1.1 A magnetic circuit with a single air gap is shown in Fig. 1.24. The core dimensions are: Cross-sectional area 8x10 Mean core length 7, = 0.6m Gap length g=2.3%107*m N=S3tums peed Assume that the core is of infinite permeability ( / > 00) and neglect the effects of fringing fields at the air gap and leakage flux. (a) Calculate the reluctance of the core R. and that of the gap R,. For a current of 7 5A, calculate (b) the total flux Q, (c) the flux linkages A of the coil, and (4) the coil inductance L.ha flO (a) Let 8107? an? 1 1, R.=-&= ud, 1,1, Tos £ 23x1077 WoAe Amex 10 = wira0' ¥,, 18107? &) Ss NT __83%15 _ 9994107 wb R.+R, R+R, LOITx10° © te a dt = A= No =83x 01224 x10? =1016 «107? wh (d) 1016x10~ 15 = 0.6773 x 1077 H =6.773mH_1.2 Repeat Problem 1.1 for a finite core permeability of =2500,1, Sol (@): jp =18%10 1 1 A 06 WA, Wu ,A, 2500 x 4x 107 7 x18 x10 (ABER, =1597 x10" 4, ROBEY SoM 83x15 R.+R, R,+R, (L017 + 01062) x 10° (BE Po = 1059x107 wh SAD (c) ° = 110844 «107 ‘wb A= No =83x 110844 x 107 * =92 «107 4 wb = 092x107 wb (BRE) = 092x107 woRSERBRD (d) 2 _092x10~ i 15 (RRS PL = 5858 EGER 0613x107 H = 613mH1.3 Consider the magnetic cizcuit of Fig. 1.24 with the dimensions of Problem 1.1 Assuming infinite core permeability, calculate (a) the number of turns required to achieve an inductance of 12 mH and (b) the inductor current which will result in a core flux density of 1.0 T. TT ote: mean length , area Ac, permeability 1 Ntums P Air gap te + Figure 1.24 Sol: patt (a): 2107 2.3107 aage wa [ES — [12x10 23010" sigs yp, Wig, 42107 -1.8%10"part (b):16 Sol: part ( aA Km PDA aA AREA The magnetic circuit of Fig. 1.25 consists of a core and a moveable plunger of Width /, each of permeability 1. The core has cross-sectional area As, and mean length /., The overlap area of the two air gaps A, is a function of the plunger position x and can be assumed to vary as. ) You may neglect any fringing fields at the air gap and use approximations A, xX consistent with magnetic-circuit analysis. a, Assuming that — oo, derive an expression for the magnetic flux density in the air gap By as a function of the winding current J and as the plunger position is varied (0 20 ) and neglect the effects of magnetic and fringing. For Ri=3.4em Ro-4.0em b-2em g-0.2em calculate (a) The mean core length le and the core cross-sectional area Ac The reluctance of the core Re and that of the gap Rg (N=65 ) The inductance L (d) Current I required to operate at an air-gap flux density of Bg=1.35T (e) The corresponding flux linkages of the coil Sol: (a) Ie = 22( Ro - Ri) g=3.568em Ac=(Ro~ Ri jh=1.2cm7 Ce)1.10 Repeat Problem 1.9 for a core permeability of u=750u0 (@) 1, =2n(Ry ~ R,)~ g = 22(4.0~-3.4)—0. Ry Ryh=(4.0-3.4) x2 2e1 —& 202107 3,197 iw UA, x10 xL.2x1 RAR = 7500, aL Ry S710" =3.16x10° A/w ud, 750% 42 %107 x1.2x10~ A= NBA, = 65%1.35x1.2=10.5 mb1.12 The inductor of fig.1.27 has a core of uniform circular cross-section of area Ac mean length /e and relative permeability xe and an N-turn winding. Write an expression for the inductance L. Core: smeau length ic, area Ac, selative permeability ur N-turm coil + ° Figure 1.27 Sol: Re RgBM: a8 F=NI u=uy-U,1.13 The inductor of fig. 1.27 has the following dimensions: 1, = 15cm g = 0.8mm N= 4800urns ‘Neglecting leakage and fringing and assuming /“, =1000 calculate the inductance. Core: Neturn mean length |, coil area A., relative permeability ;4, 8 ee os Sol: and MoMA, Moy1.14 The inductor of problem 1.13 is to be operated from a 60-Hz voltage source. (a) Assuming negligible coil resistance, calculate the rms inductor voltage corresponding to a peak core flux density of 1.5 T. (b) Under this operating condition, calculate the rms current and the peak stored energy. Sok: part(a) elt)= 07 Ane W, =0.5L(V2I,, Smid1.16 A square voltage wave having a fundamental frequency of 60Hz and equal positive and negative half cycles of amplitude E is applied to a 1000-tura winding surrounding a closed iron core of 1.25x10 m? cross section. a. Sketch the voltage, the winding flux linkage , and the core flux as a function of time b. Find the maximum permissible value of E if the maximum flux density is not exceed LisT SRY RIF % OOHz ERMA A E> (ERIN 100 MA Ah 1.25107 cin? 4 S803 . HE HE hy MB RAG ORI ah 4 E K— T= 1/60 ——>| =BA=1.25 107 em? x1.15 A=NO=1.4375 2k HK A 44 TEARS Bpeak=1.15T Emax=4fNAcBpeak=4x60x1000x1.25mx1.15=!1.17 An inductor is to be designed using a magnetic core of the form of that of figl.29.The core is of unif ‘orm cross-sectional area Ac=5.0cm? and of mean length | a. Calculate the air-gap length g and the number of tur N such that the inductance is cm, 1.4m and so that inductor can operate at peak currents of 6A without saturating. Assume that saturation occurs when the peak flux density in the core exceeds 1.7Tand that, below saturation .the core has permeability 1=3200.0 For an inductor current of 6A,use Eq3.21 to calculate (i) the magnetic stored energy in the air gap and (ii) the magnetic stored energy in the core. Show that the total magnetic stored energy is given by Eql.47 Core: N-turn mean length /., coil area A., permeability Ay ri if Figure 1.29 Inductor for Problem 1.17. NI A.wieeanststv-—2_—oorurns = pRE RR Apap SE g — MMT _ mule “AcBsat Batt Bit 3.21 Rik spt} Weap = 0.2077 Weore = A0CB St _ 9 9455 2h Wot=Weap+Weor 4 LAT 2b W-L/2411.19 A proposed energy storage mechanism consists of an N-turn coil wound around a large nonmagnetie(1=u0) toroidal form as shown in Fig.1.30.As can be seen trom the figure, the toroidal form has circular cross section of radius @ and torridal radius r, measured to the center of the cross section. The geometry of this device is such that the magnetic field can be considered to be zero everywhere outside the toroid. Under the assumption that a << r, the H field inside the toroid can be considered to be directed around the toroid and of uniform magnitude lar 10m, and @ = 0.45 m: For coil with V= 1000 truns, Calculate the coil inductance Z. b. The coil is to be charged to a magnetic flux density of 1.75 T. Calculate the total stored magnetic energy in the torus when this flux density is achieved. ©. If the coil is to be charged at a uniform rate(i.e.,di/dt = constant), calculate the terminal voltage required to achieve the required flux density in 30 sec Assume the coil resistance to be negligible Sol: (b): Core volume V,,,, *(2ar)ma? = 40.0 m3. Bt wer, (2- =4.87 J of(©): 4 T= 30sec, A/sec1.20 Figure 1.31 shows an inductor would on a laminated iron core of rectangular Sol: ross section, Assume that the permeability of iron is infinite. Neglect magnetic leakage and fringing in the two air gaps(total gap length = g). The N-turn winding is insulated copper wire whose resistivity is_ 0 Q+m. Assume that the fiaction f, of the winding space is available for copper; the rest of the space is used for insulation. a. Calculate the cross-sectional area and volume of copper in the winding space. b. Write an expression for the flux density B in the inductor in the terms of the current density Jey in the copper winding. ©. Write an expression for the copper current density J-, in terms of the coil current J, the number of turns N, and the coil geometty. d. Derive an expression for the electric power dissipation in the coil in terms of the current density Jeu e. Derive an expression for the magnetic stored energy in the inductor in terms of the applied current density Je. £ From parts(d) and (e) derive an expression for L/R time constant of the inductor, Note that this expression is independent of the number of tum in the coil and does not change as the inductance and coil resistance are changed by varying the number of turns t a Core: IKE Z| terse Bl De |X| r Nee Ee 4) SE Figure 1.31 Iron-core inductor for Problem 1.20 Vol, =2ab(w+h+2a) (a): (b (o):(@: Pay, =Vol(AI2) B B (2): Wagg = VOL gag) = gwh( — ve (54, oe "On1.21 Sol: The inductor of Fig. 31 has the following dimensions: arhew=1.Sem b=2em g-0.2em The winding factor (ie., the fiction of the total winding area occupied by conductor) is f,=0.55. The resustivity of copper is 1.73x10°Q.m. When the coil is operated with a constant de applied voltage of 35 the ais-gap flux density is measured to be 1.4T. Find the power dissipated in the coil current, number of tum, coil resistance, inductance, time constant, and wire size to the nearest standard size (Hint ; Wire size can be found from the expression 36-4.312hnf —4e- _ | AWG z| (1.26710 } Where AWG is the wire size, expressed in teums of the American Wire Gauge, and Age i8 the conductor cross-sectional area measured in m.) Core: -a>|] | depth h into <> 7 the page A w “| Ay, = fyab = 0.55x1.5x2 = 1.65en" Vol, x1.5)= 36cm" 2ablw+h+2a)=2*1.5% 215415ik x peVol., Me pywha, sywha., = 20241 51 So{ 113.5707) [P. ¥ J Fa - |__1357____1359 p¥ol,, V1.73x10" x36 13506165 _ 657.5 = 687 (13) 3.24 a =1082(Q) e = 6.18msec ft HARE KT $0 » Wire size=23AWG1.22 The magnetic circuit of Fig. 1.32 has two windings and two air gaps. The core can be assumed to be of infinite permeability. The core dimensions are indicated in the figure. a. Assuming coil 1 to be carrying a current Z,and the current in coil 2 to be zero, calculate (i) the magnetic flux density in each of the air gaps, (ii) the flux linkage of winding 1, and (iii) the flux linkage of winding 2, b. Repeat part (a), assuming zero current in winding | and a current J, in winding c. Repeat part (a), assuming the current in winding | to be J, and the current in winding 2 to be ,.2 d. Find the self-inductances of windings | and 2 and the mutual inductance between the windings. Core, 1 > 00 Area Ay i a Area A N, turns aaa! 1 oo 21 2 turns t afl] Sol: a. Assuming coil 1 current I; and coil 2 current b=0A GRAZ BEE & (B) put Fig =B, HN Ag & Fytiyy — tyNiy 8. (é.)AR winding 1 2 a % 44 (A) A= No=N¢ PSA EEZit (Ag, +42) 88 (ii) R winding 2 2 R48 (2) Paid = Byy >A asval | & b. Assuming zero current in winding 1 and winding 2 current is lb () RE RMA MEE R(B) Ag & (i) R winding | 2a Ree (A) B, = 0:8, HN sis 4A, = NiO. = ByAy Shs wna) & (iii) winding 2 2m R4k(A) c, Assuming the current in winding | is ly and winding 2 is b (.) RE RMA MEE RB) Fil, oN Ag By = 2 HMA, MONA A, & & i)JR winding 1 2 R44 (A) A, = NBA, + BA.) = Nd + $4)(iit) & winding 2 20% R88 (A)1.23 The symmetric magnetic circuits of Fig. 1.33 has three windings. Windings A and B each have WV’ turns and are wound on the two bottom legs of the core. The core dimensions are indicated in the figure.a. Find the self-inductances of each of the windings. b. Find the mutual inductances between the three paizs of windings. c. Find the voltage induced in winding | by time-varying current i,(f) and i,(f) in windings A and B. Show that this voltage can be use to measure the imbalance between two sinusoidal current of the same frequency. Area A, Permeability 4.33. Symmetric magnetic circult for Problem 1.23 Sol: ARK SERA AL wlope hk poh pe aa uA, AA 130 AME R, HH)Ryl/ Ry + Rp + Ry =e He: , A In + 8 Ho Su Lah +1 + 4) ath vla TE MAg (I, +1 +14 +S) Ho ne? = NT Ly 4t+(Ry// Ri + Ry +R) 28 NWA, (1g +1, +1y +84) Ho Lyd th +h +414 +h +2) Ho Ho > lath ti +84 — NOMA Mo la 14420, +1, +84) Ho N*(R, +R, +R,) RRR, +R, +R) gu tly +84 2 1 2 _ No ede HO M4 1442+ + #4) Ho RA RRMA IED RK -NN; Lig = Rg +R +Ro+Rg) Lua =La=—Lay NN ede 14420, +,+#4) Ho RIAL AAA Be AB HA — oh Bm d _ dad. . . da. dy o= FL = Fgh Lala) =F Calg Lala) = Lan ya)1.28 The coils of the magnetic circuit shown in Fig. 1.36 are connected in series so that the mmf’s of paths A and B both tend to set up flux in the center leg C in the same direction. The coils are wound with equal turns, 1V N=100. The dimensions are: 2 Cross-section area of A and B legs=7.cm~ Cross-section area of C legs=l4em~ Length of A path = 17 cm Length of B path Length of C path Air gap = 0.4 cm ‘The material is M-S grade, 0,0012-in steel, with a stacking factor of 0.94.Neglect fringing and leakage. Tom Som a, How many amperes are required to produce a flux density of 1.27 in the air gap? b. Under the condition of path (a), how many joules of energy are stored in the magnetic field in the air gap? ¢. Calculate the inductance. aaa Figure 1.36 Magnetic circult for Problem 1.28. -5 RAS NIT ERMIHRRAH, 14% B f H,=—= AH, Wy Axl” =H ARARH ER =9.54x10(4 =9.5410°(44 7) pa Hil _Mx(17+55-04)x10? 9.54.10 04.10" _ 4g 5 N 100 REA AK 0.94 38.20.94 = 35.9(A){RAK LAT ABE - 4 320 Shak Rae Ay A=NO= NA,B= 100x 7107 x1.2 = 0.084(vb) KEREA L=A{1 = 0.084 +35,.9=2.34nH)1.33 Using the magnetization characteristics for neodymium-iron-boron given infigl find the point of maximum-energy product and corresponding flux density and magnetic field intensity . Using these values .repeat EX1.10 with the alnico 5 magnet replaced by a neodymium-iren-boron magnet, By what factor does this, reduce the magnet volume required to achieve the desired air~gap flux density? Sok: #8 1 Tsk4$42 B- 0.63 T and H- -470 kA/m. sO maximum energy is 2.9x10°J/m* Am =Ag(Bg/Bm) = 2*[0.8/0.63] cm* =2.54 cm? &(Bg ! tH) = -0.2(0.8/ s4(-4.7*10°)) = 0.27 em Thus the volume is 2.54x0.25 = 0.688 which is a reduction by a factor of —5.09/0.688 = 7.4. " yg sainariumn-cobalt a9 ‘Maximuln eney dos | 8 ar Fig. Magnetization curves for common is permanent-magnet materials1.34 Figure2 shows the magnetic circuit for a permanent-magnet loudspeaker the voice coil (not shown)is in the form of a circular cylindrical coil which fits in the air gap .a samarium-cobalt magnet is used to create the air-gap de magnetic field which interacts with the voice coil cuzreats to produce the motion of the voice coil the designer has determined that the air gap must have radius R=1.Scm length .1cm , and height g=0.lem , and height h=0.9em . assuming that the yoke and pole piece are of infinite magnetic permeability (j - »),find the magnet /,, and the magnet radius 2, that wall result in an air-gap magnetic flux density of 1.2 T and require the smallest magnet volume (Hint : Refer to EX1.10 and to Fig.1.19 to find the point of maximum energy product for samarium cobalt.) Sok: From Fig. 1, the maximum energy product for samarium-cobalt occurs at B=047T and H=-360 kA/m the maximum energy product is 1,69*105(J/m?) we want Bg = 1.2 T, Bm = 0.47 T and Hm = ~360 kA/m. -g (Hg! Hm)=-g (Bg/0*Hm) =2.65 mm Ag (Bg/ Bm) =2 7 Rh(Bg/Bm) (R=1.8cm and b-0.9em) So smallest magnet volume, = 4, /7 = Jn = Am 26.0 87em Fig.2 Magnetic circuit for the loudspeaker of problem