THEME 1

AFFIRMATIVE, NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE FORM

1. Affirmative:
The affirmative form is used to make a positive statement about something. In English, it
generally follows the subject-verb-object order (if the verb is transitive).

Let's see some additional examples with other verbs:

- I am happy.
- She sings beautifully.
- They have a dog.

- In compound verb tenses, auxiliary verbs like "have", "has", "had", "is", "am", "are",
"was", "were", among others, are used along with the past participle of the main verb.

2. Negative:
The negative form is used to negate a statement. In English, "not" is usually added to the
main verb or its contracted form is used. Here's an example using the same verb "to be":
- I am not happy.

Let's see some additional examples with other verbs:

- She does not sing beautifully.
- They do not have a dog.
- In compound verb tenses, "not" is placed after the auxiliary.

3. Interrogative:
The interrogative form is used to ask questions. In English, the subject and the main verb
are generally inverted, or interrogative words are used at the beginning of the sentence.
Using the verb "to be":
Let's see some additional examples with other verbs:
- Does she sing beautifully?
- Do they have a dog?

- Interrogative words like "what", "where", "when", "who", "why", "how", etc., are used at
the beginning of the sentence.
THEME 2
POSSESSIVE ADJETIVES

Introduction

The study of English grammar encompasses a wide range of elements that are

fundamental for effective communication. Among them, possessive adjectives and question

words hold a prominent place. These grammatical components are not only essential for

constructing sentences correctly but also facilitate the expression of possession and the

formulation of questions. This research aims to delve into the usage and meaning of

possessive adjectives and question words in English, highlighting their relevance in various

communicative contexts.

Possessive adjectives are terms that indicate possession or ownership and are used

to modify nouns. In English, these adjectives are "my," "your," "his," "her," "its," "our,"

and "their." It is important to note that possessive adjectives must agree in gender and

number with the noun they modify. For example:

My car is blue.

His house is big.

In addition to expressing possession, possessive adjectives are also used to talk about

personal or kinship relationships:

This is my brother.

Her mother is a doctor.

THEME 3

TIME AND DATE

"Time and date" is an important topic in English that covers vocabulary and grammatical
structures related to time measurement and date expression. Mastering the vocabulary and
structures related to time and date is essential for effective communication in English in
both everyday and professional situations.

1. Grammatical structures:
- Time: The verb "to be" is used to indicate the current time. For example, "It is 3 o'clock".
- Date expression: The month-day-year order is used in American English, and day-
month- year order is used in British English. For example, "January 1, 2024" in American
English, and "1 January 2024" in British English.
- Questions about time and date: Interrogative structures are used to ask questions about
time and date. For example, "What time is it?" or "When is your birthday?".

2. Common expressions:
- "What's the time?"
- "Can you tell me the date, please?"
- "My flight leaves at 7 a.m."
- "The meeting is scheduled for Monday at 10 a.m."
3. Vocabulary:
- Hours: Numbers followed by "o'clock" are used to indicate complete hours. For
example, "five o'clock". Expressions like "quarter past", "half past", and "quarter to" are
also used to indicate minutes past the hour.
- Days of the week: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and
Sunday.
- Months of the year: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August,
September, October, November, and December.
- Time expressions: Include "today", "yesterday", "tomorrow", "next week", "last month",
among others.
THEME 4
DEMOSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

Demonstrative pronouns are used to determine the position of people or things.

They function as demonstrative pronouns when they replace a noun that has been
mentioned before or has been perfectly defined by the context. They are the same as
demonstrative adjectives.

This Este, esta, esto

These Estos, estas
That Ese, eso, aquella, aquello
Those Esos, esas, aquellos, aquellas

Similar to demonstrative adjectives, we use "this" and "these" to talk about something that
is closer to the speaker, and "that" and "those" for something that is farther away. In
Spanish, however, we distinguish three levels, not two as in English.

Demonstrative pronouns in English are words that point out or indicate the position of an
object or a person in relation to the speaker. Here's a detailed explanation of each:

Singular and plural

This (singular): Used for something close to the speaker in space or time.

These (plural): Similar to "this," but for several things close to the speaker.

"That" and "Those":

That (singular): Used for something farther away from the speaker in space or time.

Those (plural): Similar to "that," but for several things farther away from the speaker.

Referring to defined objects or people: Demonstrative pronouns are used when the object or
person being talked about is clear from the context or has been mentioned before.

Avoiding confusion: Demonstrative pronouns help avoid confusion by clearly specifying

which object or person is being referred to.
These pronouns are important because they help clarify what is being referred to in a
conversation or text. Remember that in Spanish, we distinguish between "este," “ese," and
"aquel," while in English, we use "this" and "these" for something close and "that" and
"those" for something farther away.

STRUCTURE

Subject: The person or object performing the action in the sentence.

Verb: The action that the subject is doing.

Demonstrative pronoun: The pronoun that points out or indicates the position of the object
or person in relation to the speaker.

Object: The direct or indirect object of the verb.

The basic structure would be:

Subject + Verb + Demonstrative Pronoun + Object.

EXAMPLES

 "I like this book." (Me gusta este libro.)

 "She bought that car." (Ella compró ese coche.)
 "We have these tickets." (Tenemos estas entradas.)
 "They admire those paintings." (Admiran esas pinturas.)

 "My friend gave this gift." (Mi amigo dio este regalo.)
 "She read that book." (Ella leyó ese libro.)
 "The boy kicked that ball." (El niño pateó esa pelota.)
 "We bought these shoes." (Compramos estos zapatos.)
 "The students studied those books." (Los estudiantes estudiaron esos libros.
 "We admired those paintings." (Admiramos esas pinturas.)
THEME 5

PRESENT SIMPLE
Positive Form

Also known as Simple Present, is used to describe the present in real time. It is the basic
form and uses the infinitive for subjects, except for the third person singular. Present
Simple is more commonly used. Subject + verb + complement. Simple Present is also used
to: • Express habits and routines, general facts, repeated actions or situations, emotions, and
permanent desires.

 I smoke (habit); I work in London (permanence); London is a large city (general fact).
 Give instructions or directions
 You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.
 Talk about scheduled events, present or future.
 Your exam starts at 09.00
 Refer to the future, following some conjugations.
 He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday

Simple Present in third person, positive.

In the third person singular, the verb always ends in -s:

 He wants, she needs, he gives.

Negative Form

To form negative sentences in the Present Simple, we use "doesn't" before the verb
for the third person singular (he, she, it), and the verb does not end with "s" as in the
affirmative form. For the rest of the persons, we use "don't". Subject + don't + verb (simple
infinitive).

Interrogative Form

To ask questions, we simply put "Does" at the beginning of the sentence for the third
person singular, and "Do" for the rest of the persons. For example:

 You play football

  To ask "Do you play football?", we put "Do" at the beginning of the sentence:
 Do you play football?
 He plays football

In this case, the subject is the third person singular (He), so we put "Does" at the
beginning of the sentence, and the verb does not take "s".

Present Simple in third person, negative, and interrogative.

For both negative and positive forms, as well as interrogative, we use Does (Third person
auxiliary of 'Do') + the infinitive of the verb.

 He wants ice cream. Does he want strawberry? He does not want vanilla. Verbs
ending in -y: in the third person singular, change -y to -ies:
 Fly - - Flies, Cry - - Cries.
 Exception when a vowel precedes -y:
 Play - - Plays, Pray - - Prays.
 Add -es to verbs ending in: -ss, -x, -sh, -ch:
 He passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes.
THEME 6

VERB TO HAVE
The verb 'to have' is one of the most used verbs in English, and it's an irregular verb,
so it's important to know how to conjugate it correctly and when to use it.
Conjugations of the verb "to have"
Conjugations of some of the most commonly used simple and compound tenses with to have.
Subject Present Past

I Have Had

You Have Had

He/She/It Have Had

We Have Had

They Have Had

And, in English, the verb "to have" has mainly two uses: first, as the main verb in a
sentence; second, as an auxiliary verb. Also, it has a third use as a modal verb, expressing
obligation or need, and its translation to Spanish can vary.
When "to have" is the main verb, its meaning in Spanish is usually related to "tener,"
indicating possession or ownership. For example, the English phrase "I have a bike" would
be translated as "Yo tengo una bicicleta" in Spanish, showing that the person owns a bike.
Additionally, when "to have" is the main verb, it can indicate an action, as in the sentence
"Lisa has breakfast every morning," which in Spanish would be "Lisa toma el desayuno
todas las mañanas."
When "to have" functions as an auxiliary verb in English, its equivalent in Spanish is the
verb "haber," and it is used to form more complex verb tenses, including the perfect tenses
in English.
Base form: the simplest form of the verb is the most important and is used when looking in
the dictionary. Its main job is to create sentences by telling someone to do something and
also to form the start of an action by adding the word "to" before the verb.
Uses
Simple Present:
Positive: Describes facts or habitual situations in the present.
Examples:
 I have a car.
 She has two cats.
Negative: Indicates the denial of possession or action in the present.
Examples:
 I do not (don't) have a car.
 She does not (doesn't) have two cats.
Interrogative: Used to ask questions about current possession or actions.
Examples:
 Do you have a car?
 Does she have two cats?
Simple Past
Positive: Refers to actions or completed possessions in the past.
Examples:
 I had a car.
 They had a great time.
Negative: Expresses the denial of specific actions or possessions in the past.
Examples:
 I did not (didn't) have a car.
 They did not (didn't) have a great time.
Interrogative: Used to ask questions about past actions or possessions.
Examples:
 Did you have a car?
 Did they have a great time?
Present Continuous
Positive: Indicates an ongoing action at the current moment.
Examples:
  Did you have a car?
 Did they have a great time?
Negative: Expresses the absence of an ongoing action in the present.
Examples:
 I am not (aren't) having lunch.
 She is not (isn't) having a meeting.
Interrogative: Asks about an action in progress at the current moment.
Examples:
 Are you having lunch?
 Is she having a meeting?
Past Continuous
Positive: Describes an ongoing action at a specific moment in the past.
Examples:
 I was having dinner.
 They were having a conversation.
Negative: Indicates the absence of a continuous action in the past.
Examples:
 I was not (wasn't) having dinner.
 They were not (weren't) having a conversation.
Interrogative: Used to ask questions about ongoing actions at specific moments in the past.
Examples:
 Were you having dinner?
 Were they having a conversation?
Present Perfect
Positive: Refers to actions that have occurred at some point before the present.
Examples:
 I have had many experiences.
 She has had a successful career.
Negative: Denies actions that have not occurred at any point before the present.
Examples:
  I have not (haven't) had many experiences.
 She has not (hasn't) had a successful career.
Interrogative: Asks about actions that may have occurred at some point before the present.
Examples:
 Have you had many experiences?
 Has she had a successful career?

Future with "Going To"

Positive: Indicates plans or intentions for the future.
Examples:
 I am going to have a party.
 We are going to have a vacation.
Negative: Expresses the absence of plans or intentions for the future.
Examples:
 I am not (aren't) going to have a party.
 We are not (aren't) going to have a vacation.
Interrogative: Used to ask about plans or intentions for the
future.
Examples:
 Are you going to have a party?
 Are we going to have a vacation?
ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS
Contracted Forms: Abbreviated forms for easier pronunciation and writing.
 I'm, you're, he's, she's, it's, we're, and they’re.
 I've, you've, he's, she's, it's, we've, and they’ve.
Use as Modal Verb (Obligation or Necessity): Indicates the need or obligation to perform
an action.
 You have to finish your homework.
 Do I have to attend the meeting?
Common Expressions: Colloquial phrases including the verb "to have" to wish something
positive.
 Have a good day.
  Have a great weekend.
 Have fun!

THEME 7

SINGULAR NOUNS

Singular nouns represent one person, place, thing, or idea. They are the simplest form of a
noun and are used when referring to a single entity.

Examples of singular nouns include "cat," "house," "book," "friend," and "idea."

Singular nouns play a fundamental role in constructing sentences and conveying specific
meanings.

Forming Plural Nouns

Plural nouns refer to more than one person, place, thing, or idea. They are formed in various
ways depending on the spelling and pronunciation of the singular noun.

The most common way to form plural nouns is by adding "-s" to the end of the singular noun.

For example: "Cat" becomes "cats," "book" becomes "books," and "friend" becomes
"friends."

However, there are exceptions to this rule:

Nouns ending in: "-s," "-ss," "-sh," "-ch," or "-x" usually add "-es" to form the plural.

For example: "Bus" becomes "buses," "box" becomes "boxes," and "church" becomes
"churches."
Nouns ending in: "-y" preceded by a consonant change the "y" to "i" and add "-es."

For example: "City" becomes "cities," "baby" becomes "babies," and "fly" becomes "flies."

Some nouns have irregular plural forms that do not follow a specific pattern and must be
memorized.

Examples include: "Child" becomes "children," "foot" becomes "feet," and "man" becomes
"men."

Importance of Singular and Plural Nouns:

Understanding the distinction between singular and plural nouns is essential for clear and
effective communication in English.

Proper usage of singular and plural nouns ensures grammatical correctness and clarity of
meaning in writing and speaking.

Mastery of singular and plural nouns enhances language proficiency and facilitates the
expression of ideas and concepts in various contexts.

Singular and plural nouns are fundamental elements of English grammar that enable us to
articulate ideas and communicate effectively. By understanding the rules for forming plural
nouns and recognizing when to use singular or plural nouns, you can enhance your
language skills and convey your thoughts with precision and clarity.
THEME 8

THERE IS – THERE ARE

“There is” and “There are” are essential in English grammar to denote the existence
of somthing in a specific place. These constructions are mainly used in affirmative of
something. “There is” is used in affirmative sentences to indicate the presence of
something. “There is” used when talking about the existence of something in singular,
while “There are” is used to refer to the existence of something in plural.

Formation and examples.

“There is” is constructed with the verb “to be” in its singular form (“is”) followed by the
word “there”, and then the subject is placed followed by the main verb in singular.
Example:
“There is a book on the table.”
“There is an apple in the basket.”
“There are” follows a similar structure, but it uses the verb “to be” in its plural forma
(“are”), and the subject is followed by the main verb in plural.
Example:
“There are many students in the classrom.”
“There are three dogs in the yard.”

Negatives and interrogatives.

In negatives, “There is” becomes “There isn’t” (contraction of “is not”), and “There are”
becomes “There aren’t” (contraction of “are not”).
Examples:
“There isn’t a cat in the garden.”
“There aren’t any cookies left.”
In interrogatives, the order of the verb “to be” and “there” is inverted.
Examples:
“Is there a party tonight?”
“Are there any pens on the desk?
THEME 9
QUESTION WORDS

Question words, or interrogative pronouns, are essential for formulating

interrogative sentences in English and obtaining specific information. Some of the most

common question words include "what," "where," "when," "why," "who," and "how."

These words allow for obtaining details on various topics in a conversation.

For example:

What is your name?

Where do you live?

When is your birthday?

Why are you sad?

Who is that person?

How do you get to work?

Importance and Applications

The knowledge and mastery of possessive adjectives and question words in English

are crucial for effective communication in various contexts. In everyday life, academic and

professional environments, and in travel or tourism situations, these grammatical elements

enable the expression of ideas clearly and obtaining the desired information in a

conversation.

The correct use of possessive adjectives facilitates the description of possession and

personal relationships, while the proper handling of question words helps formulate precise

interrogatives to obtain specific details on various topics.

THEME 10

GERUNDS AND THE "-ING" FORM IN ENGLISH

The use of gerunds and the "-ing" form in English adds versatility and dynamism to
linguistic expression. This grammatical phenomenon, marked by the ending "-ing," serves
various functions in English sentences. Below, the multifaceted nature of gerunds is
explored, focusing on their role as nouns, their association with prepositions and specific
verbs, and their presence in temporal expressions. Additionally, the broader application of
the "-ing" form in constructing present participles and progressive tenses is highlighted.

Gerunds as Nouns:
Gerunds, identified by the "-ing" ending, often function as nouns within sentences.
They smoothly replace subjects or objects, adding a dynamic and attractive quality to the
language. For example, in the sentence "Swimming is my favorite hobby," the gerund
"swimming" acts as the subject, vividly portraying the speaker's preferred leisure activity.
This use of gerunds as nouns enhances the expressiveness of the language, allowing
speakers to encapsulate actions and activities concisely and impactfully.

Gerunds After Prepositions:

Frequently, gerunds follow prepositions, contributing to the fluency and precision of
the language. Consider the sentence "I am good at playing the guitar." Here, the gerund
"playing" acts as a noun after the preposition "at," conveying a skill or proficiency. This
prepositional use of gerunds enriches the language by providing a nuanced and contextually
rich way to describe actions in relation to other elements in a sentence.

Gerunds After Certain Verbs:

Some verbs naturally pair with gerunds, creating idiomatic expressions that carry
specific meanings. In the sentence "She enjoys reading books," the verb "enjoys"
harmoniously combines with the gerund "reading" to convey a sense of pleasure derived
from the activity. Recognizing these verb-gerund combinations enhances linguistic
competence, allowing for more sophisticated and idiomatic expression.

Gerunds in Temporal Expressions:

Gerunds also find a comfortable place in time-related expressions, contributing to
the vivid depiction of ongoing activities. In the sentence "I love jogging in the morning,"
the
gerund "jogging" acts as a noun after the preposition "in," describing a regular morning
routine. This temporal use of gerunds adds vitality and immediacy to the language,
allowing speakers and writers to convey a sense of continuity or routine.
The "-ing" Form in Various Verb Structures:
In addition to serving as gerunds, the "-ing" form plays a crucial role in constructing
present participles and progressive tenses.

Present Participles:
Present participles, ending in "-ing," are fundamental for forming compound verb
tenses. In the sentence "She has been working all day," the present participle "working"
combines with "has been" to create the present perfect continuous tense, highlighting the
duration of an ongoing action.

Progressive Tenses:
The "-ing" form is a key component of progressive tenses, indicating actions in
progress at specific times. In the sentence "They are studying for their exams," the present
progressive tense is formed with "studying" acting as the progressive aspect of the verb.
Utilizing progressive tenses provides a nuanced understanding of ongoing actions within a
particular timeframe, allowing for precise communication.

ING and Gerunds in English:

The use of "-ing" and gerunds is a crucial aspect of English grammar, contributing
to the language's expressiveness and versatility. Gerunds are verb forms ending in "-ing"
that function as nouns in sentences. They play various roles, including serving as subjects,
objects, or complements. Meanwhile, the "-ing" form is not limited to gerunds; it is also
present in present participles and progressive verb tenses, providing temporal nuances to
actions.

Structure of Gerunds:
1. Verb Base + "-ing":** To form a gerund, add "-ing" to the base form of the verb.
- Example: "Swim" (base form) becomes "Swimming" (gerund).

Structure of the "-ing" Form in Present Participles:

1. Verb Base + "-ing":** Present participles, like gerunds, are formed by adding "-ing" to
the base verb.
- Example: "Read" (base form) becomes "Reading" (present participle).

Structure of the "-ing" Form in Progressive Tenses:

1. Subject + To Be (am/are/is) + Verb Base + "-ing":** The "-ing" form is integral to
constructing progressive tenses.
- Example: "They are studying for the exams."

Examples:

Gerunds as Subjects:
1. Reading is her favorite hobby.
2. Swimming in the ocean is a delightful experience.

Gerunds as Objects:
3. She enjoys playing the piano.
4. I appreciate your helping with the project.

Gerunds in Prepositional Phrases:

5. She succeeded by working diligently.
6. We are interested in learning about new cultures.

Present Participles:
7. She is writing a novel.
8. They were painting the fence.

Progressive Tenses:
9. They are studying for the exams.
10. We were celebrating our achievements.

Understanding the nuances of gerunds and the "-ing" form enhances language
proficiency, allowing for more precise and expressive communication in both written
and spoken English.

THERE 11

SIMPLE PAST
The past simple, or past simple, is one of the most important verb tenses in the
English language and, unlike Spanish, where past tense verbs have very different
conjugations, in English there are verbs that retain their form in both the present and past
tense, and the most irregular verbs have only up to three forms.
When used
The past simple is used for sentences in which the idea, act, or state has already
been completed. It could have ended five minutes ago or five centuries ago, the time of
completion doesn't matter, the only important thing is that it talks about something that no
longer happens or exists in the present.

Estructura
Affirmative
Subject + Verb in past + Complement
 Michel Worked yesterday.
 You washed the car.

Negavite
Subject + Did + Not + Infinitive verb + Complement
 Michel didn’t Work yesterday.
 You didn’t wash the car.

Interrogative
Did + Subject + Infinitive verb + Complement +?
  Did Michel Work yesterday?
 Did You wash the car?

REGULAR AND IRREGUAR VREBS

In English, there are two types of verbs: regular and irregular.

Regulars

Existen algunas reglas para la formación de verbos regulares en inglés que se basan
en cuáles son las últimas letras del verbo en infinitivo. Las dos terminaciones para la
formación del past simple son –d o –ed y dependen de los siguiente:

Add ed

Berbs ending in e, add only d Lived, cared, died, dated, shared

Change the y to i and add ed Dried, cried, fried, married, spied

Don’t change the y to i just add ed Preted, played, stayed, destroyed

CVC rule: doble the final consonant y Stopped, robbed, lobbed, napped
add ed.

Do not double the final w or x, just add Wowed, mixed, jinxed, meowed, vowed.
ed

Two syllables, and the 2nd is stressed, Remitted, permitted, admitted, occurred
doble the final consonant and add ed.
 Two syllables, and the 2nd is not Happened, listened, opened, earned
stressed, don’t double the final
consonunt, just add ed

Irregular

They are called irregular because they modify their root entirely, either in their
past simple or participle form or both. Unlike regular verbs, they don't have to be given
– d or –ed, but their spelling changes significantly.

Infinitive Simple Past Participle

To be Was/Were Been

Become Became Become

Begin Began Begun

Break Broke Broken

Buy Bought Bought

Come Came Come

Do Did Done

Dream Dreamt Dreamt

Drink Drank Drunk

Drive Drove Driven

Eat Ate Eaten

Forget Forgot Forgotten

Get Got Got/Gotten

Give Gave Given
 Go Went Gone

Have Had Had

Hear Heard Heard

Know Knew Known

Lear Learnt Learnt

Make Made Made

Pay Paid Paid

Run Ran Run

Say Said Said

Sell Sold Sold

Sing Sang Sung

Sleep Slept Slept

Speak Spoke Spoken

Take Took Taken

Win Won Won

Write Wrote Written

Irregular Verb Groups

Group 1: All three forms are the sume.
 Simple for Simple past Past-participe
Bet Bet Bet
Burst Burst Burst
Cost Cost Cost
Cut Cut Cut

Group 2: past participe ends in-en.

Simple for Simple past Past-participe
Awake Awoke Awoken
Bite Bit Bitten
Breack Brocke Broken
Choose Chose Chosen
Drive Drove Driven

Group 3: vowel changes a in the simple past to u in the past participe

Simple for Simple past Past-participe
Begin Began Begun
Drink Drank Drunk
Ring Rang Rung

Gropu 4: past tense and past participle are the same.

Simple for Simple past Past-participe
Bend Bent Bent
Bleed Bled Bled
Buy Bougth Bougth
Grind Ground Ground
Hang Hung Hung
Lose Lost Lost
Mislay Mislaid Mislaid
Think Thougth Thougth
Tell Told Told
Win Won Won

Group 5; past participle adds-n to the simple form, without a spelling change.
Simple for Simple past Past-participe
Blow Blew Blown
Do Did Done
Draw Drew Drawn
Fly Flew Flow
Group 6: the first and third forms are the same.
Simple for Simple past Past-participe
Become Became Become
Come Came Come
Run Ran Run

Group 7: on of the three forms is very different.

Simple for Simple past Past-participe
Be Was/were Been
Go Went Gone

Group 8: Both regular and irregular forms are used. The regular form is more
common in A m E, and the irregular form is more common in BrE
Simple for Simple past Past-participe
Burn Burened/burt Burened/burt
Drem Dreamed/dremt Dreamed/dremt
Kneel Knneled/kneit Knneled/kneit
Lean Leaned/Leant Leaned/Leant
Learn Learned/learnt Learned/learnt
Smell Spilled/spilt Spilled/spilt
Spill Spoiled/spoilt Spoiled/spoilt

THERE 12

PAST CONTINOUS PAST

1. Definition:

The Past Continuous Tense, also known as the Past Progressive Tense, is used to describe
actions or events that were ongoing or in progress at a specific point in the past.
It is formed by using the past tense of the verb "to be" (was/were) and adding the present
participle (the -ing form) of the main verb.
2. Structure:

Affirmative:
Subject + was/were + present participle (verb + ing)
Negative:
Subject + was not/were not + present participle
Interrogative:
Was/Were + subject + present participle?
3. Examples:

Affirmative:
I was studying when the phone rang.
They were playing soccer in the park.
Negative:
She wasn't listening to music at that moment.
We weren't expecting any visitors.
Interrogative:

Were you watching TV when it happened?

Was he working late last night?
4. Uses:

Actions in Progress: Describing actions that were ongoing at a specific point in the past.

Example: At 8 PM yesterday, I was having dinner with my friends.

Parallel Actions: Describing two or more actions that were happening simultaneously in the
past.

Example: While I was reading a book, my sister was watching TV.

Interrupted Actions: Highlighting an action that was interrupted by another event.

Example: They were playing chess when the electricity went out.
Background Actions: Providing context or describing background activities in a narrative.
Example: The sun was setting as we were walking along the beach.
5. Time Expressions:

Past Continuous Tense is often used with specific time expressions to indicate the duration
or timing of the ongoing action.
Example: Last night at 10 PM, I was still working on my project.

6. Contrasting Past Simple and Past Continuous:

Past Simple is used for completed actions in the past, while Past Continuous emphasizes
actions in progress.
Example: I was reading (in progress) when the phone rang (completed action).
7. Emphasizing Duration:

The Past Continuous Tense can emphasize the duration of an action that was happening
over a period.
Example: We were waiting for hours before the concert started.
Understanding the Past Continuous Tense is crucial for expressing the dynamic nature of
past events, highlighting ongoing actions, and providing a detailed narrative of past
experiences.
THERE 13

TO BE GOING TO
“To be going to” is a gramatical structure used to talk about future plans or
intentions in English. It is one of the monst common forms to express the future and is used
when there is the intention to perform a specific actiion at a later time than the present. This
construction is formed using the appropriate form of the verb “to be” (am, is, are) followed
by “going to” and the the main verb in its base form.

Formation and example.

The formation of “To be going to” is quite simple. It is constructed with the verb “to
be” followed by “going to” and the main verb in its base form.
“To be going to” is formed as follows:
I am going to + verb
He – She – It is going to + verb
We – You – They are going to + verb
Examples:
“I am going to visit my grandparents tomorrow”
“She is going to start a new job next week.”

Negatives and interrogatives

In negatives, “There is” becomes “There is’nt” (contraction of “is not”), and “There are”
becomes “There aren’t” (contraction of “are not”).
Examples:
“I am not going to watch TV tonight”
“They are not going to buy a new car.”
In interrogatives, the order of the verb “to be” and the subject is inverted.
Examples:
“Are you going to attend the meeting?”
“Is she going to finish her project on time?”
THERE 14

FUTURE TENSE “WILL”

Training: The basic structure of the future tense with "will" is quite simple. It is formed

by combining the verb "will" with the infinitive of the main verb. Unlike other tenses, the

main verb remains in its base form without any conjugation.

Subject + willpower + Infinitive verb

Subject + will + verb in infinitive

The "future tense with will" is a fundamental grammatical structure in English that

allows us to express actions that will occur in the future. This construction, also known as

the "simple future" or "future with will", is widely used to talk about events, spontaneous

decisions and predictions that will take place beyond the present moment. *Formation: *

The formation of the future tense with "will" is simple. It consists of combining the modal

verb "will" with the main verb in its base form, that is, without conjugation. The basic

structure is:

\[ \text{Sujeto} + \text{will} + \text{verbo en infinitivo} \].

For example, "Viajaré" (I will travel), "She will learn" (She will learn), "Exploraremos"

(We will explore).

Expression of Future Actions: This verb tense is used to communicate actions or

situations that will occur in the future. It is not conditioned by previous events nor does it

depend on specific circumstances, allowing flexibility in the expression of future events.

Examples:
I'm visiting my grandparents this weekend.

They will start a new project next month. (They will start a new project next month.)

Will she join?

We won't forget to call you. (We won't forget to call you.)

Uses of the Future Tense with "Will":

 To express future actions:

The train will arrive at 3:00 p.m. (The train will arrive at

I will call you later. (I will call you later.)

 To make promises or commitments:

I will help you with your homework. (I will help you with your homework.)

She will take care of

 To express spontaneous decisions:

Oh no, I forgot my umbrella. I'll buy one on the way home. (Oh no, I forgot my umbrella. I'll

buy one on the way

We don't have milk. I'll go to the store and buy some. (We don't have milk. I'll go to the

store and buy some.)

  To make predictions or assumptions:

I think it will rain later. (I think it will rain later.)

 To express offers or invitations:

Do you want some tea? (Do you want to have some tea?)

I will make reservations for dinner

 To express opinions or judgments about the future:

I think they will be successful

You will probably pass the exam; I study hard

Unconditioned Future Actions:

The future tense with "will" is used to express actions or situations that will occur in the

future and that are not conditioned by particular circumstances.

Spontaneous Decisions:

It can be used to communicate decisions that are made at the moment of speaking,

spontaneously or based on the will of the speaker.

Questions and Negations:

 When asking questions, "will" is placed before the subject, and for negations, "will not"

or its contracted form "won't" is used.

Comparison to "Going to Future":

It is important to note that, although the future tense with "will" is a common form, there

is another construction called "going to Future." The choice between "will" and "going to"

depends on context and intent.

Conclusion:

The future tense with "will" is a valuable tool in the English learner's grammatical arsenal.

THERE 15 Y 16

PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE / PRESENT PAST TENSE

The present perfect continuous (also known as the present perfect progressive) is a verb
tense used to talk about something that started in the past and is continuing at the present
time.

Example

I have been Reading War and Peace for a month now.

In this sentence, using the present perfect continuous conveys that Reading War and peace
is an activity that began sometime in the past and is not yet finished in the present.

How to form the present perfect continuous

The formula for the present perfect continuous tense is:

Has/have been + [present participle (root form of verb + -ing)]

Recently and lately are words that we often find with verbs in the present perfect
continuous tense.

Examples

1. Mia has been competing in flute competitions recently (and she will continue to do
so).
2. I haven’t been feeling well lately.
3. Recently, I’ve been misplacing my wallet and keys.

Not all verbs are compatible with continuous action. Verbs that describe states and
conditions, such as to be and to own, for example, do not make sense in the present perfect
continuous tense. When you want to show that what is begin described by one of these
verbs continues up to the present, yo use the regular present tense.

Examples

Incorrect I have been owning my Mazda since 2007.

Correct I have owned my Mazda since 2007.

The past perfect continuous (also known as the past perfect progressive) is a verb tense that
shows that an action that started in the past continued up until another time is the past.

How to form the past perfect continuous

The formula for the past perfect continuous tense is:

Hadd been + [present participle (root form of verb + -ing)]

Unlike the present perfect continuous, which indicates an action that began in the past and
has continued up to the present, the past perfect continuous indicates something that began
in the past, continued in the past, and also ended at a defined point in the past.

Examples
 1. He had been drinking milk out the carton when Mom walked into the kitchen.
2. I had been working at the Company for five years when i got the promotion.

When, for, since, and before are words that you may see used alongside the past perfect
continuous tense.

Examples

1. Martha had been walking three miles a day before she broke her leg.
2. The program that was terminated had been running smoothly since 1945.