Geoheritage (2021) 13: 46

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-021-00569-5

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Storytelling the Geoheritage of Viana do Castelo (NW Portugal)

Maria Helena Henriques1 · Rui Pena dos Reis1

Received: 5 November 2020 / Accepted: 28 April 2021 / Published online: 17 May 2021
© The European Association for Conservation of the Geological Heritage 2021

Abstract
The development and implementation of appropriate geotourism resources (e.g., field guidebooks, websites, trails, leaflets,
and interpretative panels) are technical applications of major importance in geoconservation that highlight the social impor-
tance of this emerging geoscience. Scientific research, training, and recreation are activities which are often developed in
territories with a geoheritage value; however, not all geoheritage content available in a given territory of geological interest
can satisfy researchers, students, and geotourists simultaneously. In addition to these conventional aspects of the evaluation
of the five key geological sites along the Viana do Castelo coast (NW Portugal), which mainly focused on a scientific-based
discourse, a different approach was also undertaken in order to achieve the same goal, but targeting a distinct public. Instead
of conceiving a geo-itinerary designed for specialists, the five areas (Alcantilado de Montedor, Pedras Ruivas, Ínsuas do Lima,
Canto Marinho, and Ribeira de Anha) and the Santa Luzia Viewpoint have been evaluated in a way which mainly focuses
on touristic considerations. The selected geosites, therefore, were organized and described in a context of simplification
of the geoscientific message to help develop the understanding of a more general public, rather than geosciences experts.

Keywords Geoconservation · Geotourism · Geo-itinerary · Viana do Castelo Coast (N Portugal)

Introduction Pedras Ruivas, Ínsuas do Lima, Canto Marinho, and

A geosite inventory, characterization, and quantitative
assessment developed in the coastal area of Viana do
Castelo district (NW Portugal) resulted in the designation
of five local natural monuments in 2016, following Portu-
guese legislation for nature conservation. The selection of
these geosites was grounded on a scientific study developed
in the coastal area of Viana do Castelo district (Caminha
and Viana do Castelo) by Carvalhido (2012; 2016). Later,
Carvalhido et al. (2016a) further developed the background
to the selection of the geosites, based on the scientific value
of the landforms and geological features of the area, which
enabled the recognition of the various stages of geomor-
phological evolution of the coast of Viana do Castelo dis-
trict. The authors argue that the Alcantilado de Montedor,
* Maria Helena Henriques
hhenriq@dct.uc.pt
Rui Pena dos Reis
penareis@dct.uc.pt
1
Department of Earth Sciences and Geosciences Center,
Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra
(Polo II), Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030‑790 Coimbra, Portugal
Ribeira de Anha geosites, located between the Minho River
mouth (N 41° 51′ 54.22″; W 8° 51′ 44.02″) and the Neiva
River mouth (N 41° 36′ 045.77″; W 8° 48′ 37.72″), exhibit
“exceptional scientific value, high to very high potential
for tourism and educational uses, and medium to high risk
of natural degradation” (p. 279). They also emphasize the
need for the implementation of conservation measures in
order to avoid their deterioration.
Geoconservation concerns the inventory, evaluation, and
conservation of the geological heritage of the Earth, together
with their “valuation” (in the context of presentation and
education) and monitoring (Henriques et al. 2011). At Viana
do Castelo, the first three steps have been accomplished,
but they will only be successful with the implementation
of actions aimed at “valuation” and monitoring of the geo-
sites. This requires the development of actions for effective
educational and touristic uses, as might be developed by the
municipal authorities (Carvalhido et al. 2016a).
However, any evaluation strategy established by scientific
communities and/or based on scientific discourses does not
necessarily fulfill one of the functions inherent to geocon-
servation: to promote education and dissemination of Earth
Sciences among a general public (Henriques et al. 2012).

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This work proposes a geo-itinerary starting at Santa Luzia
Viewpoint and connecting the Alcantilado de Montedor,
Pedras Ruivas, Ínsuas do Lima, Canto Marinho, and Ribeira
de Anha, based on their geo-heritage content and aiming at
increasing the public understanding of the geological pro-
cesses involved in their genesis.
The “valuation” (i.e., in a general cultural and educational
context) approach proposed here is based on a global per-
spective of the geodynamic systems that have acted on the
coast of Viana do Castelo district during Late Paleozoic and
the last million years. The present-day landforms result from
relationships between three major components: river-moun-
tain-coast; coastline; and human activity. Departing from the
viewpoint located at Monte de Santa Luzia, the geo-itinerary
has been designed in order to tell the geological history of
the Viana do Castelo region, highlighting the significance of
the natural monuments present and, therefore, most likely to
be understood by non-specialized audiences.
Theoretical Framework
Places that represent geological processes and events in the
history of the Earth have long been the focus of interest of the
scientific community, which has been concerned with estab-
lishing the conceptual and methodological bases of geocon-
servation within the Earth Sciences (Henriques et al. 2011).
It is relatively consensual that the scope of geoconservation
is the conservation of geosites and geoheritage elements as
basic units of the Earth’s geological heritage, and which uses
specific procedures for inventorying, assessing, conserving,
Fig. 1  Types of content of geo-
logical objects with geoheritage
value based on the degree of
relevance grade and abstract
perceptiveness. Contents are
ranked into three categories
of increasing importance:
rank I—indicial contents; rank
II—documental, iconographic,
and symbolic contents; and
rank III—conceptual and scenic
contents. A higher category
(rank IV) is available for a fea-
ture with universal content, for
example, a geological heritage
in outer space (Pena dos Reis
and Henriques 2009; Henriques
and Pena dos Reis 2015). See
Table 1 for a better understand-
ing of the represented concepts
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Geoheritage (2021) 13: 46
“valuing,” and monitoring places of geological interest. How-
ever, the methodologies developed so far for the implemen-
tation of such procedures, can include divergent, sometimes
even contradictory views (Pena dos Reis and Henriques 2018
and references therein). They result from the use of different
methods and techniques of inventory, evaluation (based on
qualitative or quantitative classification systems), conservation
(using appropriate legal protection actions and/or instruments),
“valuation” (through effective communication and education
techniques), and monitoring (periodic or non-periodic). This
issue has given rise to a great diversity of legal frameworks
aimed at the preservation of the geological heritage, as well as
an, sometimes, undesirable imbalance in its level of protection
(Pena dos Reis and Henriques 2009; Henriques and Pena dos
Reis 2015).
The value (scientific, educational and/or geotouristic),
being only part of the factors to be considered in a frame-
work for assessment geological heritage, has led to a differ-
entiation between quantitative inventory methods applied to
geosites which take into account only their scientific value,
and to geodiversity sites with educational and/or geotouristic
value (Brilha 2016). From a different perspective, and using a
qualitative approach to geological heritage, the heritage value
can acquire a global dimension, since the same geological
object (geosite, mineral, fossil, etc.) can exhibit more than
one heritage content, which substantially increases its value
(Pena dos Reis and Henriques 2009; Rybár 2010; Miljković
et al. 2018; Štrba et al. 2018). These two approaches converge
into the interesting debate on whether or not geodiversity is
an exclusively academic object of study in the field of geo-
sciences, or a combination of scientifically objectified reality
 Table 1  Types of geoheritage content proposed by Pena dos Reis and Henriques (2009) and their recognition at Viana do Castelo and the Santa Luzia Viewpoint
Heritage contents Summary description Geosites
Geoheritage (2021) 13: 46

Indicial Geological objects that, by expressing a clear relationship between a given geo- Pedras Ruivas (ripple marks)
logical process and the resulting products, convey a graphically very expressive Alcantilado de Montedor
testimony of the geological phenomenon they represent. Therefore, they are widely
used for illustrations in scientific publications and in didactic manuals. This is a
content of local relevance, particularly important to illustrate detailed aspects of
ancient geological systems. An example of this is the exceptional conservation of
fossils and some sedimentary structures (ripple marks, for example), whose graphic
aspect suggests more obviously their origin
Iconographic Geological objects that reflect a clear relationship, in the form of an “instantane- Alcantilado de Montedor (ichnofossils)
ous moment,” between a certain geological event and its consequences, whose Ribeira de Anho
interpretation requires deep geological knowledge. They include easily inter-
preted geological structures that stimulate the imagination of non-specialists (e.g.,
dinosaur footprints or craters resulting from the impact of meteorites). This is a
content of local relevance corresponding to a very particular and restricted view of
the public understanding of geosciences, which is generally limited to catastrophic
and/or exotic contexts
Symbolic Geological objects that are widely enjoyed by the public due to reasons other than Rock carvings of Montedor and fishing grounds of Cambôa do Marinheiro (Alcanti-
their recognized geological characteristics. These include content of local rel- lado de Montedor) Canto Marinho (saltpans)
evance, usually with a high landscape value, but it may have other characteristics Santa Luzia Viewpoint
that attract the public, such as historical, archeological, and geographic values
Documental Geological objects that demonstrate a key scientific record and are particularly Pedras Ruivas
relevant for understanding the geological changes that have occurred in a given Alcantilado de Montedor
area (e.g., a sedimentary basin) and, therefore, also a content of regional relevance. Canto Marinho
Scientific communities generally tend to overestimate these contents, which are the Ínsuas do Lima
focus for research Ribeira de Anho
Scenic This content of regional relevance is assigned to geological objects that express a Santa Luzia Viewpoint
harmonious combination between human occupation and nature conservation.
These are places that exhibit geomorphological aspects of great esthetic value and
that provide recreational functions to a high number of visitors (e.g., Natural Parks)
Conceptual This is a content of global relevance attributed to objects that represent unique Not recognized so far, despite the informal designation of “Viana do Castelo Litoral
geological occurrences and with significance on a planetary scale (e.g., a GSSP). Geopark” instead of “geological park” for the coastal area of Viana do Castelo where
Their importance is strictly limited to scientific communities, who see them as the five geosites are located (Carvalhido et al. 2016a, b)
unique geological landmarks, which represent the most important events in Earth
history. Areas possessing unique geological phenomena to be protected (and used
for educational, scientific, or tourist purposes) are mandatory for the establishment
of a UNESCO Global Geopark (UNESCO 2015)

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46 Page 4 of 16
and “fictitious” elements whose representations have a value
(Portal and Bétard 2019).
In this context, it is here considered that the method-
ologies underlying geoconservation must be based on the
properties that the geological objects display and which are
recognized by scientific communities (i.e., relevance grade)
and on other factors, which refer to the their appropriation by
other communities (i.e., abstract perceptiveness; Fig. 1). As
discussed in previous works by Pena dos Reis and Henriques
(2009) and Henriques and Pena dos Reis (2015), geological
heritage can thus be assessed and evaluated in the context
of a qualitative classification system, which also integrates
a socio-cultural dimension, resulting from the use of the
geosites by different social groups, specifically in the context
of education and research in geosciences and in the frame
of geotourism.
According to Portal and Bétard (2019), the concept of abi-
otic nature is diverse and comes in multiple forms—hence,
geodiversity can be considered to be two-sided, as “repre-
sented” and “perceived.” If geological heritage is limited to
places and elements with scientific value (Brilha 2016), that
is, with documental and/or conceptual contents, its meaning
can only be understood by experts. In such cases, the poten-
tial use of such geosites or elements of the geological herit-
age risk is being limited to activities of an academic nature
Fig. 2  Location of the five geosites (green spots) and the Santa Luzia Viewpoint (yellow spot) referred in this proposal for a geo-itinerary
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Geoheritage (2021) 13: 46
(Pena dos Reis and Henriques 2009; Henriques and Pena
dos Reis 2015). As for the sites or elements of geodiversity
which have indicial, iconographic, scenic, or symbolic value,
non-specialized audiences can also appreciate them—and
such sites/elements are particularly appealing as educational
resources (Henriques et al. 2012) and as geotouristic destina-
tions and can, therefore, contribute to promote sustainable
development (Henriques and Brilha 2017; Miljković et al.
2018).
Effective interpretation of geoheritage issues targeting a
non-specialized public can be successful if the design and
implementation of relevant geotourism resources (e.g., field
guidebooks, websites, trails, leaflets, and interpretative pan-
els) are rooted in the meaning displayed by the geosites and
elements of the geological heritage (i.e., abstract percep-
tiveness). The design of a geo-itinerary and corresponding
geotourism resources aimed at non-specialized visitors (e.g.,
children, families) based on on‐site interpretation needs to
be more adapted more to the visitors’ expectations, i.e.,
based on their abstract perceptiveness. As pointed out by
Henriques and Pena dos Reis (2019), abstract perceptive-
ness is rooted in culturally specific values, norms, beliefs,
and attitudes that have been learned and acquired through-
out socialization and educational programs (O’Brien et al.
2013). In fact, as argued by Portal and Bétard (2019, p. 146),
Geoheritage (2021) 13: 46
“geodiversity does not have only one material meaning: it
also has a represented meaning that tells a story, either sym-
bolic or esthetic, relevant to imagination.”
As so, to be successful, geo-itinerary and complementary
products require a more original and striking way of communi-
cation that explores the temporal and spatial dimensions of the
rocks (e.g., minerals, fossils) and forms (e.g., marine abrasion
platforms, mountains, estuaries, etc.) of the Earth’s surface
(Pralong 2006). As pointed out by Pica et al. (2018), geotour-
ists are not a coherent group; therefore, any geotouristic prod-
uct must be designed in terms of simplification of the geosci-
entific message, and that is the main goal of the present work.
The Geoheritage Contents of Viana
do Castelo
Scientific communities tend to “overvalue” geological
objects displaying documental and especially concep-
tual contents, whereas non-specialists are particularly
attracted by geological objects which are easier to interpret.
Fig. 3  The oldest geological records outcropping on the Coast of
Viana do Castelo in the Pedras Ruivas Natural Monument are of
Early Paleozoic in age, from around 550 million years ago. They are
Page 5 of 16 46
Geological objects displaying key features (i.e., “indicial”
content) are very useful in educational activities; those dis-
playing symbolic and scenic contents, have meanings or
abstract perceptiveness which are more likely to be appreci-
ated by non-specialized visitors, are especially important for
geotourism purposes (Pena dos Reis and Henriques 2009;
Miljković et al. 2018; Table 1). As so, any “valuing” strategy
for geological heritage must take into account this integrated
qualification, which must ground the design and implemen-
tation of appropriate tools depending on the target audience.
The social relevance of geological heritage can be increased
if it is supported through meaningful geotouristic products,
namely, panels, brochures, leaflets, field guidebooks, mobile
applications, museums, and interpretative centers and trails
(Henriques et al. 2011; Petrosino et al. 2019).
Highly appealing geotourism resources (e.g., inter-
pretative panels) can instill passion and inspire visitors
to engage in environmental stewardship (Gordon 2018;
Bruno and Wallace 2019), but messages need to be
meaningful in order to influence an actor’s thoughts and
actions (Lidskog et al. 2020).
represented by trace fossils left by the trilobites in the Santa Justa
Formation (Cruziana sp.), of Ordovician age, here highlighted with a
red circle (courtesy of A. Valley)
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46 Page 6 of 16 Geoheritage (2021) 13: 46

Storytelling the Viana do Castelo
Geo‑history
Currently, and following the growing interest of the
tourism industry in diversifying the offer of tourist prod-
ucts, geotourism has been developed as an activity that
allows the conservation and enhancement of the geo-
logical heritage of a region (Arouca Declaration 2012;
Martini et al. 2012; Herrera-Franco et al. 2020). Geo-
tourism stimulates the interest of citizens by promoting
understanding of the phenomena that shaped the planet,
as well as demonstrating the multiple ways communities
have been integrated into the environment over time.
In this context, communication plays a key role in any
geotourism initiative.
Macadam (2018) argues that when geologists wish to
communicate about geoheritage to the public they often
start by thinking what science they wish to communicate;
they do not start by considering who this “public” is, what
they know and what they might wish to know. Storytell-
ing, in the sense of “serious storytelling” (Lugmayr et al.
2017), may represent a useful way of communicating geo-
scientific knowledge, and generate inquisitiveness among
the geotourists, and to give a clear context to a destination,
in order to distinguish it from similar territories (Pralong
2006). Stories have the power of stimulating empathic
response (Rossiter 2002), which represents an effective
strategy to enhance understanding and recall of geocon-
servation issues, because they communicate what might
otherwise be considered to be uninspired and/or factual
information (Bruno and Wallace 2019). Additionally, by

Fig. 4  (A) Paleozoic reconstruc-

tions representing the evolution
of the Iapetus and Rheic oceans
located between Gondwana and
Laurentia-Baltica, and the likely
location of the Iberian Margin
(red star). A-C = Avalonia—
Carolinia (modified after Nance
et al. 2012). (B) Graph that
illustrates global changes in sea
level (in gray) over the past 542
million years. The colored lines
show variations in the global
climate, the thicker line being
representative of general trends.
The blue bars indicate episodes
of glaciation, the lilac bar
indicate abnormally cold condi-
tions, which extended from the
Middle Jurassic to the Lower
Cretaceous (after Drury 2016)

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Geoheritage (2021) 13: 46 Page 7 of 16 46

improving the public understanding of natural entities and

dynamics, stories can contribute to supporting reasoned
opinions and fruitful discussions involving natural haz-
ards currently included in the media agenda (e.g., climate
change).
The five natural monuments of Viana do Castelo repre-
sent a paradigmatic model of interaction between internal
and external geodynamic processes that is recognizable
across much of the coast of Portugal. The area, therefore,
can assume a great interest as a geotourism product and as
a pedagogical resource about the genesis and evolution of
the Portuguese coastal landscapes as a whole for students of
Fig. 5  Variations in the average temperature for the last million years
any level of education and from any school in the country.
(taken from Houghton et al. 1990). The red arrow indicates the last
In addition, the area can contribute to increase environmen- major episode of abrasion on the platform; the blue arrow indicates
tal awareness among citizens, including policy makers with a period of warming that gives rise to an old lagoon on the coast of
responsibilities in managing the country’s coastline, and in Viana do Castelo, resulting from melting snow in the nearby moun-
tains, located to the east
current social issues like sea level change.
In order to enable the public understanding of geologi-
cal processes that formed these natural monuments, a geo- Serious storytelling is storytelling outside the context of
itinerary was designed which aimed at telling the geologi- entertainment, where the narration progresses as a sequence
cal history of the region through the meanings displayed of patterns impressive in quality, relates to a serious context,
by the five geosites referred to above and the Santa Luzia and is a matter of a thoughtful process (Lugmayr et al. 2017).
Viewpoint (Fig. 2). This proposal foresees the support of Scientific storytelling is the creation and sharing of science-
appropriate interpretative panels and/or other geotourism based storylines (Lidskog et al. 2020); it may represent an
resources, once the effectiveness of the storytelling is bound effective communication tool to inspire any geotourism prod-
up with stimulating visitors’ imagination such that they uct (e.g., field guidebooks, leaflets, interpretative panels, and/
become active partners in the narrative processes (Penrose or multimedia devices), targeting non-specialized audiences
2020). To this end, it is essential to select and prepare suit- and aiming not only at explaining the Earth’s history but also
able knowledge transfer resources that can enable the public at motivating action towards its sustainable use.
appropriation of the scientific information underlying each The record of geological phenomena in the long history
of the establishment of the natural monuments. As pointed of the Earth is immense and spread throughout the planet.
out by Pica et al. (2018), every geotouristic product needs a On the coast of Viana do Castelo, some of these episodes
double process of codification of knowledge by the producer left testimonies. They are concentrated in two different time
and decodification by the users. This requires simply and intervals:
concisely interpretive texts complemented with meaningful
graphic information, which are able to stimulate visitors to
go back in time, until about 500 million years ago (to the
Cambrian), and in space where the configuration of conti-
nents and oceans on Earth was quite different from the cur-
rent reality. Moreover, it must take into account that inter-
pretation is a dynamic and personal experience involving
our heads (cognition), hearts (emotion), and hands (action)
(Macadam 2018).
The selected geosites are here described using simpli-
fied geoscientific messages framed within Earth history and
based on storytelling narrative techniques. According to
Lugmayr et al. (2017), the narrative is a concept that com-
bines the narrative contents (story) and the narrative form
(discourse), and it is a powerful medium of learning, devel-
opment, and transformation (Rossiter 2002). In order to not
only teach the public but also engage it, the orator should
Fig. 6  Oxygen isotope curve from the GISP2 Greenland ice core (red,
include not only ethos and logos but also pathos, i.e., appeals warm; blue, cool) (Easterbrook 2016; plotted from data by Grootes
to emotions (Lidskog et al. 2020). and Stuiver 1997)

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– Between 550 and 250 Ma (Variscan Cycle)
The metasedimentary rocks outcropping in the Viana
do Castelo Coast were formed in the southern hemisphere,
on the northern shallow shore of a supercontinent (Gond-
wana), and immersed in the waters of the Rheic Ocean.
However, over 200 Ma, because of the increasing proximity
between Gondwana and the continents further north, the
Rheic Ocean contracts and disappears during the collision
between them. This collision caused deformation of the
sedimentary rocks previously generated, as well as the rise
and crystallization of magmas with granitic composition
that, due to erosion of the overlying rocks, are currently
exposed (Fig. 3);

Fig. 7  From the Santa Luzia

Viewpoint (yellow spot in
A; photo B), it is possible to
observe the current coastline
that has resulted from the
interaction, over time and under
different climatic conditions,
between ancient mountains
(highlighted in green in A), the
Lima estuary to the east (high-
lighted in brown in A; photo B)
and the marine abrasion plat-
form on the coast (highlighted
in blue in A; photo C)

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Geoheritage (2021) 13: 46 Page 9 of 16 46

Fig. 8  The geodynamic systems

of the Viana do Castelo coast
whose interactions resulted in
the formation of the natural
monuments treated in this
proposal: 1, Pedras Ruivas; 2,
Alcantilado de Montedor; 3,
Canto Marinho; 4, Ínsuas do
Lima; 5, Ribeira de Anha

– The last million years The Santa Luzia Viewpoint

As scientifically well known, and described in detail by
Houghton et al. (1990), the last million years has experi-
enced major periodic temperature variations (Figs. 4 and 5).
Some of the natural monuments of Viana do Castelo present
indirect evidences of past climate change, together with sea
level changes and changes in human occupation patterns.
Figure 6 shows the major climatic oscillations for the last
2,000 years. Salt production in the area is considered to be
old as the end of the Iron Age, spanning from Roman to
Medieval times. Note the so-called MWP (Medieval Warm
Period), which is likely to have strengthened conditions for
the salt production in the region during the Middle Ages.
Despite being located outside the coastal area where the
natural monuments were established, the Santa Luzia View-
point is critical as a starting point due to its scenic content
which is particularly attractive to non-specialized visitors
(Fig. 2). From this viewpoint, it is easy to have an overview
of the Viana do Castelo coast and to understand that the
present coastline results from the interaction, over time and
under different climatic conditions, between three distinct
geoforms:

Fig. 10  The Alcantilado de Montedor Natural Monument. This geo-

site records the compressive contact between the Valongo and Santa
Justa formations (in the foreground) and the Bouça de Frades Plu-
Fig. 9  The Middle Ordovician chiastolite schist outcrop of the tonite (in the background), where rock carvings of Montedor are
Valongo Formation at the Pedras Ruivas Natural Monument located

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46 Page 10 of 16 Geoheritage (2021) 13: 46

Fig. 11  The Bouça de Frades

Plutonite at the Alcantilado de
Montedor Natural Monument.
A Wavy pavements result-
ing from sea wear, over the
fractured granites of the abra-
sion platform. B The record of
bioerosion assigned to dwelling
burrows (Domichnia) produced
by echinoids on the erosional
platform indicates a sea level
position about 5 m above the
present. C Rock carvings of
Panel 1 at Fornelos beach. (D)
The manual tracing of Panel 1
according to Bettencourt et al.
(2017)

– the ancient mountains, represented by the Bouça de
Frades, Santa Luzia and Afife Paleozoic massifs and their
metassediments, through which the Lima River is carved
(Fig. 7a);
– the coastal strip, which corresponds to a marine abra-
sion platform, eroded during a higher sea level episode;
it displays a north–south orientation and it is limited to
the west by the narrow and intermittent band of Lower
Ordovician quartzite, with an orientation practically par-
allel to the coastline (Fig. 7b);
– the Lima estuary, a fluvial channel with a perpendicular
orientation to the coast, currently with reduced sediment
transport capacity and which is arranged on ínsuas at the
end of its pathway (Fig. 7c).
today: the rock carvings of Montedor (assigned to the
Chalcolithic, but whose age may extend to the Iron Age;
see the “Rock Carvings of Montedor” section); the salt-
pans of Praia do Canto Marinho (which may date back as
far back as the end of the Iron Age and from the begin-
ning of Roman occupation until the Medieval times; see
the “Canto Marinho: Granite, Sea, and Salt” section); the
fishing grounds of Cambôa do Marinheiro and Cambôa de
Morgado (represented by small artificial lakes probably
built in the Medieval Period; see the “The Fishing Grounds
of Cambôa do Marinheiro” section).

In this context, each Natural Monument represents

the results of complex relationships between these three
systems, making it possible to differentiate geosites that
show more intense relationships between the following
binomials (Fig. 8): Mountains versus Marine Abrasion
Platform (1. Pedras Ruivas; 2. Alcantilado de Montedor;
3. Canto Marinho), Mountains versus Estuary (4. Ínsuas
do Lima), and Estuary versus Marine Abrasion Platform
(5. Ribeira de Anha).
The geosites also display particular natural features
which have been used by the different cultural groups
which have inhabited the territory since prehistory. The
oldest vestiges are associated with the Carreço or Forte Fig. 12  The increase in sea level since the last ice age (in McBean
do Cão coastal formations and can be still be recognized and Huang 2017)

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Geoheritage (2021) 13: 46
Fig. 13  The fishing grounds
of Cambôa do Marinheiro (red
rectangle) at the Alcantilado de
Montedor Natural Monument
Pedras Ruivas: Marine Sedimentation on the North
Margin of Gondwana (Rheic Ocean)
This Natural Monument corresponds to an approximate
area of 58 ha; it is located between the Forte de Rego de
Fontes (N 41° 42′ 6.24″/08° 51′ 29.38″) and the southern
end of Praia Norte (N 41° 41′ 37.21″/08° 50′ 59.67″), with
an approximate length of 1500 m (Fig. 2).
The area includes outcrops of the oldest rocks of
the region (Desejosa Formation of the Lower Cam-
brian, Santa Justa Formation of the Lower Ordovician,
and the Valongo Formation of the Middle Ordovician)
which exhibit, in an expressive way, the action of
marine abrasion on the rocks of the ancient mountains
(Fig. 9). Part of these formations records the deposi-
tion of marine sediments on the north margin of Gond-
wana, which were then covered by the Rheic Ocean.
During low tide, it is possible to recognize in foreshore
and cliff areas traces of the activity of organisms that
inhabited the sea bottom (Cruziana and Skolithus ich-
nofossils), as well as sub-horizontal laminations and
ripple marks. The tectonic movements at the end of
the Paleozoic gave rise to the metamorphism of the
ancient sediments and the formation and rise of gran-
ites that disrupted and partially digested them. Over
Page 11 of 16 46
these granites and embedded rocks, time carved the
ancient mountains of the region.
Subsequent marine abrasion revealed not only the
rocks of the old substrate but also clastic sediments
that record the existence of an ancient lagoon result-
ing from melting snow in the nearby mountains some
18,000 years ago.
Alcantilado de Montedor: the Collision
Between Laurentia and Gondwana Continents
and the Closing of the Rheic Ocean
This Natural Monument corresponds to an approximate area
of 55 ha; it is located between the Forte do Paçô (N 41° 44′
44.95″/08° 52′ 41.16″) and Cambôa do Marinheiro Beach
(N 41° 44′ 42.58″/08° 52′ 38.33″; Fig. 2).
This outcrop shows geological structures that represent the
scars resulting from the collision between the Armorica micro-
plate and the Gondwana paleocontinent and the closure of the
Rheic Ocean (e.g., a compressive contact between the Valongo
and Santa Justa formations and the Bouça de Frades Plutonite),
as well as marine erosional structures on fractured granites in the
abrasion platform (Bouça de Frades Plutonite) (Fig. 10). The ero-
sional platform indicates a sea level position about 5 m above the
present (Fig. 11a and b).
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46 Page 12 of 16 Geoheritage (2021) 13: 46

Fig. 14  The Carreço saltpan (A)

and hypothetical illustration of
salt collection (B) taken from
Costa et al. (2012)

Rock Carvings of Montedor The Fishing Grounds of Cambôa do Marinheiro

These are a set of petroglyphs engraved on the surface
of granite boulders of the Bouça de Frades Plutonite,
located on the southern base of the Montedor prom-
ontory on the beach locally known as Fornelos (41°
44′ 49.64″ N 8° 52′ 38.08″ W; Fig. 2). The engravings
were made by percussion and then abrasion and dis-
play a wide range of themes, including representations
of horse riding (Bettencourt et al. 2017). The variety
of carvings do not relate to a specific archeological
context, therefore making it difficult to conclusive
date. However, the fact that there are similarities with
engraved motifs on the pillars of dolmens suggests that
these carvings may go back to the Chalcolithic and
extend through the Late Bronze Age until the Iron Age,
related with an episode of lower sea level (Leal 2008;
Figs. 11c, d, and 12).
Taking advantage of the relief of the marine platform, subject to
sea level cycles, the “câmboas” are small lakes, artificially built
probably in the Medieval Period where small fish converged
during high tide but were “captured” as the tide fell and hence
could be easily caught afterwards for consumption (Fig. 13).
Canto Marinho: Granite, Sea, and Salt
The Natural Monument of Canto Marinho corresponds
to an area of about 24 ha and is located in the intertidal
zone of the northern coast of Viana do Castelo (N 41° 43′
39.53″/08° 52′ 16.98″; Fig. 2). The granite substrate of
Bouça de Frades is fragmented into blocks separated by
cracks. On each of the blocks, and arranged in a down-
ward spiral, several small quadrangular, shallow, and

Fig. 15  Location of the Ínsuas

do Lima Natural Monument
(red rectangle) and the present-
day configuration of the river

13
Geoheritage (2021) 13: 46 Page 13 of 16 46

communicating tanks were sculpted, whose construction uplift processes and intense marine erosion predominate;
was attributed to the Iron Age, but also used during the and the south bank, which, as a result of inundation of such
Middle Ages (Carvalhido et al. 2016b). These reservoirs features.
acted as evaporation surfaces where sea salt precipitated
and formed part of a larger set of 713 saltpans that have
already been recognized in the region (Fig. 14; Costa et al. Conclusions and Implications
2012). As indicated before, this human activity was pos-
sible during the two major warm episodes: the Roman and Lowery et al. (2020, p. 4) consider that “there are few vehi-
the Medieval warm periods (Fig. 6). cles for conveying knowledge and imparting meaning as
universal as the art of storytelling (…) through an easily
understandable message with clear implications for differ-
Ínsuas do Lima: Memories of an Old River ent audiences, while exploring nuanced understandings of
the world and the multitude of interpretations that can be
The Ínsuas do Lima Natural Monument corresponds to an
approximate area of 422 ha, coinciding with the wetland
delimited between the right bank of the river Lima, the
access road to the A28 and the A28 (west limit, N 41° 41′
55.90″/08° 48′ 16.43″; east limit, N 41° 41′ 52.30″/08°
47′ 34.83″; Fig. 2). After the last glacial episode (Fig. 12),
the global sea level rise invaded the fluvially incised val-
leys and retained large amounts of sediments inside the
estuaries. Ínsuas are islands with vegetational cover in the
middle of an estuary, which correspond to elongated sandy
bars resulting from a dominant infill process. As in almost
the entire Portuguese west coast, this infill resulted from
the flooding of the of the coastal river valleys by marine
waters, making it difficult to drain the sediments trans-
ported by the rivers to the sea (Figs. 7a and 15). In the
Lima River, this did not occur before the XVII century,
when the river was navigable. Here, part of the saltmarsh
system that comprises part of the largest estuarine center
on the Minho coast is still preserved (Almeida 2005) and
is established in a depressed area at an average level just
above sea level (between 2.6 and 3 m; Carvalhido et al.
2016b). The use of historical images to study this phe-
nomenon is widely recognised as a useful tool for a better
knowledge of coastal changes and to assist predictive mod-
els in order to better anticipate future evolution and help
long-term decision-making regarding coastal management
(Motte and McInnes 2019; Fig. 16).

Ribeira de Anha: Ancient and Present Beaches

The Ribeira de Anha Natural Monument is located in the

south of the Lima River, in the area surrounding the mouth
of the Ribeira de Anha, and extends over an area of about
41 ha (Fig. 17a and b). There are small granite patches
scattered throughout the intertidal zone emerging from the
extensive Pliocene-Holocene cover that borders the coast
(N 41° 67′ 29.64″, 08° 82′ 69.16″´; Fig. 2). This landscape, Fig. 16  The configuration of the Lima River estuary at the beginning
of the XVII century which, without the currently existing ínsua (see
which contrasts with the expressiveness of the rocky out-
Fig. 15), still had a good navigability (Dated letter from 1623 (?), by
crops on the north bank of the Lima River, highlights two W. J. Blaeu, printed in Amsterdam. Reproduced from CNCDP 1994
distinct geodynamic contexts: the north bank, where tectonic and Blot 2003)

13
46 Page 14 of 16 Geoheritage (2021) 13: 46

made of event.” Increasing public understanding of geologi-
cal heritage is probably the most effective way of preserving
its integrity. In fact, successful storytelling not only explains
the world but also motivates action (Lidskog et al. 2020).
This requires appropriate geoconservation strategies to be in
all geoconservation actions, including “valuation” procedures
(Tavares et al. 2015). Geo-itineraries are important geotour-
ism products aimed at communicating geoscientific knowl-
edge. By connecting different geosites, a solid strategy can be
development for a territory, which can be explored, observed,
and understood as a dynamic environment that has changed
in the past and changes at present (Bucci et al. 2019).
This work proposes a geo-itinerary mainly focused on
touristic use, along the five natural monuments of the area
(Alcantilado de Montedor, Pedras Ruivas, Ínsuas do Lima,
Canto Marinho, and Ribeira de Anha) and the Santa Luzia
Viewpoint, all located in Viana do Castelo coast (NW
Portugal). In order to help transfer knowledge and make
it usable for geotourism purposes, this geo-itinerary uses
all five geosites to facilitate the easy appropriation of the
scientific knowledge underlying each by a non-specialized
public. In addition, this geotouristic proposal follows a main
or a restricted number of specific messages to be reported
in the form of “serious storytelling” through various types
of media (for example, specific initiatives, texts, multimedia
tools, and maps).
The understanding of the geological processes that gave
rise to the natural monuments that we intend to “value”
within the scope of this proposal will also help the inter-
pretation of analogous features that occur in other coastal

Fig. 17  The Ribeira de Anha

Natural Monument. A The
outcrop location on the south of
Viana do Castelo (red rectan-
gle). B The coastal dynamic
geoforms, namely, coastal pot-
holes, and notches, dating back
to the penultimate interglacial
period with an approximate
absolute dating of 245,000 years
(see also Fig. 5)

13
Geoheritage (2021) 13: 46
areas. In northern Portugal, in particular, similar interactions
are recognized between ancient mountains which have been
eroded by wide abrasion platforms to the west, in which
rivers with east–west orientation are carved and end in gen-
erally silted estuaries (e.g., Serra da Boa Viagem-Mondego
Estuary-Cabedelo Beach).
Moreover, the selected geosites of the Viana do Castelo
coast represent a very good testimony as to the dynamic
character of natural systems and can contribute to demon-
strate the concept that global changes are natural processes
that have occurred throughout Earth’s history. Evidences
of past climate and sea level change recorded in the five
natural monuments can, therefore, stimulate the develop-
ment of critical thinking among visitors about current ideas
that assign such phenomena mainly to human activity. They
can also enhance an individual capacity and responsibility
for everyday decision-making (Werlen et al. 2016), namely,
regarding planning and land use of coastal areas which are
often densely populated and most susceptible to the conse-
quences of anthropic activity.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to Ricardo Carvalhido for
monitoring during the first fieldtrip to the study area, to Andrée Valley
by providing Fig. 3, to Rafael Marques and Gustavo Garcia for helping
to improve some images, and to the two anonymous reviewers for the
critical revision of the paper and for editorial assistance with the final
revision of the English.
Funding This study was supported by Portuguese funds by the
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P. (Portugal) in the frame of
the UIDB/00073/2020 and UIDP/00073/2020 projects of I & D unit
Geosciences Center (CGEO).
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