College of Information Engineering

Department of Computer Networks Engineering

OOPII(Java), 2nd Class

Lecture 1

Introduction to Java Programming

1.1 What is Java?

The Java programming language in a high-level language that can

be characterized by object-oriented, robust, distributed and
understand. The Java language is developed by Sun Microsystems.
It is modeled after C++, the Java language was designed to be
small, simple, and portable across platforms and operating
systems.
It used to develop large-scale enterprise applications, to enhance
the functionality of World Wide Web servers, to provide
applications for consumer devices (such as cell phones, pagers and
personal digital assistants) and for many other purposes.

The Java technology will help the user to do the following:

• Get started quickly: Java is easy to learn, especially for
programmers already familiar with C or C++.
• Write less code: Comparisons of program metrics (class counts,
method counts, and so on) suggest that a program written in the

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Lecturer: Dr. Lahieb Mohammed Al-Yassiry
College of Information Engineering
Department of Computer f Networks Engineering &
OOPII(Java), 2nd Class

Java programming language can be four times smaller than the

same program in C++.
• Write better code: The Java programming language encourages
good coding practices, and its garbage collection helps you avoid
memory leaks. Its object orientation, its JavaBeans component
architecture, and its wide-ranging, easily extendible API let you
reuse other people's tested code and introduce fewer bugs.
• Develop programs more quickly: Your development time may
be as much as twice as fast versus writing the same program in
C++. Why? You write fewer lines of code and it is a simpler
programming language than C++.
• Avoid platform dependencies: You can keep your program
portable by avoiding the use of libraries written in other
languages.
• Write once, run anywhere: Because Java applications are
compiled into machine-independent byte codes, they run
consistently on any Java platform.
• Distribute software more easily: You can upgrade applets
easily from a central server. Applets take advantage of the feature
of allowing new classes to be loaded "on the fly," without
recompiling the entire program.

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Asst. Prof. Dr. Lahieb Mohammed Al-Yassiry
College of Information Engineering
Department of Computer f Networks Engineering &
OOPII(Java), 2nd Class

1.2 Types of Java Programs

There are two types of programs in Java (Applications and
Applets). The program can run on any machine that has the Java
Virtual Machine (JVM) installed.

Java Application: Is a program (such as a word-processor

program, a spreadsheet program, a drawing program or an e-mail
program) that normally is stored and executed from the user's
local computer.

Java applet: Is a small program that normally is stored on a

remote computer that users connect to via a World Wide Web
browser. The remote computer is known as a Web server. Applets
are loaded from a remote computer into the browser, executed in
the browser and discarded when execution completes.

1.3 Rules for Naming the source Java File

There are three main rules:
a) Creating source code files with the java extension.
b) The source code file uses the name of the primary or the first
class declaration.

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Asst. Prof. Dr. Lahieb Mohammed Al-Yassiry
College of Information Engineering
Department of Computer f Networks Engineering &
OOPII(Java), 2nd Class

c) The java compiler is case sensitive, and the filenames must

match the primary class name exactly.

1.4 The main concept of object-oriented programming in

Java:
a) All Java programs define objects that have a behavior and
a stat. everything the object knows about its variables and
methods describes its state. The actions of an object can
perform describe its behavior.
b) All Java programs use encapsulation and message passing,
which allow you to use a Java object as long as you know
what values the object accepts.
c) All Java programs define one or more classes that group
sets of related methods and variables.
d) All java programs use inheritance, which enables you to
create classes that inherent the functionality of existing
class.
e) All Java programs use access modifiers that control access
to methods and variables.
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Asst. Prof. Dr. Lahieb Mohammed Al-Yassiry
College of Information Engineering
Department of Computer f Networks Engineering &
OOPII(Java), 2nd Class

1.5 Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

IDE is a software application which helps the user to write and
compile code easily by providing features like text editing,
debugging plugins etc. while providing compilation by the click of
one button. An IDE or programming editor is required to utilize
the Java class libraries and frameworks. To decide which IDE is
suitable for writing code depends on several things including the
requirement of the projects under development along with the
team development process. Java has many IDEs but three of the
most popular ones are NetBeans, Eclipse and IntelliJ.

1.5.1 Netbeans
NetBeans is an open-source, free Java IDE with a modular
architecture. It has a multi-language editor, debugger, profiler,
versioning control, and developer collaboration. It supports the
development of other languages like PHP and C++. It integrates
all the functionality of Java. NetBeans runs on all major operating
systems like Windows, Linux, and Mac OS. It is an easy to install
IDE and provides skeleton applications and templates with sample
applications as well and let developers save time by letting them
start coding on a skeleton project. so that they don’t have to go
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Asst. Prof. Dr. Lahieb Mohammed Al-Yassiry
College of Information Engineering
Department of Computer f Networks Engineering &
OOPII(Java), 2nd Class

through the process of implementing modules and pre-written

code themselves.

NetBeans is implemented with a modular architecture. Modules

are groups of classes that implement a specific feature so that the
developer can use modules to make their work easier. Users can
also create new modules which can be provided to other users.
Plugin Manager provides tools to manage features and plugins
provided from the programming languages to other users. While
Services window makes it easier for the user to use databases and
web services.

Moreover, it is originally a part of the Sun systems has now

slipped into the hands of Oracle. This platform works as a
framework for the development of JAVA swing desktop
applications. No additional SDK is required for the NetBeans IDE
in JAVA SE which uses the plugins and platform based
applications for developing.

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Asst. Prof. Dr. Lahieb Mohammed Al-Yassiry
College of Information Engineering
Department of Computer f Networks Engineering &
OOPII(Java), 2nd Class

1.5.1 Eclipse
Eclipse is an open-source and free IDE with a modular
architecture. It is the most popular Java IDE. It provides support
for the development of many languages but it is mostly focused on
Java and C/C++ development. Eclipse is compatible to run on all
types of operating systems like Windows, Linux, and Mac OS.
Eclipse also provides the support for working on documentation
and modeling using papyrus and provides tools for
implementation of UML, SysML, OCL etc.

Eclipse is known for its extended support for plugins. It provides

the support for users to make their own Plugin Development
Environment or PDE to make plugins. It also provides
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Asst. Prof. Dr. Lahieb Mohammed Al-Yassiry
College of Information Engineering
Department of Computer f Networks Engineering &
OOPII(Java), 2nd Class

customizability, GUI building, reporting etc. Eclipse also has a

Standard Widget Toolkit or SWT, which is used to access and use
GUI elements from the operating system on which the program is
being developed. Eclipse also provides also used to provide
android development tools but was ended in 2015.

The advantage using the Eclipse is it has a plenty of plugins which

are customizable and versatile. It works in the background
compiling code and reports errors as they come up. Eclipse comes
with a lot of features of editing, browsing, refactoring and
debugging for Java server development.
Eclipse is whole of visual containers which offer a set of views of
editors. Basically, it does everything you want your IDE to be and
integrates with most of the tools. Developers choose Eclipse for its
ease in use and open source platform. It can be a little trouble for
newbies to work with but steadily it becomes a great experience to
work with it.

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Asst. Prof. Dr. Lahieb Mohammed Al-Yassiry
College of Information Engineering
Department of Computer f Networks Engineering &
OOPII(Java), 2nd Class

1.5.3 Intellij
IntelliJ IDEA which is a part of JetBrains is available in both free
source and a commercial edition. Already, it has the Resharper
plugin for Visual Studio in C# development by JetBrains. IntelliJ
supports a variety of languages such as Clojure, Groovy, Scala,
Java and many more; it also has features such as advanced
forecasting, code analysis, and smart code completion. It supports
PHP, Ruby, Python, SQL, and ActionScript. Recently, it has
launched version 12 which comes with the new Android UI for
Android app development. It allows users to submit more plugins

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Asst. Prof. Dr. Lahieb Mohammed Al-Yassiry
College of Information Engineering
Department of Computer f Networks Engineering &
OOPII(Java), 2nd Class

by using its built-in Swing components and features several user-

written plugins for enterprise edition.

1.6 Netbean Vs Eclips Vs Intellij

In the end, all the IDEs are free and you cannot go wrong with any
of them that are provide great environments to develop in any
language especially Java. Both have their respective strengths and
weaknesses and provide great tools in different areas. Both are
great at what they do and in the end, they will get the job done.
The As a beginner developer? Choose NetBeans. If you want to
use customize plugins or just want to use the most popular Java
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Asst. Prof. Dr. Lahieb Mohammed Al-Yassiry
College of Information Engineering
Department of Computer f Networks Engineering &
OOPII(Java), 2nd Class

IDE? Choose Eclipse. The following table summarized the finding

for each one in short.

1.7 First Program in Java

A Java application is a computer program that executes
when you use the java command to launch the Java Virtual
Machine (JVM). The first simple program that displays a line of

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Asst. Prof. Dr. Lahieb Mohammed Al-Yassiry
College of Information Engineering
Department of Computer f Networks Engineering &
OOPII(Java), 2nd Class

text. Below the program followed by a box that displays its output.
File name is (Welcome1.Java)

The basic understanding of the first program in Java:

-A class declaration for class Welcome1. Every Java program
consists of at least one class that the programmer define. The class
keyword introduces a class declaration and is immediately
followed by the class name (Welcome1). Keywords (sometimes
called reserved words) are reserved for use by Java and are
always spelled with all lowercase letters.

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Asst. Prof. Dr. Lahieb Mohammed Al-Yassiry
College of Information Engineering
Department of Computer f Networks Engineering &
OOPII(Java), 2nd Class

- Filename for a public Class

A public class must be placed in a file that has a filename of the
form ClassName.java, so class Welcome1 is stored in the file
Welcome1.java

-Class Names and Identifiers

By convention, class names begin with a capital letter and
capitalize the first letter of each word they include (e.g.,
SampleClassName). A class name is an identifier—a series of
characters consisting of letters, digits, underscores (_) and dollar
signs ($) that does not begin with a digit and does not contain
spaces. Some valid identifiers are Welcome1, $value,_value,
m_inputField1 and button7. The name 7button is not a valid
identifier because it begins with a digit, and the name input field is
not a valid identifier because it contains a space. Normally, an
identifier that does not begin with a capital letter is not a class
name Java is case sensitive—uppercase and lowercase letters are
distinct—so value and Value are different (but both valid)
identifiers.

-Class Body
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Asst. Prof. Dr. Lahieb Mohammed Al-Yassiry
College of Information Engineering
Department of Computer f Networks Engineering &
OOPII(Java), 2nd Class

The first left brace {, begins the body of every class declaration. A
corresponding right brace , }, must end each class declaration.
- The parentheses after the identifier main indicate that it’s a
program building block called a method. Java class declarations
normally contain one or more methods. For a Java application, one
of the methods must be called main; otherwise, the Java Virtual
Machine (JVM) will not execute the application. Methods perform
tasks and can return information when they complete their tasks.

-System.out
The system.out object—which is predefined for you—is known as
the standard output object. It allows a Java application to
display information in the command window from which it
executes.

-System.out.print
-System.out.println
Method System.out.println displays (or prints) a line of text in
the command window. The string in the parentheses is the
argument to the method.

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Asst. Prof. Dr. Lahieb Mohammed Al-Yassiry
College of Information Engineering
Department of Computer f Networks Engineering &
OOPII(Java), 2nd Class

Finally, the basic understanding of how Welcome1 uses object-

oriented programming concepts, let's review the source code for
Welcome1 line by line.
The first line of the application declares the class as Welcome1.
Because the declaration does not specify what class the
application extends, by default Welcome1 extends the Object
class. The open bracket signifies the beginning of the Welcome
class:
Class Welcome1 {
The next line declares many things about a method called main:
Public static void main(String[] args) {
The declaration of the previous items are define item by item as
follows:
public: The modifier public states that the method is accessible to
other class.
static: The modifier static states that the method is unchanging
and implicitly final, meaning the method cannot be
overridden.
void: The modifier void states that the method does not return a
value.
main(): The word main specifies that main method for the
application. Arguments for the method are placed between
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Asst. Prof. Dr. Lahieb Mohammed Al-Yassiry
College of Information Engineering
Department of Computer f Networks Engineering &
OOPII(Java), 2nd Class

the open and close parentheses. The main() method is

required in Java applications to tell the interpreter where to
start. main, unlike main() C/C++, does not return a value.
Java handles its exceptions internally rather than sending
them back to the system.
(string[] args): This specifies that the main method takes an
argument that is an object of string.
{: The open bracket signifies the beginning of the method.

The next statement calls the println method of the system class
and prints the sentence "welcome to java programming". As with
other methods, the arguments to pass to the method are declared
between open and close parentheses. Each statement in Java ends
in semicolon:
System.out.println("welcome to java programming ");
The final two lines of welcome1 program are close brackets. The
first close bracket completes the block of code associated with the
main() method. The second close brackets completes the block of
code associated with welcome class.

Exmple2:

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Asst. Prof. Dr. Lahieb Mohammed Al-Yassiry
College of Information Engineering
Department of Computer f Networks Engineering &
OOPII(Java), 2nd Class

Example3:
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome");
System.out.println("to");
System.out.println("information");
System.out.print(" engineering");
} // end method main
} // end class Main
Output:
Welcome
to
information
engineering

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Asst. Prof. Dr. Lahieb Mohammed Al-Yassiry
College of Information Engineering
Department of Computer f Networks Engineering &
OOPII(Java), 2nd Class

Test1: Write a program to find the

average value between three input real
value. Then check and print whether the
result is negative or positive.

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Asst. Prof. Dr. Lahieb Mohammed Al-Yassiry