Chapter 6 Acids, Bases and salts Acids are one of the most important classes of compounds in inorganic chemistry. 20! godl ygdall ab clo 6 OLS yall GUS eal cao! a Q\ Give some example about acids. 1. Lemonade. 2. fizzy drinks. 3. Vinegar. 4. Car batteries use sulfuric acid. 5. Many cleaning materials contain hydrochloric acid. wyaal god! ye deal yas: shel / us ged soe 1 Aaj Clo pasa! 2 Jeul.3 whey SI soar Shyla! Obyley pasaud 4 hy slSoyuall oar cle Adal shgo jo syssll gins 5 CamScanner ~ 92 &s.uaalQ\ what are the properties of acids? 1. Acids have a sour taste and are very corrosive and irritant. 2. Most acids are soluble in water. 3. Aqueous solutions of acids conduct electricity 4. In normal conditions many acids are liquids [ HNO,, H,SO, ], while some of them are solid [ HSi0,;, H,PO,] 5. some are volatile acids [HCl, HNO ] have characteristics odor . 6. Sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid [ H,SO,, HNO, and HCI) are the most dangerous. § oalgrdl yoslas ole Jw AAU donageg JS dune pag role cab ly olen! 1 valall 98 ghoill 8 yolao il liao ,2 wal ygSl Loge polo W Ald Jw! 3 che lgaai9 [HNO;, HSO,] Blow lel yo ssa! ys dslall Go sbll 5 A [HSiO, , H;P0,] Jol yoiles lJ [HC]. HNO ,] dlesall elo! oe .5 H,S0,4, HNO J Lysol ooles yt! aoles hay! pool .6 sbyghs 2S .o [HClo Q\ Sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid are the most dangerous. why ? because they can corrode paper, wood and organic tissue. 2 CamScanner ~ ls saaQ\ define the acid of Arrhenius. Acids: substances that dissolve in water by producing a hydrogen ion H*. swsgeadyl olor! Bye / Gs FH oer sssaall youl cba! Sub ye elall 3 oii sige olor! Note: Acids are often shown as HA, where H is hydrogen and A is the acidic negative ion But not all compounds containing hydrogen are acids. For example, methane [ CH,] glucose [ C¢ 1.0 ¢] and ammonia [ NH] are not acids. . esta eacdl sgl 90 As pr srsell 9a H cee HA lgil le olan dl sg be We Seas lee Blea! oo gyorg stun legging gl OLS yall JS cau So « dla alan! cand Ligall 9 jeSglaul 9 gluall : JLall The naming of acids saal god! draws ¢ Acids containing only two types of atoms are called banary acids These acids do not have oxygen in their structures. ¢ Their names follow the form : Asta goto! aus bad yuegi le ggiod Gall olen ll « « eS35 8 pemeS ol le ggind Y oleolll oia e + JSad! aut njlaul e CamScanner ~ ls saaExample of banary acids: Formula Hydrochloric acid Hydroiodic acid Hydrofluoric acid > HydroSulfuric acid ¢ acids that contain oxygen is called oxyacids e the acid containing more oxygen atoms will be named using: suffix - ic e the acid containing less oxygen atoms is named using the: suffix - ous Ap dewS gl leo aus pruS ol gle gins gill olen « ic: SoU! plas drroud pina mud gil 1)3 yo pSi vse le goioy gill Uaololl « OUS 24M pladiul inasud eins urmruSell 1y3 0 Bi sce le soir gill aalodl e Example of oxyacids: Sulfuric acid Sulfurous acid Nitric acid Nitrous acid CamScanner 2 ls2 suaalQ\ Acids Classified according to Strength , why? Because Acids do not all ionize or dissociate to the same extent. Fale) . Gigd Gaur Yolo] uci J Qu dass udy foad of uid t polo! yY Q\ Acids aren't all of equal strength in terms of the production of H* ions in solution. Some acids ionize completely in water and some partially. aSglovall 8 Boal CLI! Cue yo Saal 8 Apoluta WS Com yoleol / us sLij> gysles orsrg US clall 8 WolerN oss wht strong acid : anacid ionizes completely, For instance HCl pass through water, almost all the molecules ionize to give H and Cl JIS cayalSay sug saam yar all Jat le Joly Zonal gol 2 gs Yolo | Clo H bad aa al quar julia celal! Weak acid : an acid ionizes partially, some of the ions recombine and remain as molecules such as HF is a weak acid. If you pass hydrogen fluoride gas through water, some of it will ionize to give H andF Olja JSa le Aig Ug jam soig ie Gasol iy 1 AAR! Yoleo I! dio Loa) 15 celal! ye ur assudll 45915 jE oye Coad 13! and soar 99 HF Jio F oH bad ppl Sous CamScanner ~ ls sealNote: According to the number of hydrogen ions are produced, acids are classified as monoprotic , diprotic and triprotic 7 doo Aud ots Mela! ais Il pro tugll GU gal sss Ady A598 gi A5U3 of dslet I Yolo YI monoprotic diprotic triprotic HCl | H*+Cl H,SO,—>2H'+SO, < H;P0,+3H"+PO, < Explain \ hydrochloric acid is monoprotic. because each HCl molecules ionizes to give one hydrogen ion = gel hylSoysall aol / mos Sola Gur assud yoel shad yalty byyalSo sing! soar yy agi JS oi Explain \ Sulfuric acid is diprotic. because each H,SO, molecules ionizes to give two hydrogen ion + pl Ly SI pole / modo Heed SB sel ye Gal ghad gles hr SI gaole ye apie JS ot Explain \ phosphoric acid is triprotic. because each H; PO, molecules ionizes to give three hydrogen ion | GE Gliagill aol J eds Cnr rsugl Goal yo BW had wily Glia gill oole yo egie JS yi 6 CamScanner ~ |92 saaQ\ what are the chemical properties of acids? 1. Several acids ionize when added to water. 2. These ions make aqueous solutions of acids which conduct electricity 3. The ionization of acids in water produces heat. 4. Certain amount of energy is released when a concentrated acid is added to water. 5. Acids reactions with the metals are more active than hydrogen. 6. Acid capable to react with alkalis and insoluble bases. § algal A5La SI! yoilesu! gale / yu wala) isla! sie aol god! yo syaell uid 1 eb sgl Logs dl olin dl yo Ale [Wlre Cbigsl ode [S25 .2 Bylo CLIT I alall 8 lool guid go9s.3 wall J Spo yoale 2d! aie MUI yo dae Lua BUI ats A cg astadll ye Wola Si glad! go vlaoWl Gels 5 | _ shail! abla 42 selgills Glalall go Jelad! le Sjs18 aol god! .6 Explain \ you should careful while adding concentrated acid to water . because the ionization of acids in water produce heat. certain amount of energy is release. «alll JI 5530 yoal> d8bo] sic shod! ble os / mds «SUI! go dae AyaS Bb! ae yo Gay cll G8 oko goth Guy 7 CamScanner ~ 92 &s.u2alindicators : are substance that change their color depending} on the acidic or basic character of the media , litmus paper and methl orange are two important example of indicators. 339 « burg!) duslatl gf Sorsoul daub Led Wig! puss slga ga: Cl yds dal J Cl ssigall glage Ge am NaiylI Jato 9 ual! be Colors of some indicators in acidic solution: I Indicators e Lithium paper ¢ Methyl orange ¢ Phenolphthalein colorless ¢ Bromothymol blue yellow Neutralization reactions: The most common and important reaction of bases is that with acids. Bases react with acids to give salt and water .yoleoll ao Jelad! 9a selga Aramis legs ysl: Jslod! Ovclai clalls qlall drad yolao il go scl oil! Jolasi CamScanner ~ |92 saaQ\ where are the following acids found? where it's found e hydrochloric acid in the stomach e citric acid lemon and orange ¢ ascorbic acid tomatoes e Folic acid green leafy vegetables e formic acid insect bites and stinging nettles e malic acid apple and pear some example of strong and weak acids : 1 strong acid ' weak acid e HF e HCN H,CO; ° H,SO, ° HPO, ° CH,COOH CamScanner + Lig a> gual!Q\ why the aqueous Solution of acids which Conduct electrity? Becaus the acids when ionized gives ion It and acidic negative ion these lous maks aqueous Solutions of conduct electrity $ elyygl Jroge yolooW ilall Jolorall Lila / ws SS25 ohm Wlusl Eoaodl Sts Sb hai pls Lue leo else Juogd dile fuller Q\ what are the different between strong and weak acids? strong acid weak acid 1. strong acid are ionize 1. weak acid are ionize completely in water partially in water 2. PH of strong acid of 2. PH of weak acid solution solution is very low is about 3-5 3. releases all hydrogenion { 3. don't releases all to the solution hydrogen ion 4. Example: HNO, 4. Example: HF 10 CamScanner 2 ls2 suaal