I

Advances in

Genetics
Volume - 1

Dr., Capt. N. Arumugam, M.Sc.,M.Phil.,Ph.D.,FZI,FIAES

Gold Medalist, Zoological Society of India,
Fellow, Indian Academy of Environmental Sciences,
Fellow, Zoological Society of India,
Principal and Head(Rtd.), Dept. of Zoology, Vivekananda College,
Agasteeswaram, Kanyakumari Dist - 629 701.

Dr. R.P. Meyyan

Reader in Zoology (Rtd.)
Vivekananda College,
Agasteeswaram
Kanyakumari Dt.

2016
SARAS PUBLICATION
114/35GA.R.P. Camp Road, Periavilai,
Kottar P.O., NAGERCOIL
Kanyakumari Dist. - 629 002. Tamil Nadu
Website : www.saraspublication.com
E-mail: info@saraspublication.com
Telephone : 04652 - 265026
Cell : 098421 23441
Fax : 04652 265099
 II

Advances in Genetics Volume - 1

Copy right Publisher
Published by Saras Publication, Nagercoil
First Edition : 2016

All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography or
any other means, or incorporated into anyinformation retrieval system, electronic or mechanical,
without the written permission of the copyright owner.

ISBN : 978-93-84826-90-1

Pages : 564

Published by
SARAS PUBLICATION
114/35G,A.R.P. Camp Road, Periavilai,
Kottar P.O., Nagercoil,
Kanyakumari Dist -629 002.
Telephone : 04652 265026
Fax : 04652 265099
Cell phone : 09842123441
Visit us : Website:www.saraspublication.com
Contact us : E-mail: info@saraspublication.com
 III

Preface

A student who has just entered the

portals of colleges finds it difficult to un-

derstand the subjects taught to him. This

difficulty is mainly due to his poor stan-

dard of English. While preparing this

Book the authors had in mind this par-

ticular difficulty of our students. This

Book is written in a very simple and easy

style. It is up-to-date and exhaustive in

covering the syllabus.

We are immensely thankful to the

authors for their kind co-operation in pre-

paring the Book. We are immensely thank-

ful to Saras Printers and Binders,

Sivakasi for neatly printing the book.

Suggestions for the improvement of the

book are always welcome.

-Publisher
 IV

Why to Buy
this Book

 This Book is written solely for Examination going Stu-

dents.
 Examination oriented.
 Easy to Answer the Questions.
 Very Simple.
 Point by point description.
 Points are arranged sequentially.
 Hence easy to remember.
 High matter content.
 Neat Diagrams.
 Helps in Practical Examination.
 Helps in writing Observation Note Book.
 Helps in preparing Competitive Exams.
 Important topics are given as Highlights.

Every Life Science Student Must Buy

and Keep One Copy of this Book
 V

Contents

1. Introduction to Genetics 1 - 18
Preformation Theory 1 Marshall W. Nirenberg 5
Germplasm Theory 2 Har Gobind Khorana 6
Mendel 3 Sydney Brenner 7
James D. Watson 4 Francois Jacob 8
Francis Crick 5 Jacques Monod 9
Cytogenetics
2. The Cell 19 - 35
Types of Cells 22 Structure 24
Size of Cells 22 Types of Cells 31
Shape of Cells 23 Functions of Cells 34
Number of Cells 23
3. Nucleus 36 - 49
Introduction 36 Highlights - Nucleus 43
Structure of the Interphase Highlights - Functions of
Nucleus 39 Nucleus 44
Highlights - Nuclear Nucleolus 45
Pore Complex 41 Highlights - Nucleolus 46
Chemistry of the Nucleus 43
4. Chromosomes 50 - 69
Introduction 50 Chemical Composition of
Highlights - Chromosomes 55 Chromosome 64
Millions of Km of DNA in a Highlights - Nucleosome 65
Human Body 58 Highlights - Heterochromatin 66
Special Types of Chromosomes 58 Highlights - Centromere or
Highlights - Polytene Kinetochore or Primary
Chromosomes 60 Constriction 67
Karyotype 62 Highlights - Chromonemata 69
Spectral Karyotype Technique 64
5. Cell Cycle 70 - 73
Interphase 70 Highlights - Cell Cycle 72
Mitotic phase or M-phase 72
6. Cell Division 74
Cell Division 74 Amitosis 74
7. Mitosis 75 - 85
Karyokinesis 76 Cell division in plant cells 78
 VI
Karyokinesis 79 Highlights - Mitosis 84
Cytokinesis 82
8. Meiosis 86 - 108
Heterotypic Division or Mechanism of Anaphasic
First Meiotic Division 86 Chromosome Movement 97
Homotypic Division or Synaptonemal Complex 98
Second Meiotic Division 89 Highlights - Synaptonemal
Highlights - Meiosis 90 Complex 100
Mitotic Apparatus 92 Genetic Significance of Meiosis 100
Metaphase Chromosomal Highlights - Prophase 106
Movement 96 Highlights - Metaphase 106
Anaphase Chromosomal Highlights - Anaphase 107
Movement 96 Highlights - Telophase 107
9. Sporogenesis 109 - 111
Reproductive Spores 109 Zygospore, Oospore and
Mitospore 110 Auxospore 110
Dormant Spores 110 Endospore 110
Chlamydospore and Teliospore 110
10. Gametogenesis 112 - 123
Primordial Germ Cells 112 Maturation Phase 120
Spermatogenesis 113 Hormonal Control of Oogenesis 121
Oogenesis 117 Comparison of Spermatogenesis
Multiplication Phase 117 and Oogenesis 121
Growth Phase 118 Polar Bodies 122
11. Fertilization 124 - 136
Significance of Fertilization 124 Cytological Factors Involved in
Physical Factors Involved in Fertilization 128
Fertilization 124 Activation 134
Chemical Factors Involved in Theories of Activation 134
Fertilization 126
Molecular Genetics
12. Gene 137 - 146
Introduction 139 Promoter of Eukaryotes 143
One Gene One Enzyme Highlights - Pribnow Box 144
Hypothesis 141 Highlights - TATA Box 145
Promoter in Prokaryotes 141 Coding Sequence 145
13. Gene and Gene concept 147 - 150
Gene Expression 147 Functions of Genes 149
Gene Concept 148
14. Genetic Material 151 - 158
DNA is the Genetic Material 151 RNA is the Genetic Material 156
Highlights - DNA is the
Genetic Material 155
 VII
15. Nucleic Acids 159 - 186
DNA 160 Hybridization 175
Watson and Crick Model of DNA 160 Synthesis of DNA 176
Highlights - DNA 164 Hot Spot 177
Chemical Composition of DNA 165 Constancy of DNA 177
Properties of DNA 166 Base Pairs 178
Functions of DNA 167 Gene and Protein Relationship 179
Nucleotides 167 Ribonucleic Acid 179
Nucleosides 168 Messenger RNA 181
Types of DNA 169 Transfer RNA or Soluble RNA 183
DNA Finger Printing 172 Ribosomal RNA 185
Nuclease 173
Trans - Genetics
16. Mendalism 187 - 203
Monohybrid Experiment 189 Law of Independent Assortment and
Alleles or Allelomorphs 191 Dihybrid Experiment 195
Heterozygote 193 Mendel’s Laws 197
Genotype and Phenotype 193 Reciprocal Crosses 199
Back Cross 194 Mendelian Problems 200
17. Genic Interaction 204 - 230
Introdcution 204 Biochemical Basis of Epistasis 215
Complementary Genes 205 Lethal Genes in Man 216
Supplementary Genes 207 Lethal Genes in Plants 219
Duplicate Genes 209 Incomplete Dominance 221
Epistasis 210 Codominance 223
Dominant Epistasis 211 Pleiotropism 227
Recessive Epistasis 213
18. Multiple Alleles 231 - 244
ABO Blood Group 231 Erythroblastosis foetalis 236
Application of ABO Blood Group 233 Pseudoalleles 237
Blood Transfusion 233 Nature of Wings in Drosophila 237
Rh Blood Group 234 Coat Colour in Rabbits 238
Application of Rh Blood Group 236 Self Sterility in Tobacco 239
19. Multiple Gene Inheritance 245 - 249
Skin Colour in Man 245 Coat Colour in Cattle 248
Colour of Wheat Kernel 248 Height in Man 248
Eye Colour in Drosophila 248 Transgressive Variation 249
Corolla Length in Nicotiana 248
20. Linkage 250 - 260
Linkage in Drosophila 251 Coupling and Repulsion 258
Linkage in Maize 251 Coupling 258
Linkage in Sweet Pea 253 Repulsion 258
Types of Linkage 256
 VIII
Arrangement of Linked Genes 259 Linkage Groups 259
Theories of Linkage 259 Factors Affecting Linkage 260
21. Crossing Over 261 - 272
Crossing Over in Drosophila 262 Cytological Evidence for
Significance of Crossing Over 263 Crossing Over 267
Mechanism of Crossing Over 264 Stern’s Experiment 267
Types of Crossing Over 266 Tetrad Analysis 269
Factors Affecting Crossing Over 266 Creighton and Mc Clintock’s
Experiment 270
22. Chromosome Map 273 - 281
Procedure for the Construction of Chromosome
Chromosome Mapping 273 Map in Drosophila 274
Factors Affecting the Mapping 278
23. Non - Mendelian Ratios 282 - 295
Interaction of Genes 283 Non-Allelic Interaction 290
Codominance 286 Polygenic Inheritance 291
Pleiotropism 289 Linkage 291
Penetrance 289 Crossing Over 293
Expressivity 289
24. Sex Determination in Animals 296 - 312
Sex Determination in Man 296 Barr Body or Sex Chromatin 307
Sex Determination in Fowl 300 Sex Mosaics 308
Sex Determination in Butterfly 300 Monofactorial Sex
Sex Determination in Determination 308
Grasshopper 301 Environmental Determination of
Sex Determination in Honey Bee 302 Sex 309
Chromosomal Theory of Hormonal Theory of
Sex Determination 302 Sex Determination 309
Theory of Heterogamesis 303 Free Martin 310
Quantitative Theory of Determination of Sex by
Sex Determination 305 the Effect of Parasites 311
Quantitative Theory of Allosomes 311
Sex Determination 306 Heterogametic Sex 312
Gynandromorphs 306
25. Sex Determination in Plants 313 - 318
Sex Determination in Sex Determination in Higher
Melandrium 313 Plants 316
Sex Determination in XX-XY type or Lygaeus type 316
Sphaerocarpos 314 Sex Reversal 318
Sex Determination in Bacteria 315 Sexual Differentiation in
Monoecious Plants 318
 IX
26. Sex Linked Inheritance 319 - 334
Introduction 319 Sex Limited Genes 328
Colour Blindness 320 Sex Influenced Genes 329
Haemophilia 322 Holandric Genes 331
Eye Colour in Drosophila 323 Highlights - Hypertrichosis 331
Plumage Colour in Birds 325 Criss-Cross Inheritance 332
Types of Sex Linked Inheritance 327
27. Non - Disjunction 335 - 341
Klinefelter's Syndrome 335 Drosophila 339
Turner's Syndrome 336 Secondary Non-disjunction in
Down's Syndrome 338 Drosophila 340
Primary Non-disjunction in
28. Cytoplasmic Inheritance 342 - 348
Introduction 342 Plastid Inheritance in Mirabilis 345
Kappa Particles in Paramecium 343 Inheritance of Pigments in
Shell Coiling in Snail 344 Ephestia 346
Human Genetics
29. Human Genetics 349 - 359
Human Chromosomes 351 Amniocentesis 357
Sex Determination 352 Effects of Drugs on
Sex Linked Inheritance 352 Human Heredity 358
Simple Mendelian Traits in Man 352
30. Simple Mendelian Traits in Man 360 - 366
Albinism 360 Rh Blood Group 362
Taste Blindness for PTC 361 Phenylketonuria 364
Eye Colour 362
31. Syndromes 367 - 370
Klinefelter's Syndrome 367 Down's Syndrome 369
Turner's Syndrome 368
32. Inborn Errors of Metabolism 371 - 373
Phenylketonuria 371 Albinism 372
Alkaptonuria 372 Sickle Cell Anaemia 372
33. Human Chromosomes 374 - 377
Karyotype 374 Idiogram 376
34. Pedigree Analysis 378 - 380
Introduction 378
35. Eugenics 381 - 382
Negative Eugenics 381 Positive Eugenics 382
36. Euthenics 383
Pollution Control 383 Creation of Superior Students 383
 X
37. Genetic Prognosis 384 - 385
Introduction 384 Highlights - Genetic Prognosis 384
38. Genetic Counselling 386 - 395
Hereditary Disorders which Genetic Counselors 390
Need Genetic Counseling 387 Genetic Prognosis 391
Aim of the Genetic Counseling 387 Highlights - Genetic Counseling 393
Purpose of Genetic Counseling 388 Hereditary Disorders which
Medical History / Family Pedigree Need Genetic Counseling 393
and Investigations 388
39. Euphenics 396
Introduction 396
40. Effect of Drugs on Human Heredity 397 - 398
Introduction 397
Informational Genetics
41. Human Genome Project 399 - 405
Methodology 401 Applications of Genome Project 403
42. Genomics 406 - 426
Genome Sequencing Projects 406 Types of Genomics 411
Human Genome Project 407 Methods of Gene Sequencing 412
Goals of HGP 408 Gene Prediction 418
Techniques of HGP 408
43. Proteomics 427 - 452
Proteins 428 Protein Structure Prediction 439
Classification Based on Shape 428 Homology Modelling 445
Classification of Protein Identification of Conserved and
Structures 429 Variable Regions 447
Structure of Proteins 431 Protein Structure Prediction
Nomenclature of Protein Softwares Available in the Web 449
Sequences 437
44. Metabolomics 453 - 455
History 453 Metabolites 454
Metabolome 454 Analytical Technologies 454
45. Phenomics 456 - 458
Introduction 456 Applications 458
Uses 457
Microbial Genetics
46. Microbial Genetics 459 - 470
Bacteria 461 Life Cycle of Phages 465
Recombination 462 Genetic Applications of Bacteria 468
Viruses 465 Genetic Applications of Viruses 469
 XI
Mutational Genetics
47. General Mutation 471 - 486
Genome Mutations 473 Experimental Proof for Mutation or
Change in the Structure of ClB-Technique to detect
Chromosome 473 Mutation 480
Change in the Number of Mutagens 482
Chromosomes 476 Mode of Action of Mutagens 483
Gene Mutations 477
48. Chromosomal Aberrations 487 - 498
Types of Chromosomal Chromosomal abnormality due to
Abnormalities 487 Uniparental Chromosomes 491
Numerical Chromosomal Down Syndrome 191
Abnormalities 487 Autosomal Abnormalities 494
Clinical Consequences of Sex Chromosome Abnormalities 496
Numerical Abnormalities 490 Male Sex Chromosome Abnormalities
Klinefelters syndrome 497
49. Polyploidy 499 - 504
Types of Polyploidy 499 Rarity of Polyploidy in Animals 503
Causes for Polyploidy 500 Polyploidy as a Means of
Polyploidy in Plants 502 Speciation 504
50. Radiation Genetics 505 - 507
Strontium 90 and Cancer 506 Radiation and Cancer Treatment 506
X-rays 506 Radiation and Cancer Treatment 507
51. Glossary
52. Index


Advances in
Genetics
Volume - 2
Pages : 608 Price : 330/-

Contents
Breeding Genetics
1. Inbreeding and Outbreeding 4. Ploidy Breeding
2. Hybridization 5. Mutation Breeding
3. Heter o s is B r eed in g 6. Breeding for Disease Resistance
 XII
Gene Expression and Central Dogma
7. Gene Expression 10. DNA Replication
8. Genetic Code 11. Transcription
9. Protein Synthesis 12. Regulation (Control) of Gene
Expression
Population Genetics
13. Population Genetics 15. Genetic Drift
14. Hardy Weinberg Law
Evolutionary Genetics
16. Introdution to Evolution 23. Natural Selection
17. Lamarckism 24. Fossil Records
18. Neo-Lamarckism 25. Elemental Forces of Evolution
19. Darwinism 26. Variation
20. Neo-Darwinism 27. Speciation
21. Mutation Theory of De Vries 28. Patterns of Evolution
22. Modern Version of Mutation 29. Postadaptaion and Preadapta-
Theory tion
Statistical Genetics
30. Introduction to Biostatistics 38. Correlation
31. Graphic Presentation of Data 39. Frequency Distribution
32. Diagrammatic Presentation of 40. Probability
Data 41. Regression Analysis
33. Measures of Central Tendency 42. Theoretical Probability Distribu-
34. Measures of Dispersion tion
35. Standard Error 43. Sampling and Test of Signifi-
36. Chi-Square Test cance
37. Student’s ‘t’ Test 44. Analysis of Variance
Genetic Engineering
45. Genetic Engineering 52. Chromosome Jumping
46. Construction of rDNA 53. Colony Hybridization
47. Gene Cloning 54. Reporter Gene
48. PCR 55. Dot Blot Techniques
49. Blotting Techniques 56. ELISA
50. Molecular Markers and their 57. DNA Sequencing
Application 58. Genomic Library
51. Chromosome Walking 59. cDNA Libraries


XIII
XIV