a figh t wi ll s oo n come u p on th ee

,
i n wh ich thes e a n d m a ny o the r citi es sh a l l be c a p t u red Fu rthe r .
m ore do no t t ro u bl e thysel f o r thy men but d i st rib u te f reely i n

, ,
H is n a me w h a tever Go d sh a l l gr a nt to thee a n d be a com p a nion

'
,
TH E F I R S T C RU SAD E 2 45
a nd l oy a l fri en d to thy vass a ls I f t hou sh a l t do thi s God wil l gran t .

,
thee Je rus a l em an d Al exand ria a nd B abyl on B ut i f tho u do s t n ot .
do thi s th ou sh a lt nei the r a cq u i re the thi ngs p romi sed by G od no r

,
h av e a mess age unti l tho u a rt pl a ced i n su ch st r a its th a t tho u

,
knowest n ot ho w to es ca p e ! S o th e Co u nt a cce p te d the wor d s

’
o f th e p ri est ; h e a cce p ted them tr u ly in wo rd s but he r e fu sed , , ,
the m i n deed s Fo r w h en he ha d receive d gre a t wealth f rom the

.
King o f T ri p oli h e w a s neve r w i lli ng to give a nyone a ny o f it

, ,
b u t h e even dai ly a ffli ct ed h is p eo p l e w it h bl ow s an d i ns u lts N ot .
only th is h owever di d th a t p ri est tel l u s bu t al so m a ny othe r thi ngs

, , , ,
some o f wh ich we h ave adde d t o thi s wo rk .
Fo r o nce wh en w e w a nte d t o s e t o u t f ro m Anti och th a t p riest

, ,
c a me to me Raymond an d s a i d to me th a t a ce rt a i n p e rson h a d
, ,
“
a pp e a red to h im i n a v i si on wh o s a i d t o him Go i nto the chu rch ,
o f St Leon t iu s a n d thou w i lt fi n d there th e rel i cs o f fo u r s a i nts ;

.
,
t a ke them wi th th ee an d c a r ry th em t o J e ru salem ”
An d h e showe d .
h im i n th a t vi si on the rel i c s and l ocat ions o f th e re l i c s an d h e ,
t a u ght h im the names o f th e sai nts When th a t p ri est h a d a w akened .

,
no t fully bel i eving in h i s v is i on h e began t o u rge Go d wi th p raye rs ,
a n d ent re a ti es to make kn own t o h im a secon d t ime i f th i s vi si on
w a s f ro m H im S eve ral d a ys l a te r the same s a i nt stoo d be fo r e h i m

.
i n a v i s ion an d th reaten ed h i m mu ch becaus e h e h a d negl ected

‘
th e com m a n d o f God an d ( sai d t hat ) u nle ss he ha d taken thos e ,
rel i cs a w a y by the fi f th d ay o f t h e w eek i t woul d be a gre a t hu r t

'
to hi m a n d hi s l o rd Cb u nt Y s oard Y s oa rd Cou nt o f D i e was a,

.
, ,
ma n loya l t o Go d a s fa r a s h e k n ew an d help ful to all o f u s f o r h is ,
w i s dom a nd u p rightnes s .
Wh en t he p r i es t ha d na rrated t h i s to me Raymon d I tol d i t , ,
to th e B i sh op o f O range an d to th e C oun t o f S t Gi lles a n d to s ome .
others W e took c and les a n d went to th e chu rch o f S t Leon t u s

. .
,
We o ffe red th e c a n dle s a n d vow s t o G od a n d to th e s a i nt s o f th e

s a me ch u rch ( p rayi ng ) that Al mighty God who h a d s a n ct ifi e d
, ,
th em m igh t gi ve th em to u s as comp a n i on s an d h el p e rs ; an d th a t
,
thos e s a i nt s migh t not s p u rn the com pa ny o f pilgri ms a n d exi l es

for God but r a ther o u t o f chari ty might j oin u s an d l ink u s wi th
, , ,
Go d Wh en i t be c a me mo rn ing w e went w ith th e p ri est t o th e

.
,
places whe r e the rel i c s we re ke p t a nd we foun d eve ryth i ng j us t ,
a s i t h a d b een f o retol d M o reove r these a re the n a me s o f the s a i nt s :

.
,
Cy p ri a n O rne chios Le on tiu s J oh n Ch rys ostom

,
5
,
And f u rthe r ,
.
,
mo re a t t h e p l a ce wh ere th e rel ics w e re ke p t w e fo u n d a l ittle ches t

,
fi l led w i th reli cs When h e a sked a pri est a bou t the se o f wh i ch s a i nt

.
,
they we re th e r eli cs h e re p l ie d th a t h e d i d n ot know B u t when ,

.
we i nqui re d o f th e i nhabi tan ts i f they knew o f wh i ch s a int t hes e

wer e th e reli cs some sai d o f S t M e rc u ri u s othe rs h oweve r o f

, .
, , ,
other s a ints B ut th e p ri es t w i shed to t ake the m u p an d p u t the m

.
wi th th e col le cti on o f othe r reli cs To him I R a ymon d sai d .

, , ,
“
a ngrily i n th e p resence o f al l who w e re the re I f thi s s a i nt w i sh es ,
t o co me wi th u s to J e ru sal em let hi m mak e k nown h i s name an d ,
w i sh ; othe rwis e le t hi m r em a i n her e Why shou l d w e weigh t .
”
ou rs elves wi th unknow n bones a n d c a rry th em a l ong ? The re fo re
on th a t da y t hose rel i c s w er e le ft b e h i nd B ut when th e p ri es t h a d .
co l lected th e o th e r reli c s a n d h a d roll e d the m u p in cloths a n d a

cov eri ng o n the n igh t wh i ch f oll owed a s h e l a y a w ake there a p
, , ,
p e a re d t o h i m a youth o f a bo u t fi f teen ye a rs exceed ing l y be a uti f u l , ,

“
wh o s a i d to hi m Why di dst thou th i s d ay not t a ke a ny rel i cs w i th
,
”
th e res t ?
”
Th e p rie st repl ie d t o th i s Who art tho u ? ,
“ ”
Do st t ho u not kno w w h o is t he st a nd a rd b e a re r o f th i s a rmy ?
he r epl i ed .
T he p ri est an swe red I d o not S i re , ,

.
Wh en th e p ri est h a d m a d e th e s a me re p ly to the s a m e questi on

“
a secon d t i me th e youth th reatene d th e p ri es t te rr i bly s a y ing
, Tel l , ,
”
m e the t ruth .
An d the n the p ri est s a i d S i re i t is s a i d o f St Geo rge that h e

, , .
is the s t a n d a rd be a re r o f t h i s a rmy
-
.
H e re p li ed Th ou h a s t s a i d wel l I am h e Take ther e fo re my

,
. .
, ,
reli cs a n d pu t them w ith t he oth e rs .
When ho weve r th e p ri e st h a d d e fe rre d do i ng thi s fo r s e ver a l

, ,
d ays th e s a me Geo rge cam e t o hi m a n d comman de d the p riest

,
“
s ternly say i ng D o n ot d el a y longe r t h a n th e mo rn ing to t a ke u p
, ,
my reli c s an d n e a r by i n a li ttle a mpul e tho u w i l t fi nd so me o f the

b loo d o f th e vi rgi n an d m a r ty r St Te cla wh i ch l ikewi se tak e ; a n d .
,
a fte r th i s chan t ma ss An d th e p ri es t foun d a l l th i s an d d i d i t

”
. .
,
B u t be fo r e w e go on to th e r em a in de r w e o ugh t no t to p as s ove r ,
th es e men w h o di d n ot h esit a te f o r l ove o f th e most h oly ex p ed i ,
t ion to s a i l th rough th e unk nown an d very long wat e r o f th e

,
sMe d it e rra n e an a n d the O cean Fo r when th e Angl es he a rd th e

.
n a m e o f th e Lo r d s venge a nce ag a i nst thos e wh o u nwo rth i ly oc

’
c u p ie d th e bi rth p l a ce o f J esus Ch ri st and H is a p ostl es they e m ,
b a rke d u p on th e Angli can S ea Roun d i ng Sp a i n c ro ssing the o cean

.
, ,
a n d th u s p loughi ng th rough th e M edi te r r a ne a n S e a wi th gre a t l a bo r ,
they g a i ne d th e p ort o f Anti och a n d the c ity o f Laod ica ea be fore ,
6
o u r a rmy c a me th i ther by l a nd Thei r shi p s a s wel l as t hose o f
.
,
th e Genoese we re o f a dv an t age to u s a t th i s ti me fo r d u ring th e ,
si ege w e h a d t ra de w ith th e i sl a n d o f Cy p ru s an d t he rem a ini ng

i sl a nd s becaus e o f these shi ps an d the se cu rity whi ch they o ffered .
2 48 TH E FI RS T C RU SADE
B ut when the Sa racen s w ho l ived i n Ramlah h eard that w e ha d

c ro sse d th e r i ve r n ea r by th ey l e ft t hei r fortifi c a t ion s an d a rms
, ,
a n d mu ch grai n i n th e fi e l ds an d cr 0 p s whi ch w e gathered An d

, .
,
when w e c a me t o i t on the n ext d ay w e f oun d ou t th a t Go d wa s ,
tr uly fi ghting for u s S o we o ffere d vow s to S t Geo rge b eca u s e

. .
h e h a d co n fesse d hi ms e l f o u r gui de T he le a de rs and a l l th e .
p eo p l e a gree d th a t w e shoul d th ere choose a b i sho p sin ce th a t w a s ,
the fi rst chu rch wh i ch we fo u n d i n th e lan d o f I s r a el an d also , , ,
i n o rde r th a t St Geo rge might ent re a t God i n o u r beh a l f an d migh t

.
,
le a d u s f a ith f u l ly th rough th e l a nd i n wh i ch H e w as not wo r

sh i pp ed M o reover R a ml a h i s abo u t fi fte en m i les f ro m J e rus a l em
.
,
There fore we th ere hel d a con fe ren ce

, .
S ome s a i d Let u s not go t o J eru s a lem a t p res ent but tow a rd s

, ,
Egyp t ; w e wi l l obt a in not only J eru s a lem but l i kewi s e Alex a n dri a ,
a n d B a bylon a n d very m a ny k i ngdo ms I f w e go to Je rus al em an d .

,
f a i l ing o f s u ffici ent w a te r give u p the s i ege we wi l l a ccomp li sh

, ,
n either th i s no r the othe r a fte rw a rds .
“
B ut othe rs s a i d i n o pp osi ti on Ther e a re sc a rcely fi fteen h u n dred ,
kn ight s i n th e a rmy a n d the n u mb e r o f armed me n i s n ot great ;

,
a n d yet i t i s n ow s u ggested th a t we go to ve ry d i st a nt a n d unkno wn
region s w h e re w e w i ll be a bl e n ei the r to get hel p from ou r p eo p le

,
no r t o p l a ce a g a r ri son i n a city i f we c a p t u r e one ; no r even i f it , ,
S ho u ld be n ecess a ry wo u l d w e b e abl e to ret u rn thence B u t n one

,
.
o f t hi s ; let u s ho ld to o u r w a y a n d l et Go d p rovi d e f o r H is s erv a nts

,
”
f o r th e si ege for thi rst fo r hunge r an d fo r othe r th ings !
, , ,
A cco rdingly a fte r le a ving a g a r ri son i n the fo rtr es s o f R a ml a h

,
w ith th e n ew B i sho p we lo a de d ou r c a mel s and oxen an d th en

, ,
a l l o u r b a gg a ge a ni m a l s a n d h orses a n d t u rned ou r m a rch to Jeru ,
s a l em H oweve r th e w o rd whi ch Peter B a rtholomew h a d com

—
.
,
ma n d e d u s th a t w e shoul d n o t ap p ro a ch J eru s a lem exce p t w i th b a red

feet — w e fo rgot a n d h el d in l ow reg a rd e a ch one f rom a mbiti on to , ,
occ u p y c a stl es an d vi ll a s wi shing to go a he a d o f th e n ext F or

,
.
i t w a s a c u sto m a mong u s th a t i f a ny one c am e to a c a stle o r vi ll a

fi rst a n d p l a ce d h i s st a nd a rd there wi t h a g u a rd i t w a s tou ched by ,
no on e el se a fte rward There fo re be c a u se o f thi s a mbition they

.
,
a rose a t mi dni ght a n d wi tho u t w a i ting f or com p a ni on s ga ined a ll

, ,
those mo u nt a in s an d vi l l a s wh i ch a re i n th e me a dows o f th e J or dan .
A f ew howeve r to whom the comm a n d o f Go d w as mo re p re ci o u s

, , ,
w a l ked wi th n a ked f eet an d si gh ed h e a vi ly fo r the contem p t o f the

D ivi n e wo rd ; and yet no one rec a l le d a com p anion o r f ri end f rom
th a t a mbi ti ous ch a se M o reove r wh en by s uc h a r roga nt p ro cedu re
.
,
w e h a d come ne a r J er u s a lem th e p eo p le o f Je r u s a lem c a me forth,
to meet th e fi rs t o f o u r men a n d woun ded the ho rses s everely O f .
those men th ree o r fou r fel l on th a t d a y a n d m a ny wer e woun ded , .

T H E F I R S T C RU SAD E 2 49
2 . Th e S ieg e ( J u
. ne —
7 J u ly 1 5 ,
( G es t a ) Rej oi cing a n d exulting w e re a ched the city o f Je r u ,
s a lem on Tu es d a y on th e thi rd da y o f th e w eek the eight h d ay

, ,
be fo re the I des o f Jun e a n d beg a n to bes i ege th e ci ty i n a m a rvelou s

,
m a n ne r 7
Robert th e No rm a n besi eged i t f ro m th e n orth s i d e n e a r
.
,
th e ch u rch o f St S tephen whi ch w a s bu i lt on t he ve ry spot whe re

.
,
’
th a t fi rst m a rtyr won etern a l h a pp in ess by being stone d i n Chr i st s
n a m e Next to th e No rm a n Cou nt w a s Robert Count o f F l a n de rs
.
, ,
wh i l e D uke God f rey a nd T a nc re d bes i ege d th e city f ro m the w est .
Th e Count o f S t Gil les lo c a te d hi ms el f on the s o u th on M o unt

.
,
Zi on n e a r th e ch u rch o f St M a ry th e mothe r o f the Lo rd wher e

,
.
, ,
Ch ri st on ce suppe d wi th H i s di sci p les .
O n the thi rd d ay s ome o f ou r men n am ely R aymond Pil et u s a n d ,
R aymon d o f Tu renne went o u t on a fo r a ging exped i tion T hey

,
.
en countered a fo rce o f two h un d red Ar abs an d the sol die rs o f ,

’
Chr ist fo u ght thes e unbel i eve rs Wi th the Lo rd s hel p they fought .
,
s o v a li an tly th a t they k i ll ed m a ny o f the enemy a n d c a p t u red th i rty
ho rse s O n th e s econ d d ay o f th e fol low ing week we m a d e a n

.
,
a tt a ck o n th e ci ty a n d s o b r a vely di d we figh t th a t i f sc a li ng l a dders

, ,
h a d bee n re a dy fo r o u r u s e th e ci ty mo st c ert a inly woul d h a ve ,
f a llen i nto ou r h a n ds A s i t w a s we pu ll ed d own th e outer w a l l a nd

.
,
p l a ced o n e l a dde r a g a i nst th e m a i n w a ll u p o n wh i ch some o f o ur ,
m en a s cen de d a n d fo u gh t h a n d t o h a n d with swo r d s an d l a n ces

a g a in st th e S a r a cen de fen de rs o f th e c ity M a ny o f ou r men we re .
kill e d i n th i s a tt a ck bu t mo r e o f the enemy

, .
F o r a p eri od o f ten d a ys d u ring th e s iege w e we re not a ble to

.
buy bre ad a t any p ri ce u nti l a messenge r c a me a nno u n ci ng th e a r

,
riv a l o f o u r shi p s We a ls o s u ffered gre a tly fo r th i rst I n fe a r a n d

. .
te r ro r we were fo rce d to w a te r ou r h orses an d oth e r a ni m a l s a t a

di st a nce o f s ix mil es f rom c a mp Th e Po ol o f S il o a m a t t he foot .
,
o f M o u n t Zi on s u st a ine d u s b u t nev ertheless w a ter w a s so l d

, , , ,
a mong u s ve ry d e a rly .
When the messenger a r ri ved f rom ou r shi p s the le a de rs took ,
co u n sel an d d eci de d th a t a rmed men sh o u ld be sent to g u a r d th e

s h i p s and s a i lo rs a t the p o rt o f Jo ppa So on e h u n dre d men from .
th e a rmy o f R aymon d Coun t o f S t Gille s un de r R aymon d Pil e tu s

,
.
, ,
Ach a rd o f Mont eme rl e a n d Wi l l i a m o f S a br a n le ft c am p i n the

,
8
,
e a rly d a wn an d st a rte d confi dently to w a rd Jo p pa Th i rty o f these .
kni ght s se pa r at ed themselves f rom the r est o f the b an d an d met

seven hun d re d Ar a bs T u rk s an d S a r a cen s from the a rmy o f t h e
, ,
Emi r Th e sol di ers o f Ch ri st bol dly a tt a cked th e enemy whos

.
,
fo rc e w a s s o s u p eri o r t o o u r s th a t they soon s u r ro u nd e d u s Ach a rd .
a n d some o f th e p oo r footmen w e re k i lled Wh ile thi s ban d w a s .

com pletely s ur rounded an d a l l bel i eved th a t they wo ul d be kil led

, ,
“
a mes senge r w a s s ent t o Raymon d Pil et u s wh o s a i d Why d o you , ,
s t a nd he re wi th thes e kni ghts ? Lo a l l o f ou r men are in serio u s ,
d a nge r f ro m the Ar a bs T u rks a n d S a r a cen s a n d may a ll be d ead

, ,
”
by thi s ti m e H a sten t o th em a nd ai d them
. A s soon a s th ey .
he a r d th i s o u r men h a stened to t he s cene o f battle Wh en the

, .
p a g a n s s a w th e rest o f o u r k night s a pp ro a ch ing they fo rme d the m ,
s elve s i nto two l i nes O u r m en r ush ed u p on th e unb el i eve rs sh out

.
,
i ng the n a me o f Ch ri st e a ch dete rm i ne d t o b ring down h is man

,
.
The enemy soon re a l i zed th a t th ey w ou l d not b e able to w i th st a n d

the br a ve ry o f the F r a nk s s o they t u rne d th ei r back s a n d fl ed i n
,
te r ro r O u r me n p u r su i ng th e m a d i st a nc e o f fou r mi les k i ll e d
.
, ,
m a ny o f the m bu t ke p t on e a l iv e t o give th em i n fo rm a tion O ne

, .
h u n d red an d t h ree ho r ses were c a ptu red .
D u ri ng thi s si ege we wer e s o di stressed with th i rst th a t we

se we d u p ski ns o f oxen a n d bu ff a l os a n d i n th ese carr ie d wat e r for
a d i st a nc e o f s ix mi l es B etween feti d w a te r a n d b a rley b re a d we
.
we re d a i ly i n gre a t w a nt a n d s u ffe ring M o reove r the S a racen s .

,
h i d i n a mb u sh a t th e w a te ri ng pl a c es a n d eith er ki lled a n d woun ded

o u r a n im a ls o r d rove them a w a y to c a vern s i n the h i l l s .
( R a y mona ) D u k e God f rey a n d th e C o u nt o f Fl a nd ers a nd the

-
Coun t o f N o rm a n dy besieged the city f rom th e no rth si de th a t i s ,
f rom th e ch u rch o f St Ste p h en lo c at e d i n th e center o f th e ci ty

.
, ,
southw a r d to the a ngul a r t owe r n ext to th e to we r o f D a vi d Co u n t .
R aymon d a n d hi s a rmy how eve r settled down on the West an d

, ,
besi ege d J e r u s a l em f rom the c am p o f t he D uke t o th e foot o f M oun t

Zi on B u t s in c e h i s men co u l d n ot c ome clos e to be si ege th e w a l l
.
be c a u se o f a g u lly wh i ch inte rvened t h e C ount wi shed to move hi s ,
c a m p an d ch a nge h is p os iti on O n e d ay wh i l e h e w as reconnoi ter

.
,
i ng he c a me t o M o u nt Zi on and s a w th e ch u rch whi ch i s l oc a te d o n

,
the M oun t Whe n he h e a r d o f th e m i r a cl es th a t G od had p e r

.
“
f ormed th e re h e s a i d to h i s l e a de rs a n d com pa ni ons I f we n eglect
, ,
to t ak e thi s s a cred o ffe ri ng wh i ch th e Lo rd h a s s o gra cio u s ly o ffe r e d

,
u s an d the S a r a cen s ther e o cc u py thi s p l a ce wh a t w i l l become

, ,
of us ? Wh a t i f th ro u gh h a t red o f u s they sh o u l d d est roy an d

p oll u te the se s a c red things ? Who knows th a t God may no t be
giving u s th i s o p p o rt u nity to t est ou r reg a rd fo r H i m ? I kno w thi s
on e thing fo r cert a i n : unles s w e c a re f u lly p rotect thi s s a cred spot ,
the Lo rd w i l l not give u s the oth ers w ithi n th e city An d s o Count .
R aymond a g a in st th e wi she s o f th e le a der s o f h i s a rmy o rde red

, ,
h i s t ent s to b e moved to th a t s p ot A s a r es u l t h e i nc u rre d s uch .

,
gre a t h a tred f rom h is m en th at they we re neithe r wi ll ing to en

c a m p wi th hi m n o r to d o gu a r d d u ty d u ri ng the nigh t ; e a ch st ayed
T H E F I R ST C RU SADE
wh ere h e had fi rst pitch ed h i s tent w it h th e ex ce p ti on o f a few ,
who acc om p ani e d the Count H ow eve r by great reward s t he Count .

,
dai ly in du ced kni ghts and footmen to gu a r d h i s c a m p The re a re

i n that chu rch thes e sa cre d treasu res —th e tombs o f th e ki ngs Davi d
.
a n d S o lomon a s wel l a s that o f th e fi rst m a rty r S t S te hen T he re

, p , . .
th e B les se d M a ry dep a rted f rom thi s wo rl d ; t he Lor d sup p ed

there and a fte r r i s ing f ro m th e dea d a ppe a re d th ere to H i s d i s
, ,
c ip l es a nd to Th omas O n thi s spot al so th e d i scip le s we re fi ll ed

.
, ,
with the H oly Spi ri t .
The re u p on whe n th e si ege had been set i t hap p en ed on e d ay

, ,
t h a t s om e o f th e l eade r s o f t he a rmy m et a h ermi t on the M o unt o f

O li ve s w ho sai d t o th em If y ou wi l l a tt a ck th e ci ty tomo rrow t i l l
, ,
”
the n i nth ho u r th e Lo rd w i ll delive r i t i nto yo u r h a nds
,
Th ey .
r e p li e d B ut we d o n ot have the ne ce ss a ry m a ch i ne ry for sto rm

,
“
i ng the w a l ls ”
The h ermi t re p l i e d :
. God is a ll p ower fu l I f H e .
wi ll s H e w i ll storm th e w a l l s even with o ne l a dde r The Lor d a i d s

,
.
”
thos e wh o l abo r fo r the T r uth S o wit h s u ch m a chi nery as cou ld .
,
be con st r u cted du ring the n ight an a tt a ck w a s m a de on th e ci ty ,
i n th e ea rly mo rni ng an d it lasted t i l l th e thi rd hou r Th e S a r a cen s

, .
we re compelle d t o ret reat beh in d th e i nne r w a l l s fo r th e o ute r ,
w a ll was b roken down by ou r men some o f whom even cli mbed ,
to th e t op o f the inner wal l s N o w whe n the ci ty w a s a bo u t to b e .
c ap t u re d i n the con fu si on o f d esi re a n d fe a r t he a tt a c k w a s in

,
t e rru p t e d an d we then lo st m a ny men

,
O n th e n ext day n o a tt a ck .
wa s attem p ted .
A fte r th i s th e whol e army scatte re d th rougho u t th e su r roun ding

,
co u ntry to coll ect p rovi s ion s an d noth ing wa s even sai d o f th e ,
ne ces sity o f p re pa ring the ma ch in es th a t wer e n eede d to ca ptu re

th e ci ty E a ch man wa s se rvi ng hi s m o u t h an d stom a ch ; wh a t
.
w a s wo rse they d i d n ot eve n as k th e Lor d to f re e th em from s u ch

,
gre a t a n d ma n i fol d evi l s an d they we re a ffli cte d even unto de a th

,
.
J u st be fo re ou r a rriv al th e S a r a cens ha d fi l le d u p the s p rings

, ,
dest royed th e ci ste rn s an d d a mmed u p th e b rook s f rom t he s p rings

,
.
An d th e Lor d H im se l f h a d t u rned ri ve rs into wi l de rnes s an d water

s p rings into th i rsty gro u nd fo r the wi ck ednes s o f the m th a t d wel l
th erei n .
9
Th ere fo re w a ter w a s obt a ine d with gre a t d i ffi culty .
Ther e i s a fount a i n at th e f oot o f M o u nt Z ion whi ch i s call ed the ,
Pool o f S i loam I ndeed i t i s a l a rge s p ring but the wate r flow s

.
, ,
fo rth only o n ce i n th ree d ay s an d the n at i ves s ay th a t fo rmerly i t ,
em p tie d itsel f only on S a tu rd ays ; the rest o f the week i t rem a i n ed

stagn ant W e do not kn ow how to ex p l a i n th i s exce p t th a t th e
.
,
Lo rd wi lled i t to be s o B u t when as we have s ai d the w a te r di d

.
, ,
fl ow forth on th e thi r d d ay i t w a s co n s u med w ith such great ,

2 52 T H E FI RS T C RU S ADE
c ro wd ing a n d h a s te th a t th e men p u she d on e a noth er i nto i t an d ,
m a ny b a gga ge a ni mal s a nd c a ttle p e ri she d i n it An d s o when .
the p ool w a s fi l le d with the c ro wd and w i th the bo di es o f de a d

an i mal s the st ronge r even a t the p r i ce o f death f o rce d thei r w ay
, , ,
to th e ve ry o p ening i n the ro cks th ro u gh wh i ch t h e w a te r fl owed ,
whi le th e we a k got only the w a te r wh i ch had al ready b een con

t amin at e d M any si ck p eopl e fel l do wn by t h e fountain w i th
.
,
t ongues s o p a rche d tha t they w e re u n a bl e to u tte r a wo r d ; w ith

o p en mouth s th ey st retche d fo rt h the i r h a n d s to war d thos e wh o
h a d wate r I n the fi el d w ere many ho r se s m u l es c a ttle an d s hee p
.
, , , ,
mos t o f th e a n im a l s witho u t st rength eno u gh to move An d wh en .
t h ey h a d be com e p a rch ed an d d ie d b ec au se o f ext reme thi rst t hey ,
rotte d where they h a d long stoo d an d th e re wa s a mo st s i ck en ing ,
sten ch th rougho u t the c a m p B eca u se o f s u ch affl i cti on i t was nec es

.
s a ry t o fetch w a ter a d i stan ce o f two o r th ree le a gu es a ls o t o d rive ,
th e c attle to d i st a n t w a te ri ng pl a ces Whe n the S a racens noti ced .
th a t ou r p eo p l e w ere goi ng u narme d to the wate ri ng p la ces th rough

t he d a nge ro u s p a sses i n the hi ll s they l ay i n w a i t fo r th em i n a m ,
b u sh They ki l le d many o f th em an d d rove a w ay th e fl ock s an d

.
he r ds T he si t u a ti on w a s s o ba d t hat wh en a ny o ne brought f ou l
.
wat e r to c a m p i n ve ssel s h e w a s a b l e to get a ny pri ce th a t h e cared

,
to a s k an d i f any on e w i shed t o get cle a r w a ter for fi ve o r six ,
n n rnin i
0
he co ul d n ot obt a i n e nough to s a ti s fy h i s t hi rs t f o r a s ingle
1
day W ine mo reover w a s n eve r o r very r a rely even m ent ioned

.
, , , ,
.
I n a dd ition the he a t th e du st an d th e w i n d i n crease d thei r th i rst

, , , ,
a s t ho u gh thi s w a s no t b a d eno u gh i n i tsel f B u t why say s o much .
abou t these t roubl es ? N one o r fe w were m i n d f u l o f the L o rd , , ,
o r o f s u ch w ork as w a s n eeded t o c ap tur e th e ci ty ; nor di d they

’
t a ke h eed to be seech th e Lo rd s favo r An d thu s w e di d not recog .
n i ze Go d i n th e m i dst o f ou r affl i ction n o r d i d H e show f a vo r to ,
th e u ngr a te ful .
M e a n wh i l e mes senge rs c a me t o c a m p a n noun cing that o u r shi p s

, ,
h a d a r ri ved a t J o p pa and th a t the s a i lo r s dem a n ded that a gu a r d

be sent to hol d the t ower o f J o pp a an d t o give them p rotecti on a t
the p o rt ; fo r th e t own o f Jo p p a h a d been dest royed exce p t th e
c a stle an d th a t w a s n e a rly i n r u i n s w ith th e excepti on o f on e to we r
, ,
.
H oweve r th ere i s a h a rbo r t he re a n d i t is th e on e n e a rest to Jer u

, ,
s a lem bei ng abo u t on e d a y s j o u rney di st a nt A l l o f o u r p eo p l e

,
’
.
rej oi ce d when they he a rd th e news o f th e shi p s an d they sen t o u t ,
Count G a l demar s u rn a me d Carpin el l ns a ccom p a ni ed by t wenty

, ,
knight s an d abou t fi fty footmen L a te r t hey sent R a ymon d Pil et u s .

,
wi th fi fty kn ight s an d W il l i a m o f S ab r a n wi th hi s f ol l owe rs .
A s G a ld e ma r an d h i s conti ngent a pp ro a ch ed th e p l a i n s th a t a re
2 54 TH E FI R S T C RU S ADE
been h ap p eni ng a t J eru s a le m We knew that we h ad dese rved th i s

.
mi s fort u ne fo r we had r e f u sed to p l a c e f a ith in the wo rds sent t o

,
’
u s by th e Lo rd De s pa i ri ng o f Go d s m e rcy th e men w ent to the
.
,
p lai n o f th e ri ve r J or dan colle cte d palm s an d we re b a pti ze d i n

, ,
i t s waters They d i d so ch i efly w i th th e i ntention o f aban d onn g

.
th e s iege having seen J eru salem an d o f going to J op pa then ce to

, , ,
retu rn home by wh a teve r mean s they coul d B ut t h e L or d looke d .
a fte r t h e shi p s fo r H i s un fai th f u l .
Abo u t thi s t i me a p ubli c a ss embly was held f o r th e lead ers o f the ,
a rmy w ere quarreli ng w ith ea c h o the r Th e re wa s d i s sati s f a cti on .
b ec a u s e Tanc red h a d occupi e d B ethlehem an d ha d pl a ced h i s

stan dard o ver the chu r ch o f th e Nativi ty a s though i t was a n ,
o rdina ry h o u s e A n e ffo rt wa s al so m a de to elect on e o f the

.
p r inces k i ng t o h a ve cu sto dy o f the ci ty l est what h a d been a chi eved ,
i n common shoul d be d est royed i n common fo r w a nt o f a nyon e t o

take ca re o f the c i ty i f Go d shoul d give i t t o u s The bi sho p s an d
, .
“
cl ergy repli e d ( to th i s s u gge stion ) Y ou o u ght n ot t o choo se a
‘
,
ki ng whe re th e Lo r d s u ffere d an d w a s c rowned F o r i f a D a vi d .

,
d egene rate i n f a it h a n d v i rtue sho u l d say in h is he a rt I si t u p on

, ,
the th rone o f D a vi d a n d ho l d h i s ki ngd om the Lo rd woul d p rob a bl y ’
‘
,
dest roy h i m an d be a ngry wi th p l a ce a n d pe 0 p 1e B esi de s th e p ro .

,
p h et p ro c l a i ms s a yi ng When the H o l y o f H olie s shall come

, , ,
u nct i on s h a l l ce a se be cau se i t w i ll be m a ni fe st to all p eopl es that H e

,
’1
has co me B ut th e r e s ho u l d be an a dv oc a t e to g u a rd th e city a n d
.
1
d ivi de th e t ribute s an d rents o f th e region a mong th e g u a r d i a ns o f

the c ity For thi s an d m a ny othe r rea son s th e e l ecti on was sto pp ed
.
a n d p u t o ff unti l th e eighth day a fter th e c a ptu re o f J e rus a lem .
N ot i n thi s matte r al on e but in ot he r w ays ou r a ffa i rs di d n ot

, ,
p ro spe r an d the t ro u ble s o f the peo p le in c re a s ed eve ry d ay

,
N eve r .
t h el es s th e me r ci f u l a n d pro p i tio u s Lo rd bo th for H i s n a me s s a k e

’
, ,
“
a n d le st ou r enemi es sh oul d i nsul t H i s l a w a n d s ay Whe re i s thei r ,
”
Go d sent wo r d to u s th ro u gh t he B i sh op o f Puy Lo r d Adhema r
? “
, ,
h o w we co u ld p lacat e H i s a nger a n d o bt a i n H i s me rcy We h ow .

,
eve r p re a ch e d th a t th i s be don e w i tho u t mention ing the comm a n d

,
-
o f God le st if th e peo p l e t ran sgre ssed thi s comm a n d o f th e Lo rd

, ,
they sh o u l d b e es p ecially a ffli cted as they wo u l d then be the mo re ,
cul p able Fo r th e Lo r d was s o k i n d to u s t hat H e h a d s ent H is

.
me ssenge rs t o u s o ften bu t bec a u se they we re ou r b rothe rs we

,
had not h eede d th em .
The B i sh o p ( Adhem a r ) app e a re d be fo re Pe te r D esi d eri u s s ay

‘
,
“
i ng ; S p e a k to th e pr in ces an d all th e p eo p l e an d s ay to th em ,
Y ou who h ave come f rom d i st a n t l an ds t o wo rshi p G od a nd th e

L o r d o f h ost s p u rge yo u r selves o f you r u ncle a nli ne ss an d l et
, ,
T H E F I R ST C RU SAD E 2 55
e a ch one tu rn f rom h i s evi l w a ys The n w ith bare f eet march .
a ro u n d J e ru s a l em invoking God a n d y o u mus t a l so fast I f you , .
d o thi s a n d th en m a k e a gre a t a t t a ck on th e ci ty on th e n i nth d ay ,
i t wi l l be c ap t u re d I f y ou do n ot al l t he evi l s that y ou h ave

.
,
su ff ered wi l l be m u l ti p l i ed by th e Lo rd ? ’
When the p ri est h a d s a i d thi s to Wi ll iam H ugo th e b rothe r ,
o f th e B i sho p to hi s l ord Co unt Y s o ard an d to cert a i n o f the cle rgy

’
, , , ,
they assembled the p ri nces an d th e p eo p l e an d ad d r esse d them .
“
B roth e rs y ou kno w why w e u n de rtook th i s e x ped iti on a n d what
, ,
w e h a ve su ffe red an d th a t w e a re a ct ing n egligently i n th a t we a re

,
n ot co nst r u ct i ng th e mach in es th a t a re n ee de d to c a ptu re th e city .
Li kewi se w e a re n ot c a re ful to re con ci l e th e Lo r d to u s f o r we

, ,
o ffen d H i m i n m a ny w ays a n d th ro u gh ou r evi l deed s h a ve d riven

H i m f rom u s Now if i t seems ri gh t t o y ou l et e a ch one become
.
, ,
r econci le d t o hi s b roth er whom h e h as o ffended a n d l et b roth e r ,
gra ciou sly fo rgive brother A fte r th i s let u s h umbl e o u rselve s b e

’
.
,
fore Go d ; let u s m a r ch a rou n d J eru s a le m i n bare feet a n d th rough ,
the pa t ron a ge o f the s a i nts i nvoke th e m e rcy o f the Lo rd s o that

, ,
Al mighty God wh o f o r us H i s se rvants lai d a si de t he for m o f H i s

, , ,
Godhe a d a ss umed th e fl esh an d h u mbly rod e i nto th e city o n an

, ,
a ss to s u ff e r death on th e C ro s s f o r ou r s i ns may come to ou r ai d , .
I f we m ake t hi s p roces si on a roun d th e w a ll s fo r th e hono r and ,
glo ry o f H i s n a me H e w i ll o p en th e ci ty to u s an d gi ve u s j u dgme n t
,
u p on H i s enemi es a n d ou rs who n ow with u nj u st p osses sion c on

,
t amina t e the p la ce o f H i s s u fferi ng an d bu ri a l the enemy wh o se ek ,

’
t o deny u s th e gre a t b lessing o f the place o f God s humili ati on an d .
ou r re d em p t ion
”
.
Th ese wo rds we re p l e a si ng to both p ri n ce s an d peopl e an d i t ,
wa s p ubl i cly comm a n de d th a t on the n ext Fr iday th e cle rgy sh o u l d

le a d th e p ro ce ssi on w i th c ro ss es an d reli cs o f th e s a i nts whi l e the ,
knight s an d a ll abl e bod ie d m en with t r u m p et s s t a nd a rd s an d a rms

-
, , , ,
shoul d follow them b a re footed Al l th i s we d i d a cco rding to th e

,
.
co mm a n ds o f God an d the p rin ce s Wh en we re a che d th e s p ot on .
the M o u nt o f O l ives when ce the Lo rd h a d a scen de d i nto he a ven

a fte r th e res u rrection th e follo wing exh ort a ti on was m a de to th e
,
p eo p l e : N ow th at w e a re on th e very s p ot f ro m wh i ch the Lo rd
‘
m a d e H i s ascensi on an d w e c an do n oth ing mo re t o pu ri fy o u rselve s ,
l et each on e o f u s fo rgive h i s b rothe r who m he h a s i nj u red th a t ,
th e Lor d may fo rgive u s ”

Wh a t mo re ? All we re reconci led to
.
e a ch othe r an d with genero u s o ffe rings we be so u gh t th e m er cy o f

,
G od th a t H e sho u ld not no w de se rt H is p eo p le wh om H e h a d led

, ,
so gl ori ou sly an d mi r a c u l o u sly to th i s go a l Thu s the mercy o f .
God w a s obt a i ned si nce eve ry t hin g that h a d been ag a i ns t u s wa s

,
n ow f avor able .
2 56 TH E FI R ST CRU S AD E
Alth ough w e have pass ed ove r many matte rs t h i s o ne we o ugh t ,
t o re co rd Whi le w e m a r ch e d a ro u n d the city i n p roces sion the

.
,
S a r a cens an d Tu rks mad e the ci rcu i t on th e w a l ls ri di culi ng us i n ,
m a ny w ay s They pla ced many cr os se s on th e wall s i n yok e s an d

.
mocke d them w ith blo w s an d i n sulti ng deed s We i n tu rn hopi ng .

, ,
to obt a i n the a id o f G o d i n sto rm i ng the city b y me a n s o f the se

signs p resse d th e wo rk o f th e si ege day an d n igh t
, .
3 . F in a l ( J u ly 1 5
a s s a u l t a n d ca ptu re .
,
( Ges ta ) At length ou r l e a der s deci de d to beleagu er th e ci ty

,
w ith s i ege m a chi nes s o th a t w e m ight ent er a n d wo rshi p th e Savi o u r

,
a t the H oly S e p ul ch re Th ey con st ru cte d wo oden towe r s an d m a ny

.
other si ege m achi n es D uk e Go d f rey m a de a woo den t owe r a n d

.
othe r s i ege devi ce s an d C ou n t Raymon d di d th e same although

, ,
i t w a s n eces s a ry to b ring wood f rom a con si der able di stance H ow .
ever when t he S a racen s s a w ou r men engaged i n th i s wo rk t hey

, ,
gre a tly strengthen e d the f o rtifi catio ns o f the city an d i nc rease d th e

hei ght o f th e t u r rets at n ight O n a ce rt a i n S abb a th n ight t h e lea d
.
,
ers a fte r h a vi ng d eci de d wh i ch p a rts o f th e w a l l w er e w eakest

, ,
d r a gge d th e to we r an d the m a chi ne s to the e a ste rn s i de o f th e c ity .
M oreove r w e set u p th e tow e r at e a r l i est d a wn a n d equi pp ed a n d

,
cove re d i t on th e fi r st second and thi rd d ays o f t he wee k Th e

, ,
.
Count o f S t Gil l es ere cte d hi s towe r on t h e p lai n to the south o f

.
the ci ty .
Wh i le a ll th i s w a s going on ou r w a ter s u pp ly wa s s o li mi ted ,
that n o on e co u l d b u y en ough w a te r f o r on e d enariu s to satis fy

'
o r q u en ch hi s t hi rst B oth d ay a n d night on th e fou r t h a n d fi fth

.
,
d a ys o f th e week w e m a d e a determ ine d a ttack on the ci ty f rom

,
a ll s i des H o weve r b e fo re we m a de t hi s a s s au lt o n th e city t h e

.
, ,
bi sh op s an d p riest s p e rs u a ded all b y exho rti ng a n d p re a ch ing to , ,
h on o r th e Lo rd by m a r ch in g a ro un d Je ru s a l em i n a gre a t p ro ce s
si on a n d to p re pare for b a ttle by p ray e r fa sting an d a lmsgiving
, , ,
.
Ear l y o n the si xth day o f th e week we a ga i n a tt acked th e ci ty

on al l si des b u t a s th e a s s au lt w as u n s u c ces s fu l w e we re a l l
, ,
a stoun de d a n d fear ful H oweve r whe n th e ho u r ap p ro ac h ed on

.
,
wh i ch ou r Lo r d J esu s Ch ri st d eigne d to s u ffe r on the Cross fo r

u s ou r,
kn igh ts beg a n to fi gh t b r a vely i n on e o f th e tower s —n a mely ,
t h e p a rty wi th D u k e Go d f rey a n d h i s b rother Count Eu stace 3

, .
1
One o f ou r kn ight s n a me d L e th ol d c l a mbere d u p the w a l l o f th e

, ,
city an d n o soone r h a d he a scen ded th a n th e de fen de rs fl ed f rom

,
th e w a ll s a n d th rough th e ci ty O u r men f o l lo wed k i l ling an d sl ay .

,
ing even to th e Tem p l e o f S olomon wh ere the s l a u ghte r w a s s o ,
gre a t th a t ou r men w a ded i n bl oo d u p t o thei r ankl es .

2 58 TH E FI R ST C RU SADE
The Co u n t s men h a d taken many S a r a cen c a stl es an d v i ll a ge s an d

’
f o rce d th e S a r a cen s to wo rk a s though th ey wer e thei r se r f s Thu s

, .
fo r the con stru ct i on o f m a ch in es at J er u sal em fi f ty o r s ixty men

c a r ri ed on thei r shoul d ers a gre a t beam th a t cou l d n ot have been
,
d ragge d by fo u r p a i r o f oxen What mo re shall I say ? All worke d

.
w i th a si nglen ess o f p u rpose n o o ne w a s sloth f u l an d n o han d s

, ,
were i dl e Al l w ork e d witho u t w a ges exc e p t th e a rti s a n s who

.
, ,
we r e p ai d f ro m a coll ectio n t ak en f ro m t he peopl e H o weve r .

,
Oo u n t R aymon d pa i d h i s wo rkmen f rom hi s o wn t re a su ry S u rely .
th e h a n d o f the Lo rd was w ith u s an d ai d e d th ose who w ere

w o rking !
When ou r e ff orts we re ende d an d th e m a ch in es co m p let ed the ,
“
p ri n ce s h el d a cou nci l and an noun ce d : Let a ll p repa re th emse lv es
fo r a b a ttle on Th u rsd a y ; i n th e me a nti me l et u s pr a y fast a n d , , ,
give a l ms H a n d over you r an im a l s an d you r boys to t h e a rt is a n s

.
a n d ca r p en te rs th a t they may b ri ng i n be a ms pol es stak es an d

, , , ,
b ranche s t o m a ke mantlets T wo kn ight s sh ou l d m ak e one mantl et

.
a n d o n e scali ng l ad d e r D o n ot hesi t at e to w o rk fo r th e Lord fo r

.
,
y ou r l abo rs w i ll soon be en ded Thi s wa s wi ll ingly don e by all

. .
Th en it w a s deci ded what p a rt o f the ci ty e a ch le a de r sh oul d att a ck

a n d wh ere hi s ma ch in e s sho u l d be l oc a te d .
M e a n whi le th e S a racen s i n the city n oting the great n umbe r o f

, ,
m a chi ne s th at w e h a d constru cted st rengthene d th e we aker p a rts o f

,
th e wa l l so th a t i t seemed th a t th ey co u l d be taken only by th e mo s t

,
d es p e rate e ffo rts B e cau se the S a racen s h a d m a de so m any an d

.
su ch st rong fo rti fi c a ti on s to o pp ose ou r m a ch ines t he D uk e the , ,
Co u nt o f Flan de rs and the Coun t o f N o rman dy s p ent the nigh t

,
be fo re th e day set for t h e att a ck movin g t he i r mach i ne s m a ntl et s , ,
an d p lat fo rm s t o that Si de o f th e ci ty wh i ch i s bet we en the chu rch

o f S t Ste p hen a n d th e v a l ley o f J os aphat
. Y o u who re a d th i s mu s t .
n ot th i n k th a t th i s wa s a l igh t u ndert ak ing fo r th e mach in es we re ,
car ri e d i n part s a l most a mi le t o the p l a ce whe re th ey were to be set

up . Wh en mo rn i ng c a me a n d th e S a r a cen s s a w th a t a l l th e m a ch in
ery an d tents h a d been move d d uri ng th e n ight th ey we re a maz ed ,
.
N ot on ly the S a racen s were a stoni sh ed b u t ou r p eopl e as well fo r , ,
th ey re cogni ze d that th e han d o f th e Lo r d w a s wi th u s Th e ch a nge .
w a s m a d e beca u se th e n ew p oin t cho se n fo r att a ck w as mo re level ,
a n d thu s sui tabl e fo r moving t h e m a chi nes u p to the w a lls whi ch ,
c a n not be don e u n l es s the groun d i s l eve l ; a n d a l so be c a u se th a t p a rt

o f the ci ty seemed to be we a ke r h a vi ng rem a ined u n fo rt ifi e d a s i t
, ,
wa s some d i st a nce f ro m ou r c a m p Thi s p a rt o f the city i s o n the

.
no rth .
Co u n t R ay mon d and h i s men work ed eq u al ly hard on M o u n t

TH E F I R ST C RU SAD E 2 59
Zion bu t th ey ha d mu ch as s i stan ce fro m Wi lliam E mb riaco an d

,
the Geno es e s a i lo rs who although they ha d los t thei r sh ip s at

, ,
J o p pa as we h a ve a l re a dy rel a ted h a d been able n eve rthele ss to

, , , ,
s a ve ropes m a llets s p ikes a xes a nd h a tch ets wh i ch wer e very

, , , , ,
neces s a ry to u s B u t w hy del a y th e sto ry ? Th e a p p oi nted day

.
a r rived a n d the a t t a ck beg a n H ow eve r I want to s ay th i s fi rst .

, ,
th a t a ccordi ng to o u r estim a t e a n d th a t o f m a ny othe r s th ere we re

, ,
si xty tho u s a n d fighting men wi thi n th e city n ot co u nting t he women ,
a n d tho se un a bl e to be a r a rms a n d the re we re not m a ny o f t hese , .
At th e mos t we di d n ot h a ve mor e th a n t welv e thou s a n d able t o be a r

a rms fo r the re we re m a ny p oo r p eople a n d m a ny s i ck
,
The re .
were twelve o r thi rteen hund red knight s i n ou r a rmy a s I reckon ,
i t n ot m or e I s ay thi s th a t y o u may re a li z e that not hing whether

,
.
,
gre a t or sm a ll wh i ch i s u nde rt a ke n i n th e n a me o f t he Lor d ca n

,
fa i l a s th e f oll owing p a ge s sh o w
, .
O u r men bega n to u n d ermine the tow e rs a n d w a l ls F ro m .
every sid e stone s we re h u rled f rom th e tormen ti a n d th e pe traria e ,
a n d s o m a ny a rro ws th a t they fell lik e h a i l Th e serv a nts o f God .
bo re thi s pa ti ently s u s t a in ed by the p remi ses o f t hei r f a i th whethe r

, ,
they shoul d be k i l led or sho u ld p resen tly p rev a i l ove r t hei r enemies .
Th e b a ttle sho wed n o i n di c a tion o f vi cto ry bu t whe n th e m ach i nes ,
we re d r a wn n e a re r to th e w a ll s they h u rled n ot onl y stones a n d ,
a r rows bu t a ls o bu rning wood a n d st r a w The wood w a s di p pe d

,
.
i n p itch w a x a n d s u l p h u r ; t hen st r a w an d to w were f a sten ed o n

, ,
by a n i ron b a nd a nd when l ighte d th ese fi reb ran d s wer e shot f ro m

, , ,
th e m a chi nes ( Th ey w ere

.
) a ll bo u nd t ogethe r by a n i ron b a nd ,
I s a y s o th a t wh ereve r they fell th e whol e m a s s hel d togeth e r a n d

, ,
continue d to bu rn S u ch mi ssi les b u rn ing a s they shot u pw a r d

.
, ,
co u l d n ot be res i ste d by s wo rd s or by high w a ll s ; i t w a s not even

p o ssible for th e de f end er s to fi n d s a fety down beh i n d th e w a ll s .
T hu s th e fight con ti nued f rom th e ri sing t o the s etti ng s u n in s u ch

s p l end i d f a sh ion t h a t i t i s di fficult t o bel i eve a nyth ing mo re glo rio u s
w a s ever d on e Then we c a ll ed o n Almighty God ou r Le a der an d
.
,
Gui de confident i n H is mer cy N ight b ro u ght f e a r t o bo th s i des

,
. .
The S a r a cen s fe a re d t h a t w e wo u l d t ak e the city d u ring the ni ght

o r o n the n ext d a y fo r th e o uter wo rks w ere b roken th rough an d
,
th e d i tch w a s fi l led so th a t i t w as p oss ible to m ak e an ent ranc e

,
th rough th e w a l l ve ry q u i ck ly O n o u r p a rt we fe a re d only th a t .
,
the S a r a cen s wo u l d s et fi r e to the m a ch in es th a t were moved close

to t h e w a l ls a nd thu s im p rove t hei r si tu a ti on So on both s i d es i t
,
.
w a s a n ight o f w a t ch fulnes s l abo r an d slee p les s c au ti on : o n on e , ,
s i de mos t cert a i n ho p e on th e oth er do u bt fu l fe a r W e gl a dly

, ,
.
l abo red to c ap tu re the city fo r th e glory o f G o d th ey l es s w il lingly ,

st rove to resi st ou r e ff o rts fo r th e s ak e o f th e l a ws o f M o h a mm ed .
I t is h a rd to bel i eve h ow gre a t were th e e ffo rts m a de o n both s i d es

d u ri ng t h e night .
When th e morn ing came ou r men e a gerly r u shed t o the w a ll s

,
a n d d r a gge d the m a ch i nes fo r w a r d b u t the S a r a cen s h a d const r u cted

,
s o m a ny m a ch i nes th a t fo r e a ch on e o f o u rs they n ow h a d nin e
o r t en .Th u s th ey gre a tly i nter f ere d wi th o u r e ffo rts Th i s w a s .
the ni nt h d ay on wh i ch t he p ri est h a d s a i d th a t w e w oul d c a ptu re

,
th e city B u t why d o I d elay s o long ? O u r m a chi n es wer e now

.
sh a ken ap a rt by the blo ws o f many sto nes an d ou r men l a gge d ,
b e c a use they we re very wea ry Ho weve r th ere rem a ine d the mercy.
,
o f the Lo r d whi ch i s neve r ove rcome n o r conq u e red but is a l w a ys ,
a s o u rce o f suppo rt i n t imes o f a dve rsi ty O n e in ci dent m ust no t be .
o mi tte d T wo wom en t ri ed t o bewit ch on e o f th e h u rli ng m a chi n es

.
,
b u t a ston e stru ck a n d c ru sh e d them as w ell as three slaves s o that , ,
thei r lives w e r e extin gu i sh ed an d th e ev i l i n cantation s a verte d .
B y noon o u r men were gre a tly d i sc ou r a ge d They we re weary .
a n d a t th e en d o f thei r reso u rces T he re we re sti l l m a ny o f th e

.
en emy op p osi ng e a ch on e o f o u r men ; the w al l s w e re very h i gh

'
a n d s trong a n d the gre a t resou rces a n d ski ll th a t the en emy ex

,
h ibit e d i n re p a i rin g th ei r de fen ses seemed t oo gre a t fo r u s to over

co me B ut w hi l e w e h esi t a ted i rresol ute an d th e en emy ex u l ted
.
, , ,
i n ou r d is com f i tu re th e h ea l i ng mer cy o f Go d i ns p i re d us an d
,
t u rn e d ou r sor row i nto j oy f o r the Lo rd di d no t f or sak e u s Whi l e

,
.
a co u n ci l w a s be in g hel d t o d eci d e wh ethe r o r not o u r m a ch i nes
sho u l d be w i t h d r a wn f o r some we re bu rn ed an d the rest b a dly

,
sh a ken to p i eces a k night on th e M oun t o f O live s beg a n to w a v e

,
h is shi el d t o th o s e who we re wi th th e Coun t an d other s si gn a ll in g ,
th em to a d v a n ce Who th i s kn i ght w a s w e h a ve been u n able t o

.
fi n d o u t At th i s sign a l o u r m en began t o t ak e he a r t a n d s om
.
,
beg a n to b a tte r down th e w a ll wh il e othe rs beg a n to a s cen d by,
me a n s o f s c a li ng l a d de rs an d ro p es O u r a rcher s shot b u rning fi re.
b r a nd s a n d i n thi s w ay che cke d th e a tt a ck th a t the S a ra cens were

,
m a ki ng u p on th e wooden t owers o f th e D u ke a n d th e t wo Cou nts .
T hese fi rebra nd s m o reover w er e w r app e d i n cotton Th i s showe r

, , .
o f fi re d rove th e de fen d er s f rom th e w a l l s T hen the Coun t qui ck ly .
rel e a sed th e l ong d r a wb ri dge wh i ch h a d p rotected the s i de o f the

wooden t ower next to t h e w a ll a n d i t s w u n g do wn f rom th e t op , ,
b eing f a sten e d to th e mi d dle o f th e towe r m a k i ng a b ri dge o ve r ,
whi ch th e m en bega n t o ente r Jerus a l em br a vely a n d fe a rles sly .
Among tho se who entere d fi rst were Tan cred a n d the D u ke o f

Lo r r a ine an d the a mo u nt o f bl o od th a t they she d on th a t d a y i s in
,
credibl e Al l a scen de d a fte r them a n d th e S a r a cen s n ow bega n

. ,
to su ffe r .
2 62 T H E FI R S T C RU S A D E
wh o a ns we ring the p r aye rs o f H is Chu rch g a ve i n t rust a n d b en e

, ,
d i ction t o H i s chi ld ren the city a n d f a the rl a n d whi ch H e h a d

p romi sed to the f a the rs On th i s d ay w e ch a n te d th e O ffice o f the
.
Res u r re ction sin ce on th a t day H e wh o by H is v i rtu e a ro se f rom

, ,
th e de a d revive d u s th rough H i s gr a ce S o much is t o be s a i d

, .
o f thi s .
4 . A rra ng e me n ts f or h ol d ing J eru s al e m .

( J uly 22 — Augu st 7 ,
( Ges ta ) Then o u r l e a der s i n coun ci l deci ded th a t e a ch o ne

sh oul d o ffe r a lm s wi th p r a ye rs th a t the Lo rd might choo se for H im ,
sel f who m H e w a nted t o reign ove r the othe rs a n d ru le the ci ty .
They a l s o o rde re d al l th e S a r a cen d e a d to b e c a s t o u ts i de beca u se

o f th e gre a t st ench si n ce the wh ol e city w a s fi ll ed wi th th ei r co r p ses ;
,
a n d s o th e l ivi ng S a r a cen s d r a gge d th e de a d be fo re th e exi ts o f th e
gat es an d a ra nge d them i n h e ap s a s i f th ey we re ho u ses N o on e , .
ever s a w o r h e a rd o f s u ch sl a u ghte r o f pag a n p eo p l e fo r f u ne r a l ,
pyres we re formed f rom them l ike p y r a mi ds a n d no on e kno w s ,
t he i r n u mbe r exce p t God a lon e B u t R a ymon d c a us ed th e Emi r .
a n d th e othe rs wh o we re w i th h i m to be cond u cte d t o Asc a lon whole ,
a n d u n hu rt H oweve r o n th e eighth da y a fter th e ci ty w a s c ap

.
,
t u re d they ch ose Go d f rey as h e a d o f th e ci ty to figh t t he p a g a n s

,
.
a n d gu a rd the Ch ri sti a n s O n th e d ay o f St Pete r a d Vi n c u l a they

. .
li kewi se ch ose a s P a t ri a rch a ce rt a i n very wi se an d h ono r able ma n ,

’
Arnul f by n a me Th i s c ity w a s c ap t u red by Go d s Ch ri sti a n s on
.
the fi ft eenth d ay o f J u ly the s ixth d ay o f th e week ,

.
( R ay mond ) Ac co rding l y a fte r s ix o r s even d ays the p ri nces

.
,
sol emnly bega n to c on s i de r t he m a tte r o f ch oosi ng a r ul e r w ho , ,
a s s u ming ch a rge o f a ll m a tte rs sho u l d collect the t ributes o f the,
regi on to whom th e p e a s a nts o f the l a n d co u l d t u rn and w ho

, ,
wo u l d s e e t o i t th a t t he l a n d w a s not fu rthe r dev a st a ted Whi l e .
th i s w a s t a k ing p l a ce s ome o f th e cl e rgy a ssemble d a n d s a i d to th e

,
“
ri nces We a p p rov e yo u r electi on b u t i f you p ro ceed rightly a n d
p , ,
p p ro e rly y o u wi l
,
l fi rst ch oose a s p i ri t u a l vi c a r a s etern a l m a tter s ,
come be fo re t em p o r al ; a fter thi s a rule r to p resi d e ove r sec u l a r ,

”
m a tte rs O ther wis e w e sh all h old inv a l id wh a teve r you do
.
,
The .
p ri nces we re ex ceeding l y a ngere d wh en they h e a r d thi s a n d p ro
c e e d e d th e mo re q u i ck l y w it h th e ele ction The cle rgy h a d been .
we akened by th e dep a rt u re o f Lo rd Adhem a r Ponti ff o f Puy w h o , , ,
i n hi s l i fe h a d h eld ou r a rmy togethe r w ith holy deed s a n d wo r ds ,
l i k e a se cond Mo s es A fte r him however Wi ll i a m B i sho p o f

.
, , ,
O r a nge a ma n o f good re pu te wi shed t o mi n i ste r to o u r st rength

, , ,
b u t he rested i n p e a ce a t M a rr a wi th i n a S ho rt time Acco rdingly .

,
TH E F I R ST CRU SAD E 2 63
the re fo re the good men h aving been t aken off the clergy con d u cte d
, ,
them selves humbly a l l ex ce p t the B i sho p o f A l ba ra a nd some oth ers

,
.
H o weve r the B i sho p o f M a rti r a no

,
15
a dv a nci ng by othe r th a n th e ,
right ro a d s i nce he h a d obt a i ned the chu rch o f B ethlehem by f r a ud

, ,
w a s c a ptu red by th e S a r a cens o n the thi r d or f ou rth d ay a n d n ever

a g a in a p pe a re d a mong u s Th e p ri nces d i srega rding a dmon i ti on
.
,
a n d o pp os it ion u rged t he C o u n t o f S t Gi l l es to a c ce t th e kingdom

, p . .
B u t he s a i d th a t h e abho r red th e name o f k i ng i n th a t city tho ugh ,
h e woul d con sen t to h a ve oth e rs a ccept i t Fo r thi s r e a son they .
together ch ose th e D uk e an d p l a ced hi m i n charge o f the S e pu l ch re

o f th e Lo rd .
A fte r thi s ho weve r the D u ke requi re d the Towe r o f Dav i d

, ,
f rom the Coun t B u t th e latte r re f u s ed s a ying th a t h e w i she d t o

.
,
st a y i n th a t regi on unti l E a s te r a nd meanwhile h e w a nted to kee p ,
hi msel f an d h is men in h ono r a bl e st a t e B u t the D uk e s a i d th a t .
h e woul d give u p othe r p l a ce s r a the r th a n th e To we r An d s o th e .
d isputes were m u lti plied Th e Counts o f Fl a nd ers a nd No r m a n d y

.
f a vo red th e D uke Almost a l l f ro m th e l a n d o f Co u nt Raymon d

.
"
di d l i kewi se i n th e beli e f th a t i f th e To we r we re su r ren de red h e
wo u ld the reupon ret u rn home Not a l one di d the P roven ca l s o pp o se .
thei r l o r d the C o unt i n thi s m a tt er b ut they a l so m a d e u p m a ny vi le

, , ,
st a tements abo ut him s o th a t h e w ou l d not be ch osen King An d .
s o th e Cou nt w itho ut th e help o f com p a n i on s or f ri en d s h a n d e d

, ,
ove r the To wer t o the B i s ho p o f Alb ara f or th e s ak e o f avo i di ng

j u dgment . B u t th e latte r without w a i ti ng f o r j udgment h a n d ed
, ,
i t ove r to the D uke a n d when he w a s c a lled tr a ito r fo r h a ving don e

,
thi s h e s a i d that he h a d been compe lled ( to d o s o ) an d h a d s u ffered

,
vi olence I foun d t h i s ou t i n truth th a t ve ry m a ny a rms were

.
, ,
b ro u ght i nto the ho u se o f t he P a tri a rch whe re th e B is ho p w a s s t a y

i ng ne a r t h e H oly S epulch re B u t h e s p oke a lso o f vi olen ce d on e .
, ,
h i ms el f a n d o ften sec retly c h a rged th e f r ien ds o f the Co u nt w it h

thi s a ff a i r .
S o when th e T owe r h a d been s u r ren d ered the Co unt bl a ze d fo rth ,
i nto gre a t a nge r ag a inst h i s p eo p l e s ayi ng th a t he co u l d n ot r emain ,
d i sgr a ced i n th a t count ry Acco rd ingly we s et o u t fro m Je rus a lem

.
,
t o J eri cho took pa lm s a n d went to th e J o rdan

,
6
The re a s Peter .
1
,
B a rtholomew h a d comm a nded a r a ft w a s const ru cted f rom twi gs , ,
a n d wi th th e Co u nt o n i t we p ul l ed i t a c ro s s the riv er ; s in ce fo rs o ot h , ,
w e h a d no shi p th i s p l a n s eeme d better to u s When a fte r thi s the

,
.
multit u de h a d b een c a lled t ogeth er we comm a n ded th a t th ey p r a y ,
God f or the l i f e o f th e Count an d the othe r p ri nces Ther e fo re .
we p r o ceeded to dress only in a sh i rt an d new b reeches a s w e h a d ,
been commanded about b a p ti sm ; but why the man o f Go d s o com

2 64 T H E F IR S T CRU S ADE
mand ed w e st i ll do n ot know Wh en th es e matte rs h a d b een aeco m

, .
p lis h ed w e ret u rn ed to J e ru s a lem

, .
At t hi s time Ar nul f chap lai n o f the Co un t o f N o rman dy was

, , ,
chosen Patri ar c h by some the goo d ( cl e rgy ) o p posing i t not only

,
be c a us e h e was n ot a s u b d e a co n but especi ally bec a u se h e w as o f ,
p ri estly bi rth an d was ac cu s ed o f i n continen c e on o u r expedit ion ,
s o m u ch s o t hat they sh a mele ss l y com p o sed vulga r s ongs a bout hi m .
B ut l ed on by su ch amb i tion a n d di sregar ding the de c rees o f the

, ,
canons an d the i n famy o f h i s bi rth an d con s ci en ce h e sti rre d u p ,
th e peop le agai nst the goo d ( cle rgy ) an d ha d h i msel f rai sed up on
t he pat ri a r chal s eat w ith hymn s an d chants an d the great appl au se
o f th e peopl e Th e d ivi ne vengean ce ex a ct ed f rom the B i sho p o f
.
M arti ran o who had been th e i n stigator an d exe cuto r o f thi s a ff a i r

, ,
not only d i d not terr i fy A rn u l f but f u rthermo re di d n ot preven t , , ,
h im fro m d e p r ivi ng o f thei r b en efi ce s th e clergy w h o h a d alt a rs i n

the chu r ch o f t he H oly S epul ch re o r th o se in wh ose custo d y in ,
d u lgenc e fun d s had been establi she d 17

.
An d thu s Arnul f i n c reas ing h i s po we r beg a n to i nqu i re f rom

, ,
th e i nhab itants o f th e ci ty w her e th e Cro ss w a s wh i ch p ilgri ms h a d

been a ccustomed t o a dor e be fo re J e ru s a lem was tak en Although .
th ey deni e d ( thi s kno wl edge ) an d by oath an d oth er sign s we r e ,
wi l li ng t o sh ow th a t th ey di d not kno w th ey w e re a t length com

:
,
“
p e ll e d ( t o yi el d ) an d sai d th i s : I t i s mani fest th a t Go d h as ch osen
yo u h as de l iv e red y ou f ro m a l l t rib u l at ion an d ha s given yo u thi s

, ,
an d many othe r ci tie s n ot by th e st rengt h o f you r val o r but by

, ,
bli n d ing th e i m p i o u s i n H i s w r a th Yo u r Lo r d a n d Gu id e h a s .
o p en ed t o y ou th e mo st st rongly fo rtifi e d citi e s a n d h a s wo n f ear

f ul battl es fo r y ou T here fo re why shoul d we stubbornly con ce a l
‘
.
,
”
fro m you H is goo d gi f t s si n ce w e s e e that God i s w i th you ?
,
A fter thi s th ey led th em to a cert a i n hal l i n t he chu rch and u n

, , ,
e a rth ing th e C ross they gave i t u p The reu p on all ou r men re

,
.
,
j o ice d a nd we retu rn e d p r a is e a n d th a nk s t o Almighty God who

, ,
not on ly g a ve u s the ci ty i n wh ich H e h a d su ffe red but l ikewi s e the ,
symbol s o f H i s Pass i on a n d vi cto ry that we might th e mo re closely ,
embr a c e H im w i th th e arms o f f a ith th e mo re ce rtai n th e s i gn s ,
o f o u r salv a t ion th a t w e beh el d .
( Manas s es ) M a n a sses by gr a ce o f Go d Archbi shop o f Rhei ms

, ,
to L ambert hi s b rothe r B i sho p o f Ar r a s ; greeti ng i n J es u s Ch r i st

, ,
.
B e i t k nown t o y ou d e a rest b roth er th a t a tru e an d j oy ful rumo r

, ,
h a s re cent ly come t o ou r e a rs whi ch we bel ieve t o h a ve come d own

—
,
n ot f rom h uman know ledge but f rom th e D ivi

,
n e M a j esty to wi t :
Jerus alem stan d s on h igh with j oy a n d gladness whi ch i t h as s o
gl o ri ou sly r eceive d f rom Go d in ou r t im e s Jer u s a lem the ci ty o f .
,
2 66 T H E FI R ST CRU S ADE
When T a nc red h e a rd thi s h e st ra ightw ay s ent a m essenge r t o

,
J eru s a lem to D uke Go d f rey the P a t ri a r ch a nd a ll the p ri n ces

, , ,
“
s a ying : Kn o w th a t b a ttl e i s bei ng p re p a red f o r us a t Ascalon .
”
Go the re q u i ckly w i th all t he fo rce s th a t yo u c an obt a i n Then th e .
D u ke o r der e d that a l l be warn ed to go to Ascal on faith f ul ly p re

p a re d ag a in st o u r enemy H e h i m sel f w ith t h e P a t ri a rch a n d
.
,
Robert Coun t o f Fl a nder s w en t o u t o f th e ci ty o n th e th i r d day

, ,
o f the week a n d th e B i sho p o f M a rt i r a no wi th them

, B ut the Co unt .
o f S t Gi lles an d Robert the N o rm a n sai d t h a t they wo u ld n ot go

.
fo rt h u nl es s th ey kn e w th a t battl e w a s ce rt a in Acco r di ngly th ey .

,
o rde re d thei r kn ight s to go a n d s ee wh ethe r the re w a s re a lly a
battle a n d t o ret u r n q u i ckly bec a u s e they w ere re a dy to go s tra ight

, ,
w ay . Th ey wen t a n d s aw the b a ttl e an d retu rne d qu i ckly w ith the

ne ws th a t t hey h a d seen it w ith thei r own eyes Fo rthwi th th e D uk e .
sent wo rd t o J e rus a lem by th e B i sh op o f M a rti r a n o wh o h a d b een ,
t a ken a l ong fo r the k ni ghts w ho w e re th ere to p re pa re th ems elve s

,
a n d come to b a ttl e O n th e fo urth d ay o f the week tho se p ri n ce s

.
w ent out a n d ro de to b a ttl e T he B i sho p o f M a rti r a no w ent b a ck

.
,
be a ri ng m es s a ge s fo r the P at ri a rch a n d th e D uke a n d the S a ra cen s , ,
comi ng u p on h im car ri ed h i m o ff c ap t ive wi th th em B ut Peter

,
.
the H ermi t rem a in e d a t Je ru s a l em o rde ri ng an d comman d i ng both ,
Greek an d L a ti n c le rgy f a i th ful ly to h ol d a p roces sion to God an d ,
to o ff e r p rayer s an d a lms th a t Go d m ight give vi cto ry to H i s people .
Thu s th e cle ri cs an d the p ri e sts d res sed i n sac re d vest ment s con
, ,
du cted a p ro ces si on to the Templ e o f th e Lo r d ch a n ting m a s ses a nd ,
p r a ye rs th a t H e might de fen d H i s p eo p le .
At l ength the Patri a rch bi sho p s an d the o th e r l e a d e rs were as

, ,
semble d a t t h e ri ve r wh i ch is i n the regi o n o f As c a lon Th er e th ey .
took p l unde r o f m a ny c a ttle c a mel s s h ee p a n d go od s o f a l l kin ds

, , ,
.
H o wever a l mos t th ree h u nd re d A r abs c a me u p an d ou r men r u shed

,
u p on them a n d t ook t wo o f them pu rsu ing the re st u p t o th ei r a rmy

, .
Wh en eveni ng c a me the Patri a rc h ha d i t h er a l ded th rough t he

, .
wh ol e host th a t at e a rl i est m o rn i ng a l l shou l d b e rea dy fo r b a ttle ,
forb i ddi ng a ny man t o p ay a ttenti on to a ny s p oi l s u nti l th e b at tle

w a s fin i shed b u t s a yi ng th a t when thi s w as don e they might retu rn
,
w ith j oy o f goo d fo rt u n e t o t ake all th a t was p re d estine d to the m

by th e Lo rd .
At e a rly d a wn on th e sixth d ay o f the week they ente re d a ve ry ,
be a uti fu l v a lley ne a r the s ea coa st wh er e they a rr a nged thei r l in es

-
,
.
T he D u ke d rew u p h i s li n e th e Co u n t o f No rm a ndy h is the Co u n t

, ,
l g
of S t Gi lle s h i s th e Co unt o f Fl a n de rs his T a ncred a n d G as t on
.
, ,
e
thei r s Th ey a lso a rr a nge d f oot sol di ers a n d bowmen to p reced

.
-
the knigh ts ; an d so th ey o rdere d eve ryth ing a n d beg a n to fight im

TH E F I R ST CRU SADE 2 67
medi ately i n t h e n a me o f the Lo rd Je s u s Ch r i st O n th e l e ft s i de .
wa s D u ke Go d f rey w ith hi s l ine a n d the Co u nt o f S t Gi l le s ro de , .
n e a r the s ea on the right s i d e Th e Co u nt o f No rm a n dy th e Co u nt .

,
o f Fl a n de rs T a n cred a n d al l th e rest rode i n the mi ddle Th en

, , .
o u r men beg a n to move a bout a l ittle but th e en emy stood re a dy ,
fo r b a ttle E a ch on e h a d h i s w a te r b ag h a ngi ng f ro m h i s n eck o u t

.
-
o f whi ch they co ul d d ri nk a s th ey p u rs u ed u s b u t by t he grac e o f ,
God th ey were no t a cco rd ed thi s ( p rivi lege ) M o re ove r the Count .

,
o f N o rm a n dy pe rceiving th a t th e st a n da r d o f t h e E mi r h a d a k in d
,
o f golde n a pp l e o n th e t op o f a spe a r whi ch was w ork e d w i th si lve r ,
r u shed violently u p on h im an d wo u n de d h i m even to de ath O n .
a nothe r si d e th e Co u nt o f Fl a nde r s ve ry fi e rcely rushed u pon th e

,
enemy Tancred the reu p on made a charge th rough th e mi ddl e o f

.
, ,
thei r t en ts an d whe n t he p agans sa w th i s they st ra i ghtw ay took t o

, ,
fl ight . The mu lt it u de o f th e pag a n s was i nnu me r abl e a n d no ,
one kno w s thei r n umbe r ex ce p t Go d alon e T he bat tl e wa s huge .

,
but a ccomp a nyin g u s w a s the D ivi n e m ight s o gre a t s o st rong that , , ,
we overc a me the m i mme d i a tely M oreo ver ou r enemy stoo d .

,
blin de d an d s t u pefi e d a n d though l ookin g at th e kn ights o f Ch ri st

, ,
w ith open eyes they s a w n othing ; t hu s te rrifi ed at th e valo r o f Go d

, ,
t hey da red not ri se u p a ga i ns t the Ch r i sti a n s I n th e exces s o f .
thei r fea r they cli mbe d t ree s i n wh i ch th ey th o u ght to hi de them ,
s elves but o u r men b ro u ght them to e a rth by shoo ti ng an d kill ing

,
them w ith l a n ces a n d s p e a rs O ther s th rew themse l ves on th e .
ground n ot da ri ng t o stan d u p a ga i nst u s O u r men c u t t h e m to

,
.
i ece s j u st c ts ni m a l s to p ie ce s for th e m a rket The Co u nt

'
p ,
a s o n e u a .
o f S t Gil l e s k il led them with o u t n u mber but some fl u ng th ems elv es

. ,
into th e s ea a nd o the rs fl ed hi the r an d hithe r

,
.
T he reu p on the Em i r comi ng i n f ront o f the ci ty gri eving an d , ,

“
sor row fully wee p i ng s a i d : O S p i ri ts o f the God s ! Who eve r
,
s a w or he a rd s u ch things ? S u ch might such v a lo r s u ch mi li tar y , ,
sk i ll neve r exceeded by a ny p eo p le i s no w conq u e red by a b a n d

, ,
o f Ch ri st i a n s s o l ittle th a t they cou l d be en clo sed i n the ho llo w o f
a h a n d Ala .
s ! Grie f a n d s a dn ess a re min e ! What mo re sh a l l I say ?
I am conquere d by a race beggarly u n a rmed an d very p oor a r a ce , , , ,

’
th a t h a s noth i n g ex c e p t a begga r s scr i p an d cl o ak They no w .
u rs u e th e E gy p t i a n p eo p l e who commonly g a ve the m a l ms when

p
i n ol den ti mes they begged th ro u gh o u r whol e lan d H i the r a c .
,
cor ding to a greemen t I have b rought togethe r two h un d red tho u s a n d

,
knights an d behol d I se e them fleei ng wi th loose bri d l es a long th e

, , ,
ro a d t o B abyl on a n d th ey d a re not t u rn b a ck a ga inst the Fr a nkish

,
O l e ! I swea r by M o h a mme d a n d by the n a me s o f a l l th e go ds

p p
e
th a t since I am d ri ven ou t by th i s f o rei gn peo p le I will no longe r
,
,
2 68 T H E FI R S T C RUSAD E
r et a in knights fo r an y g a theri ng I brought a ll k ind s o f we a pon s .
a n d i nst rument s a n d m a chin es to besi ege t he m i n J e ru salem an d ,
they h a ve come be fo re me to b a ttle by two d ays Ala s ! Wh a t .
wo u l d b e m in e i f I h a d l ed thei r p eo p l e a s my own ! W oe i s me !
,
Wh a t mo r e shal l I s ay ? I wi ll be fo reve r d i sgr a ced i n the l a n d

”
o f B a bylon ! O u r men mo reove r took h i s st a n d a rd w hi ch the
, , ,
Coun t o f No rman dy bought f o r twenty ma rk s o f si lve r an d gav e ,
i t to th e Patri a rch to th e h on or o f God a n d th e H o ly S ep u l ch re ;

,
-
a n d s ome o n e bo ught th e s wo rd f o r s ixty bes a n ts And s o Go d .

,
wi ll ing ou r enemy we re conqu er e d

, .
Al l th e shi p s o f th e p a g a n l a nd s we re the re but when th e men ,
on them s a w the Emi r fl eeing w ith h i s a rmy th ey i mme di a tely ,
h oi sted s a i l a n d ro de ou t to deep wat e r O u r men ret urne d to .
thei r tents a n d took a great a mo u nt o f s p oi l gol d si lve r a , , ,
he ap o f a l l k in ds o f good s ho rses an d m u l es ass es an d camel s in

, , ,
nu merabl e sh ee p an d c a ttl e an d i n st r u ments f or al l th e mountai n s

a n d h i l l s an d a l l th e level p l a ce s we re covere d wi th th e m u lt itude
’
o f th e en emy s a n i m a l s Fin d ing pi les o f a rms also th ey car ri ed
.
, ,
o ff what t hey wi she d a n d b u rn ed th e r est O u r men retu rn ed wi th .
j oy to J e rus a l em br inging along goods o f eve ry de sc ri p ti on ; to wi t

, ,
c a mel s an d a sses l a den w ith bi sc u it butter gr a i n cheese b read o il , , , , , ,
a n d a l l the good s they n eed ed Thi s battle was fought on th e

.
d ay be fo re th e I de s o f Augu st ou r Lor d J es u s Ch ri st granti ng th i s

, ,
who h a th h ono r a nd glory n ow an d eve r fo reve r an d eve r Let , .
every spi ri t say Amen !

( R aymon d ) An d when a s w e s a i d ab ove i t h a d been a rran ge d
, ,
that th e D u ke o f Lo rraine sh ou l d keep the ci ty an d when th e Count , ,
embi ttere d wi t h grie f a nd w rong becau se he ha d easi ly l os t th e

To wer o f D a vi d ( t hat i s the capit a l o f th e whol e ki ngdo m o f
,
Jud a ea ) w a s arranging fo r th i s reason to turn w ith mo st o f o u r

,
p eo p l e i t w a s a nnoun ce d t o u s t h a t the King o f B abylon had come to

,
A sc a lon w ith a co untles s multi tu de o f p aga n s A nd a s i t w a s tol d .
us ,
h e h a d come to t a ke J er u s a l e m by sto rm to k i l l a ll th e F r a nk s ,
a bov e tw en ty yea rs t o ta k e t he rest t ogeth er w ith the women ca p

, , ,
ti ve to give th e m a le s t o women o f h is own r a ce and t he women

, ,
t o hi s yo u th s s o that th e lo rd s o f B aby l o n might then have w a rl ik e

,
fa m i l i es o f th e r a ce o f th e Fr a n k s B u t not content wi th thi s h e .

,
s a i d he wo u l d do th e same wi th Anti och an d B oh emu n d ; h e s a i d ,
l ikewi s e th a t he w o u l d p l a ce u p on hi s h e a d the d iadem s o f Da

,
mas cu s an d the r e st o f the citi es H e s a i d th a t th e T u rk s an d the .
F r a nks v i ctors over th e T u rk s we re nothing i n com p ari son wi th

, ,
the mult itu de o f hi s f oot sol di e rs and kn ights Bu t n ot eve n conten t

-
.
“
w it h thi s he tu rned in bl a s p hemy ag a i nst God s a yi ng
,
I wi l l de , .
2 70 TH E F I R ST C RUSAD E
the othe r a rmed men a s we sai d we re a dv a n ci ng i n nine squad ron s

, , .
Th ere we re th ree on th e re a r t h ree i n f ront an d th ree i n th e , ,
mi dd le s o a r r a nged th a t f rom wh a tever si d e b a ttle c a me i t wo u l d

, ,
be met i n thos e th ree r a nks th e mi ddle squa d ron rem a in i ng a s ,
a su ppo rt o f al l When th e Ar ab h er d smen however saw th e

.
, ,
k night s w h o ha d been sent ahead they de se rte d thei r a n im a l s ,

.
An d yet i f Go d we re rega r d ing them as H e reg a rd ed u s t hey sho u l d

, ,
have ente red upon a fi ght w it h a l l o f u s T her e wer e abou t t hr ee .
thous a nd he r d smen i n a rms bu t to ou r a rmy w e h es it a tingly a sc r ibe

,
m ore than twelve hu n d re d kni ght s whi le w e d a r e n ot pu t th e ,
nu mbe r o f footmen beyond n i n e tho u s a nd An d so when the h e rd s .
men ha d fl ed w e t ook as much p l under a s we s aw o n th a t d ay

,
.
S o me o f t he h er dsmen we re ki ll ed an d a f ew ca p t u red A fte r th i s .

,
ho weve r w e rem a ine d i n th e same p l a ce bec au se i t w as even ing

,
.
An d then w e f orced the c ap tive s t o con fes s th e intenti on s o f th e

enemy thei r con di ti on an d n u mbe r
,
Th ey con f es se d there f ore .
, ,
th a t i t was th e wi ll o f these peo p l e to b esi ege Jer us a lem tak e t he ,
F r a nk s by storm kil l a n d ca p tu re them an d they adde d th a t th e

, _
,
Emi r w a s i n c a mp five le a g u es a way re a dy t o se t fo rth a gain st u s

, ,
o n t he n ext d ay O f th ei r nu mbe r h o weve r scarcely a nyon e was

.
, ,
ce rtain s in ce they we re being m u l ti p li ed d a i ly When q u esti on ed

,
.
about themselve s a n d thei r com pani on s they s a i d they we re he r der s ,
o f anim a l s whi ch we re t o be di strib u te d fo r a p ri ce a mo ng th e
fo rce s o f B abyl on i a ns .
Acco rdi ngly ou r men eager an d a ss u red o f battle s ent b a ck t o

, , ,
the i r com pan i on s t he c a use s o f t ro u ble an d controver sy A fte r .
thi s th ey con fes sed th ei r sin s an d negligen ce an d we re s o ch eere d

,
i n s p i rit th a t i t seemed scar cely c redibl e t o them th a t th e enemy

w er e p re p a re d for battl e Fo r su ch secu ri ty grew u p i n the h e a rt s
.
o f e a ch man t hat th ey beli eved thei r enemy mo re timi d th a n bind s ,
an d mo r e h a rml es s th a n sh ee p B u t w e had thi s se cu rity b eca u se .
we bel ieve d th a t God w a s w ith u s a s i n the othe r m a tte r an d that , ,
beca u se o f t h e blasphemy m a de a g a in st H i m H e wo u l d de a l ( wi th
them ) on H i s own a ccount even i f ou r c au se we re val u eless The re,
.
fo re we rega r ded H i m a s ou r D e fen de r an d o u r selves a s ai d s t o H i m ,
i n H i s ( st ruggle ) Then i t w a s p ro cl a i med t h rough t he a rmy that

.
a ll sh o u ld be re a dy f or b a ttl e i n th e morn ing a n d th a t e a ch on e ,
sh oul d a tt a ch h i msel f to the p ri nces o f h i s p eo p le a n d that n o on e ,
sho u l d touch p l un der an d th a t a ny wh o to u che d i t be fo r e the battl e

,
w as fi ni sh ed wo u l d be excom m u ni cated We s p ent th a t n ight poo rly .
en ough f o r w e h a d n o tent s ; a fe w h a d b re a d n o on e wi ne an d
, , ,
very fe w gr a in an d s a l t b u t me a t w a s a s ab u nd a nt a s san d We at e
,
.
me a t an d fo r b re a d we h ad the so ft flesh o f sheep

,
.
TH E FI R ST C RU SADE 271
And no w the morni ng o f the fol lowi ng d ay w as dawning a nd ,
th e w a t ch fu l host w a s a roused to the fight by the soun d o f t rum p et s

a n d h o rn s S o at d ayb re a k we s et fo rth d r a wn u p a s we have
.
,
a l re a dy desc ribed wi th guard s on eve ry si de a n d d i rected th e a rmy

, ,
o f God a g a i n st the c a m p o f M ohammed B u t th e en emy l i ngere d .
w ith i n thei r c a m p thi nking t h a t at th e i r a ppro a ch we woul d n ot

,
even st ay i nsi de o u r w a l ls Fo r wh en they h e a rd o f the d e a th an d

.
“
fl ight o f th e h e rdsmen they s a i d The Fr a nk s have come for
, ,
p lunde r a n d h a ve gone b a ck wi th i t T hey we re bei ng d a i ly in .
fo rmed fo rsooth by those wh o fle d from J e rusal em o f o u r sm a l l

, ,
n u mbe rs a n d o f the we akne s s o f ou r p eopl e an d h or se s B esi des .

,
re l ying on th ei r n u mber a n d st rength th ey bel i eved th a t they co u l d ,
d ro wn u s a n d ou r c a m p i n thei r s p i t a l on e Li k ewi se thei r st a r .

,
ga z er s a n d s o othsaye r s a s i t w a s re p o rt ed s a i d that they o ugh t

, ,
n ei the r t o mov e the i r c a m p n o r fight a g a i nst u s u n ti l th e sev e nth

d ay o f t h e w eek ; th a t i f they w i she d t o d o any o f t hese things
e a rlie r m a tt ers wou l d t u rn ou t a dve rsely
,
We a dv a n ced d r a wn .
,
up i n sq u a d rons a s we h a ve s a i d , God m u lti p li ed H i s army .
s o that we d i d n o t s eem i n fe rio r i n n u mb ers t o th e enemy For .
th e a ni m a l s wh ich w e h a d le f t j oi ned themselve s to u s a n d fo rming , ,
he rds th ough n o on e d rove them they a ccom p a ni e d u s s o th a t

, , ,
t h ey stoo d when w e h a lted ra n when we ran an d a dvance d with , ,
o u r a dv a nce Th e a mo u nt o f p r ecio u s s p oi l was i nesti m a bl e M o re

. .
ov er wh o can count all th e a rm s o r t e nt s ? Wh en ou r en emy s a w

,
t h ei r multit ude cu t to p i eces a n d o u r me n sec u rely a n d e a ge rly fi gh t

i ng i n thei r tent s fo r vi ct ory a n d s p o i l th ey t u rned an d s a i d to ,
th emsel ves Fl i ght i s o u r o nly p rotecti on a nd why d el ay ? If these

, ,
men w o rn o u t f rom thei r m a rch a l most hal f dea d f rom h u nge r

, ,
a n d th i r st h ave tod a y p ro st r a ted al l ou r m u lti tu de at on e ch a rge

, ,
wh a t wi l l they do wh en rested re f reshed a n d vi cto rio u s ag a in st u s

, , ,
”
h a l f dest royed l ess en e d i n nu mb er and t e rri fie d ?
,
Acco rdi ngly , ,
the enemy retu rne d with d ist u rb ed mi nd t o Ascalon which w a s ,
a bo u t a mi
. le f rom o u r c a mp — b u t n ot al l o f th em .
I t then p l e a sed R a ymon d to sen d a ce rt a i n B oh emu n d a T u rk ,
by bi rth to t h e Emi r un der p reten se o f ente ring u p o n a f ri en d

,
shi p bl a ming h i m bec a u se h e h a d been u nw ill in g to s ur ren d e r

,
Jerus a lem f reely a n d bec a u se h e h a d born e a rms a ga in st u s B ohe .
mun d w a s at th e s a m e ti me t o fi n d ou t whet he r th e Emi r w a s

medit ating fl ight o r b a ttle a n d h ow h e co ndu cted h i msel f in d e fe a t
,
.
Thi s B oh e mu n d mo reove r w a s a T u rk by bi rth le a rn ed i n m a ny

, , ,
tong u es ve ry i ngeni ou s a n d c r a fty an d most l oy a l to u s H e w a s

,
.
c a l led B oh emu n d bec a use th e gre a t B oh emu n d h a d recei ve d h im

2 72 TH E FI RS T C RUSAD E
f ro m the b ap ti sm a l font fo r he h a d co me to u s wit h hi s w i fe an d

,
a rms .
Th e book o f R a ymond o f S t Gi ll es i s ended h appi ly . .
6 . B oh emun d an d B a l d w in fu lfil th eir vow .
( Nove mbe r ,
1 099
J anua ry ,
( F u l ch er ) . Lo rd B oh emu nd a wi s e and ene rgeti c man , ,
was th en r u ling in Antio ch wh i l e Bal d wi n a b roth er o f th e a fo re

, ,
s a i d Go d f rey r u l e d Ed essa an d the n eighbo ri ng l a n d s a c ro ss t he

,
Eu p h ra tes rive r When th es e two heard that J e ru salem h a d been

.
t a ken by tho s e w h o h a d s et ou t as th ei r com p anio ns th ey we re made ,
most j oy f u l an d hu mbly gav e th a nks to God B u t i f th os e wh o p re .
ced ed them had d on e well a n d s u cces s fu l ly it i s n ot t o b e d oubted ,
th at th ese t wo w it h thei r fo rce s we re t o pa rt a ke o f the glo ry even

, , ,
th o u gh they fo l lo we d l ate r F o r it w a s necess a ry that th e lan d

.
and s ta tes tak en w i th su ch di ffic u l ty f ro m t h e T u rks s h oul d b e

ca re f u l ly g u a rd e d The se i f l e ft u ngua rded mi ght b e re cove red
.
, ,
in a ren ewe d attack by the Tu rks w ho w e re n o w d r iven back to ,
Pe rs ia I n th i s c a se great harm w oul d be fa ll all the Fra nk s goi ng

.
,
t o J er u sal em a s well a s r et u rn i ng
,
Perh a ps D ivi ne Provi den ce .
,
know ing that B oh e mu n d an d B al dw in wo ul d be mo re u se fu l to th e

a rmy i n w hat rem a i ned t o b e don e than i n what was a l ready done ,
h a d del a yed th em .
Oh h ow many ti mes i n the m eant ime thi s same B a l d wi n was

, , ,
wear i e d i n m ak in g wa r again st th e Tu rks i n th e lan d o f M esop o

t a mi a ! To tel l ho w m a ny o f thei r head s he cut off ther e woul d be
i m p o ssibl e O fte n it ha p pened that h e wit h h i s f ew men fought a
.
gre a t m u l ti tu de o f th em an d w ith th e h el p o f God rej oi ced i n , ,
t ri um p h An d w hen B oh emu n d t h ro u gh legates ha d advi sed B ald

.
, ,
wi n th a t th ey a n d thei r men s ho u l d b oth com p lete t h e unfin i she d

j ou rney t o Jer u sal em B a l dw i n a r r a n ging sati s f a cto ri ly al l hi s
, ,
a ff a i rs p re p a re d to go
,
Th en hea ring th a t the Tu rks ha d i nvade d
.
,
o n e s ecti on o f h i s co u nt ry h e s u spen ded t he exec u tion o f h is p ro

,
j e c t ,
an d w ithou t takin g ti me to a ssembl e h i s li ttl e a rmy h e went ,
a g a in st t h e en emy w ith a f ew m en O n a cert a i n d ay wh en th e .
T u rk s un con cern ed in thei r tent s w ere th i nki ng th a t B aldwi n ha d

, ,
a l ready commen ce d h i s j ou rney a ll at on c e they s aw the white flag ,
wh ich he c a r ri ed ; an d st r u ck with fe a r t hey t ook t o flight A fte r

, , .
f ollowing them a l i ttl e way with hi s few men B a l dwi n retu rn ed t o ,
com pl et e what h e h a d j ust pl an ned .
S etting ou t an d pa ssi ng to the le f t o f Antio ch he c a me to Lao ,
d icae a where h e bo u ght p rovi s ion s fo r th e j ou rn ey a n d reloade d

,
th e pack ani mal s an d s et ou t It was the month o f Novembe r . .

2 74 TH E FI R S T C RUSAD E
Wh en we reach ed the re o u r lon g fatig u e was fo rgotten W h en , .
we v ie wed t he m u ch l onged f o r H o l y o f H oli es we we re fi l l e d wi th ,
j oy in des c rib able O h h ow o ften we re c a lled to mi nd th a t p ro p hecy

.
,
“
o f Davi d wh i ch says We sh a ll wo rsh i p i n t he pl a ce wher e H i s
,
f eet have stoo d ! ” 3

We b ehel d th a t p ro p hecy truly ful fill ed in u s ,
a lthough i t li kewi s e
p ertai ns to many others Th ithe r i nd eed d i d .
, ,
w e go u p th e t ribes th e t r ibe s o f the Lo rd to con fes s H i s na me

, ,
” 24
,
i n H i s h oly place O n th e d ay o f ou r ent r a n ce i n to J er u salem th e

.
,
ret reating s u n havi ng f ulfi ll ed i ts wi nter de scent resu med i ts as

, ,
c en d in g co u rs e .
’
A fter w e ha d vi s i te d th e Lo rd s S e p ul ch re a nd H i s Glor i ou s
Tem pl e an d m a ny oth e r sac re d p l a ces on th e fo u rth d ay w e went ,
to B ethlehem i n o rde r th a t a s w e we re abo u t to celebr a te the ann i

, ,
v e rs a ry o f the n a t ivi ty o f ou r Lo rd we mi ght that ve ry n ight b e ,
watche rs i n th e st a b l e where th e H oly M other l a i d J es u s an d the re ,
a ss i st i n t he devoti on s Al l that n ight we fi l le d w ith a pp ro p riate

.
devot i on s ; an d i n th e thi r d ho u r a ft er th ree mas ses had been cel e ,
b ra t ed w e ret u rn ed to J e r u s a lem
, O h wh a t a sten ch th e re t hen w a s .
,
a rou nd th e w a l l o f th e city i n si de a n d ou tsi de f rom th e dead bo di e s , ,
o f th e S a racen s m a s s a c re d by o u r colle a g u e s on th e c a pt u re o f th e
,
c i ty wher eve r they h a d h u nte d the m down !

,
B u t a fte r we a n d o u r be a sts h a d been re fre sh ed fo r some ti me

with a mu ch n eeded rest an d a fter the D uke an d oth er le a de r s h a d ,
chosen D aimbe rt menti on ed above a s Pat ri a rch i n the ch u rch o f

, ,
t he H oly S e pu l ch re we g ot n e w s u pp l ie s o f p rovi sion s a n d l oa d ing

, , ,
o u r mul es we wen t d o wn a g a i n to th e ri ve r J o rd a n
,
S o me o f .
the a rmy the l a st to a rr ive c hose to rem a i n i n J er u salem ; othe rs

, ,
wh o h a d com e fi r st p re fer re d to go with u s ; b u t Duke God f rey

co nti nu ed energet ical ly t o r u l e t h e te rr i to ry o f J eru salem .
O n th e t h i r d d ay be fo re th e I de s o f A u gu st th ose si ckly days

, , ,
Urb a n Ponti ff o f Rome p assed a w ay

, ,
.
O n the fi rst d ay o f Jan u a ry 1 1 00 A D we al l took p al m b ran ches .

,
c u t in J eri ch o to c a r ry th em o ff a s w a s custom a ry
,
On t h e se con d , .
d ay we commen ce d ou r r etu rn j o u rney O u r l eader s wi sh ed t o c ro ss .
t h ro u gh the city o f T ibe ri a s on th e s ea o f G a l ilee Thi s s ea f o rme d .

,
f rom a u n i on o f f resh w a te r s i s eighteen mi l es l ong a n d five wi de , .
We went f rom the r e to C a esa re a Phi li pp i whi ch i n the Syr ian -
t ong u e i s c a l l ed Pane a s an d whi ch i s sit u a te d a t the f oot o f M o u nt

,
Leb a non The re two s p rings g u sh fo rth wh i ch give ri se t o t he ri ve r

.
Jo rd a n Th i s Jo rdan fl owi ng th ro ugh the S ea o f G a l ile e then

.
, ,
r u n s i nto th e Dead S ea Th e L ak e o f Genn esa ret 25

a ccor ding to
.
,
J o se p hu s i s forty st a de s wi d e and on e hund re d l ong Th e rive r

,
.
,
then fl owing i n one ch a nnel s p re a ds ou t into a s ea whi ch i s cal led

, ,
TH E FI R S T CRUSAD E 2 75
D ea d bec a us e nothing l ivi ng flo u ri sh es i n i t Thi s s e a wh i ch i s .

,
c a ll ed L a ke As p h a lti tes is beli eved to b e bottoml es s a n d to h ave

,
bu ri e d i n its de p th s the citie s o f S o d o m a nd Gomo rr a h Fo llow ing .
S t J e rome who m I re a d i n his ex p o si tion u pon th e p ro p het Amos

.
, ,
I con j e ctu re d qu ite care fully wi th rega rd to th es e s p ri ngs t h a t

D a n w a s lo c a ted i n th a t p a rt o f J u de a wh e re Pa n ea s no w is ; for th e
t ribe o f D an b u i lt the re a city wh i ch t hey c a ll e d by th e n a me o f thei r
f a th e r D a n Fo r th i s re a son I thi nk th e o ne s p ri ng wa s c a lled
, .
,
D a n a n d the othe r Jo r whi ch w as a dj a cen t to it

, T hen we c a me to .
a ve ry st rong ci ty whi ch they c a lle d B a lbec b u ilt by S olomon an d , ,
s u rroun d e d by high walls an d c a lle d by hi m Th adama r ,

26
T h is i s .
s itu a ted a two d a ys ma rch f ro m u pp e r Sy ri a abo u t s ix days j ou rney ,

’
f ro m gre a t B a bylon a n d a bo u t on e d a y s m a rch f rom th e E u p h r a te s
, .
Th e Greeks c a l le d th i s p l a c e P a lmyr a H e re s p rings a nd wel ls .
a boun d ; b ut w a ter w a s n eve r f oun d in the lo we r l a n d .
Then abo u t fo u r h und re d s ol d i e rs o f the Tu rk s o f D a m a s c u s

c a me ou t to meet u s B ec a u se th ey though t w e wer e u n a rme d a n d
.
gre a tly exh a usted f ro m o u r l abor s t hey s u pp ose d th a t we we re ,
a lso d i scou r a ged I f Lo rd B a l d wi n h a d n ot on th a t d ay c a utiously

.
a n d c a re ful ly gu a rde d th e re a r p e rh a ps they woul d h a ve k i ll ed ,
m a ny o f u s Fo r ou r bo ws a n d ar row s wer e s poi le d i n a r a i nstorm

.
,
s in ce in th a t region th ey we re f a sten ed togethe r wi th gl ue B ohe .
m u nd w a s l eadi ng th e fi rst div i si on o f ou r a rmy S o w i th th e hel p .

,
o f God t he p a g a ns got n o a dv a nt a ge o f u s
,
Then we c a m p ed be f o re .
th a t town O n the ve ry n ext d ay a pp ro a ch ing n e a rer to t h e s ea

. ,
we pa ss ed ove r t h e the ci ti es o f To rto s a and Laodicaea The re a t .
Lao dica ea we f oun d Cou nt R aymond who m we h a d l e ft the re ,

.
B eca use f oo d w as s c a rce we co u l d b uy n o su pp li es on whi ch w e

,
coul d l ive Th e re fo re we h a stened wi tho u t s to pp i ng unt i l we a r

.
, ,
rived at Edess a .
7 . O fficia l su mma ry o f the Cru s ad e .

( J une 19, 1 09 7 —Augu st 12 ,
1 09 9 )
( D aimber t ) To the lo rd Pope o f the Rom a n Chu rch to the ,
al l
b i sho p s , a n d wh o cheri sh the Ch ri sti a n

all f a i th ; I A r chbisho p o f
,
Pis a a n d th e oth er bi sh o p s Duke Go d frey

, , , n o w by gr a ce o f God
, ,
D e fende r o f th e H o ly Se p ul ch re R a ymond , , Count o f St Gi ll es an d .

,
a ll t he a rmy o f Go d wh i ch i s i n the l a n d o f I s r a el ; greeti ng and

p r a yer .
M u lti p ly you r pr aye rs a n d su pp l i c a ti on s wi th j oy an d exu lt a ti on in

the si ght o f th e Lord si nce Go d h a s enl a rged H i s com p a ssio n by
,
f ulfilli ng i n u s wh a t H e p romi sed i n olde n ti mes F o r a fter th e .

,
c a ptu re o f N i c a e a wh en the whole a rmy d e p a rted thence the re were ,

2 76 TH E FI RS T C RUS AD E
mo re th a n soldi er s An d t hough th i s multi tud e w as s o

.
gre a t that i t coul d h a ve occupi ed al l Ro m an ia d r u nk up al l th e ,
rive rs an d consume d al l th e veget a ti on i n on e day yet the L o r d

, ,
co ndu cted th em i n su ch pl enty th a t a ra m w a s b ough t f or on e

d e nariu s an ox fo r les s th a n t w elve
, Fu rthe rmo re even though .
,
th e p r in ce s a n d k ings o f the S a racen s ro se u p a ga i ns t u s n eve rt h e ,
le ss Go d wi lling they we re eas i ly conq u e re d an d c ru she d An d s o

, , .
,
b ec a us e some w ere p u ffed up at th e h appy o utcome o f these events ,
Go d o pp ose d t o u s An ti o ch a ci ty i m p regn abl e t o h u man migh t an d

, ,
d etai ned u s t here fo r n i n e months an d s o h u mb led u s i n the s i ege ,
out si d e the ci ty u nti l eve ry s we lli ng o f ou r a r ro gan c e rel a pse d i nto

humi li ty .
Ac co r d ingly when w e h a d been br ough t s o l ow th a t s ca rcely o n e

,
h und red s oun d h o rse s wer e f oun d in th e w hole a r my Go d opene d ,
u p to u s t he s u pp ly o f H is bl es si ng an d com p a ssio n le d u s i n t o the ,
ci ty an d m a de subj ect to o u r sw ay t he T u rk s an d all th ei r p osse s

,
s i on s S i n ce we took thi s a s i f i t w ere a cq u i r ed by ou r ow n st rength

.
,
a n d d i d n o t w o rth ily glo ri fy God wh o h a d con f erre d i t we we re , ,
b es i eged by su ch a mul ti tude o f S a r a cen s that n o on e d a re d to go

out o f th e c ity gre a t as i t w as I n a d d iti on f a mi ne grew s o po we r
, .
,
ful i n th e city that some coul d sca r cely r estrain th emselve s f rom
e a ting hu man fl esh I t i s a l ong s to ry t o r eco u nt al l the m i se ry
.
wh i ch was p res ent i n th e ci ty H o w ev e r th e Lor d looked again .

,
u p o n H i s p eople wh om H e had s o l ong ch a st i sed an d console d them ,
kin dly Accor dingly fi rst as i f to m ak e re p a r a ti on f or ou r su ffe r

.
, ,
ing H e g av e u s H i s Lan ce a gi ft not see n si n ce the ti me o f th e

, ,
a postles Th en H e s o a n i m a te d th e he a rts o f the men th a t thos e

.
,
who m s i ckn es s o r st a rv at i on ha d de p r iv ed o f st rength t o wal k

a bout were n o w i n fu se d wi th powe r to t a k e u p arm s a n d fight
cou r a geously T hen when th e enemy h a d b een t ri um p h a ntly over

.
,
come th e army l e ft Antio ch bec a us e o f famin e d i sgust a n d espe

, , ,
c ia l ly bec a u se o f th e quar rels amo ng th e p rin ces .
S etti ng ou t i nto Sy ri a w e took by s to r m th e S a racen ci ti es B arr a

, ,
an d M a r r a a n d acqu i re d a ll th e fo rtresse s o f th e regi on

,
Whil e .
we were d el a ying he re an d the re there w a s so gre a t a f a m in e i n ,
th e a rmy t h a t th e al re a dy feti d bo dies o f S a r a cen s w e re e a t en by

‘
Ch ri sti a n p eopl e At length wh en u p on Divi ne a dmonition we
.
we re a dv a nci ng i nto the i nterior o f H i s pa ni a we h a d w ith u s the

,
mo st gener ou s com p a s si onate a n d most vi cto ri ous h a n d o f th e

, ,
O mni p otent Fa the r F o r t he ci tizens a n d ch a tel a ins o f th e region

.
th ro u gh wh i ch w e w ere a dv a n cing s ent a mb a ss a do rs wi th m a ny

gi fts wh o we r e r eady to se rv e u s an d to s u rren der t hei r w a lle d
,
l a ces B ut be c a u se ou r a rmy w as n ot l a rge a n d a l l we re i n h a ste

p .
,
to go t o J er usalem w e a c ce p ted t hei r p le d ges and made th em

,
multi t u de to fligh t as a re su lt o f ou r ch a rge a lone a nd snatched ,
a w a y a l l thei r a rms s o th a t i f they shoul d w i sh therea fter to fi ght

,
aga i nst u s th ey w o u l d not h a ve a rm s to rely upon As to th e

, .
q u a ntity o f s p o il ho weve r wh ich w a s c a ptu red n o questi on s houl d

, , ,
be a ske d where th e t re a su res o f the Ki ng o f B abylo n we re c on

ce rned I n th a t p l a ce we k i lled m o re th a n one hu nd red th o u s a n d
.
M oo rs by the s wo r d The f e a r o f the se p eo p l e mo reove r was s o

.
, ,
gre a t th a t a bou t two t ho u s a n d o f them we re s u ffo c a ted i n the gate

o f th e ci ty O f th os e f u rthermo re who pe ri shed i n th e s e a ther e
.
, , ,
is n o co u nt Th i cke t s o f thorn s l ikewi se held m any o f them

.
, , .
Th e wo rl d w a s su re ly fighti ng i n ou r beh a l f an d h a d not th e s p o i ls ,
o f th e c a m p detai n e d m a ny o f ou r men the re w oul d be few o f t h a t ,
gre a t m ul ti tu d e o f th e enem y a ble to b ring b a ck t i di ngs o f the b a ttl e .
An d though i t may be te d iou s n eve rthel ess th i s sh oul d not be ,
omitted : on the d ay b e fo r e t h e b a ttle w a s to occu r the a rmy c a p

t u re d m a ny thou s a nd s o f c a mels oxen a n d sheep An d when the , , .
p eopl e l et them go a t t he comm a n d o f th e p rin c es won der f u l to re

, ,
l a te the c am el s fo rme d m a ny a nd multiple squ a d ron s th e oxen an d

, ,
shee p l ikewi se M o reove r th es e a nima l s a ccomp a ni ed u s s o cl os ely

.
,
th a t they h a lte d wh en we h a lted m a rche d when w e m a rched a n d , ,
ch a rge d when w e ch a rged Cloud s too p rotected u s f rom th e he a t .

, ,
o f the s u n a n d co oled u s .
An d s o when the v i ct o ry ha d been celeb r a te d the a rmy retu rne d

, ,
to J e rus a lem Le a vi ng D uk e Go d f rey the re R aymond Co u nt o f

.
, ,
St Gi l les Robe rt Coun t o f N or m a n dy a nd Robert Co u n t o f

.
, , , ,
F l a n ders retu rne d t o L ao dica ea wh ere they foun d the fleet o f th e

27
,
Pi san s a n d B oh emu n d An d wh en the Pi s a n Archbi sho p h a d

.
b ro u ght B oh emu n d an d o u r lo rd s i nto conco rd Coun t R aymond ,
a rr a nge d to retu rn to Jeru s a lem f o r th e s a ke o f Go d a n d o u r

b rothe rs .
Acco r dingly i n a dd ition to s u ch wonder f u l d evotion o f b r a ve ry

,
o n th e p a rt o f o u r b rothe rs s u ch gl ori o u s a n d c oveted retrib u t ion

,
on the p a rt o f th e Omn i p otent s uch gre a tly d es i red remi s sio n o f ,
a ll o u r s i n s th rough th e Gr a ce o f God a n d ex a lt a ti on o f the C a thol i c ,
ch u rch o f Ch ri st a n d al l t h e L a ti n p e o p le we u rge that H e may ,
c a u se you a l so to s it at th e right han d o f God who l iveth an d ,
reigneth God fo rev er an d eve r Amen . .
We a s k and beseech y ou th rough the Lo rd J esu s wh o w a s eve r

with u s sh a re d o u r l a bo rs a n d sn a tch ed u s f rom t rib u l a ti ons th a t
, , ,
you be mi nd fu l o f yo u r breth ren who a re retu rn ing t o y o u by , ,
b en efi t t ing them a n d c a n ce l l i ng thei r debts th a t Go d may benefit

, ,
o u a n d a bsolve you f rom a ll you r si n s th a t G o d ma y gr a nt y ou a

y ,
sh a re i n al l t h e bl es s ings whi ch we o r they h a ve de serve d f ro m

Go d . Amen .
TH E F I R ST C RUSAD E 2 79
M o reover J eru sale m was captu red by the Ch ri stians i n th e year

,
1 099 o n the I des o f J uly th e s i xth day o f the w eek i n th e S eventh

, , ,
I nd i ction th e thi r d ye a r o f thei r settin g f o rth Thei r fi rs t b a ttl e

, .
was a t the bri d ge ove r the r iver O rontes i n wh ich m a ny T urk s we re ,
ki lled on the n inth day be fore th e Ka l en ds o f M a rch T he s econ d .
b a ttl e was fought at N i cae a on th e thi r d day be fo re the N on es o f

M a rch i n whi ch the pa ga ns were beaten by the Ch ri stian s The i r
, .
thi rd b a ttl e was o n the fo u rth d ay be f ore th e Kalen ds o f J u ly at ,
Antioch th e Lance o f the Lo rd re cently fo u n d p receding them

, , , .
Th e fou rth o cc u rre d on the Kalen ds o f J u ly M o reover th e Tu rks .

,
w ere l ik e wi se beaten i n Rom a n i a Thei r fi f th battl e occ u rred on .
the I de s o f Ju ly wh en a fte r th e thi rty n i nth day o f th e s i ege

, , ,
J e rusalem w a s c a ptu red Thei r s i xth b a ttl e was fought on the

.
fou rth d ay be f ore th e K alen d s o f Augu st at As c a l on agai n s t the , ,
k ing o f B abylon i n which knights a n d

,
foot s ol d ie rs ,
-
were d e feated and dest roye d by a smal l a rmy o f Chr i sti a ns Th a nks .
be to Go d ! Th e letter en deth .
Th e P ope s f th e captu re of J eru s al em

t o t h e n ew s
’
res pons e o .
( P as cha l ) P a sch a l b ishop serv a nt o f th e servants o f Go d to al l

, , ,
a rchbi sho p s bi sho p s an d abbots th roughout Ga u l ; greet ing an d

, ,
apostolic bl essing .
We o w e boun dles s gr a ti tu de t o th e compassi on o f Almighty God ,
si n ce i n ou r ti me H e h as deigned to w rest th e Chu rch i n As ia f rom

th e han d s o f the Turks an d to o p en t o Ch ri st ian sol di e rs the ve r y
ci ty o f th e Lo r d s s u ff ering a nd bu ri al ’
H ow eve r w e ought t o .
,
fol low D ivi ne grace wi th what mean s H e ha s given us an d e f ,
fec t ive ly a id ou r b reth ren wh o have rem a ine d i n those d i stri cts
wh i ch w er e on ce th e l an d s o f the p eopl e o f P a l est in e o r C a n aan .
U rge there fore al l th e s oldi e rs o f yo u r region to st rive for remi s

, ,
si on an d f o rgi venes s o f thei r sin s by h a sten i ng to ou r M othe r

Ch u rch o f th e E a st ; es p eci a l ly com p el thos e who have a ssumed the
sign o f th e cross i n p l edge o f th i s j o u rney to h a sten thithe r u n less ,
they a re p reven te d by th e hi nd rance o f poverty 28

M o reover we .
,
dec ree th a t thos e be h e l d i n d isgr a ce wh o l e ft the si ege o f Anti och

th ro u gh w e a k or que stion able f a ith ; let them rem a i n in ex com
mu n ic a tion unles s th ey a ffirm w ith cert a in p l edges that they w i l l
,
ret u rn We fu rth ermor e comm a n d that a l l thei r p oss essi on s b e

.
resto red t o those brethre n w h o a re retu rni ng a fte r t h e v i ctory o f

th e Lor d j u st as you re c al l w a s o rd a i ne d i n a synod a l decree by
,
U rb a n ou r p redecesso r o f blessed memory Do th u s i n al l matters

,
.
,
bei ng s o ze a lou s i n you r duty that by com mon ze a l o u r M othe r

Ch u rch o f th e E a st may b e restored to h er du e state th e Lord ,
granting i t .
EP I LO GUE
( Th e a ccounts o f th e Crusad es o f 1 1 0 1 o f th e exped ition s o f the

,
Genoese o f the Pisan s o f the Veneti a n s a nd o f th e N or wegi a n s

, , ,
al l o f them i n res p on se t o Urb a n s c a l l a t Clermon t might wel l b e

’
i ncl u de d a s p a rt o f the Fi rst C ru s a de but s p ace does n ot p ermi t .
Th e b rie f statement s o f F u l ch e r a bout the genera l con d iti on o f th e

Ch ri sti a n s i n th e H oly Land i n 1 1 00 an d twenty yea rs l a te r a re
‘
a dded i n concl us ion
) .
I . Con ditions in th e H oly La n d d u ring th e fi

rs t y ea rs o f th e L a tin
K ingd om
( F u l c h er ) I n the begi nn i ng o f hi s reign B a ld wi n w a s th e

.
p o ss es so r o f v e ry few c iti es a n d p eo p le ; y et th rough th a t same ,
wi nte r he p rotected h is king d om well a ga in st enemi es o n al l s i des .
An d beca u se they foun d ou t th a t h e w a s a very cou rageou s figh te r ,
a lthough h e h ad few men they d i d n ot d a re to att a ck h i m I f h e

, .
ha d h a d mo re so l d ie rs h e w o u ld have m et th e enemy gladly Th e

, .
l a nd rou te w a s sti l l com p l etely ob st r u cte d to ou r pi lgri ms —F r anks

Angles I t a lian s a nd Ven eti a n s —wh o w ith f rom one to f ou r ship s
,
, ,
c a me t imi d ly by s ea to J o ppa the Lo rd le a d i ng th em a s they

,
s a i le d th ro u gh th e m idst o f ho sti l e p i r a tes an d pa st the c i ties o f

th e S a r a cens At fi rst J op p a w a s ou r only p o rt When w e s a w th a t
. .
th ey had come f rom o u r weste rn lands i mmed i a tely a n d j oy ful ly ,
w e a dv a n ce d to meet them a s i f they w er e s a in ts E a ch o f u s in .
q u i red anxi o u sly f rom them con cern ing h i s o w n home a n d h i s love d
o nes Th e new come rs to ld u s a l l th a t they kn ew When w e h e a r d
. .
go od n ews we rej oic ed ; when they tol d o f mi s fo rt u ne we w er e

, ,
s a ddened Th ey c a me on to Je ru s a lem ; they v i si ted th e H oly o f

.
H oli es for wh i ch p u r p ose they h a d come Then some rema ined

,
.
here i n the H oly Lan d ; b u t othe rs retu rne d to th ei r native country .
Fo r thi s re a s on J e r u s a lem w a s de p o p u lated a nd th ere we re n ot

en ough p e o p l e to de fen d the city f rom the S a r a cens i f only they ,
d a red t o attack u s .
2 . Tw en ty y ears l a ter .
( F u l cher ) Con si der I p r a y an d refl ect how i n ou r t ime God

.
, ,
h a s t r a ns fe rred the West i nto th e East Fo r we who we re O c ci

.
N O T E S TO I N T R O D U CT I O N
1
B i s hop S t u bb s , q t u o ed by Ge rg o e L . B rr u in th e A merica n H is torica l R e
vi ew fo r A p ri l , 1 90 1 , pa ge
43 9 .
2
G i bb on : D ec line a nd F a ll o f th e R o ma n E mpir e, Ch p t r L VII I L X I
a e s -
.
3
Th e fo ll ow i ng fou rt een l tt r
e e s h ave b ee n tr ans l a t ed fr o m t h e L a ti n t e x t s
ed it e d by H ag e nmey e r in h is E pis tu l a e et Cha r ta e P rimi B e l li S a ori
III . Urb an II to al l the fa ith fu l a ss e mb l i ng in F l a nde r s . Writt en a b t ou
the en d of D ece mb e r , 1 09 5 . P g a es 42
-
43 ;
5
IV . S t eph e n o f B l i o s to h is w i fe , A de l e . W ritt en fr om Ni ca e a , J u ne 2 4,
1 09 7 . P g a es 1 00 1 0 1 -
; 1 0 7 1 09 -
.
VI . S i meo n ,
P tri r a a ch of J e r u s a l em ,
A d h emar B i s h op o f P uy t o
an d , ,
th e fa ith fu l of t h e no rth er n r e g i ons . W ritte n fro m A nti o ch O c tob er 1 09 7 , , .
P g 132
a e .
VII I A n l m . se of R i b emo nt to M a nas s e s A r ch b i s h op , of R h ei ms . W rit

t en fr o m A nti oc h a b ou t th e en d o f N ov emb e r 1 09 7 P a g e s 1 06 1 07 ; , .
-
12 9 .
I X Th e P atri ar ch o f J eru s a l em t o a l l t h e b i s h ops o f th e W e s t

. . W rit
l
t en fro m c a mp a t A nti oc h J a n u a ry 1 09 8 P a g e s 1 42 1 44 , , .
-
.
X S tep h en o f Bl o i s t o h is w i fe A d e l e W ritten fr om A nti och

.
,
.
,
M a r ch
2 9 , 109 8 . P g a es 1 3 1 1 32 , 1 5 5
- -
15 7 .
XI '
. A l e x iu S t o O d e ris iu s ,
'
A bb ot of M o nt e C inas o . W ritt en fr om Con

s t a n t in op l e , J u n e , 1 098 . S e e Ch a p t e r II I ,
11 . 26 . P g a es 1 10 1 1 1 -
XI I . B oh emu nd , s on of R o b ert G u i s ca r d R ay mo n d , ,
C ou n t of St . Gi ll es ,
Du ke G o d f ey , r a nd H u h th eg Gr t ea , to al l th e fa ith fu l in Ch ri s t . W ritt en
fr o m A nti och e it h e r O c tob e r , , A p ri l J u l y 1 09 8

or -
, . P g a es 1 30 1 3 1-
.
X V A ns el m o f R i b e mont
. to
-
M a nas s e s A r ch b i s h o p , of R h ei ms , J u ly ,
1 09 8 . P g a es 1 5 7 1 60 -
; 1 89 -
19 1 .
X V I B oh e mu n d R ay mon d Cou nt o f S t G i ll es G o d fr ey D u k e o f L o r
.
, ,
.
, ,
r a i ne R ob e rt Co u nt o f N o r ma nd y R ob e rt Co u nt o f F l a nd e r s a nd E u s t ac e
, , , , , ,
Co u n t o f B ou l og ne t o P o pe U r b a n I I W ritt e n fr o m A nti oc h S ep t e mb e r
"
-
.
,
1 1, 1 09 8 . P g a es 1 60 1 61 -
; 192 -
19 5 .
4
XVI I . Th e Cl rgy e a nd pe op l e of L uc ca to all t h e fa ith fu l . W ritt en fr o m

L u c c a O c to b e r 1 09 8 P a g e s 1 6 1
, ,
.
-
1 62 ; 19 1 -
192 .
X V I I I D a imbe rt A r ch b i s h op .
, o f Pi s a, D uke G o d fr ey , R ay mo n d of St .
Gi ll es , l rmy i th l nd f I l
an d P ll t h
th e w ho e a n e a o s rae t o th e o p e a nd a e
f ith f l in Chri t
a W ritt n fr m L d i
u S p t mb r 099 P g 2 7 5 79 s . e o ao c ea , e e e , 1 . a es -
2 .
XIX P l I I t l l th r hbi h p b i h p n d bb t f G l W rit

. a s ca o a e a c s o -
s, s o s a a o s o au .
t n b
e t th nd f D mb r 1 099 P g 79
a ou e e o ec e e . a e 2 .
XX M n A r h b i h p f R h i m t L mb rt B i h p f A rr
. a a s s es , c s o o e s o a e ,
s o o as .
W ritt n fr m Rh i m N v mb r
e D mb r 099 P g o 64 2 65 e s, o e e or ec e e ,
1 . a es 2 -
Th f ll w i ng
4 th e nt t i n d i thi b k
o o a re e a cco u s co n a e n s oo :
1 . A n o ny mi G es ta F r a n c o ru m e t a l ioru m H i cr os oly mita noru m i

. T ra ns
l
a t ed in fu fro m H a g e mey er s e d iti o n ll
To r e ad in t h e o r d e r
’
. of th e
N OTE S 2 83
o ri g i n a l , s ee pa g es 2 8, 71 , 5 7 , 80 62 , 9 3 , 9 8 , , 10 1 , 1 13 , 1 1 8, 1 2 0, 123,
12 5, 132, 1 3 6, 1 44 , 1 5 1, 1 63 , 1 69 , 1 74 , 1 82 , 1 9 5 , 2 04 , 2 1 4 , 2 2 3 , 2 4 2 , 2 4 9 ,
2 5 6, 2 62 , 2 65 .
2 . H is toria F ra n c oru m qu i ceperu n t J eru s a l e m by R ay mo nd o f A g u il e rs ,

.
l
T r an s at ed in fu fro m t h e t e t in t h e R e cu ei l d es H is t oriens d es ll x
Cr o is a d es , H is t or ie n s O c cid e n ta u x ,
III . To r e ad in th e o rd e r of the
o ri g i n a l s ee pa g es 8 64 9 7 , 1 03
, , , 1 1 6, 1 2 4, 1 2 6, 1 3 4, 1 39 , 1 47 , 1 53 , 1 68 ,
1 73 , 1 76, 1 82 , 1 73 , 1 85 1 9 7 , 2 07 ,
, 2 1 7 , 2 2 4 , 2 4 3 , 2 5 0 , 2 5 7 , 2 62 , 2 68 .
3 . H is t oria H i e r os oly mi ta n a , by F u i l ch e r of Ch a rtr e s . T r an s l at e d in

p a rt fro m H ag en mey er s e d iti o n
’
. Pr e fac e : I ,
c h ap e s t r 1 14,
-
33 34 ;
-
I I h pt r 6 p
, c a e as s i m; III ,
c h ap e t r 37 pas s im . To r ead in t h e o r d er
o f th ri g i n l e o a s ee pa g e s 2 4 , 2 6, 2 8, 40 , 2 4, 44 , 4 5 , 5 6, 6 1 , 67 , 99 , 1 04 , 1 0 5 ,
1 1 6, 1 1 8, 1 19, 12 1 , 272 .
4 Th e A l e x ia d by A n n a Co mn ena T ran s l at ed in p a rt fr o m t h e ed iti on
‘
. .
,
by R e i ffer s ch e i d Vo l II B oo k X ; c h ap t e r s 5 6 pa s s im ; 7 ; 9 pas s im ;
. .
,
-
1 0 ; 1 1 pas s im ; B o o k X I ; c h ap t er s 2 3 pas s int ; p age s 7 0 7 6 86 9 4 9 9 - -
, , , , ,
1 09 . a
5 . H is t oria d e H ieros olimi ta n o Itin er e, by P tr e e Tu d ebod e O n y the

. l
v ari ati ons fr o m t h e G es ta a re i nd i c a t e d ,
a nd a re to be fou n d in t h e
n o es t . Th e ed iti on u s ed w as th a t of t h e R ec . G ecid . III . S ee a so l
Mo l in ie r :S ou r ce s d e l h is toire d e F ra n c e n o s
’
, . 2 1 1 5 2 1 16 -
6 . H i eros oly mi ta by E eh a rd , A ot o f A u r a ,
kk bb . T r a n s l at ed in p a rt
fr o m H ag enmey e r s ed iti on ch a p t e r s
’
,
V I II X I I I -
. S ee p a e s g 4 1 46 5 3
, , .
7 . Ges ta Ta ncre di by R ao u de Ca en ,
l . T r a n s l a t ed in p a rt fr om t h e t ex t
in R e c O c ci d III ; ch ap t e r s 99 1 03 1 0 8 1 09
. .
-
,
-
. S ee p a e 2 3 7
.
g .
8 . Liber Ch r is tia na e expe di t ionis pr o erepti on e , e mu n d a t ion e re s ti t u t io n e ,
S a nc ta e H i er os oly mi ta nae ,
A lb ert o f A i x
by . T r a n s l a te d in p a rt
fr o m t h e te x t thi s tr a n s l ati on a re
in t h e R e c . G ecid I V I nc l u ded . . in
I ch ap t er s 2 6 8 1 5 2 4 2 6 3 0 pas s im; I I ch ap ter s 1 1 7 pas s im I t
, ,
-
,
-
,
-
, ,
-
h a s b e e n t h o u ght n ec e s s a r y t o tr a n s l at e o n l y t h e g i s t o f t h e matte r
c o n t a i n ed in mo s t o f t h e c h ap t e r s a s A lb e rt w as n ot s tri c t l y s p e a k i n g , , ,
a n ey e w it n e s s P a g e s 4 8 5 4 5 7 7 3 80 .
, , , , .
9 . H i e r os oly mita na E xpe d i tio by R ob ert t h e M onk -

Th e r e port o f ,
.
U r b a n s s p eec h a t Cl e rmo nt a s conta i ne d in R ec G eci d V o l I I I

’
, . . .
,
B o ok I c h a p t e r s 1 2 h a s a l on e b e e n tr a n s l a t ed
,
P a ge 3 0 -
,
. .
H is t or ia H ie r os o ly mi ta na by B a l d e ric A r c h b i s h op o f D ol U r b an s ’
IO .
, .
s p eec h a t Cl e r mo n t ; c o nt a i ne d in R e c O cc id I V B o ok I ch a p te r s . .
, ,
4 5 h a s a l on e b een tr a n s l a t e d P age 3 3
-
. .
,
11 . G es ta D e i per F ra n c os by G u i b e rt A bb ot o f N o g e n t H er e t h e s p eech , , .
o f U r b a n a nd t h e d e s c ri p ti o n o f P e t e r t h e H e r mit co n t a i n ed in R e c , .
G ecid IV B oo k I I c h apt er s 4 6 h ave a l one b een tr a n s l a t ed

.
,
P ages
,
-
, .
3 6 47 -
.
“
5 H e wh o fi r t w r t th is o e s s ho u ld b li v d in
be e e e s ce h e w as on th e e p ed x i
b dy —t w it P t
,
ti o n and s aw it w ith t h e ey e s o f h is o o ,
e er
'
Tu d ebod e of C ivr ay .
”
S e e Tu d X IV : 6
. .
For a mor e d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s i o n of th i s i nt K gl r A na l e kte n

6
po ,
s ee u e : zu r
2 84 N OT E S
K ri tik A l bert s A ac h e n mmary d i s c u s s i on in Mol inier :

’
v on , an d th e su of th e
’
L es s o u r c es d e l h is toir e d e F ra n ce ,
no . 2 12 6 .
7 F or a co mp r eh en s ive tr e a t me nt of me d i aeva l ch r ono l o gy ,

cons u l t Gr t o e
fen d : Tas ch e nbu c h d er Z e i tre c h n u ng , or G iry : Ma nu el d e D ipl oma tiqu e .
8
D elb r u ck : G es chi ch te d er Kirieg s ku ns t III
, , pp . 2 28 29 -
.
N O T E S TO P R O L O GU E A N D CH A P T E R I
1
Th M e b w r f ll w er f J d s M c b
acca ees wh x p l it
e e o o s o u a a ca eu s , os e e o s a re
des c ri b d in t h B k f M
e b Th n am r e r fr q t l y in t h
oo o ac c a ees . e e ec u s e u en e
ac co u nt f th sF ir t Cr o d Th d d f th e M c b
e r ll d by
s u sa e . e ee s o a ca ees, ec a e
U r b n in h i p h t Cl r m t rv d
a s s h r i m d l f
e ec m l ti n by
a e on , se e as a e o c o e or e u a o
th e Cr d r I t i i nt r t i n g t n t t h p i n i n f th d i ff r nt h r i
u sa e s . s e es o o e e o o s o e e e c ou
l r
c e t
s as the f th C r
o d r in t h i aim s u c ces s o e u sa e s s .
T hi i
2
n i nt r ti ng x mp l
s s a f g g r p h i l t er mi n l gye es Th e a e o eo a ca o o . es e
n m
a w r n t
es d t d i g n t th
e e p arti ol r r g i n in t h m d i v l
use o es a e ose cu a e o s e e ae a
p ri d b t w r l l d r w n fr m F l h r t or f i n t nd h i fl y B i b ’
e o , u e e a a o u c e s s e o anc e a c e
l i l kn wl dg
ca H is
o f th t r m mu t b r g r d d
e e . a r h t ri c l
u se o e e s s e e a e as e o a
d evi c e .
3
P s al ms 33 12 .
4
F or th o r ou g h ana l y s i s o f th e v ari ou s acc ou nt s o f U r b an s s p eech at
a
’
Cl ermont s ee artic l e by D C M u nr o in th e A meri can H is torica l R eview for . .
J an u ary 1 9 06 , .
5
T h ou g h H en ry h ad be en c row ned K i n g o f G er ma ny in 1 0 5 4 h e d id no t ,
r e c e ive t h e i mp e ri a l c r ow n u nti l 1 08 4 a ft er he h a d d riven G r eg o ry VI I from ,
R o me a nd i n s t a ll e d t h e an ti p op e Cl eme n t I I I Un d e r t h e c irc u ms t ances , .

,
n o l oy a l a d h e r en t o f G r e g o ry s c o u l d r e c o g n i z e H e n ry a s ri gh t fu l E mp e r o r
’
.
F u rth e r mo re C o nr a d o f F r a nc on i a w a s d i s p u ti n g th e i mpe ri a l c l a i ms at t h i s
,
ti me .
6
U rb an I I for mer l y O d o O th o o r Od oard o f L ar gny o r L a gny in th e
, , , , ,
n e i g h b o r h oo d o f R h e i ms w a s o f n o bl e b irt h H e ent er e d t h e s e rvi c e o f t h e

, .
Ch u r c h a n d h a d ri s e n t o t h e r a n k o f a r ch deaco n in it s s ecu l a r h i e r ar chy

w h e n h e d ec i d e d t o att ach h i ms e l f t o t h e mo nas t er y a t Cl u ny H e re h is .
l ear n i ng an d z ea l fo r r e fo r m w o n h im re c o gniti on and h e w as made p r io r .
In 1 0 7 8 G reg o ry ma d e h im Ca r d i n a l B i s h op o f O s ti a G re go ry e s teemed -
.
h im ve ry h i g h l y a n d in 1 084 s ent h im a s e nv oy t o H en ry I V w h o i mp ri so ne d ,
h im fo r a s h o rt ti me o n ac c o u n t o f h is l oy a l ty t o t h e P op e J u s t b e for e
G r eg o ry s d e a th h is name ‘
.
w a s men ti o ne d a s o ne o f fou r me n w h o m G r eg
’
,
o ry r e g a r d e d a s q u a l i fi e d t o c a rry o n h is p o l i c i e s Th e A bb o t o f M ont e .
Ca s s i no w h o t o o k t h e tit l e V i c t o r I I I w a s c h o s en fi r s t bu t u po n h is ea r l y
, , ,
d eat h in 1 08 7 O d o w a s e l e c te d a nd in 1 088 h e w a s c on s ec r at ed P op e U r b a n
, ,
I I H e c arrie d o n t he figh t w ith H en ry IV t h ro u gh ou t th e e l even y ear s o f

.
h is p ont ifi ca t e U s u ally in e x i l e from R o me h e fou nd t h e s tru ggl e at fi r s t

.
,
ve ry d i s c o u ra g i n g Th e N or man s o f s ou th e r n I t a l y r ema i ne d tr u e t o h im
.
,
h o w ev e r an d s o a l s o did M ati l d a o f T u s ca ny
,
G rad u a lly he g ai ned oth er .
s u pp o rt a nd a ft e r t h e C r u s a d e r s s t a rt e d on t h e j o u r n ey h e w a s e nabl e d
, ,
2 86 N OT ES
37
T hi s r ecu rr ence o f ol d N eu s tri a a nd A u s tra s i a , or W t es an d E a s t F r a nk
l and , t r s o many cent u ri e s is an i nt er e s ti n g e x amp l e o f th e p e r s i s ten ce o f
af e
t h e F r an k i sh a n d Ca r o l i n g ian tr a d iti on s o n b o th s i d e s o f t h e Rh i n e .
38
Th e ep i d emi c w hi c h s t a rt ed a t t h e c h u r ch o f S t Ge rtr u d e o f N iv ell e .
“
w a s k n ow n a s S t A nt ho ny s fi re a nd wo r k ed w i d e s p read d evas tati on a t ’ ”
.
t h e b e g i n n i ng o f t h e t w e l ft h c ent u r y .
39
P eop l e o f th e s t em du chi e s o f G ermany Ekk eh ar d u nl i k e F u l c h e r does
-
.
, ,
n o t u s e t h e t er m A l ema nn i a s a d e s i g n ati o n fo r al l G e r man s b u t o n l y fo r ,
t h o s e fr o m t h e r e g i o n o f S w a b i a .
40
A l e x a n de r I I w h o o ccu p i e d t h e p ap a l thr on e 1 061 1 073 and w a s s u c
,
-
c e e d e d by G r e go ry VI I .
41
Cl e r mon t in A u ve r gn e .
42
A ugu s t 1 5 .
N O T ES TO CH A P T E R I I
1
S ee Gr t ae z : H i st o ry of th e J ew s , v l IV :
o h p
. c a . 10 cl pas s im .
P l m 86 9
2
sa s : .
P lm
3 sa s
T h i l g nd i
4
s pp r e tly n
e f th l d r l g nd o f E r p I t w a
s a a en o e o e o e e e s u o e . s
l t r pp l i d t F r d ri k I I n d t h n t F r d ri k B r b r
a e a e o e e c a e o e e c a a o ssa .
P t r t h H r mit w h m l t r l g n d m d t h e th r f th C r d
5
e e e e ,
o a e e e a e au o o e usa e,
w a l itt l
s k n w n b f r th t ti m Th
e o t t m nt cont i n al m t al l
e o e a e . es e s a e e s a os
th t i k n w n b t hi
a s o rl i r r r H w
a ou m n k an d aft r th C
s ea e ca ee . e as a o e e oun
cil f C l r m n t b e g
o e t p re h th
o C r d T h r e i l itt l f nd ti n f
an o ac e usa e . e s e ou a o or
th et ry f h i
s o r l i r r m nti p i lg ri m g t J r u l m S e H g n
o s ea e o a c a e o e sa e . e a e
mey er : P e t er d er E re mite .
0
Col o ma n, or K l
ma n w h o s u c c eed e d h is fath e r L ad i s l as I J u l y 1 09 5
o o , , , , .
7 H u gh
Cou n t o f V er man d o i s a n d b r o t h e r o f P h i l i p I o f F r a nc e
,
P h i l ip, .
w a s i n c ap ac it a t ed fo r t h e Cr u s a d e s i nce h e w a s e x c o mmu n i ca te a t t h e ti me , .
H u gh w a s on e o f t h e o l d er me n a mo n g t h e l e a d er s H is fo r ce s w e r e s ma ll . .
H is p r o mi n en c e w a s d u e hi e fl y t o h is r e l atio ns h i p w ith th e K i n g o f F r ance

c ,
t og et h e r w ith a c ert ai n a s s u r anc e o f ad dr e s s w h i ch led th e oth e r l ea der s to ,
e n tr u s t h im w ith d i p l o mati c u n d e rt ak i n g s F u l ch e r is a t s ome d i s a dvant a ge .
in d e s c ri b i n g t h e cou r s e o f t h e ot h er b a n d s H is s t a t eme n t s ab ou t th e m .
s h o u l d be co mp a r e d c a r e fu ll y w ith t h o s e o f t h e ot h e r w rit e r s Th e s t at e .
ment s o f A nn a an d A lb ert offe r a mo r e r ea s ona bl e e x p l an ati on o f H u gh s

’
p r e d i c a men t .
8 B o h e mu nd w h o app e a r s as t h e c r a fty Ul y s s es o f t h e
F ir s t Cr u s a d e w a s t h e e l d es t s on o f R o b ert Gu i sc ar d H e h ad b eg u n h is
,
.
mi l it ary tr a i n i n g ea r l y s ervi n g in many o f h is fat h e r s s tr e nu o u s c a mp ai g ns

,
’
in I ta l y S i c i l y and G r ee ce
,
H e w as w ith h is fath e r in t h e s u c c e s s fu l c a m
, .
p a ig n a g a i n s t D u r az z o a n d Co r fu a n d w h e n h is f a th er w as ca ll e d b a c k t o ,
I ta l y by t h e P op e s p l ea fo r h e l p B oh emu n d w a s l e ft in co mman d o f t he
’
N orman forc es in Gr eece W ith th e se h e p en etra te d th e p en i n s u l a a s fa r .
a s L ari s s a w h e r e h e w as fi na ll y r e p u l s e d by t h e E mp e r o r A l e x i u s
, N eith er .
B oh e mu n d n o r A l ex i u s ev er for g o t tho s e fou r y e ar s o f w ar far e A mong .

N OTE S 2 87
the L a n ti l
r on th e F ir s t C r u s a de n on e u n de r s tood th e p r obl ems be
e a de s
fo r e t h em b e tt e r t h an B oh e mu n d fo r h e h ad h a d d ea l i ng s no t o n l y w ith ,
t h e G r e ek s b u t w ith t h e S a r acen s in S i c i l y
, B ec au s e h e w a s b or n o f a n .
e a r l y ma rri a g e h is mot h e r b e i ng a w o ma n o f o b s c u r e N o r man o ri g i n h e

, ,
h a d in h e rit e d o n l y th e p ri nc i p a l it y o f O tr a nt o w h i l e h is y ou ng e r b rot h e r , ,
R o g er s on o f a Lo mb ar d p ri n ces s s u cc ee d e d t o h is fa t h er s tit l e Th e Cru

’
.
, ,
s a de, th e r efore o ff er ed h im a n o p po rtu n ity for i mp r ovi ng his fort u ne

, .
9
Go d frey o f B o u i ll on s o c a ll e d f ro m t h e feu d a l p ri n c i
p al ity o f t h at n ame w h i c h h e h e l d b e fo r e h e b e came D u k e o f l ow er Lo r

r a i ne T h r ou gh his moth er Id a h e w a s g r and s on o f II and
m
.
, ,
h a d b een d es i g nate d by th e l atte r a s h is s uc c es so r H en r y I V t h e E per o r .

, ,
w it h h e l d th i s d uc h y fr o m h im for s ome y ea r s The y ou ng G o d fr ey h ow .

,
ev e r wo n th e E mp e ro r s favo r by v a l i a nt a i d a n s t t h e_Po p e a n d o t h e r
’
, gg g i _
e n emi es a nd In 1 08 2 h e r ec e iv ed t h e d u ch y
, I t w as s ai d o f Go d fr ey th at h e .
w a s t h e fi r s t t o s t or m t h e w a ll s o f R ome in t h e E mp er o r s att ac k u po n t h e
’
p ap a l c ity N everth el es s a fter s ome y ear s G o d fr ey w as w on ov er t o t he

.
, ,
p ap a l s i d e o f t he I nve s tit u r e S tr u ggl e a nd w as a mon g th e fi r s t to t ak e t h e

C ru s ader s vow ’
.
10
R ay mond o f To u l o u s e ( d or St G i ll es h ad b ec ome C ount o f. .
,
T ou l ou se in 1 086 H e w a s a r e l i g i o u s en th u s i a s t an d h a d p r o b a bl y t a k e n
.
p a rt in t h e w a r far e a g a i n s t t h e M oh ammed a n s in S p a i n b e fo r e t h e F ir s t
C r u s ade W ithou t do u b t he w as th e fi r s t i mp ortant s ecu l ar p er s on t o vol
.
,
u nt eer fo r t h e C r u sa d e H e ma de c a r e fu l d i s p os a l o f h is p os s es s i o n s b e for e
.
go i n g and on t h e ex p ed iti on h e w as rep u t ed t o be t he w ea l thi e s t o f t h e

,
l eade r s F o r s ome cau s e h e h ad l os t t h e u se o f one ey e a ci rcu ms tan ce

.
,
w h i ch may h ave p l ay ed a p a rt in h is p o s itio n among th e l ea d er s a s 1t d id ,
l a t e r i n l e g en d .
11
R ob ert o f N o r mandy e l d e s t s o n o f W i ll i a m t h e Co n
qu ero r h a d en j oy ed a r at h er t u r b u l en t ca r e e r a s D u k e o f N o r man dy f o r
,
s o me y ea r s b e fo r e 1 096 E a rl y r ecog ni z ed a s h is fathe r s s u c ce s s or in N o r '

.
man dy h e t w i ce r evol t ed a ga i n s t h is fa t her a n d w a s tw i c e fo r ced i nto e x i l e

'
.
,
U p o n t he C o nq u e r or s d eath h e r e l ea s ed ma ny p o l iti c a l p ri s on er s a mon g

-
’
, ,
th em b ei ng his c o nt enti ou s u n c l e O do A r ch b i s h op o f B ay e u x H e w a s , , .
e ng a g e d in w a r fa r e w it h h i s b r o th e r s W i ll i a m R u fu s an d H enry w h en t h e , ,
c a ll fo r t h e C r u s a d e w a s a n nou n c e d T h e r eu p on h e mad e p ea c e w ith h is .

,
b roth er s mortga ged h is d uc hy to W i ll i am R u fu s and s tarted o n t h e Cru

, ,
s ad e H e h a d a l r e a dy g iv e n p ro o f o f t ho s e tr a it s w h i ch mar k ed him on t h e
e x p ed iti o n—
.
g r eat phy s i cal cou rage l ove o f p l ea s u r e and l ack o f amb iti on , , .
12
The A ng l es or E ngl i sh are menti one d by ot h er w rit e r s a l s o ; e g t h e
, , , . .
,
E ngl i s h fl ee t w hi ch t h e c iti z en o f L uc c a acc omp ani e d t o A nti oc h S ee p 1 61 . . .
13
S e e I ntr od u cti on p 6 a nd Ch ap t er VI I n o t e 2 8 ,
.
, , .
1 4 R o b e rt o f F l a n d e r s
( d 1 1 1 1 ) b ecame C o u n t o f F l ander s u p on t h e d eath
.
o f h i s fat h e r in 1 09 3 H e w as c omp a r ativ e l y y o u n g an d a dvent u r ou s w h en

.
h e s t a rt e d on t h e C r u s a d e H is fame r es t s ch ie fl y u p on h is ex p l o it s a s a
.
C r u s a d er .
1 5 Bald t h e y o u ng er b r o th e r o f G o d fr ey h ad b een n a me d
wi n ( d .
,
2 88 N OT E S
fo r t h e se rvi ce o f th e C h u r ch and ec c l e s i a s ti c al p r e fer ment and h a d i ndeed , , ,
t a k en mi n or o rder s w hen t h e ca ll fo r t h e C r u s ad e came T h i s g ave h im a n .
o pp o rt u n ity for t h e mo r e c o n g e n i a l p u r s u it o f a r med a dve nt u r e .
16
B a l d w i n C o u nt o f H a i nau l t
, .
17
G rez a nd A s ch a w er e b ot h feu d a l t errit ori es in t h a t p o rti on o f l o we r
Lo rr a i ne k no w n a s mo der n B e lg i u m .
18
A lb e rt s i d e a o f t h i s eas t e rn b ou nd ary is rat her v ag u e H is i nc l u s i on o f
’
.
p r acti c a ll y al l G e r many w it h i n G a u l may b e d u e t o h is i d enti fi c ati o n o f t h e

R o man p r ovi n ce o f t h at n a me w ith th e e mp ir e o f Ch a r l e s th e G r eat w h os e ,
me mo ry w a s and s ti ll is c h eri s h e d o n b oth s i d e s o f t h e R h i n e .
19
F ra nca vill a n ea r S e rmis o n t h e S av e
, I t wa s k now n by t hat name a s .
l ate a s th e fou rteenth cent u ry .
20
T a nc r e d ( d . n e p h ew o f B o h e mu nd w a s t h e s o n o f a L o mb ar d ,
p ri nc e n ame d Ma rc h is u s H e h a d s o me mi l it a ry e x p e ri en c e in s o u th er n
.
I tal y and s eemed d eep l y d evoted t o h is u nc l e H is ch i e f tit l e to fame b o th in .
h i s t o ry an d l e ge n d r e s t s u po n h is p a rt in t h e F ir s t Cr u s a d e a nd th e r u l e o f
A n tio ch w h i c h he h e l d f ro m 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 2
,
-
.
21
S e e H ag e nmey e r : G es ta p 1 5 4 not e 2 4
‘
.
, , .
2 2 R os ci n o l o
g e it h e r R o s s a no in C a l a b ri a
, o r R os c ig no l o in S a l e r no or , ,
R o u s s i ll on in F r a nc e .
o t t o b e co n fu s ed w it h A d ri anop l e w hi c h is o n t h e o pp os it e s i d e o f
23 N
,
t h e B a lk a n p e ni n s u l a Th e v a ll e y h e r e r e fe rr ed t o l ay a s h ort d i s t an ce e as t
.
o f t h e A d ri a ti c b eh i n d A v l o n a a n d Du r a zz o
, .
a l i g h t a r me d s o l d i e ry p os s i bl y o f T u r k i s h o ri g i n
2 4 Th e T u r c o o l es w e r e
p , ,
in th e s e rvi c e o f t h e G r eek E mp er or S ev er a l o f t he ch r oni c l er s d e s c ri b e.
t h e m a s p eop l e r ear e d a mo n g t h e T u r k s o r t h e o ffsp ri ng o f Ch ri s ti a n ,
mo th e r s a nd Tu r k i s h fat he r s .
25 C r t r of
u a o t h e pa l ace a n o ffi ce r o f h i g h r a n k in t h e h ou s eh o l d o f t h e
,
E mp e ro r .
2“ Th e me r c e n ary a r my o f t h e B y z anti ne E mp ir e w a s dr a w n fr om t h e
s u rr o u n d i n g tri b es me n i nc l u d i ng t h e T u rk s The Ta na ces h av e not b een
, .
i de nti fi ed Th e na me may p o s s i bl y b e a c o rr u pti o n o f th e t er m P a tz ina ks

. .
27
P o s s i bl y mod er n W o d ena th ou gh t h i s is by n o means certa i n , .
28 R oman s
29 I ai
s ah J er . A ct s
30
Th e mo d e r n D ev o l .
31
E ith e r P ll e a or Ce ll a .
32
P os s ib l y the Gr k
ee Pe rith eo rion .
NO T E S TO C H A P T E R II I
1
Ch al a ndo n : r eg ne d Ale x is I Comnene
E s sa i sur le
’
er .
e u e H i s t o ri q u e L X X X II I p p 1 60 8
2 R v '
-
, , . .
3
Th e me an i n g o f thi s s u r n a me w h i c h A nn a u s es is u nc ert ai n I t may be
‘
.
a r e fe r e nce t o t h e mo n k s h o o d w o r n b y P e t e r ( cu cu ll u s ) A not h e r conj ee

’
.
t u re is t ha t th e w o r d c o me s fr om a P i c ar d t er m mea n i ng sh o rt .
’
4
R o man i a w a s u s e d r ath er l o os e l y by d i ffe r en t w rit er s t o de s i g nat e : ( a )
2 90 N OT ES
26
This l tt r
e b t dl y w w ritt n in th y r 1 098 b t th dat in
e u nd o u e as e e ea , u e e,
th m
e th f J n
on o m l m t i n r d i bl
u In t h
e , s ee r l y d y f th t m nths a os c e e. e ea a s o a o
A l xi
e wus n hi asw y t o id t h C r d r s H w m t b y S t ph n f
a o a e usa e s . e as e e e o
Bl i t Phi l m l i m P l i g f ll f ith in S t ph n t t m nt th t t h '

o s a o e u . ac n u a e e s s a e e a e
Cr u sad r w r e p r b bl y ll de tr y d h h a d t r n d b c k t w r d C n t n
e s e o a a s o e , e u e a o a o s a
t in p l
o l y i ng w t t h
e, a ntry h w nt i n o r d r t
as e m k d ifl e i lt c ou as e e , e o a e cu
p r it by t h
u su T rk H r t r n d t th i mp ri l ity t w r d t h e nd f
e u s . e e u e o e e a c o a e o
the m n th o n d th,
n w
a f K b gh v rth r w
e ld r ly h v
e s o er o a s
’
o e o c ou s c a ce a e
r h d him by th t ti me U nd r th ir m t n
ea c e a hi r an t th
. e e c cu s a c es , s assu ces o e
A bb t b t t h
o a ou n d iti n f th L ti n C r a d r w
e co l d b hy p ri y f
o o e a us e s ou e oc s o
the b t k i d i f w ritt n t th i ti m I t i p i bl th t t h m ti n f
a s es n ,
e a s e . s os s e a e en o o
Ju ne as th d t f t h l tt r m y h av e r f r n
e a e o t th ti m f rriv l t
e e e a e e e ce o e e o
“
a a a
M t C i n t h l tt r h vi n g b n w ritt n
on e as s o, e m nth e rl i r On
e a ee e a o or so ea e .
t h wh l
e A l x i d rv t h b n fi t f t h d b t
o e, e us es e es e e e o e ou .
NO T E S TO C H A P T E R IV
1
S ee t 8 no e .
2
S ee not e 2 2 .
3
I t is u nc ertai n j u s t w ho th es e p e op l e we r e The n ame o ccu r s on l y in t h e
m
.
a c cou n t s o f t h e A n ony ou s a n d h i s fo ll o w e r s P P ari s h as c onj ectu red th at . .
t h ey w e r e p e op l e fr o m F ez in no rth e r n A fri ca ( Ch a n so n d A n t ioch e ; I I

’
3 05 )
4 N ot t h e P bl i u can s of t he S c rip t u res , bu t r at h e r th e P li i n au c a s, a s ec t
of th e M a n i c h a ean s . T h ey w e r e mo s t nu me ro u s i n A r m ni P r
e a . e s ec u tio n
by t h e G r e e k s t h em i nto a ll i ance w ith t he S a r acen s O th er a d
h a d d riv en .
h e re nt s o f th i s s e c t w e re l o c at e d in t h e B a lk a n p en i n s u l a nea r P hi l i pp o p o l i s .
Th e l at e r A lb i g en s e s o f s ou t he r n F r a nc e may h av e o b t a i n ed s ome o f t h eir

t enet s fro m thi s s e ct .
e w es t e r n w rit e r s h a d g r e a t d i ffi c u l ty in r ep ro d u c i n g t h e n a me s o f
5 Th
T u r k i s h an d S a r a c en l ea d er s Th e tit l e E mi r o r l o ca l gov er no r app are nt l y .

, ,
s ee me d t o t h e m p a rt o f t h e na me Th e t w o l e a de r s h er e me nti on e d h ave .
n ot b ee n fu ll y i d enti fi e d I t h a s b een su gge s t ed th at A dmir car adig u m is a

.
w es ter n c o rr u p ti o n o f A l E mir K o rad j a t h e na me o f a T u r k i s h p ri n c e w h o ,
d i ed in 1 1 1 3 M iria th os may in t h e s ame w a y b e a c orr u p tio n o f E mir

.
, ,
A t s i z t h o u gh it is i mp o s s i bl e accu r at e l y t o i d enti fy t h e p er s ons mean t

, .
6 F l c h r mi g h t
u e h av e n ame d o t h er s t o mak e t h e l i s t c omp l et e b u t ap p a r ,
e n t l y h is o b j e c t w a s t o e n u me r a t e t h e d i s ti nc tiv e v a ri e ti es o f s p eec h t o be
f o u n d in t h e a r my M o s t o f th e n a me s a re ea s i l y r eco g ni z ed to d ay Th e
. .
G a u l s w ere p r ob a bl y p eop l e fr om c entr a l F r a nce t h e A ll o b ro g es fr o m ea s t ,
c e n tr a l F r a nc e t h e A p u l i an s fr om s o u t her n I t aly and t h e Ib eri an s fr om

, ,
n o rth ea s t e r n S p ai n .
7 T h e r e is a d i ff r n ce
e e o f op i n i o n a mon g mo d e r n s ch o l a r s a s t o t h e l oc a
ti on o f t h i s va ll ey H a gen mey er accep t s th e i denti fi cati on o f B otren throt

.
w ith t h e v a ll ey w hi ch r u n s fr o m t h e n o rth s ou th e a s t w a r d t o B o z ant a a n d

t h en ove r t h e Gu l l ek P a s s I t is s ti ll u s ed a s a mai n r o ad t o T ar s u s S ee
. .
H ag enmey e r : G es ta p 2 1 7 not e 42 ,
.
, .
N OT E S 29 1
8
Pr0 ba bly rit er s w e re p res ent on t h i s j ou r ney o f a d ven
n o ne of th e w
ture .Th e A nony mou s u nd o u b t ed l y o b ta i n e d h is a c c o u n t from th e g o s s i p
o f Ta nc re d s me n a t A n ti oc h w h i l e Fu l ch e r a cq u ir ed h is i n fo r ma ti o n f r o m
’
B a l dw i n on t h e w ay t o E des sa R aou l d e C aen w h os e i nti mat e ac q u ai n tanc e .

,
w ith T anc r e d s eve ra l y ea r s l a t er r en d er s h is acc o u n t o f s o mew h a t mo r e

t h a n s eco nd ary va l ue h a s mor e to s ay o f thi s c l a sh b et w een B al dw i n and
,
T anc red Th e a ff a ir a t T ar s u s a s r e l a te d by R aou l is in s u b s ta n ti a l ag ree

.
, ,
me nt w ith t h e ac cou nt s o f t h e A n ony mou s a nd F u l c h e r b u t h e a dd s th a t ,
B a l d w i n fo ll ow e d T a nc r e d to A d an a w h e r e t he l att e r w a s e ncamp e d w it h i n ,
t h e c ity w a ll s A q u arre l a r o s e over t h e p ri c e o f s u p p l i es an d t h e t w o

.
,
l ead er s d rew u p th e ir forc e s fo r b att l e ou t s i d e t h e c ity T anc r e d w ith .

,
fe w e r tr o op s r e fu s e d t o a dv a nc e b ey on d t h e s u p p ort o f t h e h u r l i n g mac h i n es
,
o n t h e w a ll s w h i l e B a l d w i n u nd e r t h e c ir cu ms t an ce s w a s u n w i ll i n g t o ri s k
, , ,
h is s u p e ri or fo r ce s A n e q ua l nu mb e r o f k ni g ht s from ea c h a r my a dv a nce d
.
t o s ett l e t h e d i s p u t e by w a g e r o f b att l e Th e o u t co me w a s i nd ec i s iv e a n .
,
e q u a l n u mb e r on e a c h s i d e b e i ng u nh or s ed F i na ll y b e tt er c ou n s e l p r ev ai l e d .
, ,
a n d p e a ce w a s e s t a bl i s h ed b e t w een t h e t w o l ea d e r s R ao u l fu rth e r s ay s th a t .
B a l d w i n w as r es c u ed by T an cr ed w hen he wa s s u rrou n d ed by T u r k s at
A rta s ia T h i s s eems i mp r ob a bl e in vi ew o f F u l c h e r s s t at emen t th a t B a l d
.
’
w in h a d r et u r ne d t o t h e a r my a t M a r as ch a n d d ep art e d t hence t o w a r d
E des s a S ee R aou l de Ca en : G es ta Tan credi c h ap t er s 3 3 47
.
,
-
.
p l ac e i s no t t o be c on fu sed w ith R u g i a fr o m w h i ch it w as a d ay s
9 T hi s ’
,
ma r ch .
10 Mt
Ma reg art accor d i n g t o d es cri p ti on mu s t h av e b een th e h i ll b eh i nd
.
, ,
B o h e mu nd s c amp a l t h o u gh thi s is n o t entir e l y cert a i n

’
.
,
1 1 T hi s tit l e is not e x ac t B oh emu nd w a S Cou nt o f O tr a nto bu t fr om .

'
An s e l m s r at he r d i s ta n t p oi nt o f vi e w Bo h e mu n d s fo ll ow e r s came fr om a
’ ’
reg i on s o c l os e t o R ome t ha t th ey mi gh t w e ll be c a ll ed R oman s .
12
T he s e men mo s t o f w h o m a re no t menti o ned e l s ew h er e w e r e p r o b a bl y
, ,
a ll f r o m t h e n ort h e r n p a rt o f F r a nce a n d w e ll k n ow n to b o th A n s el m a n d ,
t h e re ad e r s o f h is l e tt er .
13
S e e I ntro d u c ti o n p 5 , . .
y a c o rr u p ti on o f pr o tos pa th a riu s a n o ffi c i a l o f t h e i mp e ri a l
1 4 P o s ibl
s
f
,
g u a r d The name a s h ere w ritten cannot be i denti fi ed e x act ly in th e Gree k

.
o f t h e p eri o d .
1 5 A s s a m o r A s am w a s a T u r k i s h l o r d o f co n s i d e r a bl e
, , p ow er w h o t oo k
a p r omi ne n t p a rt in l a t e r w a r s w ith t h e E a s t e r n E mp ir e Th e p o l i cy o f .
l eavi n g ga rri s on s a t v ari ou s p l ace s a l on g t h e l i ne o f mar ch h ad an i mp ortan t

b e ari ng upon t h e c a r eer o f t h e a rmy it s el f fo r w h i l e many o f t he g a rri s o ns , ,
w e r e t oo s ma ll t o c over t h e t e rrit o ry a s s i gn e d t o t h em t h ei r a b s ence d id ,
w e a k e n t h e s tr e n g th o f t h e ma i n a r my .
1 3 S e e C h a te r I n ote 2 7
p ,
.
1 7 Th e h i ll t o t h e s ou th o f t h e c it
y o n w h i ch Ta nc r ed w as s t ati o ned .
1 8 R a mo n d s u s e o f th i s t e r m is s ome w h a t u n c ert a i n
y
’
S p a i n w a s s o ca ll ed .
,
o f c ou r s e bu t it w as c l ea r l y n ot t h e r eg i on h e r e r e ferr e d t o
,
I s pah an the .
,
n a me o f a t o w n a n d a l a r g e p o rti o n o f P e r s i a s ee ms e q u a ll y o u t o f t h e ,
2 92 N OT ES
q u es ti on for thi s for a ging j ou r ney w a s ac comp l i s h ed in a very few day s

, .
Th e r eg i on ac t ua ll y i nvo l ve d w a s p r o b a bl y th e v a ll ey o f th e O r onte s j u s t ,
s o u t h a nd s o u t h e a s t o f A n ti och R ay mond may h ave d e rive d H is pa nia fr o m

.
I s p ah an ap p l y i ng t h e t er m v a gu e l y t o a l l th e l and s ou th ea s t o f A nti o ch
, .
T hi s s e ems th e mo s t p r o b a bl e e x p l a na ti o n .
y G o t h s R ay mon d p r o b a bl y me an s t h e p eo p l e o f T ou l o u s e a n d ev en
19 B
o f n o rth e r n S p a i n .
20 Th e F a ti mit e
Ca l i p h a t e h a d b een e s t a bl i s h e d a t C a ir o in E gy p t s i nc e
9 72 A D In r ec en t y ea r s t h ey h a d l o s t mo s t o f th e ir h o l d i n g s in S y ri a t o
.
t he S e lj u k T u r k s w h o w e r e att ac he d t o t h e A b a s s id C a l i p h a t e o f B a g d a d
, .
Th e C a l i p h in E g y p t a t t h i s ti me w a s th e vi g or o u s M u s t a l i ( 1 09 4 w ho
w a s v e ry d e s ir o u s o f r e g a i n i ng S y ri a fr o m t h e S e l j u k s H e n ce h is e nv oy s .
,
a pp ea r e d a mo ng t h e C r u s a d e r s a t A n ti o c h t o a rr a ng e a s a ti s fa ct o ry a ll i a nc e
a g a i ns t t h e S e lj u k s t h e ir co mmon foe Th e E mir o r V i z i e r o f the E gy p

,
.
, ,
t i an Ca l i p h a t t h i s ti me w a s A l A fd h a l w h o is men ti o n e d l a t e r , .
21
P rob a bly T a r s u s wh os e p o s s es s i on B a l dw i n a nd T anc re d d i s pu ted an d
, ,
w h i c h l i e s ne a r th e ot h e r t w o c iti e s me n ti one d Th e act u a l p o s s es s i on o f .
thes e p l ac e s w a s a l r ea dy in th e ha n d s o f the C ru s a d e r s s o th at t h e o n l y ,
o bj ec t o f t h i s g r a n t w o u l d be t o fo re g o t h e ri ght s w h i c h th e E mp e r o r h a d
r es e rve d in his a g reement w it h t he p ri nces .
c co r d i n g t o A nn a ( X I 4 1 2 p a s s i m) Te tig u s w h o w as in c o mman d
22 A -
, , ,
o f t h e G r ee k for ce w h i ch h a d a c c o mp a n i e d t h e C r u s a de r s fr o m N i c ae a w a s ,
c on s t a n t l y t h r e a t e ne d by Bo h emu nd a n d fi n a ll y fo r c e d t o fl ee B oh e mu n d .
is s a i d t o h av e a dvi s ed h is d e s erti on o n t h e g r ou n d t h a t t h e C r u sa d e r s w e r e
v ery a ng ry w ith t h e G r ee k s A nna o f cou r s e r e g ar ds th e w h ol e inc i dent
.
, ,
a s a p a rt o f B oh e mu n d s d e l i b e r a t e s ch eme t o t a k e A nti o c h a n d t h e s u r
’
r o u nd i ng c ou ntry in vi o l ati on o f h is oat h t o th e E mp er or

, .
“
23
S ee n o t e 20 Th e K i n g e ith er r e fe r s t o t h e Ca l i p h or h is V i z i e r
.
”
.
S a r ac en tit l es w er e no t c l ea r l y u nde r s too d by th e L ati n s .
2“
S t G eo r g e ( ma rty r e d a cc or d i ng t o l eg end at Ni comed i a A p ri l 2 3 3 03 )
.
, , , ,
w a s t h e p a tr o n s a i n t o f t h e r e g i o n a b ou t C ons t anti no p l e Th e S tr ait th e .

,
A rm o f S a i nt G e o r g e w as na med in h is h ono r , S t D emetri u s ( P r oc ons u l . .
a t A c h a i a ma rty r ed O c to b e r 8 2 9 0 ) w a s p a tr o n s a i n t o f t h e r e g i o n o f B u l
, ,
g a ri a S t T heod o re ( p ro b abl y T heod ore S t ra tol ate s w h o d ie d at H e rac l ea

. .
,
in P ont u s F e b r u ary 7 3 1 9 ) w as a p a tr on s a i nt o f A s i a M i no r
, , B y S a i nt .
B a s i l is p r ob a bl y mea nt th e g rea t C h u rc h F ath e r o f t h e E a s t A rc h b i s hop o f ,
Ca e s a r e a in t h e ea r l y fo u rt h ce nt u ry th ou gh t h e r e a re a l mo s t t h irty s a i nt s ,
o f t h i s na me in t h e c a l e nd a r o f t h e E a s t e r n Ch u r c h Th e i nt e rv e nti on o f .
th e s e s a int s r eco r ded no t onl y in th i s l et ter bu t a l s o in th e a c c ou nts o f th e

, ,
L a ti n c h ro n i c l er s is a n i nt er es ti ng e x amp l e o f r e l i g i ou s p s y ch o l ogy Th e
, .
p a tr o n s a i nt s o f t h e W e s t a re l itt l e me nti o n ed .
2 5 Th e
T u rk i s h r u l er o f t h e c ity Yag i S i an by name S ee I ntro d u c ti on p , .
,
.
26
P iru s , ca ll ed al o w h s us , Pirru s , F irou s , F eir u s , P irus D a l ianus , a nd
F iru is , fo r obviou s r n th eas o s, e o bj t

ec gr t d i ff r n
of f p i ni n
ea e e ce o o o . Th e
M oh amme da n w rit r ll h im
e s ca an A r meni n r neg d C h ri ti n w h i l
a , a e a e s a , e th e
2 94 N OT E S
t o th e E mp er o r ,
r th e E mp er or th a t
fr om w h om th ey w er e s en t . T h ey as s u ed
th e fo rt u ne s and ho p e s o f t h e G a u l s w e r e r ed u c ed t o v ery na rr o w s tr a it s ;
n ay th ey s w or e th a t a b s o l u te des tru c ti on thr e atened th em: Th e E mp er or
, ,
mu c h i n fl ame d at th i s an nou nc eme nt dec i de d a ll t he mor e q u i ckl y t o h a s t en ,
t h e a id w h i ch h e w a s b ri ng i ng th em b u t a l l d i s s u a d ed h im fr om s o r a s h 3
“
.
"
,
p l an . A nna X I 6 , .
7 P lm 15 sa s : 1 .
3 1 P t r e e ,
-
6
.
9
5t M e r cu ri u s accor d i ng t o l eg end w a s th e h ead o f t h e ar my o f t h e
.
, ,
E mp er or D ec i u s in t h e w ar w ith t h e P er s i a ns H is r e fu s a l t o w o r s h i p t h e .
go d s b ro u gh t d ow n th e w r ath o f t h e E mp er o r u pon h im and a fter a mira c , ,
n l ou s d e l iv e r anc e a t o ne ti me h e w a s fi n a ll y ma rty r e d F or D e me tri u s s e e , .
Ch apt er I V note 2 4 ,
.
10 I I K i ng s,
11 P r b bl y o a B a l du c, E mir of S a mo s a t a s on o f Ibn
‘
a l D a n is ch men d
, .
me R o g er B e th eniw l l e, w h o fo ll
’
12 N ot th e sa as of ow s .
13 M o h a mmed .
14
J u ne 2 7 .
15
Th e K or an .
16
W i ll i am o f Gr a nd mes ni l w a s B oh emu nd
’
s b r th er
o -
in l aw -
.
17
A cco rd i ng t o th e G osp e l , a so l di r pi r
e e ce d the s ide of the S avi ou r as
He h u ng u pon th e Cr os s . Th e
r es e rve d na me of th i s so l di r e h as n ot b ee n p
b u t a s e a r l y a s th e s i x th
c e n t u ry t h e n a me L ong in u s oc c u r s a s a d e s i g na ti on
fo r t h e ma n I t s eems t o h ave ari s en fr om a c ar e l es s tr an s l a ti o n o f t h e

.
G reek w o r d for s pea r O n th i s fou nd ati on a l eg end r ap i d l y a ro s e and .

,
L ong inu s b e ca me w i d el y k now n .
N O T E S To C H A P T E R VI
1 A cts
2
Th e J ac o bit es -
w er er o f J ac ob u s Z a n
o f t h e M o noph y s it e s ec t ,
fo ll owe s
z a lu s and, w e r e fa ir l y nu me r ou s in S y ri a Th e S y ri a ns w er e p r ob abl y .
M ar o n it es w h o r e g a r d e d th e A bb o t o f S t M a r o in t h e L eb a no n M o u nta i n s
, .
a s t h e ir h e ad Th e A r meni a n C h ri s ti a ns w e r e a l s o M ono p hy s it e s
. A u ni .
v e r s a l p ol i cy t ow ar d h er eti c s h a d n ot y et b e en evo l ve d by the C h u rch a t

R o me Fr o m a p o l iti ca l a nd mi l ita ry p o i nt o f vi e w it w a s h i g h l y inex p e
.
,
d i e n t for t h e C r u s a de r s t o a d op t a d r as ti c p o l i cy t o w a r d th e s e h e r eti c a l
Ch ris t iars in t h e E a s t B oh emu nd s p l ea w a s n ev e r fu ll y a n s w e r e d a nd in
’
.
, ,
g ener a l t h e p rac ti c a l p o l i cy p u r s u ed w as o ne o f p er s u a s i on rath er t han

,
fo r c e B oh e mu n d s r ea d i ne s s t o ad op t e x tr e me me a s u r e s a g a i n s t t h em may
’
.
hav e b een i n fl u enc e d by h is d e s ir e t o r eta i n A nti och w h i ch s c h eme t h e ,
G re ek s opp os e d S o ft er c ou ns e l p rev ai l e d in th e end and w i s e l y s o

!
.
, .
3 A u gu s t I .
4 St Trop h im a cco r d i ng to l e gend w as B i s hop o f A r l e s and a d i s ci p l e

.
, ,
o f S t P eter . .
5
O c tob e r 6 .
6
T h i s is an e x tr emel y i ntere s ti ng e x a mp l e o f h ow th e C r u s a der s ad
N OT E S 2 95
j t
u s ed th ems e lve s t o t he ch a ng e d c ond itions i nvo l ve d in t h e C r u s a de In .
th i s i mp r ovi s e d e l ec ti on o f P ete r a s B i s h op o f A l ba ra th er e app ea r a l l th e

l
e e me nt s so c o mm o n in t h e W e s t— t h e i n fl u enc e o f t h e C o u n t t h e n o mi na ,
ti on by t he c l er gy a nd t h e app r ova l o f t h e p eop l e Th e g r ea t i n fl u e nce o f

,
.
t h e s ec u l a r Co un t is es pe c i a ll y n o t e w o rt hy in vi ew o f th e fa c t th a t t h e p ap a l
p a rty t o w h i c h h e l e a ned w as a t t h a t ti m e e n g a g e d in t h e I nv es tit u r e S tr u g
g l e a n e ffo rt t o fr ee t h e C h u r ch e l ec ti o n s fr o m thi s v e ry i n fl uence

,
.
7 S e e C h ap . III .
8 R ay mond i ns istence u p on th e E mpe r or s ri gh ts is a l l th e mor e r emar k

’
s
’
a bl e in vi ew o f t h e fac t t h a t h e w a s t h e o n l y one o f t h e l e ad er s w h o nev e r
t ook th e p r e s c ri b ed o ath t o A l e x i u s .
9 T h i s s t a t e ment mu s t b e r eg a r d e d a s a n e x a gg e r a ti o n o f th e tr u e condi
“
ti on T h r ee h u nd r e d a nd s i x ty monas t eri es mi gh t a pp r o x i ma t e th e tr u th
.
”
,
“
if by t he t er m mo na s tery i s mean t every b u i l d i ng oc c u p i e d by a monk o r
”
monk s A s for b i s h op ri c s W i ll i am A rch b i s h op o f T y r e c ou nt ed no mo r e

.
, , ,
th an t w enty p r ovi nce s in th e p atri ar ch a te o f A nti och .
1 ° A nti ch u s
o a ft e r w h o m A n ti o c h w as n a me d w a s th e s on and s u cc es s o r
, ,
o f S e l eu c u s t h e g e ner a l o f A l e x ande r t h e G r ea t
,
S e l eu cu s b u i l t t h e c ity .
a nd ma d e it h is c a p it a l A t t h i s p o i nt in h is v er s i on Tu debode l i s t s th e
‘
“
na mes o f t he s ev enty k i ng s o v er wh om A nti och u s is s a i d t o h av e r u l e d b u t ,
a s t hey a re c h i e fl y fanc i fu l t h ey h av e no t b e e n i n s e rt ed .
1 1 R b rt
o e o f F l a nd e r s ac c o r d i ng t o R ay mo nd (p , a nd R ob e rt o f .
No rmandy acc or d i n g t o R aou l ( ch ap t er 96 Ges ta Ta ncre dz) h a d accom

, , ,
p a nie d C o u nt R ay mo nd t o M a rr a .
13
Tu d eb od e at th i s p oi nt i ns ert s th e fo ll owi ng : T h er e w ith many o th er s ,
wh o h ap p i l y r e t u r ned th eir s ou l s t o God for wh om t h ey h ad a s s e mbl ed t h e r e ,

.
,
a c ert a i n v er y ex ce ll ent k n i g h t A r na l dus Tu debo d u s w as k i ll e d S ee

“
.
, ,
Tu d X I I 3
.
, .
13
T h i s d ou b t l es s h as r e fe r ence to t h e oath w h i ch th ey t ook to t h e E mp
e ro r at C o n s t an ti n op l e T h a t th e E mp ero r r eg ard ed A nti och as with i n t h e
.
t erms o f th e o a th is i nd i cat ed by h is l at er s tr u ggl es w ith B oh emu nd

-
1 4 V eneti an s
and G r ee k s h a d co op e r at ed for c ent u ri es In many r e s p ect s -
.
V eni ce may be reg ar d ed a s one o f t h e w es te rn trad ing p os ts o f th e G r eek s .
Th e p r e s en c e o f th e V eneti an sh i p s d o e s not s i g ni fy V eneti an p arti ci p ati on

in t h e C r u s a d e b u t r ath e r t h e E mp e r or s contri b u tio n to t h e s u pp ort o f th e
’
,
a r my Th e V e neti an e x p ed iti on o f t h e y e a r 1 1 00 mu s t b e l ook e d up on as th e

.
fi r s t c r u s ad i ng e x p ed it ion o f th e R epu bl i c .
M o h amme d s s on in l aw w h om t h e F a ti mit e C a l i p h s r eg a r ded a s

l
1 5 A li ’
- -
, ,
M oh amme d s s uc c es s or T h i s cons tit u t e d o ne o f th e es s enti a l poi nt s o f dis

’
.
a g r ee me nt w it h t h e Ab a s s id Ca l i p h s o f B a g d ad .
ee I n tro d u c ti on p 1 7
16 S
, . .
17
S ee I ntr od u cti on p 1 5 , . .
18
A rnu l f w h o b ec ame one o f t h e mo s t p ow e r fu l c l eri c a l l ead er s in th e
,
a r my w a s a n a tiv e o f F l a nd e r s
,
H e is s a i d t o h ave b e en t h e s o n o f a p ri es t
.
,
wh i ch o n s tri c t c a non i c a l g r ou nd s w o u l d h av e d i s q u a l i fi ed h im for t h e

, ,
p ri es thoo d H ow ev er l ar g e p orti o n s of E u r o p e w e re s ti ll unc onvert ed t o

.
,
2 96 N OT E S
th e tri cter i dea l s o f t h e R e fo r m C h u r ch P a rty A s a r es u l t h e fou nd

s .
,
l ittl e to h i nde r h is r ap i d ad v anc ement B e fore th e C r u s ade h e h ad ga i ned .
fa me a s a t each e r esp ec i a ll y in N o r mandy wh er e h e c ou nted among h is

, ,
p up i l s M at il da t h e da ugh t e r o f W i ll i a m t h e C o nq u er o r and R a ou l famou s

, , ,
l at e r a s a p ri e s t and p anegy ri s t W hen t he C r u s ade w as p reach ed A rnu l f .

,
j o i ned t he e x ped iti on in t h e b and o f Ro b ert o f N o r mandy H is pos iti o n .
w a s t ha t o f c h ap l a in t o O do A r ch b i sh op o f B ay eu x t h e fi e ry b r oth er of , ,
t he C onq u er or U pon O do s d eath e ar ly in t he march A rnu l f virtu a ll y s uc ’

.
,
ceede d t h e A r ch b i s h op b ecomi ng ch ap l a i n t o R ob ert o f N o r mandy ,

In th i s .
c ap ac ity h e w a s s oon r ec o g ni z e d a s o ne o f t h e ab l es t c h u rc h men in t h e w h o l e
a r my H e p os s es s e d many q u a l it ies a s i de fr om h is g r e a t l ear ni ng w h i ch w on

.
h im pop u l arity and i n fl uence not onl y among th e l e ad er s b u t a l s o among ,
t h e so l d i e r s .
19 J u ne 24 .
20 I t is d iffi c u l t x act l y wh o a e i n l u ded in thes e t erms

to det er mi ne e r c .
R aou l p os s i bl y i nc l u des am n g th B r t ns ll the S t h I ri h r B ret n o e e o a co c , s , o o
C r u ader s ; m ng th e S w b i ns and A l m nni l l th G r m n L i kew i e

s a o a a e a a e e a s . s ,
by H uns h e p r o b bl y me n l l th H u ng ri ns a nd by R t h n i ns l l th a s a e a a , a u e a a e
S l av s The fi r t t w t r ms w er e ft n s o u s ed by oth er ch r oni l e r s w h i l e

. s o e o e c .
th e l a t t w a e s mew h t i na cu r at e
s o r o a c .
‘
21V irg i l s A n id I I 390
.
’
e e , , .
Th e i l n e f th e A n ny m s and th e o th er w riter s wh o w r e d ub t l e
22
s e c o o ou e o ss
p r s nt a t t h e O r d e l i s b fl
e e l ing Po ibl y th y w er e u nwi ll i ng t
a mmi t a . ss e o co
t h mse l v es o n th i s d i s p u t ed q u es ti n
e f t h L nce w h s e v l i d ity t hey h d o o e a ,
o a a
p r cti call y a l l
a c ep t ed t A nti o ch F l h r w h o w n t p r e nt r c r d
ac a . u c e , as o se , e o s
th e O r de l and ap p r nt l y r e
a g ni z th u t me s a d efi nit r f t ti n
a e co es e o co a e e u a o
f t he L nce S ee F l h er ( H g nmey e ed ) I : 1 8 : 5
’
o a . u c a e rs . .
Th e fi n l f te o f th i L nc is omew h at ob cu r
23 a a C unt R ay m nd k ep ts a e s s e . o o
it and t k it l ong w i t h h im t o C ns t nti no p l

oo a R ou l and M tth ew f o a e . a a o
E d s t h e A r men i n w rite r s y th t he p r ent d it t o A l x i u s A lb e t

es a , a , a a es e e . r
sa y t h at h
s l o t it in A i M inor in 1 1 0 1
e s In th e W e t th d i s p u t e ab u t s a . s e o
it s v a l idity r ag ed for s ome ti me l onger G u i b ert riti ci sed F u l her v ry . c c e
s ev er ely for d ou b ti ng it .
N O T E S TO CHA P T E R V I I A N D E PI L O GU E
5 t G eor ge, accord i n t o t r a d it ion, w a s
l . h ad s u ffe redg b orn at Ly dd a but ,
mar ty r dom at N i co media S ee ha p te r n ot e 2 4 H is r ema i ns w er e . C IV , .
b g b k
r ou h t a c t o th e p ac e o f h is irth a nd a ch u rch e r ect ed th er e in h is l b
l g‘
h ono r Th e e en d w h i ch t h e A nony mou s h er e r epe a t s w a s cop i ed by at e r
. l
w r it e rs and w ide y c ir cu at e d in t h e es t b y l
a te r p i ri ms l W l lg .
2
T h i s w as th e fi r s t L at i n b i sh op ri c e s t abl i s h e d in t h e p atri archa t e o f
J e r u s a l em Th e B i sh op w a s s pok en o f a ft er w a r d s as t h e B i s h op o f R a m
.
l ah o r L y dd a o r S t G eo r g e
, R a ml ah and L y dd a w e r e b u t a fe w mi l e s
, . .
rt the c h u r ch o f S t G e or g e l y i ng b et w e en th e t w o p l a c es th r e e
'
apa , . . Al l
—
w e r e in th e B i s h o p s d i o c e s e a nd o ne o r t h e o th e r s erv e d as s e at
’
, h is at
,
va ri ou s ti me s h enc e th e c on fu s i on o f na mes .
2 98 N OT E S
Th e Pr v o e nca l g ood c e l rgy w ou d l r ly

s ca ce s uppo rt A r nu l f as c an d i d at e
for t h e p a tri r h l
a c a o ffi c e .
18
M att . 20 : 1 16 -
19
P r b bly
o a Ga s t o n of B eer t, w h o h a s b e en menti oned b r on s eve r a l
e fo e
i
o c ca s o n s . S ee p a g e 2 57 . It is u nce rt ai n w h ether h e w a s fr o m n o rth e r n
o r s ou t h e r n F r an c e .
2 0 A r n u l f o f M a rtir a no R ay mo n d h a s lr b ed
, w h o s e d eat h a ea dy d e s cri .
21 D a imbert , or D ag ob ert A rc hb i s h op
, of Pi s a, w h o h er e en e s t r t h e h is
t ory of th e C r u s ad e ,
had b
r omi nent in t h e a ff a ir s o f t h e W e s te rn
eco me p
C h u rch H e h ad b een o r d ai n ed by th e anti p op e W ibert o f R av enna bu t
.
-
, ,
s h o rt l y th e r e a ft e r w a s w on ov er t o t h e s i d e o f U r b an H e b e came B i s h op .
of Pi sa a n d w h e n C o r s i c a w a s a c q u ir e d fr om t h e S a r a c en s
, U r b an added ,
C o r s ic a to th e d ioc es e o f Pi s a an d e l evat ed th e ep i s co p a l s ee t o an a rc h .
b i sh op ri c D a imbe rt thu s b ecame the fi r s t A rch b i s ho p o f P i s a H e w as

. .
e ntr u s t ed by U r b a n w ith s ev er a l co mmi s s i o n s t o v a ri ou s p r ovi nc e s a nd in ,
1 098 h e t ook t h e l ead er s h i p in o r g an i z i n g a nav a l e x p ed iti on t o g o o n t h e
C ru s ade N eed l es s t o s ay U rb an app r oved o f th i s and may h av e s ent

.
,
D a imb e rt a s h is vi ca r t o s u c c ee d A dh e ma r w h o h a d d i e d a t A n ti och A t any , .
r at e o n h is a rriva l in t h e E as t Da imb ert fou nd h i ms e l f th e l ead i ng chu r ch

,
man th e r e a nd t h e o n l y one w h o by i n ti mat e ac q u ai nt anc e w a s q u al i fi ed t o

,
r ep r es ent t h e P ope B oh emu nd w h os e h o l d u p on A nti o ch w a s j eop a r d i z e d

.
,
by th e c l ai ms o f A l e x i u s w a s a n x i o u s for t h e a pp rov a l o f t h e P op e a s a
,
l eve r t o t u rn th e ene rgy o f t h e C r u s ader s aga i ns t A l e x i us H is i mmed i ate .
f ri end sh i p for D a imb ert t h e fri en d o f th e P op e p l ay s an i mp ort a nt p a rt

, ,
in l at er event s .
22
S u g a r c ane Th e c r u sa d er s i ntr odu ced it w i de l y in t h e W es t
-
. .
23 P lm 1 32 : 7
sa s .
24 P lmsa s
25
L k a f G nn r t
e o e es a e , or S ea of G lil
a ee .
A gl n t the m p ll
t F u lc her s i dent ific ati on o f B a lb e c
wi
’
26
a ce a a s h ow tha
w it h Th a da ma r is i mp os s i bl e H e u nd o u b t e d l y s aw B a lb e c a n d h ad r ea d
-
.
a b o u t Th a da ma r w h i ch w a s o nce a fl o u ri s h i n g tr a d i ng c e ntr e b u t it is d ou b t
‘ ,
fu l w h e th e r mor e t h an th e ma g ni fi ce nt r u i ns o f t h e l a tt e r p l ac e w er e t h e n in
,
evi d e nc e F u l ch e r p r ob abl y nev er s a w even th e s it e o f P a l my ra o r T h a d a

.
,
ma r b u t app l i e d h is l e ar ni n g to e mb e ll i s h h is d e sc rip ti on o f B alb ec T h ad a

, .
ma r w as sc a rc e l y on t he r o a d fr o m J er u s a l e m t o Laodic a e a .
2 7 B th R o b e rt s r e t u r n e d h o me w ith t h e ir a r mi es R o b e rt o f N o r ma n d y
o .
t a rri ed s o meti me at S a l er no to b e h ea l ed o f a t r o u bl es ome w o u nd w h i ch h e

h a d r e c eiv e d o n t h e Cr u s a d e W h en h e r e ache d N o r ma ndy h e fou nd h is .
,
b r oth e r W i ll i a m R u fu s de ad and h is y ou nge r b roth er H enry on th e E ng

, , , , ,
l i sh t h ro ne A q u arr e l fi na ll y b rok e ou t b etw een h i ms e l f and H e nry a n d in

-
.
,
t h e w a r w hi c h fo ll o w e d R ob e rt w a s c a p t u r e d a nd fo rc ed t o s p end h is l as t
d ay s a s a p ri s one r H e d i e d in 1 1 2 6 R o b ert o f F l a nd e r s p r o b a bly b o r e h is
. .
l ett er t o t he P op e a t R ome and th en h a s ten ed h o me D u ri ng th e ne x t e l even .
y ea r s h e fig u r e d p r o mi n e n t l y in feu d a l w a r fa r e th o u gh n o t a l w ay s t o h is ,
c r e d it H is c h i e f c l a i m t o fa me l i es in h is e x p l o it s a s a Cr u s ad e r
. H e d i ed .
in 1 1 1 1 .
NO T E S 2 99
bl b d i d w h h d t k n th v w nd h d
T h i s ins i s t e n t pl that
28
ea , th e a e -
o e o a a e e o , a a
f il d t
a rry it t
e h d f l t r d n th w y h
o ca l d f lfil th ir v w ou , or a a e e o e a s ou u e o s,
h aspp r d in p r ti lly l l th l tt r w ritt n by th Cr d r i n t h

a ea e ac ca a e e e s e e usa e s s ce e
ca pt r f A nti h
u Th p p l
e o mm nd t t h m ff t m t h v b n oc . e a a co a o e sa e e ec us a e ee ,
th r f r
e e o e, r l n l ti n t t h m ny w h h d rri d t th ir v w t
a ea co so a o o e a o a ca e ou e o a
suc h gre t t It m l y n t f b r j ti e t t d w n th e f t
a cos . s ee s on a ac o a e us c o se o a e
o f th t w o m t p r mi n nt ff nd r
e S t p h n f Bl i nd H gh th G r t
os o e o e e s, e e o o s a u e ea ,
wh nd
os e t i nv l v d n t m r l y th i gn mi ny o f n gl i g n e bu t mor e
co uc o e o e e e o e e c
es p i lly th t
ec a f d e rti n in th f f t h e n my aTh f ll w i ng p
o se o e ac e o e e . e o o as
sa g fr m O d e i
e V it l i ( X 1 9 ) s tr n l at d by T h m s F r t r
o r r cu s a s , a a s e o a o es e
( B h n A n ti q ri n L i b r ry ) r ve l th e emb arr a i ng d ir e tness o f th

o ua a a e a s ss c e
p r es s u r e u p o n S te ph en -
.
“
B e i ng fr e qu ent ly r ep rov ed by a vari ety o f pe rs ons for th i s conduct ,
S t ep h en w as compe ll ed bot h b y fear a nd s h ame to u nd erta k e a fr e s h c r u s a d e

‘
.
A mong o th e r s h is w i fe A del e o ft en u r g ed him t o it r emi n di n g h im o f it

‘
, , , ,
ev en a mi d s t t h e e nd e ar ment s o f c on j u g a l c a r e s s e s F ar b e it fr o m me my .
,
l or d s h e s ai d to su b mit any l on ger to t h e j i b es y ou r e ceive fro m al l

,
’
,
q u arter s Pl u ck u p th e c ou r age for wh i ch y ou w ere reno wn ed in y ou r

.
y o u th an d t ak e a r ms in a nobl e cau s e for t h e s a l v ati on o f t hou s a nd s s o

, ,
t h at C h ri s ti a ns may h av e g ood r easo n t o e x u l t in a l l p art s o f t h e w o r l d t o ,
t h e t err o r o f t h e p ag a ns a nd t h e p u bl i c h u mi l i atio n o f th e ir d etes t abl e re

l ig ion
’
.
“
T hi s l ngu g th t l v r nd p irit d w m n o ft n d
w as th e so rt of a a e a c e e a s e o a e a
dr d to h
ess e h b nd H rt i nl y h d l r eady fl
er i i nt ly
us x p ri n d
a . e ce a a a su c e e e e ce
th p ri l
e n d d i ffi
e l ti f ths n t r p ri
a t m k e h im h ri nk fr m nd rcu es o e e e se o a s o u e
g i ng u h t i l g i n A t l ng th h w ev r h t k
o s c o s r ga nd ap tti ng . e , o e , e oo co u a e, a ,
u
h i m l f on th m r h t t h h d
se f m ny th e nd Fr n h p r v r d
a c a e ea o a ous a e c ,
e se e e
a g i n t m t f rmi d bl b t l
a s os n ti l h r h d th t mb f o r L or d
o a e o s ac es , u e eac e e o o u .
S t ph n e rviv d b t v ry h rt ti m H h d vi it d J r l m nd
e su e u a e s o e . e a s e e u sa e a
w as a t J pp w iti n g f h i p t t k h im h m w h n n w w
o a, a b r gh t or a s o a e o e, e e s as ou
th t h ti l b nd w r in th vi i nity B l dw i n th k i ng
a os e a s ll d f v l n e e e c . a , e , ca e or o u
t r t d riv th m ff and S t p h n w
ee s o em n g th o w h o r p n d d Th
e o e e as a o se es o e . e
b tt l w s v ry d i tr
a e f a th Ch ri ti n e T q t e F l h r w rd s as ou s or e s a s . o uo u c e
’
s o s,
“
Al h w m ny v al i nt k ni gh t
as , o nd h w m ny b r v a l d i r w l t in a s a o a a e so e s e os
thi s t tr p hca a s 1 F S t p h en f B l i o pr d e t d n bl m . nd or e o o s, a u en an o e an , a
f B r g ndy w r k i ll d
”
a n th r S t p h n C
o e nt e e , ou o u u ,
e e e .
Th r i l k f g r m nt m g th w rit r
e e s a ac t th f t o f H gh
o a ee e a on e e s as o e a e u
th G r
e t Th t h w ea m g th vi ti m f t h i
. x p d iti n is a pt d by
a e as a on e c s o s e e o cc e e
F l h r w h fix h i d th t T ar
u c e ,
l t in 1 1 0 1 nd by W i ll i m f T y r
o es s ea a sus a e , a a o e
(X ,
wh t t th t h i b dy w b ri d in t h h r h f S t P l t
o s a es a s o as u e e c u c o . au a
th t p l e
a ac .
29
Th ff p ri ng f th
e mi x d marri g w r
o s ll d P u l l ni nd fig r
o es e e a es e e ca e a a u e
p r mi n nt l y in t h
o l it r t r f th tw l fth nd th irt nth
e e t ri e a u e o e e a ee cen u es .
30T h i l d t t h f r m ti n f m ng r l p h k n w n g n r ll y
s e o e th o a o o a o e s e ec o e e a as e
Li g n F n ua whi h w l g ra d i mm r i l i nt r
co, r th r gh t
c as on u se n co e c a e c ou se ou ou
th e E as t .

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T H E F IR S T C R U S A D E

w e r e n e i th e r s op h i s t i cat e d nor h i g hly t ra i n e d i n t he i r a rt T h e .

a m el i o ra t e t hes e di fﬁcu l t i e s t ha t t h e p r e s en t v o l u m e h a s bee n co m

of M edia ev a l H is tory . The au th o r g ra t e f ull y a ck n o w le d g e s in

d eb t ed n es s t o both . F or a s s i sta n c e i n t he p r epa r a t i o n of th es e

t r a ns la t i o n s h e is u n d e r g r eat ob l i g a t i o n to s eve ral of h is fo rmer

ﬁ el d h a v e bee n pl a ce d u n d e r c o n t r ib ut i o n . A few of th e s e are

Cha p ter I The S u mmons

2 U rb an s p l ea fo r a Cr u s ade 3 Th e i mmed i ate r e s p on s e

—4 U r b an s i ns tru cti on s t o a s s embl i ng Cru s ader s

Ch ap ter I I . Th e M a rch t o Const antino p le

Th e E mpe r or s tr e a t men t o f H u gh— 3 Go d fr ey at Co n

Cha p ter V . K e rb ogh a an d

Ch ap te r V I D i ssen si on a mong th e l e a ders

sti ll p ersi sts S c a rcely a gener a ti on h a s p a sse d with o u t d em a n ding

a f u lle r a n d f reshe r a ccount o f the Crus a des for i ts own

S obe r h i sto ri a n s h a ve s ought e a rnestly to a n swe r the ca l l but , ,

v oluminou s a s thei r work h a s been the f a n ci f u l poet an d n ovel is t

h a ve su cceeded i n keep i ng a p a ce i n a dv an ce I t wo uld requi re many .

p a ges t o li st only th e t itles o f the books a n d a rti cle s wh i ch th e l a s t

ce a se to ap p e a l to th e i nte rest o f th e wo rl d s o long a s the h i sto ry o f

most success ful Ch ri sti a n e ffo rt t o r et a ke p o sse ssi on o f the H oly

an d s p i r itu a l o f th os e ﬁ r st C r u s a ders I t seems there fo re n ot

ou t o f p l a ce to m a k e a vai l a bl e fo r the Engli sh re a de r the sto ry o f

t o t he glo ry o f Go d an d th e ben eﬁ t o f m a ny th e a rms o f its n ew ,

h ave seen i n them only th e mo u rn ful s p ect a c l e o f h u n d reds o f

a n d th e ex p edi ency o f th e unde rt a king the re is l ess room fo r ,

di ffe rence i n rega r d to the i m p o rt a nce o f th e movemen t a s a p h a se

l i fe o f th e eleventh cent u ry i n wh i ch th e i mmedi ate ho ri z on s o o ften

se rve d to l imi t men s vi si on o f knowl edge w a s sh aken f rom en d to

en d N ot al l wh o st a rted on thi s e x p edit ion to th e H oly L an d ever

re a ch ed the other en d o f E u ro p e to b e su re b u t even these s aw

with gl ory ce rt a i nly with mo re ex p eri en ce th a n they h a d h ad be fo re

As fo r th e thou s a nd s wh o ﬁ n al l y s u ccee de d i n ove rcoming th e al most

w h a t wond er s d i d th ey n ot have t o relat e ! I n d ivi d u a l s a n d o cc a

were ab sorbed wi thin th ei r own l imited loc al i tie s an d le ft few t r a ces .

Th e Fi rst Cr u s a d e h ow eve r enl i ste d peopl e o f a l l c l a sses o f b oth

sexes a n d eve ry age d r a wing t h em fro m p ra cti cally al l p a rt s o f

Ch ri st i a n E u ro p e As th e ﬁ rst b a n ds p ro ceeded th ro u gh d i stri ct

a fter di st ri ct oth er s c a ught th e s p i rit a n d st a rted a fte r t hem An d

th u s th e n a r row h igh w a ys we r e choke d with a con stant stre a m o f

di d t he movemen t ce a se w ith th e c a pt u re o f J eru s a l em Ten ye a r s .

l a te r th ere we re Cr u s a de rs stil l going E a st i n an swe r to Urb a n s ’

c a l l fo r t h e Fi rst Cr u s a de whi l e the a ct u a l p o sse ssi on o f the H ol y

Ci ty by th e Cr us a de rs a ffo rd ed th e n e ce s s a ry im p etu s for a steady

th e Cru s a de r wen t a l so th e me rch a n t co u ri e r mi nst rel an d a d , , ,

ventu rer Th u s w ay f a ri ng w i th a l l i ts a tten d a nt good an d evi l

be c am e a h abi t ove r a l l o f Eu ro p e W h a t t h i s exch a nge o f i de a s

a n d w a re s me a n t t r a n scen d s st a t i sti cs a n d mu st be l ooked fo r i n

the accele r a te d p rogress o f E u ro p e wh ic h f o l lowed i n th e s o call e d ,

Ren a i s s a n ce o f the T w el fth Cent u ry

! uite a p art f rom th e Cr u s a d e i t sel f th e eye w itn ess

o f the Rom a n Em p i re i n the We st I t i s di f ﬁ c u l t to ﬁ nd i n th e

magn e i s the striki ng exce p ti on J u st a s th e me agre German ia

o f T a ci t u s h a s been remorsel es s l y tort u re d i nto a con fes si on o f

Germ a ni c c ivili z a ti on f req u ently ma de t o serve al l cent u ri es f ro m

t h e p reh i stor i c t o th e eighth an d even beyon d so Ei nh a rd wi th

b u t l ittle h e l p h a s be en p res sed int o eq u a l l y heroi c se rvi ce f o r

the eighth a n d n i nth cent u ri es Th e n e x t two centuri es fo r l a ck

o f a T a c i t u s o r a n Ei nh a rd h ave been con st r a i ned to l i nge r u n de r

e ffectively di s p el l ed at th e en d o f th e el eve nth cent u ry l a rgely ,

th ro u gh these ch roni cl es o f the Fi rst Cru s a de s whi l e th e ste a di ly ,

swel l i ng vol u m e o f w ritings there a fte r obvi a tes th e d a nger fo r s u c