Nautical Archaeology Society Introduction to the NAS and to the Introduction Course Before beginning the first session of the day ensure that the participants have been introduced to the course venue (first aid, toilets, fire exits etc) and the other tutors. For more information see ‘Running an Introduction Course’. ‘This session may be given as a stand alone presentation following the introduction to the venue or may be combined with session 2. For decisions regarding the running of the course please consult with the Senior Tutor. Presentation Aim: Introduce the aims of the NAS and demonstrate how these are met through NAS. 8. Introduce the course and the programme for the day, Objectives: Participants should know about: © The NAS aims/objectives + The different activities NAS is involved with = _ Know what the rest of the course will entail Participants should be able to: + Appreciate the benefits of becoming an NAS member + List the other principal organisations involved in nautical archaeology and where the NAS fits in with them The Introduction Course Tutors should introduce the timetable for the day, the practical sessions and how these will work for any non-divers and also any breaks and where tea/coffee etc can be found if this has not been covered in the introduction to the venue. Participants should have been provided with the aims and objectives in advance, however Tutors should have a few copies and go through these, so participants know what to expect from the day. ‘At this point Tutors should let participants whether they are happy to accept questions during sessions or whether they would prefer that questions were kept until the end. Experience has shown it is often easier to answer questions as they arise when the appropriate slide is displayed. The Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) The NAS is a non-profit making organisation whose principal aim is to promote the preservation of our nautical heritage for the benefit of current and future generations. Further aims of the society include: + Provide a focus for the discipline of nautical archaeology To include everybody Provide education, training and information To improve archaeological techniques To promote publication and research Nautical Archaeology Society | Fort Cumberland | Fort Gumberiand Road | Portmeuth | POSSLD | United Kingdom TelFax: +48 023 9281 8418 | Emails nasGneuticalarchooologysociotyorg | Web: vwvnineutcalarchaealagysocietyoraNautical Archaeology Introduction ta Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology Sociaty TUTOR NOTES: Session 1 Introduction tothe NAS ‘To accomplish these aims the NAS undertake many different activities and initiatives: Membership NAS has a membership of around 650 people from 30 different countries. Members come from a variety of backgrounds including divers, historians, archaeologists and members of the public, all with an interest in nautical archaeology. Outline some of the benefits of becoming a member. Website ‘The NAS web site includes a description of the Society's activities, a timetable of events, project news, Statement of Principles, as well as membership information and available merchandise. The NAS web site also contains courses, projects and news relating to NAS activities. Training Mention the NAS training programme, however a detailed overview of the programme should be kept until the ‘What Next’ session at the end of the day. Members Newsletter NAS produces @ quarterly newsletter to keep its membership informed of news, forthcoming events as well as including reports on member's activities. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology NAUTIC. The NAS publishes the International Jounal of Nautical Naa Archaeology (INA), an academically refereed publication that includes papers covering a wide range of subjects, from cultural resource management, excavations, surveys, archaeological techniques, conservation and artefact analysis, plus review articles and book reviews. The IJNA is available orline through the member's section of the NAS website. Noutical Archaeology Society | Fort Cumberland | Fort Cumberland Road | Portsmouth | PO4SLD 1 Unites Kingdom “eliFax: 140123 281 2419 | Email: nae@navticalarchasologysocienyorg | Web: wwwneuticalatchaeologysociey ory ender Drees ntti ane HRD Swe Cnt Gaara Red Mende 2Nautical Archaeology Introduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology Sociaty TUTOR NOTES: Session 1 ~ Introduction to the NAS Principal Organisations involved with Nautical Archaeology Within the UK there are several other organisations involved with the protection and preservation of our maritime heritage. It is important for participants to be aware of these organisations as they are likely to hear the names or acronyms if they continue their interest in nautical archaeology. It is not necessary to provide a detailed guide to the practices of each organisation, however there will be opportunities to expand on the work of some of these organisations at a later point in the course, such as the legislation session. The following list should be replaced by local organisations for courses run outside of the UK. * English Heritage, Historic Scotland, Cadw, Environment and Heritage Service - The Government's statutory advisor on the historic environment, aiming to conserve and enhance the historic environment, as well as broadening public access and increase understanding + Department of Culture, Media and Sport — (DCMS) responsible for government policy on heritage. Administers the Protection of Wrecks Act (see session 5) + Advisory Committee on Historic Wreck Sites — (ACHWS) set up to advise the Government on sites for designation under the Protection of Wrecks Act, 1973. (See session 5: Underwater Finds — Rights and Responsibilities) + Institute of Field Archaeologists ~ (IFA) advances the practice of archaeology and allied disciplines by promoting professional standards and ethics for conserving, managing, understanding and promoting enjoyment of heritage + IFA Maritime Affairs Group - The group provides a forum for practicing maritime archaeologists and advises IFA council on issues relevant to underwater sites, intertidal and nautical archaeology * Council for British Archaeology — (CBA) works to promote the study and the safeguarding of Britain's historic environment, to provide a forum for archaeological pinion, and to improve public interest in, and knowledge of, Britain's past + Joint Nautical Archaeology Policy Committee - (JNAPC) formed over fifteen years ago by individuals and representatives of institutions who wished to raise awareness of Britain's underwater heritage and to persuade government that underwater sites of historical importance should receive no less protection than those on land ‘* Crown Estate -The Crown Estate belongs to the reigning monarch ‘in right of The Crown’, that is, it is inherent with the accession to the throne. But it is not the private property of the monarch ~ it cannot be sold by the monarch, nor do revenues from it belong to the sovereign. The Crown Estate owns 55% of the UK Foreshore and the entire seabed to the 12mile limit. The Crown Estate works in partnership with others to enable and nurture productive commercial opportunities, to protect vulnerable environments, 10 contribute to communities and enable social integration Nautical Archasology Society | Fort Cumberland | For Cumberland Raad | Portsmouth | POLO | Unted Kingdom TelFax: +44 (0122 281 8618 | Email: nas@navticalarchaeologysocion.org_ | Web: www.nautieslarchesologysociotyorg ena as, ncarestng, se 07. agrees 3Nautical Archaeology Introduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology Society TUTOR NOTES: Session 1~ introduction to the NAS + Maritime Coastguard Agency ~ (MCA) responsible throughout the UK for implementing the Government's maritime safety policy. The Receiver of Wreck is @ position within the MCA (see session 5: Underwater Finds ~ Rights and Responsibilities) Itis also worth mentioning three international organisations involved with nautical archaeology, as they may also be names participants have heard before. * UNESCO — United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation - promotes international co-operation among its 193" Member States and six Associate Members in the fields of education, science, culture and communication. *As of October 2007 * ICOMOS - International Council on Monuments and Sites - is an international non- governmental organisation of professionals, dedicated to the conservation of the world's historic monuments and sites * ICUCH — International Committee on the Underwater Cultural Heritage (ICOMOS Technical Sub Committee) - The committee is composed of 24 international experts in underwater cultural heritage. The goal of the committee is to assist ICOMOS International and UNESCO in promoting the protection and sound management of submerged cultural resources ‘Summary + The NAS aims to promote the preservation of our nautical heritage for the benefit of current and future generations + The NAS undertakes a variety of initiatives and activities in order to meet its aims + A vatiety of other organisations both in the UK and internationally are involved with the protection and promotion of our maritime heritage. There are no formal questions included at this point, however you may wish to prompt participants into telling you what information they have leamt, how many of the other principal organisations can they name for example. If this session is being run at the beginning of session 2: ‘Introduction to Archaeology’, rather than a standalone session then include a short summary of the NAS prior to asking the questions associated with that session. Nautical Archaeology Society | Fort Cumberland | Fort Cumberland Road | Portsmouth 1 PO49LD 1 United Kingdom Telex: +44 (023 8281 8419 | Email: nas@auticalarchaeclogysacety.arg_ | Web: wwavnautcalarchaeslogysoc'ety.org Jo MEE Aga nyNautical ‘Archaeology Introduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology Socialy TUTOR NOTES: Session 2 Introduction to Archaeology Introduction to Archaeology Presentation Aims: Introduce the discipline of archaeology and that of nautical archaeology. Objectives: Participants should be able to: ‘+ Define archaeology and nautical archaeology + Appreciate the differences between archaeology and salvage, and archaeology and history + Define key terms in archaeology such as artefact and context + Describe the differences in preservation that are likely to be found between wet and dry sites Participants should know: + Know the types of questions archaeologists ask to help them interpret artefacts and sites What is Archaeology? Before explaining what the discipline of archaeology involves, ask participants what they think is meant by the term archaeology. It is likely that during this interaction students will mention history and salvage providing @ useful link to illustrate the differences between archaeology and these fields. ‘Some possible definitions of archaeology include: ‘Archaeology is the study and interpretation of the human past through the material remains.’ ‘Archaeology is rubbish’ ‘The scientitic study of man’s material remains’ ‘Archaeology begins yesterday’ ‘The archaeologist is digging up not people but things’ Itis also important to emphasise that: ‘The purpose of interpretation is to understand the individual or sociely BEHIND the artefact, NOT JUST the artefact sett! It may be suitable to include the following analogy: archaeology can be compared to the study of crime scene, All evidence is collected and processed. The questions archaeologists ask when they discover an artefact are therefore similar to the questions asked by detectives: What? Where? Who? When? ‘And perhaps most importantly Why? Nautical Archasology Society | Fart Cumberland | Fort Cumberland Road | Portsmouth | PO4SLD | United Kingdom “Telfaxc +46 (0722 781 8819 | Email: nasnautieslarchasologysocien.org_ | Wab: wwnznauticlarchacologyeociatyorgNautical iiadusion Foes lUndowaerAchtny fay TUTOR NOTES: Session 2 Introduction to Archaeology Through these questions archaeologists can discover: Identity Purpose Material Date Level of technology Indications of wealth A\l of which provide an insight into the people that made, used and disposed of them. Archaeology vs. History History is the study of the past through written records. Returning to the earlier analogy of a crime scene can help to explain the differences between archaeology and history. if archaeology is the crime scene then history is the reviewing of the witness statements, Tutors should remind participants of the dangers that can be associated with relying on historical documents. Get them to think about who is telling the story, different witnesses will tell different versions of events. If we look at our newspapers today there are differences between the broadsheets and tabloids. A war is usually told from the point of view of the winners, Archaeology vs.Salvage Salvage is primarily concemed with the recovery of commodities for commercial gain, whereas archaeology is driven by research perspectives with the primary aim of recovering as much INFORMATION as possible, irrespective of any commercial value. Archaeological Evidence Archaeological evidence can be broadly split into three categories: © Structures (Features) ‘The structure is likely to be the most striking feature of a site and can provide clues about the level of technology and methods of construction. This may lead to interpretations of wealth and prestige or the political situation of the time — whether it was a time of peace or war. Although less dominating on pre-historic sites structures can still be found and can provide the archaeologist with large amounts of information, Nautical Archaeology Society | For: Cumberland | Fort Cumberland Road | Portsmouth | PO4SLD | United Kingdom ‘Tela: 4 (03239281 9419 | Email: recneuticalarchacologysocietyors | Web: vawn.navticalarcnaeologysociety orgIntroduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology TUTOR NOTES: Session 2 - Introduction to Archaeology Nautical Archaeology Society Sediments ‘The study of sediments covering an archaeological site can help to gain an understanding of the changes which have occurred on that site over time, they can also be used to predict the probable levels of preservation in different areas of the site Contents * Artefacts (Items made/modified by humans) These objects will help to shed light on the lives of past societies through the study of their characteristics, composition and manufacture as well as the evidence for their use and their position within the site. + Ecofacts (Plant/animal remains associated with the archaeological site) ‘These remains are a less obvious source of information, however they can provide information on the environment in which people were living, their diet and how they may have been affected by pests or disease. Be sure to emphasise to participants that these categories are not mutually exclusive. For example a ships hull is a part of the structure and is also likely to contain artefactual and ecofactual information. Sediments may also be artefactual in form of ballast of bilge deposits. All forms of evidence may not be present on every site; however it is important to stress the need to record all types of evidence and not to focus solely on the easily recognisable artefacts. What is Nautical Archaeology? Having explained what archaeology is, ask participants what they think is meant by the term ‘nautical archaeology’ Some Possible definitions include: “The scientific study, through the surviving material culture, of all aspects of seafaring’ (Muckleroy) ‘Archaeology underwater, of course, should be called simply archaeology’ (Bass) Characteristics of Underwater and Foreshore Sites Archaeologists often find an extraordinary degree of preservation on foreshore and underwater sites especially of organic objects, which often do not survive on land sites. In addition, it is useful to make the point that on land sites, archaeologists are often dealing with material that has been broken, destroyed or intentionally discarded over a long period of time. Conversely, the preservation potential on an underwater site and the possibility that at the moment a ship ‘was lost it was a complete, working cultural unit has led to shipwrecks being referred to as time-capsules. Nautical Archaeology Society | Fort Cumberland | Fort Cumberland Road | Portsmouth | PO4SLD |. United Kingdom “Telfax: +44 (0288281 8418 | Email: nssnsuticslarchavologysocienyorg. | Wb: www.nduicslarchaeolngyeaciasyorgNautical Archaeology Introduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology Sociely TUTORNOTES: Session 2— Introduction to Archaeology a In reality this is a rare occurrence and it would be simplistic to assume that all sites contain closely associated groups of material. The nature of the wrecking, material being washed away or decaying over time and saivage carried out, either contemporaneously with the wrecking event or at a later date, would all lead to a more scattered, less complete site to interpret. However the possibility that the fime-capsule effect could have occurred on a whole site or even in small scale pockets is an exciting prospect for maritime archaeologists. The example of the Vasa and the spectacular survival of the hull and contents offers a good example of the potential of the time-capsule effect. Artefact Handling FREE in order to help participants understand the basic principles of re archaeology, a hands-on artefacts handling session offers the chance to put some of the theory into practice and also provides a good ice-breaker at the start of the day to get participants working together. The NAS has a selection of artefacts that it uses for this purpose, from the site of the HMS Invincible, 1758. Tutors need to ensure that they are familiar with the objects that they will use for this session. Pass the objects around the group and remind them of the questions that were outlined earlier. (Once all members of the group have had an opportunity to look at the artefacts, get them to tell you their observations. and interpretations before you reveal the purpose of each artefact and the identity of the site. For detailed information regarding the NAS artefact collection please see the notes pages accompanying the PowerPoint slides for this presentation, Tips for artefact handling session Nautical Archacology Society. | For Gumber Involve as much of the group as pos: another and share ideas Provide positive encouragement Ensure that all participants have an equal chance to see each of the artefacts (make sure no-one is just sat watching) Keep the session light-hearted Think about how you will answer difficutt questions in advance (conceming issues such as the sale of artefacts etc) Know as much about the artefacts as you can Use the session to reinforce some of the points that were covered early concerning contexts, interpretation, preservation etc le — encourage participants to talk to one id | Fort Cumberland Road | Portsmouth | POSSLD 1 Urited Kingdom Tolan: +48 022 9281 8418 | Email:nas@rauticslarchaeclogysociatyorg | Web: wwnauticalatchaaologysocietyorgNautical Introduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology eae TUTOR NOTES: Session 2- nroduction to Archaeology ty Summary Assessment Questions What is archaeology? What is nautical archaeology? Archaeology is the interpretation of the human past through the study of material remains History is the study of the past through written records Archaeological Evidence can be divided into Structure, sediments and contents (artefacts and ecofacts) Nautical Archaeological Sites will often have a higher degree of preservation, especially of organic materials Nautical Archaeological Sites are sometimes referred to as ‘time capsules’ What is the difference between archaeology and history? ‘What are the types of questions asked by archaeologists? What categories of evidence do archaeologists study? Daaena What differences in preservation arc likely to be found between wet and dry sites? Nautical Archaeology Society | Fort Cumberland | Fort Cumberland Road { Portsmouth | PO8SLD | United xingdom ToVFax: +44 (0128 £281 8413 | Email:nas@nauticslerchaeologysoviety.org_ | Web: www:auticalarchacologysocienorg use NS osama etn Fone CKD FC ene ands 9 has ey 5Nautical Archaeology Introduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology Sovely TUTORNOTES: Session 3 - Site Types Site Types Presentation Ai archaeologists. : Introduce the wide variety of site types worked on by nautical Objective: Participants should be able to: + Appreciate that nautical archaeology is not just the study of shipwrecks and is not always underwater + Name the different categories of sites that are studied Participants should understand: ‘+ That sites are linked to both other maritime and terrestrial sites and those sites should not be studied in isolation This presentation may be given at the end of session 2 ‘Introduction to Archaeology’, as a stand alone session or combined with session 4 ‘Dating Archaeological Material’. For decisions about the running order of the course please consult with the Senior Tutor. Archaeological Sites ‘An archaeological site can be described as a concentration of material remains indicating the way people lived in the past. However these sites must not be studied in isolation because they did not exist in isolation A site will have a relationship with other archaeological sites. In the case of maritime trade, these sites may be half way around the world A shipwreck can tell us about ports of call, origins of objects on board and information on where the ship was built. It is vital to explore a sites relationships and inter-dependences with other sites. Site Types Tutors should provide students with a variety of different examples of site types, illustrating not only the different structures that a nautical archaeologist may study but also the different environments in which they are found. Encourage participants to think about the interpretation of these sites and what we may be able to learn about past societies. Shipwrecks This is likely to be the most common answer to the previous question. Use this opportunity to highlight the different environment in which sites are found and the differences in preservation that may be found. Nautical Archaeology Seciety | Foct Cumberland | Fort Cumberland Read | Portsmouth | POSSLD | United Kingdom Telax: +44 (0123 9281 8419 | Email: nas@nauticalarchecologysociety.org_ | Wb: wwwznauticalarchacologysocietyorgIntroduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology TUTOR NOTES: Session 3 Site Types Nautical Archaeology Society Depending on where the shipwreck is found there is likely to be differences in the preservation and the amount of material remains. Deep water sites may offer the ‘time-capsule’ effect, with a high degree of preservation and little human interference since the wrecking event. Shallow water sites will probably have less in terms of the material remains but surviving hull structure can still be found and these sites will present significantly fewer problems in terms of access to the information. Ports & Harbours Nautical Archaeology Seciety | Fort Cumberland Emphasise to participants that shipwreck sites are not only found in underwater environment but may also be found in the intertidal or foreshore area. These sites will offen be particularly vulnerable due to vandals and developers ‘Shipwrecks are also found on dry land, particular examples are the Sutton Hoo site and the Dover Bronze Age Boat. Tutors should encourage participants to think about the possible interpretations for these sites. ‘Submerged landscapes can be both prehistoric and histori. They may tell us about past societies, landscapes and climate. Crannogs offer a good opportunity to demonstrate sites that were purposefully built over the water. These sites will give a wider view of society over an extended period — the opposite of the time capsules of shipwrecks. Grannogs offer another chance to get participants thinking about interpretation — what were they used for? Ports and harbours represent a part of the maritime infrastructure. They are able to provide information on the trade and technology of the period. Fort Cumberland Road | Porisinauth | PO8SLD | United Kingdom TelFex: +44 0)29 9281 82 | Email:nas@nauticslarchasologysocietyorg_ |. Wek: wwrwnauticlerchseologysacietyorg URC init Crummy Gare, Fs finiNautical iment Freer nt Untrwae Aeeogy Archana TUTORNOTES Sons Se pes Fish Traps [=e SRR ar ai ern aca Fish trap sites will help to inform on the exploitation of the Coastal Landscapes Assessment Questions maritime environment. They can also give information on technology. The wicker fish traps offer the opportunity to remind participants of the preservation differences between wet and dry sites. Coastal and maritime structures can be found in other areas of the landscape as well as in the ports and harbours. Lighthouses for example will often be linked with shipwreck sites - why was the lighthouse needed? What events may have triggered it's construction? ‘Wreck sites may not just be shipwrecks but also include aircraft which have crashed in water or on the foreshore. + Archaeological Sites should not be studied in isotation + Nautical archaeologists will work on a variety of site types found underwater, in the intertidal zone and on dy land 1. Name the different site types studied by nautical archaeologists. 2. Why should we not study sites in isolation? 3. What are the differences likely to be found between deep water shipwrecks and shallow water shipwrecks? 4. Where do we find crannogs and what was their purpose? 5. What might fish traps be able to tell us about the societies who made them? Nautical Archaeology Society | Fort Cumberland | Fort Cumberland Rosé | Portsmouth | PO4SLD | United Kingdom Tolan: +44 01289281 8418 | Email: nas@nauticalarchazologysocien.org | Web: vawnauticalarchacologysocietvorg ene tS fo tt nnd a ramen HOD Sn Caer, td Gd HED Mya 8Nautical Archaeology Introduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology Society TUTORNOTES: Session 4 Dating Archaeological Material Dating Archaeological Material Presentation Aims: Introduce some of the relative and absolute dating methods commonly used in archaeology, their applications and some of the advantages and disadvantages that may be associated with them Objectives: Participants should understand: ‘+ The difference between relative and absolute dating methods = Some of the basic principles behind the dating methods explained Participants should be able to: ‘+ Name five dating methods + Describe the advantages and disadvantages of all five methods. ‘+ Appreciate the need to take multiple samples on a site and to back up any results with as much supporting evidence as possible. Dating Methods Dating methods are used to help make sense of archaeological information, by placing it in a chronological framework. This requires the establishment of dates for artefacts and sites. Once a date has been established archaeologists have the ability to relate events or features throughout antiquity and across the world. Relative Dating: This relies on the sequencing of events, ie. the relative order in which they occurred. It cannot reveal the length of time between two events, nor can it provide a date in years which places the event in a conventional timescale. Absolute Dating: Absolute dating methods rely on scientific techniques as a means of ascertaining specific dates, normally quoted in calendar years. Relative Dating Typology Typology is based on the fact that while the function of an object remains the same its physical form evolves over time and that these changes can be identified and recorded enabling objects to be placed in chronological sequences. Sequences may be unsound as they are based on i assumptions of early and late characteristics, therefore as = much supporting evidence as possible should therefore be used. It is also worth noting that retro-styling which is currently fashionable can cause confusion, as well as the possibility that high value objects may well be ‘in use’ or held as antiques for many years after their original production. Nautical Archaeology Seciety | For Cumberland | FortCumbedland Read | Pertsmouth | POLLO | United Kingdom Telia: +46 (023 9281 8419 | Email:nas@nauticalarchaeclogysocietyorg | Wak: vunenauticalarchecologysocietyorgIntroduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology TUTORNOTES: Session 4 - Dating Archaeological Material Nautical Archaeology Sociaty In order to help participants understand this concept, refer to modern day examples that will be familiar to them. If a mobile phone from the 1980s was placed next to one from today most people would be able to put them in @ chronological sequence. Another example is that a record is older than a cassette which is older than a CD which is older than a DVD. ‘The NAS also has some pieces of pottery which can be used to demonstrate typological dating. Ask participants to look at ‘each piece of pottery and place them in chronological order. For more information on these pieces of pottery please see the notes accompanying the PowerPoint slides. Adapted from geological laws, this dating method is based on ‘the premise that archaeological deposits, like geological strata are formed in sequential layers. In general, the uppermost layer is the most recent. BLOCK A: Context 1 is later than Context 2. Absolute dates can be placed in the relative dating sequence. BLOCK B: A coin dated 79 AD in Context 3 suggests that Context 2 and 1 arrived after 79 AD. BLOCK C: A floor constructed in 1322 AD (Context 3) suggests that the contexts below it must have accumulated before that date, Stratigraphy can survive well in underwater and foreshore sites, despite that fact that they are often very dynamic environments. In addition to dating information stratigraphy can also help to understand the way that a site has formed and this is particularly useful when interpreting archaeological sites. ‘The undisciplined removal of material can destroy the stratigraphy and the context of an artefact. Link back to session 2 when discussing the context of an artefact and what the term means. Nautical Archaeology Soviety | Fert Cumberland | Fort Cumberland Road | Portsmeuth | PO&SLD 1 United Kingdom “Telax: +44 (0123 9281 2419 | Email: nas@neuticalarcheeolagyzocietyorg | Web: wununauticalarchacslogysocietyorgNautical Archaeology Introduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology Sooiely TUTOR NOTES: Session 4~ Dating Archaeological Material Absolute Dating Methods There are a variety of different absolute dating methods available but there is insufficient time during this course to cover some of the more advanced techniques such as thermo- luminescence or remnant magnetism. The notes below outline some of the more common methods that are used by archaeologists. Radiocarbon Dating SSE Radiocarbon or Carbon 14 dating was discovered after World parieea War il, by the American chemist, Willard Libby and can be al used to date organic materials, ag = Carbon 14 is an unstable isotope which is produced in the earth's upper atmosphere and decays at a known rate. ‘The ratio of carbon 12 to carbon 14 is known and it was assumed that it has remained constant throughout history. As all living things absorb Carbon 14 from the atmosphere then the ratio of carbon 12 to carbon 14 in living organic material is a known constant, Once an organism dies carbon 14 will no longer be absorbed and the carbon 14 in the organism will begin to decay. This means that the ratio of carbon 12 to carbon 14 will no longer be constant : As the rate of decay of the carbon 14 is known, then by - measuring the ratio of carbon 12 to carbon 14 the elapsed time since death can be calculated. ‘The rate of decay is exponential with a halflife of 5,730 (+/- 40) years Radiocarbon dating can be effective for dates as far back as 40,000 BP (Before Present - present is taken to be 1950) but it is not very accurate. Radiocarbon dates are generally quoted with a margin of error and degree of confidence e.g. 1600 +/- 150 years. A margin of error of several hundred years is not particularly significant for a date many thousands of years old, but for more recent dates, such an error margin can make radiocarbon dating less appropriate as it is too imprecise ‘The amount of radiocarbon in the atmosphere has proved to not be constant as first assumed by Libby, which has resulted in inaccuracies. Using dendrochronology, it has been possible to produce a calibration curve, this gives a result that is statistically reliable but not precise. Nautical Archaeology Society | FortCumberland | fort Cumbetlend Road | Portsmouth | PO4SLD | Unked Kingdom Telfax: +44 0123 281 8418 | Email:nas@nauticalerchacologysocionyorg | Web: vava.nauticelarchaeslogysocietyorgNautical Gee ee a i aera ata itecy TUTOR NOTES: Session 4 - Dating Archaeological Material Dendrochronology Dendrochronology or tree-ring dating can be particularly useful on maritime sites due to the favourable conditions often found for the preservation of organic materials. In certain species it is possible to identify the same year in two different trees from similar geographical locations. By matching these identical years, it is possible to build up a sequence of overlapping samples. For certain areas, these sequences extend back as many as 9,000 years and are known as chronologies. re a reliable sequence is available, tree-ring dating can give dates accurate to 1 year and in optimal circumstances even to a single season in a single year, it is therefore a very valuable dating technique. It is important to note that the date given with dendrochronology is the date of felling of the tree and that this date could be significantly different from the date of use or loss. Care must also be taken as the wood may have been re-used and ships may have undergone repairs meaning one sample may give a different date to the rest of the structure. {tis important to stress that multiple samples must be taken from a site and that just because ‘wood is present it does not mean you will automatically be able to use dendrochronology to obtain a date for the site. Timber samples may be useful in other areas of interpretation as analysis may also be able to tell the geographical area that the timber came from and information on the climate at the time of growth. As previously mentioned in certain circumstances dendrochronology is used to calibrate C14 dating Historical Association Written records allow historical association to provide archaeological clues with absolute dates, however all written records must be treated with care. Remind participants of the points covered during the ‘Introduction to Archaeology’ session of the problems faced in interpreting the historical record. Nautical Archaeology Society | Fors Cumbatland | Fort Cumberland Road | Pertsmeuth | POSSLD I United Kingdom Telex: +44 0298281 8419 | Emeil:nas@rauticalarchaeclogyeacityorg | Wab: wwwunauticalarchacologysocietyorgNautical Archaeology Imroduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology Society ‘TUTOR NOTES: Session 4 Dating Archaeological Material coins Artefacts such as coins may, at first sight, appear to be a source of absolute dating but this is not the case. A date of 1820 on a coin for example means that the coin could not have been deposited there before 1820 but it may have been deposited considerably iater than 1820. ‘A.useful exercise to allow participants to think about how to interpret coins found on a site can be done with the coins in Participants pockets/wallets. Ask them to look at the dates on the coins and to think about what this would mean if this were an archaeological site. This also provides an opportunity to highlight the other information that coins can offer including the image of the monarchy and the place of mint. Even coins that do not have a date on like modern coins can still provide dating information as the styles of coin changed and the style of the portrait also changed over time. Artefacts Artefacts such as bells and canon were often made with a date or with a royal stamp that may provide information on the date of a site. As with coins care must be taken in interpretation of these artefacts as the date once again will represent the date of production rather than the date of loss. ‘Summary a + There are two different types of dating — relative and ad absolute “ort Ga * Relative dating will put artefacts into a chronological a sequence + Absolute dating will give a date in calendar years ow + Alldating methods have pros and cons ‘As much supporting evidence should be used as possible + Multiple samples should be taken from a site ‘Assessment Questions 1. Name two types of dating 2. Give examples of each type of dating 3. Give an advantage and disadvantage of each dating method Nautical Archaeology Sociely | Fort Cumberland | Fort Cumberland Road | Portsmouth | POL SLD | United Kingdom TolFax: +44 01299281 8418 | Email: nas@nauticalarchasologysociety.org | Wob: wawznauticalarcheologysacietyorg omni Mfr ed ot ind sR AD Et, Gretna nN AgenNautical iment Foor nd ncn ety Arter TUTOR NOTES: Session 5 - Underwater Finds - Rights and Responsibilities y Underwater Finds — Rights and Responsibilities ‘The NAS is grateful for the notes on UK Marine legislation from Mike Williams, Senior Lecturer in Law of the University of Wolverhampton, which have helped to compile this session Presentation Aims: To introduce the main points of legislation as they apply to nautical archaeology (both on land and underwater) and how these are likely to affect participants. Objectives: Participants should know about: +The 4 main pieces of legislation that apply to nautical archaeology in the UK + Protection of Wrecks Act, 1973: Know that a number of sites are designated and the procedures that are in place to allow work to be undertaken and visits to be made to these sites ‘+ Merchant Shipping Act, 1995: Know their obligations under the Act and how they can fulfil these Protection of Military Remains Act, 1986: Know that certain sites can be protected or controlled and the restrictions that will apply to visiting them ‘= Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act, 1979: Know the restrictions the Act places on designated sites and how it has been applied to maritime sites ‘The non-UK conventions that apply (UNESCO/VALETTA) The need to be aware of local legislation as this will vary from country to country Legislation is likely to be thought of as one of the less interesting or more difficult to tackle presentations of the day and it is therefore important to keep the participants interest, offer the opportunity to discuss different aspects of the law and how they apply rather than simply reading a list. Use this presentation to clarify misconceptions and demonstrate how the laws relating to maritime heritage are likely to affect participants and what their responsibilities are likely to be. The following law relates only to UK and should be replaced with local legislation for courses run outside UK jurisdiction UK Legislation Before launching into @ break down of the UK legislation, introduce participants to the scale of the resource that we are talking about through the use of the RNLI Wreck Chart. Nautical Archaeology Society | Fort Cumberland | Fort Cumberland Road | Partsmouth | POLLO | United Kingdom TolFax: +44 (0123 $281 6419 | Email: nas@nauticalarchasclogysociey.org | Wob: wawznauticalarcheeologysocietyorgNautical Fete icant eles eam TUTOR NOTES: Session §~ Underwater Finds ~ Rights and Responsibilities Introducing legislation on a light-hearted note can help to break down the conceptions and set the tone for the session. This example of manorial rights also serves to demonstrate the long history of complex laws involving maritime sites. The Merchant shipping Act applies to any items which are defined as wreck. For the purposes of the Act, wreck has a wide definition which includes: © Flotsam © Jetsam’ = Lagan © Derelict FLOTSAM Goods lost from a ship which has sunk or otherwise perished which are recoverable by reason of their remaining afloat. JETSAM Goods cast overboard in order to lighten @ vessel which is in danger of being sunk, notwithstanding that afterwards it perishes. LAGAN Goods cast overboard from a ship which afterwards perishes, buoyed so as to render them recoverable. DERELICT Property, whether vessel or cargo which has been abandoned and deserted at sea by those who were in charge of it without any hope of recovering it. ‘The Merchant Shipping Act is administered by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency through the Receiver of Wreck. ‘The Receiver of Wreck is @ national post within the Maritime Coastguard Agency (MCGA). The Receiver is the first point of contact for any material found in or on the shores of the tidal waters of the UK (12 nautical miles), or found outside this timit, but landed in the UK. If wreck is found in or on the shore of UK tidal waters, or landed in the UK from outside UX's territorial waters, even ifthe finder is the owner or the owner is known, the Merchant Shipping Act 1995 requires that the finder report their find to the Receiver of Wreck by completing a form called a Droit. The information supplied by the finder wil, if requested, be treated in confidence by the Receiver. Nautical Archaeology Society | For: Cumberland | Fort Cumberland Road | Porismouth | PO&SLD 1 United Kingdom ‘Telax: +44 (0123 9281 8419 | Emsil:nas@nauticalarchaeclogyeacistyarg | Web: wawnauicalarchaeologysoc'ety.org att MA ron fi nen Pete BBD Es Engines a, ee!Nautical ‘Archaeology Introduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology Sociaty TUTOR NOTES: Session 5 - Underwater Finds - Rights and Responsibilities Itis an offence not to report wreck to the Receiver of Wreck. The primary aims of the Receiver of Wreck system are: ‘+ To give the legitimate owner the opportunity of recovering their property ‘+ To ensure that law-abiding finders of wreck receive an appropriate reward under the terms of the law - this applies whether the owner is found or not ‘The ownership of underwater finds that turn out to be wreck is ae decided according to procedures set out in the Merchant mee cee pe, Shipping Act 1995. Finders should assume at the outset that all a, recovered wreck has an owner. Ownership of wreck lies in the = = S original owner or their successor, unless they fail to make a claim to the Receiver of Wreck within one year of notification. Ownership of unclaimed wreck lies in the Crown or in a person to whom rights of wreck have been granted (grantee). For example, the Duchy of Comwall claims a right of wreck throughout Comwall The Receiver of Wreck has @ duty to ensure that finders who report their finds as required receive an appropriate salvage award. In the case of material considered to be of historic or iad ‘wstma] —@fChaeological importance, a suitable museum is asked to buy ame the material at the current valuation and the finder then receives “= sir | the net proceeds of the sale as their salvage award. If the right paar to, or the amount of, salvage cannot be agreed, either between owner and finder or between competing salvors, the Receiver of Wreck will hold the wreck until the matter is settled, either through amicable agreement or by court judgement More information on the receiver of wreck can be found on the MCGA website: http:www. mega aov.uk/meqa07-homelemergencyresponse/mega-receiverofwreck.htm Other points. ‘+ Information about a ‘find’ may be passed by the Receiver of Wreck to relevant archaeological records, including the local authority Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) ‘+ The Receiver will keep information including the position confidential ‘= The finder will be acknowledged for their contribution to the archaeological record, unless anonymity is preferred ‘* Afind can also be reported to archaeologists in, for example, national and registered museums, local authority archaeological services, Sites and Monuments Records (SMRs), but this is not a substitute for the legal duty to report wreck to the Receiver of Wreck A finder should be kept informed of important decisions in respect of their discovery Recovered items should be reported to the receiver even if they were recovered with the knowledge and permission of the owner of the vessel. Nautical Archaeology Society | Fort Cumberland | Fort Cumberland Road | Portsmouth | PO4ALD 1 United Kingdom Tolfax: 14401289281 8418 | Email:nas@nauticelerchaeologysocien.org_ | Web: www.nauticalarchaeologysaciaty.orgNautical Introduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology rooney TUTOR NOTES: Session 5- Underwater Finds ~ Right and Responsibilities The Protection of Wrecks Act 1973, The Protection of Wrecks act applies to designated sites of | wrecked vessels and is intended to secure their protection from interference on account of historical, archaeological or artistic importance. Itis offence to Offence to tamper with, damage, remove any part of a vessel, object from it, or to carry out salvage operations directed to exploration or removing objects from the wreck or seabed Diving is prohibited unless authorised by license from the Department of Culture Media and Sport (DCMS) Sif Sites are designated by the DCMS, who are also responsible for issuing licences to visit or work on protected sites on behalf of the Secretary of State. The DCMS are advised by the Heritage Agencies; English Heritage, Historic Scotland & Cadw. ‘When considering an application for the designation or licensing of sites, the DCMS and the Heritage Agencies are assisted by a team of diving archaeologists called the Protection of Wrecks Contractor. Further information, including guidance notes on applying for licences from English Heritage can be found at: http://www. english -heritage.org.uk/professionaVadvice/our-planning-role/consent/protected-wreck= sites! At the time of printing there are currently 61 sites designated under the Protection of Wrecks Act, just a tiny proportion of the wrecks around the UK coast. Nautical Archaeclogy Society | Fort Cumberland | FortCumberland Road | Portsmouth | POSSUM I United Kingdom Telax: +44 (01239281 2419 | Email: nas@nauticaarchaeologysacietyorg | Web: wwn.nautcalarchseologysocietyorg cele neither FUE dt Con el Ge Raed nl ORR, 00Nautical Archaeology Introduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology Society ession § Underwater Finds ~ Rights and Responsibilities All visits or work on sites designated under the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 require a licence issued by the appropriate authority prior to the commencement of the work or visit. Itis an offence to visit or conduct work without a licence. This provides an opportunity to mention that licensees are encouraged to hold NAS certification There are four types of licence available: Visitor This category of licence will be used for sites where there is no active work, but perhaps where there is a need for regular monitoring because of active erosion or suspecied visits by unauthorised divers. Such a licence would not normally require access to a high level of archaeological expertise, and a nominated archaeologist would not normally be required. If a licensee did need advice, the primary source would be English Heritage’ Maritime Unit, or the Protection of Wrecks Act, nominated contractor. NAS Heritage days and some dive operators will also offer the chance to dive protected wreck sites on a visitor licence, combining a dive with a talk about the site and any work that has been carried out there, Survey This is the most common category of licence issued. It is intended to cover a wide variety of non- intrusive site investigation, such as photography and video; measuring distances between objects; compiling site plans; recording seabed topography; and measuring and drawing objects on the seabed, This type of work is the most important part of pre-disturbance archaeological fieldwork, but the skills required are straightforward technical ones which can be learnt from training courses provided by the NAS. Unlike excavation, non-intrusive survey work should not disturb the site. This means that nominated archaeologists would need to give on-site advice on only the most vulnerable of wreck sites. Surface Recovery This licence is limited to the recovery of artefacts or other archaeological material exposed on the seabed without disturbing the underlying material or stable sediments. An identified archaeological advisor would be needed to set out the diving team's strategy and ensure its implementation, as well as having an input into the analysis and interpretation of items recovered from the site. However, in some cases it would not be necessary for the archaeologist to visit the site. Excavation ‘Any activity which involves disturbance of the site requires an excavation licence. This licence will not normally be issued until a completed pre-disturbance survey has been submitted to the Advisory Committee. In most cases the direction of such activities would have to be under the control of an appropriately qualified and experienced archaeologist. This archaeologist would need to be on site for most of the time excavation was taking place. In exceptional circumstances fan experienced field worker without academic qualifications might be considered suitable for supervision of many of the on-site activities. Excavation licences are not usually give for a whole site but are issued to investigate a particular area to answer a specific research question Nautical Archasology Society | Fort Cumbarlsnd | Fort Cumberland Road | Portsmouth | POSSLD | United Kingdom ‘Tela: +44 (0123 9281 8419 | Email: nas@neuticalarchaeolegysociety.org | Web: wavinauticalarchaeologysociety.01gNautical Archaeology Introduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeofogy Society ‘TUTOR NOTES: Sessi 5 Underwater Finds ~ Rights and Responsibilities Protection of Wrecks Act Part II Protected Places aT Controlled Sites This part of the Act is also administered by the Receiver of Wreck. It covers sites that are considered to be: “... a potential danger to life or property; and on that account it ought to be protected from un-authorised interferences” which has been used in the case of the S.S Richard Montgomery (1400 tons of explosives) ins Act 1986 ‘The PMRA is administered by the Ministry of Defence. Under the PMRA, a site can be designated as either a Protected Place or Controlled Sito Any vessels lost after the 4" August 1914, whilst in military service, may be designated as a ‘protected place’ even if theit location is not known. All aircraft that have crashed in military service are automatically designated as a Protected Place, regardless of the presence of human remains, Diving is not prohibited but it is an offence to enter the site, tamper with, damage move or remove sensitive remains. However for vessels lost outside of UK waters the Act only applies to UK nationals. Controlled sites may be designated around wrecks whose Position is known and where no more than 200 years have elapsed since loss. Diving, salvage and excavation are all prohibited, though licences can be sought from the MoD for restricted activities, A.current list of sites designated under the Act can be found on the MCGA website: htto:/Amww.mega.gov.uk/edmca/meaa-environmentalimegadops row receiver of wreck.htm Nautical Archaeology Society | Fort Cumberland | FortCumberlond Road | Portsmouth | POSSLD 1 United Kingdom Telex: +48(028 8281 8419 | Ema: nas@nauticalarchaselogysocietyorg | Web: wwnu.neuticalachaeologysacietyorg erent to, Foie tne RTH Peskin 8paced Introduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology e hzcalony TUTOR NOTES: Session 5~ Underwater Finds ~ Rights and Responsibilities aly Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 The Act Prohibits demolition, alteration, destruction or repair of an ancient monument unless Scheduled Monument consent has been granted whilst still allowing public access to the site, The Secretary of State for England and the devolved authorities for Scotland and Wales are responsible for scheduling monuments, but only after they have been deemed of ‘national importance". Heritage bodies such as English Heritage, CADW and Historic Scotland advise on such matters, ‘Scheduling can occur monument, and waters or within territorial waters and can apply to any age of In 2002, the National Heritage Act, extended the definition of ‘ancient monument’ to include ‘any site comprising, or comprising the remains of, any vehicle, aircraft or other moveable structure, or part thereof’, and extended its application to “include ancient monuments in, on or under the seabed within the limits of the United Kingdom territorial waters adjacent to England”. Monuments have been extremely widely defined by the Act as: + Any building, structure or work, ......any cave or excavation + Any site comprising of the remains [of the above] + Any site comprising the remains of, any vessel, vehicle, aircraft or other moveable structure or part thereof This means sites such as flooded fish traps, cave dwellings et. can be scheduled where the PWA cannot be used. The Act has been used by Historic Scotland, notably for the remains of the German High Seas Fleet in Scapa Flow, and by CADW on a limited basis. English Heritage has yet to use this legislation to protect a maritime site. This act allows for the creation of Historic Marine Protected Areas. Ultimately, the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 will be repealed in Scotland and replaced by this new legisiation, although the basic mechanisms for protection, access and licensing are likely to be similar. Nautical Archaeology Society | Fort Cumberland | Fart Cumberland Rosd | Portsmouth | POLSLD | United Kingdom TolFax: +44 (01209281 8418 | Email: nasGhauticalarchaeslogysocie.org_ | Web: wawznauticaarcheeologvsocietyargNautical Archaeology Introduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology Society ‘TUTOR NOTES: Session 5 Underwater Finds - Rights and Responsibilities Other law relating to nautical archaeology in the UK The following summary provides an outline of further aspects of UK law, although these are slightly beyond the scope of this session it is important to have some background knowledge — you never know what you may be questioned on during a course. Case Law Derived from decisions in cases which are important enough to be reported in the Law Reports. These are termed "precedents" Salvor in Possession This is based entirely on case law. Salvor who takes possession of a derelict ( i.e. a vessel abandoned without hope of return ) is entitled to exclusive possession against other salvors and, where reasonable, against the owner. It is a myth that you take possession by simply placing a buoy on site or by raising an item. \solated acts like this do not constitute possession. The court will look for a course of conduct which demonstrates that you have taken physical control of the site, bearing in mind it is underwater and subject to tides, currents etc., 0 continual physical presence is not feasible. Leasesilicences of the Seabed The Crown owns the seabed out to 12 nm (the limit of territorial jurisdiction). Legally if you disturb the seabed you are trespassing. You can protect your site by taking a lease, thereby entitling you to exclusive possession of the seabed, so anyone who disturbs it and who is not authorised by the lease or by the law, is trespassing against your proprietary interest. In some cases a licence from the Crown Estates may be required to carry out activities on the seabed. A licence is merely permission it does not grant possession in the same way as a lease. Dumping at Sea It is an offence to dump without the authority of a licence. Licences are issued by Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. International Conventions and Charters ‘The UNESCO Convention was proposed to regulate underwater See archaeology in international waters; it was adopted in 2001 and pore is currently waiting for ratification from a sufficient number of states to bring it into force, The convention has a wide definition of underwater cultural heritage. It has introduced, as an annexe, an archaeological code of good practice and appropriate techniques, which are to be applied to the excavation of underwater cultural heritage. The Valetta Convention aims to protect the European archaeological heritage as a collective memory and for historical and scientific study. It is a revision of the 1969 European Convention ‘on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage. The Convention applies underwater as well as ‘on land, however it takes litle account of the unique nature of the maritime context. For further information about on the International Conventions and case studies where the law has been applied to the protection of our underwater cultural heritage please refer to chapter 7 of the 2008 edition of the NAS Handbook Nautical Archacclogy Soviely | Fort Cumberland | Fort Cumberland Rosd | Portsmouth | PO4SLO | United Kingdom “elifax: +44 0123 281 8419 | Email:nas@nauticalarchasclogysocityorg_ | Web: wuwinauticalarchagologysocien.org ged Rt ton oid Roane 119, Cael Gras, Pn en HEE Riedy 00Nautical ‘TUTOR NOTES: Session 5 - Underwater Finds - Rights and Responsibilities ui Summary + The legislation in the UK only protects a fraction of the resource + There are four principal pieces of UK legistation 0 The Protection of Wreck Act (1973) The Merchant Shipping Act (1995) The Protection of Military Remains Act (1986) The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act (1979) + International Conventions that apply to the protection of underwater cultural heritage are ‘© The Valletta Convention © The UNESCO Convention Assessment Questions 1. name the 4 pieces of legislation that apply in the UK Once these are on the screen ask one or two questions on each piece of legislation. ‘Who administers the MSA? ‘What do you have to do if you find ‘wreck’ with whom does ownership of wreck lie if the original owner does not come forward within 1 year How many sites have been designated under the PWA. ‘What are the categories of licence available to dive protected wreck sites who advises the government on the suitability of wreck sites to be designated who administers the PMRA what are the two types of designation under the PMRA 10. Is diving prohibited on a Protected Place 11. What can be scheduled as an ancient monument 12. give two examples of where the AMAAA has been used in a maritime context 13, Name the two intemational conventions aimed at protecting the UCH sen eenoe [Nautical Archaeology Society | Fort Cunberland | Fort Cumberland Rosd | Portsmouth | PO49LD | United Kingdom “TolFax: +44 (0120 9261 B419 | Email: nasGhauticalarchasolagysociety.org_ | Web: wawnauticalarchaeolocysocietorg enmeshtoe9 ne ComaynindyCnann Rage feds HORI Agee nyNautical hi Introduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology TUTOR NOTES: Session 6 - Introduction to 2D Survey Introduction to 2D Survey Presentation Aim: Introduce the basic principles of 2D survey and some of the common methods used on archaeological sites, Objectives: Participants should know + Why archaeologists survey and the different possible outcomes of survey ‘+ About the equipment that is needed to carry out a basic 2D survey and for drawing up the results Participants should be able to: ‘+ List the different methods of 2D survey: Offset, trilateration, ties, planning frame + Demonstrate the ability to put these into practice ‘+ Describe the differences in the acouracy of each method and when one method may be more suitable than another ‘= Appreciate the difficulties that may be faced when undertaking survey on a ‘real’ site and how some of these may be overcome Why do we Survey? Surveys are carried out to help understand the relationship between the archaeological material, the site and the people who used the site. In order to introduce participants to the basic concepts of survey it is useful to begin by looking at some of the results of survey, this includes representation, experimentation, interpretation and understanding of the site. Types of Survey Dependent on the output required, archaeologists generally undertake three different types of survey. + Assessment survey: this is generally a quick survey to understand the site and can help to formulate a project plan ‘+ Recording survey: this is likely to be the most common survey that will be undertaken by Participants is the sort of survey for which skils will be practiced later in the day. Accuracy is more important at this stage, if excavation is to be carried out then the survey produced will be the only record of that site as it currently exists. This offers the opportunity to introduce participants to terms such as ‘pre-disturbance survey’ ‘+ Monitoring survey: although a type of recording survey the purpose of a monitoring survey is to record how the site changes over time Nautical Archaeology Society | Fort Cumberland | Fort Curberland Rosd | Porismeuth | PO4SLD I Urited Kingdom TelFaxc +44 0128 8281 8813 | Email nas@nauticalarchasclogysocietyorg | Web: wwrwnauticalarchacologysocietyorgNautical Archaeology Soc Telex: +44 (028 281 8619 Nautical tnofscion ta Frstoe and net Acheson) {nanny TUTORNOTES: Session 6~ Introduction to 2D Survoy How do we Survey? ment Emphasise the fact that the equipment needed to carry out a good accurate survey is basic. That the methods that are Going to be covered are not rocket science but can produce good result. There is no need for lots of expensive gadgets, * Drawing board, pencils (e.g. ‘pop-a-point’ or plastic propelling) © Underwater paper: plastic paper or drafting fim (permatrace minimum thickness is 75 micron to avoid problems when printing or photocopying) + Usefulness of pro-forma sheets - site plans or survey pro-formas can be photocopied onto permatrace + Tapes: WARN about differences in the position of the zero's relative to the anchorage for different tapes, advise of the need to calibrate tapes due to stretch + Photography and video may also be useful survey tools Difficulties/problems Environmental constraints — visibility, current, temperature, depth are all likely to affect the outcome of the survey. ‘They may affect the survey through affecting the abilities of the diver through effects such as narcosis, or they may cause problems with the measurements such as snagging the tape on an unseen object However the most common cause of inaccuracies in surveying will be due to diver error. This could be as simple as reading the tape measure wrong or writing the wrong number on the proforma, Problems could also arise from transcription errors. Emphasise the importance of the following points in order to help achieve an accurate survey. «Importance of measuring to a specific point each time = Haste not speed: a few high quality measurements are infinitely preferable to a lot that have to be done again + Transfer measurements from the diver to the site plan as soon as possible so that incorrect measurements can be identified and re-measured | Fart Cumberland | For Cumberiand Road | Pertsmouth | POSSLD 1 United Kingdom 2 Email: nes@nautcalarchaeclogyseciety.org | Wek: wuwunauticalarchacologyeocityorgNautical Archaeology Introduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology Society TUTORNOTES: Session 6 ~ Introduction to 20 Survey Accuracy The level of accuracy required from a survey will be dependent on the required outcome. ‘A guide to acceptable accuracy is equal to or less than the width of the line on the chart being used or the plan being drawn. E.g. if a site plan is being drawn at 1:20 with a 5mm pen, the line will be equivalent to 10mm. An error of + or - 5mm in seabed measurements will therefore fall within the thickness of the drawn line, Remind participants that: ‘+ For archaeological purposes it is NOT often necessary to be accurate to the nearest millimetre, simply because the increased accuracy does not tell us anything extra ‘= Accuracy alone will not guarantee successful survey ‘+ Accuracy for its own sake can be an expensive indulgence + Advise to be as accurate as possible within the environmental constraints of the site Itis more important to decide what accuracy is required in specific circumstances and attempt to keep it within that limit, Precision is not the same as accuracy and it is possible to have very precise results which are totally inaccurate. For example a series of measurements taken to the nearest millimetre but with the zero of the tape starting at 2cm would give a set of precise measurements but each would have a 2cm error and would therefore be inaccurate ‘The difference between accuracy and precision can be illustrated using the example of a target. The scatter of shots at point A are precise as they are all close to one another, the scatter of shots at B are slightly less precise but are much more accurate as all surround the bullseye of the target. The shots at B therefore give a better result than those at A, The Survey 4.A Site Sketch The first stage in any survey will be to produce a sketch of the site. One way this may be done is to carry out a simple radial survey from a fixed centre point. This needn't be done with a tape-measure and can easily be carried out counting fin kicks along a bearing for example. Nautical Archacology Society | Fort Cumberland 1 Fort Cumberland Rad | Partsmouth | POL9LD | United Kingdom TeVFax: +44 (023 281 6413 | Email:nas@neuticelarcheeologysacieyorg | Web: wwwinauticalarcheeologysocienvarg ReNautical Arohaeology Introduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology Society TUTOR NOTES: Session 6 Introduction to 20 Survey 2. Photographylvid If possible taking photography or video can help to clarify the sketch and help with the decisions in the next phase of the survey. The PowerPoint presentation includes a photo and a short video of a site in Horsea Island that were used to assess the condition of the site and plan a pre-disturbance survey, Control Points are fixed points, the precise location of which is known. All subsequent survey measurements are then taken with reference to these known points. Points must be permanent, uniquely identified, precisely defined and ideally each control point will be in direct line of sight to as many other points as possible. Contral Points can be divided into three types: + Primary: established in the planning phase. The main reference points for the survey + Secondary: used within the site fo combat line of sight problems or reduce measurement lengths + Detail: points on the artefact or feature used to position the object Control points have the following requirements: «Solid anchorage for a tape measure, where the zero is held at a precise point + Easily visible, but remember there are issues with site security when the site is left at the end of the fieldwork + What to use, nails, hooks, spikes, etc + Where to position them for stability and convenience, seabed, rock, ship's structure, etc * Warn against impermanent Control Points, as even apparently solid scaffold poles and concrete blocks can rapidly subside into the seabed + Don't attach Control Points to objects, such as a gun that might be raised shortly afterwards! 4, Measured Survey - 2D survey methods ‘A point in space can be plotted with reference to its X, Y and Z co-ordinate. For the purposes of the Introduction course, survey practice is restricted to 2D survey, taking account of the 'X' and 'Y" {in the horizontal plane) co-ordinates only. 3D survey and the 'Z' co-ordinate (depth or height) are covered in the NAS Part | course. Nautical Archacotogy Society | Fort Cumberland | Fort Cumborlend Road | Pertsmouth | PO4SLD | United Kingdom TeVFax: +44 (023 9281 8112 | Email:nastinautcalerchaeclogysociety.org | Webs wuwenauticalarchaeologysociety.orgIntroduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology ‘TUTOR NOTES: Session 6 ~ Introduction to 2D Survey Offset Nautical Archaeology Society The principle of an offsct is a measurement along the baseline and the distance out to the point being surveyed. ‘The method relies on the distances measured being at right angles to one-another The first stage is to establish a baseline, with a control point at each end and to record its length, In this example, the zero of the baseline tape measure is at Control Point A. The diver then uses a second, loose tape measure and piaces the zero end on the detail point that is 19 surveyed. The tape measure is then straightened to form a right-angle with the baseline. Where the detail point is close to the baseline this method can be carried out by a single diver. However when the detail point is further from the baseline, Diver 1 would hold the zero end of the tape measure on the detail point whilst Diver 2 has the ‘measuring end’ of the tape measure which is straightened to form a right-angle with the baseline. Once the right angle between the measuring tape and the baseline has been established, two measurements are recorded on a pre-prepared proforma. 1. The distance from control point A (zero of baseline) to the point on the baseline where the measuring tape intercepts at right-angles 2. The distance from the point being surveyed to the baseline. Offsets can also be used in the vertically and to record profiles. Trilateration, Triangulation and Ties Explain each of these terms: Trilateration uses linear distances between survey Control Points, ‘whereas triangulation relies on measuring angles, (When people say triangulation they usually mean trilateration). The terms seem to be interchangeable however, which can be confusing for the course participant. Ties are a form of trilateration using convenient secondary control points on a long baseline, Noutieel Archaeology Society | Fort Cumberland | Fort Cumberland Road | Portsmouth | PO4SLD | United Kingdom Telfax: +44 (028 281 8413 | Email: nas@nauticalarchacologysociety.org | Web: www. nauticalarcheealogysociewy.argNautical Arofaealogy Introduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology Society ‘TUTOR NOTES: Session 6~ Introduction to 2D Survey (EEEEEEEEEE=] «= The process begins with the establishment of two control points (A & B). Two points can be joined by a line, (physical or imaginary) to form a baseline. The length of this base line must be recorded, ‘The distance is then measured from each control point, to the detail point being surveyed. The measurements are recorded on a pre-prepared waterproof proforma When using only two points, if one of the measurements is incorrect, the two arcs on the drawing will still intercept and the error will not be recognised. In order to overcome this problem, it is necessary to introduce an additional contro! point (C). Control point C must be surveyed in relation to control points A and B. A measurement can then be taken from control point C to the detail point being surveyed. Ideally, when it comes to drawing up, all three arcs will intercept at one point. In reality, however, it may be that a ‘cocked hat’ is produced by the three arcs. The size of the cocked hat will give some indication as to the degree of error. Ties can be used when the baseline is long, meaning that using the ends may be impractical. Any convenient point along the baseline can be used as a secondary control point, then the same method can be used as described above, To achieve accurate results using ties the baseline must be immovable. As with offsets, trilateration can also be used vertically. Nautical Archaeclogy Society | Fort Gumberlond | Fort Cumberlard Road | Portsmouth | PO8SLD 1 United Kingdom ToVFax: 444 (0128 $281 618 | Emall:nas@nauticalarchaeologysociety.org | Web: warwinauticalarchaeologysocityorg ence ini ran agi ate, fp ne TE. DrNautical Arb Introduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology ‘TUTOR NOTES: Session 6 ~ Introduction to 20 Survey will be covered in greater depth.. artefacts or sections of the site in detail, ‘smaller squares of 10 or 20ms. parallax error, which can occur underwater. Double st Advantages: more than a photograph of its excavation Limitations: ‘+ Can be expensive in bottom time + Does not produce a good 3D fix unless backed up by suitable measurements Nautical Archaeology Society Tutors should introduce participants to the idea of a control point web and direct survey method, however do not extend into great detail at this point, inform participants that should they wish to continue with the Part | course then this method Planning frames can be used to record small collections of The planning frame is usually a rigid metal frame, often 1 a metre square (intemal size) subdivided by string/cord into Essential features are: that they do not bend out of shape; that the string is tight enough to avoid distortion; and ideally, a planning frame will have adjustable legs fo compensate for an uneven seabed. In order to produce an accurate drawing the planning frame must be levelled. It must also be positioned relative to at least two contro! points. This can be done using the basic survey methods which were described above. Planning frames should also be double strung in order to avoid Parallax is the apparent movement of an object caused by the observer changing position. In order to observe an object in its true position the observer must be directly above the object. ging of the planning frame helps the observer to check they are directly above the area to be drawn. + Useful in low visibility where a drawing might show ‘* Can be used to record a feature at successive stages + Don't need to be an artist to achieve acceptable results logy Society | FortCumberiand | Fort Cumberland Road | Perismeuth | POASLD | United Kingdom “Telia: +44 [ols 9281 8419 | Ema nasCnauticalarcheeolegysociety.o7g | Web: wiwnautcalarchzedlogysociety.orgIntroduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology TUTOR NOTES: Session 6- Introduction to 20 Survey Practical Sessions one Ne Drawing Up Nautical Archaeology Society Provide participants with an overview of both the dry and pool practical sessions. The practical sessions give participants a chance to practice the survey methods discussed above. During a Dry practice session, participants should complete a itilateration and offset survey of two or three objects. During the underwater session participants should practice both measured survey methods and use a planning frame. A full briefing for each session and a demonstration of the technique should be given once participants have seen the ‘site’. For more information on how to set up and run the practical sessions please see ‘Introduction Course Practical Sessions’ page, in ‘Running an Introduction Course’ ‘Once participants have had an opportunity to try the above survey methods in a dry environment, return to the classroom and describe the methods used for drawing up their survey results. Drawing Up - Offsets Drawing Up — Trilateration ae) Nautical Archaeology Society | Fort umborland | Fort Cumberland Road | Portsmouth | POSSID | United Kingdom TeUFax: +44 (01285281 8818 | Emall:nas@nauticalarchaeclonysociety.org | Web: wwrwneuticlerchaeologysocietyorg Before participants begin to draw up their results, you may need to introduce and explain a scale ruler. Although the scale of the drawing needs to be appropriate to the exercise which has been undertaken, it is suggested that a scale no smaller than 1:20 is used. When using smaller scales, errors will disappear in the thickness of pencil lines and one of the purposes of the exercise is to demonstrate where errors are likely to occur. Use a set square and a ruler. Participants should have noted which side of the baseline they are working and which end of the baseline is zero. Notice that this method is most effective for artefacts that are close to the baseline, distances of more than a few metres from the baseline will lead to unacceptable inaccuracies. Use a tuler and a pair of compasses. As with offsets the point could be either side of the baseline. Trilateration is a more effective method than Offsets for distances greater than 10 metres acess WS fe trv tstintlod Mac eines ed Cay aan, ye od TD Ryo cayNautical Archaeology Intraduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology Society TUTOR NOTES: Session 6 -Intraduction to 20 Survey ‘The measurements need to be horizontal, which can be difficult to achieve on an uneven site The most accurate results are achieved when the angle of interception of the two measurements is between 45° and 136°, Remind participants that in order to maintain a suitable angle that the ties method can be used Once the results are on paper some of the problems associated with each method should become clear, providing the opportunity for a discussion on when one method might be chosen over the other. Along with the errors associated with each method, this is also an opportunity to go over the commonly made diver errors that occur. ‘+ Reading the tape wrong ‘+ transcribing the numbers incorrectly ‘© confusion between which control point is being measured to ‘* getting the decimal point in the wrong place Point out that everyone makes all of these errors at some time. Practice results in vast improvement in accuracy, number of errors and speed but it never eliminates mistakes entirely. Remind participants that the results will also be affected by differences in the environmental conditions. Summary + Surveys are carried out to help understand the relationship between the archaeological material, the site and the people who used the site + There are different types of survey depending on the required outcome © Millimetric accuracy is offen not required + Agood survey can be achieved using basic equipment + Likely to face environmental constraints when surveying in the underwater/intertidal environment + 2D survey methods include ~ offset, trilateration, ties and planning frames Assessment Questions 1. What are some of the possible outcomes of survey 2. Name three types of survey 3. What equipment is needed for survey 4. What are some of the environmental constraints that may affect the outcomes of a survey 5. What are the necessary attributes of contro! points 6. Name three different survey methods — the drawing up session should have provided an opportunity to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each of these methods, however if this is not the case itis important to discuss them here. Nautical Archaeology Sociely | Fort Cumberland | Fort Cumberland Road | Portsmouth | POSSLD | United Kingdom “Tela: +44 (0123 $281 8419 | Email: nas@nauticslarchesologysocichy.org | Web: wnwinactcalarchasologyseciey.orgvawes4 Bujuueig yore | 4 | | Ayajo0g ABoloaRyaly 9 a a wneig jeorneny mee ou on+ aus so voneyUuau Bucry ze <0 ei Hy o’ “S@}OU/YD}OHS OS ‘ello aa = T_T rommog <1 Truro ao Tease wouneeaw 8840 Buoy ieieuahizaetae [ Jiuteg jonuog wos “wonesereiL WSO Bee 737e0 ET eet Swen Ayaja05 Aigjoaeyay 6 Gd) jeoyney YSNautical a ee ad ‘TUTOR NOTES: Intro Practical Sessions y Introduction Course Practical Sessions Session Aim: Produce a set of 2D survey measurements using offsets and trilateration Objectives: Participants should: + Demonstrate the ability to carry out survey using offset, trilateration and planning frame ‘+ Understand the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods ‘+ Understand some of the constraints that are faced when working in the maritime environment Dry Practical Session The main advantage of a dry run is it provides more practice and a thorough preparation for those course participants doing an underwater survey session, it should be carried out, if possible, on all courses, however it is an essential for a course that includes non-diving participants. Depending on the number of participants a reasonably large room could be needed. The dry practical can be run outdoors, but to do so good weather is required. For courses run at Fort Cumberland, the NAS survey pit can also be used to carry out this exercise. ‘The dry survey task should be carried out in buddy pairs, allow participants to choose buddy pairs and encourage them to keep these partners for the pool session. To lay out the survey task using tapes and artefacts, it is normally best to make sure only one buddy pair is working on ‘each side of the tape. In order to save time an assistant tutor should lay out the survey task during the preceding lecture or lunch. ‘The NAS has a selection of lead weights that can be used for this task and for the pool session. When laying out the task place one artefact close to each baseline, one far away and one at a mid-distance. TI should help to highlight the differences in the accuracy of offsets and trilateration.Nautical Archaeology Introduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology Sociely ‘TUTOR NOTES: Into Practical Sessions Dry Survey Task Briefing + Explain in detail each of the exercises that will be done, showing how they will be laid out and mention that the layout in the poo! will be very similar + Hand out the survey boards and recording sheets (master copies in the teaching pack) The practical sessions are often where participants would like to spend the most time, therefore it is recommended that the survey boards are propared with the pro-formas and planning frame grid are prepared in advance of the course «Lay a tape out on the floor and survey an object using trilateration, and offsets, getting volunteers to suggest the procedure and take the measurements As the measurements are taken show how they are recorded on the survey sheet Experience has shown that participants can get very confused when it comes to recording the survey data. (have a pare survey sheet or board made up to save time erasing the information) © Remind participants that they will also need to measure the length of the baseline. + The tape measures will not always have the zero at the same place, demonstrate how the zero can be determined through folding over the tape at 20 cm + Remind participants of the constraints they will face when carrying out this exercise in the pool, particularly that they will not be able to talk to one another. Get participants to think about who will need to be holding the board etc In this way everyone should then clearly understand the difference between the methods they will use and how the data is entered on the form. Confined Water Practical Session This offers the opportunity to practice the dry survey skills in an underwater environment Depending on the course location this may be in a swimming pool or in a confined open water environment. Tutors should ensure that the venue is suitable. A swimming pool must be deep enough for participants to work comfortably underwater. A confined water venue must have @ suitable shallow area where the tasks can be laid out and where they will remain undisturbed by other divers using the venue. Tutors must also ensure that they are able to supervise participants easily whilst they are in the water. Laying out the Poo! Tasks eg + To save time tutors and assistants should get to the - a iy el pool in advance and set up as many of the tasks as styes tc possible 2 M8 1 NT Sy, «Arranging the tasks so that students can alternate .7 | between them without getting in each other's way is, = Vital. Otherwise, through no fault of their own, they will not complete them. The pool practical is always the most popular part of the course, so it is important that everyone enjoys it and fee's they have achieved something + The diagram suggests how to lay out the tasks in a way that has proved workable, particularly with 16 divers = As with the dry survey session, lay one object close to the baseline, one mid-distance and one further awayNautical Archaeology Introduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology Socety ‘TUTOR NOTES: Intro Practical Sessions Pool Task Briefing + Before allowing anyone in, point out the location of the tasks, hand out tapes and boards + Remind participants of the tasks they will have to complete, offsets, trlateration and planning frame + See that each pair discusses who will do what before going in (remind them that surface preparation is vital for the success of a working dive) ‘+ Point out that both members of the pair should do each task + Allthis can be done while the tasks are laid out ift has not been possible to get in to the pool earlier than the participants + Asafety briefing MUST be given before participants enter the water + A.video of an example briefing for the underwater practical task can be seen on the Introduction Course Tutor Notes Page of the CD Once Students begin the tasks, all tutors should be on hand to answer any questions and help out as needed. Often, despite your best efforts, some students will not have fully understood or have forgotten what they must do in each case. Alternatively, it is quite common for people to have a mental block as soon as they get underwater so do not be surprised if the tasks need to be explained several times. The following considerations will also help the session to run as smoothly as possible: + Students will inevitably pop up and ask questions, need replacement pencils, want to know which task 10, go to next, atc so be ready to answer questions Checking their board when this happens can help to highlight any information that they may have forgotten such as measuring the baseline Ensure that participants are spread among the tasks so that everyone isn't waiting to use the planning frame at the end of the session You will need between 1% - 2 hours to get all the students through the tasks. Small groups (4 - 6) might do session quicker if there is no option If the water is cold, e.g. in an outside pool or open water, consider having two sessions ‘Some pairs inevitably finish the primary tasks with time to spare. Arrange some extra ones for them to do: A profile along the side of the pool, 3D survey measurements from the edge of the pool to the bottom, bubble tube (aqua level) surveys, etc Suggested Practical Exercises for Non-Divers: Planning frame: ‘The task is identical to the underwater other than participants are required to kneel or stand over the frame to record a group of objects.Nautical fer Introduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology fea logy TUTOR NOTES: Intro Practical Sessions Offsets, Trilateration and Ties If possible a baseline can also be set up on the side of the poo! to give non-diving participants another chance to try offsets, trilateration and ties. They may also work with a diving partner to take a vertical profile of the side of the pool Pool Safety Briefing Before participants enter the pool, along with a briefing for the tasks they will be undertaking A safety briefing must be given. Diving participants A competent course tutor, eg. a BSAC Dive LeaderiCMAS 2 Star must: + Inspect diving qualifications + Ensure that all divers are fit to dive + Ensure that the NAS Release and Waiver Form has been completed by all participants «Arrange participants in pairs preferably according to similar diving organisations, e.g. PADI with PADI, BSAC with BSAC, SAA with SAA, etc © Ensure novices are with more experienced Participants Under no circumstances should anyone dive alone Remind divers to do equipment checks prior to the dive ‘+ Remind divers to do buddy checks before the dive + Ensure that a tutor is nominated to record diving times, air ete ‘See HSE Paperwork for recording forms and information, Non-

You might also like

• Fear: Trump in the White House

  

  From Everand

  Fear: Trump in the White House

  Bob Woodward

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (738)
• Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  

  From Everand

  Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  Gilbert King

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (266)
• A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  Fredrik Backman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (4610)
• • Magazines
  • Podcasts
  • Sheet music
• A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  

  From Everand

  A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  Dave Eggers

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (231)
• The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  

  From Everand

  The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  Viet Thanh Nguyen

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (122)
• Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  

  From Everand

  Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  Angela Duckworth

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (590)
• The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  

  From Everand

  The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  Thomas L. Friedman

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2259)
• Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  

  From Everand

  Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  Phil Knight

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (540)
• Principles: Life and Work

  

  From Everand

  Principles: Life and Work

  Ray Dalio

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (608)
• The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  

  From Everand

  The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  Meik Wiking

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (401)
• The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  

  From Everand

  The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  Mark Manson

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (5813)
• Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  

  From Everand

  Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  Chris Voss

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (844)
• Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  

  From Everand

  Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  Carmen Maria Machado

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (822)
• Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  

  From Everand

  Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  Doris Kearns Goodwin

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (234)
• John Adams

  

  From Everand

  John Adams

  David McCullough

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2409)
• The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  

  From Everand

  The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  Siddhartha Mukherjee

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (271)
• A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  

  From Everand

  A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  Betty Smith

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1929)
• The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  Jeannette Walls

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1716)
• Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  

  From Everand

  Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  Margot Lee Shetterly

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (897)
• Yes Please

  

  From Everand

  Yes Please

  Amy Poehler

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1898)
• Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  

  From Everand

  Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  Jay Sekulow

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (137)
• Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  

  From Everand

  Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  Ashlee Vance

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (474)
• The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  

  From Everand

  The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  Ben Horowitz

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (348)
• The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  

  From Everand

  The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  Brene Brown

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1092)
• Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  Frank McCourt

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (441)
• The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  John le Carré

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (104)
• The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  

  From Everand

  The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  Stephen Chbosky

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2104)
• Wolf Hall: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Wolf Hall: A Novel

  Hilary Mantel

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (3811)
• On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  

  From Everand

  On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  Naomi Klein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (74)
• The Woman in Cabin 10

  

  From Everand

  The Woman in Cabin 10

  Ruth Ware

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2521)
• The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  Garth Stein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (4203)
• The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  M.L. Stedman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (789)
• The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  

  From Everand

  The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  Sarah M. Broom

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (98)
• The Outsider: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Outsider: A Novel

  Stephen King

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1850)
• Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  Jesmyn Ward

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1104)
• The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  

  From Everand

  The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  George Packer

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (45)
• Little Women

  

  From Everand

  Little Women

  Louisa May Alcott

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (104)
• Brooklyn: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Brooklyn: A Novel

  Colm Toibin

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (1947)
• Bad Feminist: Essays

  

  From Everand

  Bad Feminist: Essays

  Roxane Gay

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1018)
• Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  Jennifer Egan

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (792)
• Steve Jobs

  

  From Everand

  Steve Jobs

  Walter Isaacson

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (807)