50 Mase Research Forum ‘Sei, Wiel 1970. "Heise Christoph Koes Beg des masikaliscien ‘Matus In erick be den nernaionaen masiwisentchftichen [ongrss Bona 1970 e Cat Dataset a. Kase Barner, 570- sr Seis. Wilhelm. 1975, Ober Rhthmasteorin der Newt, Bem: Franck, ‘Samuon, Eline 1982 "Sal and Expanded Forms: Koch's Model and "ay Misi” Musical Quartet BATS, Stain, Sol 1967, "The Theol Hessch Schenker in Perspective” Ph, ds, Colima Univers. ‘smith Howard E1960. Thies of Ryu in th Nneteath nd “Fwenith Centres” PhD. dis, Comell Universi. Stone, Ptr Et, 1980. "ich (Reta, Antoine Hse) (Antonin, ‘amoa)" The New Grove Dictionary of Masi and Musician. ‘adon: Mail, Weber Gene. 1817-21 Versack nr geordnten Theorie der "Tomeatast, Maina B- Scots Sone. eter, Gotti 1822. Allgmelne Muir, Darmstad ‘Wemer tne 1984, Opera Seria and the Bolton of Clasico Sle, 1735 Ty72, Ann Actor: UM Research Pres. wick, Noman E1989, "Panel Sytem 5t-Centry Pilosophy at ‘Mase Than” Pape sed athe 12 Annual Meting of the Society for Nae Tory, Ootber 2, Asin, Texas ‘Wolf, Eagene K1981. The Symphonies ofFohann Sams, Boston: Marinas Nit ‘Yeston Mary Alan 1578. The Sraifcation of Musical Rhythm, New avr: Vale Universiy Pres. ‘Yet, May Alan, 197, Readings i Schenker Anais and Other "arpaaches. New Haven: Yao University Pres. 1990, Vo. S16 a New X? ‘n Examination of the A i estheti Foundations of Early Minimalism "Elaine Broad SEP a ty Lh : a)? eritic Kyle Gann purports that miaimalism ism iin a oe pee a —— serialism, Finding “serialis vs. minimalism” no longer M dialectic, Gann embarks on a quest for a new vital Cx) 0 ‘Tepreseat the latter part of ous century: mason (inialism = sects) ys, °x°9 — . nam ke al ek ih nie mu ct Kyle Gam anges, est only cn adil cape hee trent cnay se sme cay : conor ty ‘invites minim tom el oman he ore "pean ac 2 SES Rema mn eva Se Shia52 Masi Research Forum non-narratve work-axproces; i ecly minimal musi here i dint bone of the tradition notion of muse as an objecarfact, ‘petsive in linear comity The dialectic between form and content apes inthe mas of Western waitin’ has largely een removed in mas oc nt i, Mins ne el What is minimalism? ‘Wi al ie dives represented amoagst te various composers who he writen nial music (Young, Ry, Glass, Reich, Adams, Rzewski), ‘nt er iia eomposins shar isthe extreme reduction ofthe msi Jncans used inthe compoionlproceses ng being the ony aspect nt ‘exp "nial n ost cae), This eduction of music oss elements, the elimination of imperceptible comply, allows the simple aspects 10 fae atx impor: hang in harmony or teste in aminimalis pice canbea mao oven “The minimalist composers have dawn on aspects of non-Western teadons. but minimalism is sla dsiney Wester movement. Non- ‘Wess tans (nda, lous, West Aa) have bee nent 08 0 loves, both tho use of rept gestures, and aso i the ea of non- “arama ney eer pi nt saya nn ckearaes state ee ee ere Be aa Sua nanereceencr ocean meets ‘Tour ljoolig pon how te eno to vine fon pens ts ee ncepey oe et cca Seg ae” Ready neat ‘Sn snared inthe paper ean Inthe an ose of all esa Soper oa ier eee ce conde fame cer come rn ie ended eireneeeawenies itech teenie ant nervecnacce i eet ce Geli heemceerea tac Sar Seca cuermnei aera Spent ie Difren Trains Rrewseis Conon Together = Ace. es.) Mninatin 53 ‘are camposton. Fer exmpl, Rech, Glas, ‘ued lesan acim vik seared ng ‘ee iy, in vith han andy cena [Bee A Mow din ann oren onal dae ett Yoel Ra a Gh ae me ap ae met owe Sin aco ap coy. compton whic ier be compos eae as wt Congr no wos a epi: i nce Tour rac ané Ros Ching Mis, ath ely ore san pony of et cata, Inf, mach fe cic ‘inlets pel a" sa ese a wit ere ans ef cmp somone poe. 5 Wo ap cn of an ps et en Be ii cictaia taste nee som inal, a eprinenalsn ‘ca % ye experimentalsts are also a part of this same minidset, even a mn sal nay wy et tnialsmer srt Cray al ee acer conto ‘tan tino sont of om” of eet ni Cgc hassel st cs it it cin Crowe pons go wt mas ‘inal wu! wuss (a Li, Ret Meri) i ect ey bu sd adr supped ha sold nt ee wae form: ene akin of those of nature sad ter, tect anny. {Shc sy exgeson of peor eel Bapston ‘citaral yore pimps at snp AGL Tit tates bck al erm othe bse see ta ge ty eb at Saercnve eamtnm ose Seen etn Teng Men rt 10 a Co “University Press, 1961), 44. lie see: Wet wi. Pr, ee ee i kind Pes no eB ies 38 Mininalim 55 RO feet all notions of composion as well as any relation Teter the pat ofthe mark Rater han as Separate ssetc developmen xpeimentists (Cape, Woll, Brown) and Riley, Young) as two generations ofthe sa must" pices, one can actly conir ie he misimalits (eich, Glas, me end. The fest wrote "an butt repetive composer of the next ena answered this challenge the opposite pole. White indeiorminsm oer te tn atthe exc of dependent, ‘olted and cowed structures of sound-sitncens sence ‘edo do away wth all extaralreferace, ssi and emmunicaon, minimalism ocean on eae cn Imaal phenomena for» given period of une be een imposes in hei enphatc an fresh way replace he se ne ‘pated sound ty 2 cnn nd automa pe In the pas, the materials of a were resided Secondary 1 sbjot mate, the otimae gol being communication (ink of the Kyrie fom ‘Movs Requiem; is form double fou) is obviously not the exten othe Communication). In te exeme cases of the tre “isms listed above however, the “subjet-mater isthe techni.” Cage, Boule, nd Reich al fn parent inks with Webern who i credited wih the taaly ew ees ‘his century of rating "Beau in beer on of pursues He Young “dos not crest musical src experiments" tn fat, Mertesasent tha "ie de entry musi is characte by the decline of he but condo coutcal velopment of tenth OMe of he work as isso hen Hey oon emer inher ie Ya Py Pn more mt at i don fie wh cy vr ich et Serrecte ee apr wena ee ance ind atte, 8 in De Pike. 1V (Bg Mam, Tere o A Minin Definition” Maal Times 125 19:56 Musi Research Fram object"! The experimemal composers are not cancemed withthe final rout, but erin creating el in which musial sounds wl cu, Feooving subetvs, a ening sounds te eee and ot vehicles for the expression of human sentiments", For Cage, the “collapse of the concept of wk sot ear salar, bu a one more sep towards he sonny ofthe work" ‘When a work san alonomous ree, uy between fom and content isachiove, in traddonl West mise, he cai Between the expesie omental form ros the ese ration de; the expen of eit ‘sands esolton, and tus 20d fr cotinuation. In the nonreferentl ‘works within miainalsm and exprimentaizm, however, the process ever eir ova acts (8 compar ith "senate" music the past in Iwi tere are expecied bey relaonships, for example). There is 90 ‘esauion of confit nocessey berweea frm and content if he orm she foment. Glass explain Masi no looger has a mative function, refering to something ‘uti tei but ther embodies sel without any mediation ‘The lstner wil therefore need fret approach to Tistening witout the tational concept of rellcon and accpation. Mase mast be listped tas a pur sound even an act witout any ‘roms ee ‘Weber depart from hi nen by removing the romantic aspect which is prose inthe twelvetone music of Schoenber; “te work isolates itself to ives its own confit. Works ae “no more than reli Which are determined by the chosen material and they pac defo Simply though te unfolding of the materia Sari musi is also te working out a process however, it isnt a perceptible one. Rich is noe Incest in eter seritism or Cage’ experimental maxi because the roca wid in be cmpostons of bop ar not aude “The we of hidden srt! devices never appesied w me. Even “rh lhe cards ae 00 he table and everyone Nets wt [Hadualy happening In mia proses, the ae sll enough een Piha Riss Minimalism $7 Imawaris to salty all, Thee mysees ate the ier Nene pyco-smsity at fe nde pee Perception in time: Conflicting approaches to teleology spmactes ta the concept of “ceaogy or "goal erenednns = Povo nae w ataetinnc = saa dl ie anh ‘aoa atom arn cs move in one direction only—toward the future. Krenek writes that" te cote theses apd wal pm, te oe medica. or sre 2 Senge men concede Sop ine pewening ana oy lvl of omy pes ted next se ae Ins oen do eag csi wih nein oping posers ae nea ned anos ‘experimental music! Che coin's “ie sides” really shure he ace ‘eeloial fae) Teac ba Pte at Pista met eae en ah a of pein fees Writings Abo Matic ew Yok: Now Yr Usveiy Pron, Sle 8, Moca we ote pe se rior dvs ee —58 Music Research Foran “te experimen composes challenge ob ase noon about be avs of caus ander, denying the proper of causa aos, nein Gnosis Cages 433", Wolffe For J. 2,0” 3 Musicians, Stoethavsen's ‘averse XI) ets te tte toward no point of culminates oo ols ovard sition hans no expectant esl at MHP p. is ncherenpeiing nor one you ge Sounds ic parley sing” Ts singly ee etpaton—t “eletogeal istening is based on eecoleton and anicia assumes confit of opposites which ae evenly eld in yas ‘minimalism and experimental msi mand ints sening: ee ee eae ate eatin as fea ese ms Nonpiterionato is» arcs of many 0 eft ome ey ey Weer is. Rehnaa ner fof Perna he Nowe Dre Schoo: haps Reich was drawo 10 certain aspects of the Peratin ‘Fenton syle mos Nstneal eps, sea als Sie" be teamed, estat ke apd yt pater in he Teer ica aoe ke sopping ens, he tae modal, wl chowe al teak eal cli sa on ig npn De Pa tlh comes Sa fee sae ene aanomiai ne artes ap are cone ious me Se were a ay a Seis atte fee ao Sioa 22 Peace Group 182. sehr Steg, nss ones aka Rech Variation fo f ind ots Sasa Kame Sir Loop, in 41 214-1 Minimation 59 'Nongos-renstion i lo found i oad gus in more reat hist. ‘An approach wo directonlesness ca be found in mrt ofthe mis of Sate {adie by Cage); butte dieconssnee though repetion i minima eos can be considered vibrant "regeneraton” rales than stapes “nial muse. does conan unpecedat asic redaany tht the best works iso superna cotas to Verations by Sai) -28 Karlene Stckiansen, who age boy of work eres variety af 'ypes of musics, experimental—rejeced bisa feta! kine tease icutnns ssaneteorerie ie STE Sia Sei Sens amoragisie aia tes Why listen? ‘Ad 50 we ask—what is thee fo the stent in directions msc? ‘Leonard Meyer suggest tht for musical eve a bave meaning, "ihe mast ‘ise out ofa set of probability relationships, a musial se. The Significance ofa musical event. es i he fst tht leads the peste 2 Hal gut by Brat Hinge, “Tough on Acca, Minimal,” Eng Mane 37 (Dua Ht Spee alos Mince Unig Frm ie 87) 1 ‘hero, 03 Maras 92(60 Musi Research Forum Tisener wo eapet. th anv ofa subsequent ven.“ From his flows satrl omry 4 simuay oss which dos ot pin 0 oF arose ‘apcctaions of & subrequent mosial event or consaquemt Is Steaningss.ecasne exscaton i argely a prod of sic ‘hjeuebe mgs na syle wih whch ne ely fia siagta Can Wall onthe er hanes wat Nese a ees ‘mga nc ma song, oy ne ih sy itt tnt nin. keen pie ae wp tuys mf epson of coat EROS moe’ An alte eas wu movi: in nce Rey an ich des ot in liter cipealy Young wn He vats te inex soe ean ‘Toco wn meting niloticus ‘Sse ond nn pple en crt at ns aan, ‘bewisow te wajeiny of elie ea al? Tse meee tons pasar ina pe yet mese th mse i rll ern vot rena renin okt a pom st tected nent pine nk neve min. poeon anime an cesie pa fe mal ts ce ewer m0 Toor preva fnithed won bat scl) parler ins “Sncctan® Minis sows nae of ovat ope suencshs* But beng he Hots st mar comes a he pinnae epee "Sic cach ment aye he Sling or nds ee ace wg he mn se i, Sethe lve ns ayant ate ies i. rs ad Ha 36 48 ‘Shem Mey Eton nd Mating Masi Capes Unveriy f cg re, 80 Shere 9. ‘toe Gea, rs in Expect Mis The New Yak Revlon’ rua i Be Mininatism — 64 etal fh queso xpesve conn of eran mina ‘si, oe cn sy wih erin ha me Wh nal ee epi esos, bt aly enemas Tisch ane some erccebtven nina mur der mans af ns cena ne ‘inal compos bya as pup wich ca aha adn The wf oly ects ro facta ay sons ines iret inthe secs fe mse we cer Re a ‘hs if "ayy asin” rar tau ha ett tondbainat entp. Madso is chiwed by tse toa cents by paling of vec! oe rd fg ‘move one at a time (aot unlike Schocabery's Farben), Individual tastes not wih i & yl agg In 1988 Baht sae eo ‘nino ai calded “Who Cast You ite?” Roch epuled oa "spt in 1981; “I dow want my aeees jst 1 ten. I want them to love Conclusion: Minimalis vs. a mew "x"? So is minimaism a oe Xo it a contruaton ofan ust path steady uaele? Kyle Gans arc voied aquest for new X" fing ‘nimaism and seis to be evo exposons the sae awh conser, tn looked for anew music which belongs only tee later years 0 the ‘went cenury, Personally find the fomalain which he expressed ta ‘UE Gee p51) be an versinpiteon, Minatism dos saris toa! langnge wih te pre-avan-gatd past, ts fseinaton wid uation an poses wit sevialism, ts om deetnalg and use of repetiion with the experimental musi of Cape ea. and noe ‘Wester trations. Wit i defintely doesnot share with te tbe i he once for aatieace approval. Rec’ ely tape lop pice ar ike some ty tal sei ors experimen pices in ht the asthe ment nigh is mor inthe pons they prove thn in he sical content expres, But since 1971 (and especialy since Tehilin), Reich's music ia pate has sown a new sense of exprestviy and dieconaliy. ‘The tase of Jone ‘Aas (Harmonium, Neon In China) is oh more ike tain western, music a it time dec while using nina techniques oni FA "rami he River A Miia Pie High Fly 3 en:62 Mase Research Forum (ling. opetve pte) inte ste dei of Ke msi, Minin the, seme ane cone tl hich comms ae i ey the ev “Fr omit te capa ein we is tecome quite widespread in met ess ar eons, ‘xpefimental aspects, n20-sms from all of Mstory—hich is it truly peular © ow current Teading 1 the production of musi dat is ‘eopective and plait musical hima, Musi Research Forum 1990, Vat 8 pp. 62°78 The Dot as a Nondurational Sign of Articulation and Accent Crafton Beck An aspect of inctenth century performance rate which neds fader ‘examination isthe Romantic composers use of atculative color? ‘The ‘ete of avilable arculations was Being dramatically diversi doughou the nrteath century incre to suppor the eneded al dpe ma of xpression sought by he Romantic composer. Notations developments ‘efeted thse changes. In fata rmrkabe expansion inthe vocabulary of ‘tclation and ascent sigos paralleled developments in other mascel ‘aramcie, such as extemes of melodic and hamanic rele an espana ‘ange of dyamis and expression, stan exesion of nse colr and tenia ees. ‘The nnceentcentury compose’ ever casing intrest in indtng ‘he specie quality af ariculion fr the begining of noe eit inthe sors of the pero (1) by the appearance of alton and cent markings in arge numbers ha before and (2) bythe seo arene varity of sgn, 1 order wo adegutely expand the vocabulry of aiculaton signs, new makings were crested (fer example, 2, and), and tao sins were used in now ways. Peps the most striking example of tadhonl apy being used in an inovatve fashion was the application of the Jot a ‘mating of aetaton and accent nd not san ination of dain, Although the use of the doc as an secen has wot een thoroughly -Sscussed th atic a at et en ogni eae Sea. Cal DT tt ed Duly Sd te Ded Crain ws Mugs of Acton i he Woke of Cina Doon." (DAEA. The: Gnverip of Cachan toe