PROJECT,

PRESENTATION
AND
DISSERTATION
 SESSION OBJECTIVES
1. Review the techniques we have at our disposal
to avoid plagiarism
2. Analyse advantages and disadvantages of
using direct quotations
3. Define criteria that we should employ when
deciding on external sources to use in our work
4. Familiarise ourselves with APA guidelines and
practice using them to reference appropriately
2
REMEMBER: It’s ok…
…to use other people’s work / ideas ☺

More than OK in fact….you SHOULD use other people’s work / ideas

But we must cite / reference clearly and honestly

If in doubt….CITE / REFERENCE!
 Referencing
When you reference some information or an idea, you must include
the source in the text AND in a bibliography at the end.

There are several ways to do this, but many universities (including

UBE) now follow the APA guidelines.

There are four BASIC ways to use someone else’s ideas in your
own writing.
WHAT IS
PARAPHRASE
?
Explaining someone else’s
ideas in your own words
(briefly)
In-text citations: ONE
1. Paraphrase/summary + (surname(s), year)

Example:
No language is ever completely stable (Milroy & Milroy, 1998).

Research has shown that most interactions in English actually

occur between non-native speakers (Seidlhofer, 2005).
In-text citations: TWO
1. Surname + (year) + a reporting verb (say, argue, suggest,
demonstrate, states, claims etc. ) + paraphrase/summary

Kachru (1985) suggested a framework of three concentric circles,

widely-cited and used by sociolinguists over the last three decades.

Wardhaugh (2006) claims, for example, that there is so much internal

variation that only around 3% of the British population actually speak
English with the standard RP accent.
IS IT BETTER TO
PARAPHRASE
OR USE A
DIRECT
QUOTATION?
WHY?
 PARAPHRASE QUOTE

☺ Shows you really understand ☺ More specific

☺ Helps you build a better argument – link
YOUR ideas to the more expert ideas
☺ Easier to be relevant
https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/how-to-paraphrase/
☺ Important for key definitions
☹Only use if you REALLY can’t say it better
yourself
☹ Easier to be irrelevant
☹ Harder to link to your own ideas
☹ Use SPARINGLY and keep them SHORT (no
longer than a sentence)

9
In-text citations: THREE
3. Quote + (surname(s), year, page number where quote appears)

Example:
British and American English have come to be viewed as “the only
varieties considered worth learning in many parts of the world”
(Jenkins, 2006, p172).

…native speakers are generally seen as the “custodians over what is

acceptable usage” (Seidlhofer, 2005, p339)
In-text citations: FOUR
4. Surname + (year) + a reporting verb (say, argue, suggest,
demonstrate etc. ) + quote + (page number where quote
appears)

A slightly more radical view comes from Bieswanger (2008)

who argues for the teaching of “as many varieties as
possible” and “an awareness of linguistic diversity” (p44).
 In-text citations
What happens if you can’t find out the year of publication?

(n.d.) = no date

Gassó (n.d.) describes this as a “subordinate, support role”

What happens if you are citing a web page and you don’t know the author?

Cite in text the first few words of the title of the article or page, and the year. Use double quotation marks around the title or
abbreviated title:

Apparently, there were no injuries in the rescue ("All 33 Chile Miners“, 2010).
INFO RE-BIBILOGRAPHY
THE FOLLOWING SLIDES (14-20) ALL REFER TO HOW
TO WRITE AN APA BIBLIOGRAPHY.

YOU NEED TO LOOK AT THESE IN DETAIL WHEN YOU

WRITE YOUR NEXT BIBLIOGRPAHY.

THE GUIDELINES ARE TO HELP YOU AVOID HAVING

ISSUES…A REFERENCE.
Bibliography
Any material that you cite in the body of the essay must appear in a reference section at the end.

1. If it is a journal article:

Surname, initial. (year). Name of article. Name Of Journal/Magazine, page numbers. Retrieved from: url or doi
number.

Examples:
Bieswanger, M. (2008). Varieties of English in current English language teaching. Stellenbosch Papers in
Linguistics, 38, 27-47. Retrieved from:
http://sun025.sun.ac.za/portal/page/portal/Arts/Departments/linguistics/documents/SPIL38-Bieswanger.pdf

Seidlhofer, B. (2005). English as a lingua franca. ELT Journal, 59 (4), 339-341. doi: 10.1093/elt/cci064
Bibliography
2. If it is a book:
Surname, initial. (year). Name of book. Place of publication:
editorial.

Example:
Crystal, D. (2003). English as a Global Language (2nd ed.).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bibliography
3. If it is a chapter in a book with different authors:

Surname, Initial. (year). Name of chapter. In Initial. Surname (Ed.),

Name of book (page numbers). Place of publication: editorial.

Example:
Freebody, P. & Luke, A. (2003). Literacy as engaging with new forms of
life: the four roles model. In G. Bull & M. Anstey (Ed.), The Literary
Lexicon (2nd ed.) (pp51-66). NSW: Pearson Education Australia.
Bibliography
4. If it is a web page with author:

Surname, intial. (year, date). Name of article or page. Retrieved

from: url

Example:
Cheddar, B. (2003, 15 October). How to make cheese. Retrieved
from: www.cheeseboard.com/make-cheese
Bibliography
5. If it is a web page with no author:

Name of article or page. (year, date). Retrieved from: url

Example:
All 33 Chile miners freed in flawless rescue. (2010, October 13).
Retrieved from
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39625809/ns/world_news-america
s/
WORKSHEET
In small groups, complete the worksheet by deciding if the
in-text references presented are correct or incorrect.

If they’re incorrect, correct them!

Session 4 - APAInTextCitationWorksheet

YOU HAVE 15 MINUTES.

19
 DETAILED GUIDELINES
Penn State University
https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/overview

Then try the quiz…open-book (but don’t just guess or look at

the answers!)

28/07/2023 TÍTULO DE LA PRESENTACIÓN 20

STUDY SKILLS:
evaluating
sources
Discuss…
When you have to access information for a university
project / essay / assignment, what do you do?

What might be the benefits and limitations of this?

Is it easier to access online or printed materials?

How might printed material be better than online material?

Think of three advantages. And what are the advantages of
online material? And limitations?
 • .org
DON’T • .ac
BELIEVE • .net
EVERYTHING • .gov
YOU READ… • .edu

MUCH more reliable than

.com. WHY??
APART FROM THE SOURCE…
There are other considerations we need to make when
evaluating the quality of the information.

What do you think these might be? (especially when refering

to other research projects and results)

24
 USING RESEARCH TO SUPPORT
YOUR ARGUMENT / IDEAS
KEY FACTORS:

CURRENCY
RELIABILITY VALIDITY
RELEVANCE
 In your breakout rooms,
discuss what you think these
four criteria refer to and why
you think they are important
USING RESEARCH TO SUPPORT
YOUR ARGUMENT / IDEAS
KEY FACTORS:

CURRENCY – is it up-to-date?
RELIABILITY – who did the research? Were the results repeated
or just a one-off?
VALIDITY – sample size? Results caused by something else?
RELEVANCE – clear link between research and argument?
Conclusions directly supported?
 READ

Read the scenario about Liliana.

She does 4 things well…and 4 or 5
not-so-good things.
Can you identify them?
 Accessed academic websites
Made notes
GOOD
Recorded websites to source
THINGS… them later
Sourced work in her essay
 Only looked at first 10 sites
Only looked for info supporting her
opinion
NOT-SO-GOOD
Presented just one argument in
essay
THINGS… Not all supporting info valid / reliable
Anonymous sources
Bias? Road safety campaign
website…?
 Look back at the sources YOU have used in your
project so far.

Do you think these were appropriate external

REFLECTION sources?
Think about currency / reliability / validity /
relevance.

SHARE YOUR THOUGHTS IN SMALL

GROUPS.
Why is this important??
 TO HELP / PRACTICE WITH
APA:
Try a quiz:
https://content.bridgepointeducation.com/curriculum/file/442a99d8-8b99-4c2a-
925f-71869c7dc324/1/In-Text%20Citation%20Practice%20Quiz.zip/story_html
5.html

There’s also a guide at the same link for you to read while you do the quiz
(open it in a separate tab).

And you should use these slides, too☺

And here’s another one:

https://owl.excelsior.edu/citation-and-documentation/apa-style/apa-activity/
Thank you!