apeer <9 \ REFRIGERATION EQUIPMENT 1 INTRODUCTION In Cane eee Ho Rea fene at ae temperature and rejected at high temperature, etwork is igerant). Practical refrigerati : : eee Gan canna efrigeration cycle is composed of flow ‘cassess C2" Separate component. The main components of process g system are compressor, condenser, expanding device sefriget 1g and evaporator. Besides the above four! major components, the actual vapour compression systems are provided sanan ol separator, a receiver and adier-cum- fier Fig. 6.1 refrigeration system, illustrates the layout of a practical CONDENSER OIL SEPARATOR a RECEIVER DRIER | COMPRESSOR EXP. VALVE EVAPORATOR Fig. 6.1 Oil separator is kept near to the compressor. The compressed vapour is passed through an oil separator where lubricant is separated so that pure vapour flows into the condenser. Oil from the separator is transferred back to the crank case. From the condenser the liquid refrigerant enters into the receiver which stores the liquid refrigerant, From receiver itis then passed to the expansion valve via drier. Drier is located before the expansion valve. It removes the moisture as well as minute Pattcles from the liquid refrigerant before passing into expansion device. 62 COMPRESSORS : The heart of the vapour compression system is the compressor. The compressor is the costlier component of a refrigeration system, and is driven by an electric motor. It is located between evaporator and condenser, The compressor suck the refrigerant vapour from the evaporator and is Compressed from the evaporator pressure to condenser pressure and temperature which is greater than the temperature of cooling medium (water or ait) eects eee ee eeeeeee#e Gham) rere ecarreteeereeereaeeetaeererreeaeay aeorereLise Refrigeration and Ait-Conditioning| Compressor delivers the high pressure refrigerant to the condenser and maintains the continuous flow of refrigerant through the refrigerating system. In brief, the function of compressor is to pump the refrigerant through the system and simultaneously establish the two pressure levels (evaporator Pressure - low pressure side, condenser pressure - high pressure side) 6.3 TYPES OF COMPRESSORS : There are two main groups of compressors. 1. Positive displacement compressors, and 2. Non-positive displacement compressors. Positive Displacement Compressors prevent undesired reversal of flow and compress the fluid within the closed space. Examples : (i) reciprocating compressor, and (ii) rotary compressor. Non-positive Displacement Compressors have no provision to prevent the reversal of flow. ‘They are provided with rotating vanes which take in the fluid then expel it at high pressure. Example : Centrifugal compressor. 6.3.1 Classification of Reciprocating Compressors : Reciprocating compressors are classified as given below : I. According to the construction (i) Vertical reciprocating compressor. (ii) Horizontal reciprocating compressor. Il. According to the number of strokes (i) Single acting compressor. (ii) Double acting compressor. III. According to the number of stages (i) Single stage compressors. (ii) Multi-stage compressors. IV. According to the method of drive employed (i) Direct driven compressors. (ii) Belt driven compressors. V. According to the assembly with motor (i) Open compressors. (ii) Hermetic compressors. (iii). Semi-hermetic compressors. 6.4 RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR : A reciprocating compressor consists of a cylinder and a piston, with piston connected to a rotating shaft by a connecting rod and crank as shown in Fig. 6.2. Valves permit the refrigerant fluid to flow into and out of the cylinder. The piston reciprocates in the cylinder, and the distance moved by piston between dead centres is called stroke and the volume displaced is called swept volume. There is always some minimum clearance when the piston is at the end of the compression stroke. Itis referred as clearance volume, and is provided to accommodate the valves and to avoid contact ston with cylinder head. cli { (Chapter-6) |cee FE EP pe |_-- CYLINDER o bersren CONNECTING Roo ‘RANK CASE Fig. 6.2 operation of single - stage refrigerant compressor : In reciprocating compressor, the compression is carried out by containing the refrigerant between the cylinder walls and the piston and reducing the volume by the movement of the piston. ‘The operation of the reciprocating compressor is as follows. When the piston moves downwards, the pressure in the cylinder is made less than the atnospheric pressure, the inlet valve opens and the refrigerant vapour flows into the cylinder. During ihe return stroke (upward movement) of the piston, the pressure in the cylinder will rise, and the inlet valve closes when the pressure in the cylinder is just above that of the atmospheric pressure. The pressure of refrigerant steadily increases to a desired level, the discharge valve opens and compressed refrigerant vapour is discharged into a condenser. DISCHARGE compar ce = : LTT He ween oon \ [Taye cvUNDER—| t loge REFN ° }e— PISTON 3S CONNECTING 1 ROD ran : (b) Piston Moving Up, Air flows Into Receiver (a) Piston Moving Down, Air Flows into ‘ata Desired Pressure through Discharge Valve cylinder Through Inlet Valve Reciprocating Compressor Fig. 6.3 : Working o a (cha pte8) fee epee eeereae cree[150 Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning] At the end of upward stroke, a small volume of refrigerant vapour at high pressure is left in the clearance volume. As the piston moves down on the next stroke this vapour expands and Pressure falls just below the atmosphere. Then the inlet valve opens and refrigerant flows into the cylinder, and the cycle is repeated, The reciprocating compressors are available in sizes ranging from 0.1 kW to 150 kW, and are used for small domestic refrigeration to a large capacity installations. Such compressors are employed for refrigerating plants for small capacity of 0.25 ton to a large capacity of 1000 tons. Reciprocating compressors are particularly suitable for use with refrigerants requiring small displacement and condensing at high pressure. The common refrigerants used with these compressors are R-12, R-22, R-502 (azeotrope) and R-717 (ammonia) 6.4.1 Open Type Compressor : In open type, the compressor is enclosed in crankcase and crankshaft projects out through the compressor housing. The protruding end of the crank shaft is connected directly or through the belt to the driving motor. The compressor and motor can be mounted on the same base plate. A seal must be used to prevent refrigerant leaking out or air from leaking in if the crankcase pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure. The advantage of this compressor is that the absence of internal motor winding makes it Practical to use refrigerants which are not compatible with electrical materials. However, there is a problem of leakage of refrigerant inspite of providing better seal. Open type reciprocating compressors are used in the plants employed for ice making, cold storage and food processing applications. The features of open type compressor are illustrated in Fig. 6.4. CONDENSER FAN MOTOR 4 ‘COMPRESSOR Fig. 6.4 6.4.2 Hermetic Compressor : It is a direct driven unit in which the compressor (reciprocating or rotary) and motor are mounted on one drive shaft, and are totally sealed from atmosphere. The only connections to the compressor housing are the suction and discharge fittings and electrical terminals. This arrangement eliminates necessity of seal and consequently prevent refrigerant leakage. It also reduces the operating noise, because the external drive is eliminated. | (Chapter-6) }ince b oth the units operate in a sealed space with the \otors are allowed ting i ; to operate eve | ore mith the refrigerant. In many designs the refrigerant is drawn, across th eee ont ai antages and Disadvantages : \e motor to cool it. f hermetic compressors ove e advantages © T Open type compres: Te af asage of reeigerantis olay prevented, ae 9, More compact and requires small space, 3, Less noisy- +L Effective cooling of motor by refrigerant ou ~ weieo + Closed or Hermetic Reciprocating Compressor However, hermetic compressors have the following disadvantages. 1. Complicated design. 2. The parts are inaccessible for repairs. Welded joints have to be broken open for repairs. 3. Needs a vacuum pump for evacuation and charging of refrigerant. 4, Any moisture present in the refrigerator may damage the motor winding. Applications Thehemetic compressors are employed in religerators, freezers and window air conditioners 643 Semi-Hermetic Compressors: Itisa serviceable or accessible hermetic compressor in which the cylinder head is usually removable: The construction enables to remove the motor, valve plates and other components, for repair or replacement. These compressors are available in the capacities ranging from 15to 150 tons for refrigeration work and air conditioning applications. The advantages of semi-hermetic compressor is thal the assem! forservicing. However it has the following limitations. + castings are heavier and more costly can be opened in the field occupy more space + more noise. mao ee[162 6.5 ROTARY COMPRESSORS : Several types of rotary compressors are developed as alternatives to the reciprocating type, In rotary compressor, the refrigerant vapour is trapped between two surfaces which are in rotation and squeezed to moderate pressures. These are suitable for high speed and small capacity refrigeration applications. Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning] Hermatically sealed compressors are most commonly used in domestic refrigeration. This type of machines are manufactured upto 5 tons capacity. These compressors are preferable for low temperature applications, and are suitable for refrigerants with low specific volume at low suction pressure. Rotary compressors are less noisy in operation and possess high volumetric efficiency due to negligible clearance. However, they are suitable only for low pressure ratio applications. Because of the above limitations these compressors are used for smaller fractional unit power. The rotary compressors may be classified as : 1. Roller type compressors 2. Vane type compressors 3. Screw compressors, and 4. Centrifugal compressors. 6.5.1 Roller Type Compressors : A roller type (rolling piston) type rotary compressor is shown in Fig. 6.6. It consists of cylinder, roller mounted eccentrically on motor shaft and a spring loaded blade. The centre of the shaft coincides with the centre of the cylinder. Roller is in the closest possible contact with the wall of the cylinder, and the point of contact runs around the cylinder as shaft and roller rotate. A inlet is separated from a outlet by a spring loaded blade, which romaine in constant contact with the roller. Due to eccentricity between roller and cylinder the clearance between them is not uniform. The whole assembly is placed in air tight casing and and submerged in an oil both. To conpnesson oisghance f cH vacnegessune oiscuance ‘ate rower on eccentric Paine evunoer owns SUD f Loweggssune $ J nes snow Oe eueoraen Fig, 6.6 : Roller Type Compressor | (Chapter-6)ipetrigeration Equipment 3 When the space permits, ow pressure rel 163) jinder, As the roller rotates, this refrigerant vapour ie POM" from the evaporator enters the the discharge valve, and the high pressure vapour fom merassed until ts pressure forces to open s towards the co 65.2 Vane Type Rotary Compressor : oe In this design the motor shatt is set tha rotor (citeular piston) which i ret {off centre with the cylinder and is arranged co-axially bee ’d into slots in the rotor, and the ‘ating around inside of the cylinder. Two or more vanes are Th vanes moves in and out of the ce an on out by centrifugal force when the rotor rotates. Fe rotor an : rf The whole assembly is kept submerged in oil bath inside ana cance il cee eee Seon buen cee with cylinder divide the clearance space between rotor and cylinder patra lon of the rotor enables one of these to expand in size while another pies a iareniamaihconars refrigerant vapour from evaporator enters into the expanding section, a ec ° i 7 in the contacting section as the rotor rotates. Compressed refrigerant vapour s forced out i: igh Pressure into the condenser through the discharge valve. These compressors are smaller in size and lighter in weight. These compressors have the advantage of beng auet in operation and reasonably free from vibrations. They may not require expensive foundation. E—» TOCONDENSER COMPRESSED REFRIGERANT LG toro stor x ROTOR VALVE on. FROM EVAPORATOR Fig. 6.7 : Vane Type Rotary Compressor Vane compressors are used in domestic refrigerators, freezers and air conditioners. 65.3 Screw Compressor : Screw compressors are used in large refrigeration capacities. The compressor consists of two helically grooved rotors; one with lobes around its periphery is called male rotor another with gullies is called female rotor. The male rotor with lobes drives the female rotor in a stationary housing. Low pressure refrigerant vapour enters one end of the compressor at the top and leaves the other end at the bottom at high pressure. At the suction position of the compressor a void is created between the lobe and gulley into which the inlet refrigerant vapour flows, and cavity is completely filled with refrigerant vapour. As these rotate, the trapped refrigerant vapour is moved circurnferentially around the housing of the compressor. Further rotation results in decreasing the volume in the cavity and compressing the refrigerant vapour. At certain point the discharge port is uncovered and the compressed refrigerant vapour is discharged by further meshing of the lobe and the gully. pe J (Chapter) |]_ ————[164 Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning} SUCTION oIscHARGE Fig. 6.8 : Screw Compressor There is no contact between the rotors, and ensures smooth and vibration free operation. The oll is injected between the two rotors for lubricating and sealing. Screw compressors are best suited with refrigerants which condense at relatively high pressure such as Freon-12, Freon-22 and ammonia. They are extremely suitable for large capacity low temperatures such as food refrigeration. Their use also common in air conditioning unit upto around 50 tons capacity. 6.5.4 Centrifugal Compressor : The centrifugal compressors are widely used in large capacities in the range of 35 - 10,000 ton capacity. One of the most popular applications of this compressor is in ait conditioning system for chilling the water to about 6° to 8°C. iscraRoe VouuTe CASING DIFFUSER IMPELLER ier Fig. 6.9 The operation of centrifugal compressor depends on centrifugal force as well as conversion of kinetic energy of high velocity vapour into its static Pressure. The refrigerant vapour from evaporator Passes into the channels formed between the blades of the impeller. As the impeller revolves, the refrigerant vapour is thrown into the diffuser due to centrifugal force. In the diffuser pressure is increased due to decrease in kinetic energy. In the volute casing the pressure is further increased due to decrease in kinetic energy, 1 (Chapter-6) feee rad tem TT Pn [Refrigeration Equipment The centifugal co: = Mpressors ic woight and high volume dis Pa mostell pla iclently with eran such as Freon-11 and jammoniss ‘These compressor may Lig ciecned ed sane cin sly used with the refrigerant 6.6 CONDENSERS : Condensers are heat oxi ; the evaporator end heat of Peseta designed to remove the heat absorbed by the refrigerant in heat from the reftigerant vapour: ees added by the compressor. This is achieved by araterrtig heat rom the rerrorcont vapour lschargedby the compressor fo some extemal coling medium eay'the finciion of a toidonsatg wearer nett tec aa constant pressure. caper get ride of the heat absorbed previously and reliquefy the In the condenser eee diana tha eamovelof retina is maintained constant, but the temperature is constant only eat from the refrigerant i.e., only in the condensing portion. ‘The temperature distribution in a condenser is illustrated in Fig. 6.10. suscoouns DeSUPERVEATING aL connensanion ale a + 1 TEMP. REFRIGERANT ‘STAGE Fig, 6.10 : Temperature Distribution in a Condenser 6.7 CLASSIFICATION OF CONDENSERS : Condensers are classified as given below : 1. Aircooled condensers 2. Water cooled condensers, and 3. Evaporative condensers. 6.7.1 Air Cooled Condensers ? Air cooled condensers were intially used for small reftigerating systems, but now they are designed in large sizes with capacity of above 100 kW. Air cooled refrigerators are widely used for domestic refrigerators, fre« rs and room air conditioners. The principle of air cooled condensex is illustrated in Fig. 611. Air passing through the finned tubes of condenser al 1 reftigerant and condenses it into a liquid. ‘bsorbs heat from the vapou oat the bottom of the condenser to expansion device- This liquid refrigerant flows out EEE eee (Chapter-6) fe ers, water coole!(ss Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning] The main advantages of air cooled condensers are + Simplicity in design * Low installation and maintenance cost + Negligible corrosion effect, and + High flexibility However, their use is restricted to small capacities because of low heat transfer and uneven distribution of air on the condenser surface. Increase in ambient temperature causes reduction in the capacity of the condenser. SEFESERAN, cournesson 4t q ae mea | | wpserucensT | Fig. 6.11 : Air Cooled Condenser The air cooled condensers require a large quantity of air. They are further classified as : (i) Natural draught type, and (ii) Forced draught type (a) Chassis mounted type (b) Remote type. Natural draught condensers are used in small capacity plants such as domestic refrigerators. Refrigerant vapour enters at the top and cooling air rises vertically over the condenser surface, They sufficiently large enough to ensure that the condensation is complete, and liquid refrigerant is subcooled before it enters the expansion device. In forced draught condensers, a fan or blower provides a steady flow of air for removal of heat from the refrigerant that flows through the copper tubes. The surface area of the tubes is extended by providing aluminium fins. Fan is directly riven by motor or belt driven. Forced draught condensers are used for large refrigerators, food freezers, water coolers and air conditioners. | (Chapter-6) }[Refrigeration Equipment 7) 4 Forced draught cor mounted type cone: are sub-divided into chassis mounted and remote types. In chassls Pe eaPa tai ieee chdenser are mounted on the common chassis as a single unit ee ee I, and the capacity Is limited upto 3 tons. In remote type, the Co rconglract te eee ee comeresor lis usually ected onthe oo rn windows, This ge capacity refrigerant systems. 6.7.2 Water Cooled Condenser: 7 In this type of condensers th MR biatch \¢ water Is used as a cooling medium. The cooling water may be 1. Waste water system - After circulating through the condenser, the water is disposed off ~ Employed where water is easily available, and disposal of water is not a problem. 2. Recirculated water system - Same waters circulated through the condenser again and again. - Employed where there is a scarcity of water. Water cooled condensers are used forlarge capacity refrigerant plants such as cold storages, ice plants and air conditioner plants. Water cooled condensers may be classified as 1, Shell and tube type 2. Shell and coll type, and - 3. Double tube type. 1, Shell and Tube Type Condensers : Shell and tube condensers are compact in size, and widely used in refrigerating system. It has tubes running between, removable heads to enable tube cleaning o replacement. The lubes are generally finned to increase their surface area. These condensers are available in the capacity ranging from 2 ton to 1000 ton. Cooling water enters through the heads which ate baffled to make one or more passes through the tubes. Refrigerant vapour from the compressor enters the shell at the top, and gives its heat to cooling water. After the completion of condensation, the liquid refrigerant flows down and remain in the lower part of the shell, which acts also as a liquid receiver. er vapour = rrow EouPresson REMOVABLE. MEAD Hor waTER OUT <= COLD WATER IN = ef. uouo += ‘OEXP DEVICE eo ‘TUBES Fig, 6:12 : Shell and Tube Condenser 2. Shell and Coil Type Condensers : Shell and coil ype condensers are used for small capacity units, It consists a special wound tubing coll enclosed in a stee) shell. The shell ends are wvision for internal access. However, water scale can be removed t ble, and there is no pro by chemical Ma pnt In shell and col ype condensers, the water enters atthe bottom and flows —{ (Chapter-6) +[ge Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning] up through a coil as shown in Fig. 6.13. Vapour refrigerant from the compressor enters at the top and flows down. The shell Giving its heat to cool water. Refrigerant vapour gets condensed, and liquid refrigerant is collected at the bottom of the shell which also acts as a receiver. REFRIGERANT SiN waTER REFRIGERANT VAPOUR, Liaut our Remnicenant “ATER guia our Fig. 6.13 : Shell and Coil Condenser Fig. 6.14 : Double Tube Condenser This type of condenser is suitable where clean water is available and are used upto 50 ton capacity plants. 3. Double Tube Type Condensers : Simple form of double tube condenser consists a water tube inside a refrigerant tube. The water enters at the bottom of the condenser. The refrigerant vapour from the compressor enters at the top and flows downwards in the clearance space between the two tubes. As a result of heat transfer from refrigerant to water, the refrigerant condenses, and liquid refrigerant leaves the condenser at the bottom. The scale formed in the tubes are removed by chemical treatment. These condensers do not provide enough space for vapour and liquid. Double tube condensers are usually limited to about 2.5 kW capacity 6.7.3 Evaporative Condensers : The evaporator condenser combines the function of the condenser and cooling tower. Fig. 6.15 shows the basic components of an evaporative condenser. The condenser coils are encased in galvanised steel cabinet. AIR OUT lk _ St | ERR | sre ras a MAKE UP WATER, ELIMINATOR Fig. 6.15 : Evaporative Condenser ISeeeaegeceeeaeeerP sae HiPSeePPESSETTSTEOPPTEE Te Te maT) fee reeeee emai eeaen eae ee eet[Refrigeration Equipment 169) ‘The vabour refrigerant discharged from the compressor condenses inside the colls which are placed under water spray: The water sprayed on the cols falls down into the sump from where its recirculated. Since 3 to 5 percent of the water circulated evaporates, make up water is admitted to the tank through a float operated valve. Water treatment should also be used to reduce scale formation on the coil. The atmospheric air enters at the bottom and drawn over the coils by a motorised fan. The air flowing upwards through the water spray eventually carries out the heat from the condensing refrigerant. There is a simultaneous heat and mass transfer from the wetted surface to the airstream. The eliminator located above the header prevents the water droplets entering into the fan i.e., eliminates water droplets carried by the air. 6.7.4 Differences between Air Cooled and Water Cooled Condensers : In air cooled condenser, air is used as cooling medium whereas in water cooled condenser the cooling medium is water. The distinguishing features of these condensers are tabulated below. Table 6.1 Water cooled Condenser Complicated cesign. Initial and maintenance Air cooled Condenser * Construction is simple. Installation | and maintenance cost is very low cost is high + Need not requires pipes for circu. | + Needs pipes for circulation of water lation of air * No disposing problems * There is a problem of disposing of used water in waste water system + No corrosion effect and fouling * Pipes corrode due to presence of moisture and effect is low more fouling effect + High flexibility + Low flexibility + Air distribution is not uniform + Even distribution of water + Low heat transfer capacity limits * High heat transfer capacity permits its use in its use in smaller plants large plants 6.8 EXPANSION DEVICES: The major problem in vapour compression system is to control the flow of the refrigerant from the condenser (high pressure side) to evaporator (low pressure side) in exact proportion to rate of evaporation in the evaporator. A variety of devices are designed to control the flow of refrigerant and to reduce the pressure of the liquid refrigerant. Such devices are called expansion devices or metering devices. Functions of Expansion Devices : The expansion devices will have to perform two functions. 1. To reduce the pressure of liquid refrigerant from condenser pressure to evaporator pressure. 2. To regulate the flow of refrigerant from the condenser to the evaporator. 6.9 CLASSIFICATION OF EXPANSION DEVICES : Expansion devices used in modem refrigeration system may be classified as 1. Variable - restrictive type, and 2. Constant - restrictive type. | (Chapter-6) |se Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning) In variable - restrictive type devices, the opening through which refrigerant fluid flows can be adjusted to variation in discharge pressure, suction pressure or load. Examples : 1. Automatic (constant pressure) expansion device 2. Thermostatic expansion device. In constant - restrictive type device, the opening through which refrigerant fluid flows is constant, and cannot be adjusted to variation in the load etc. Example: Capillary tube. 6.9.1 Automatic Expansion Valve : The automatically expansion device is designed to keep evaporator pressure constant. Therefore, it is also called as constant pressure expansion device: It consists a diaphragm which is subjected to two opposite pressures. On top of a diaphragm adjustable spring exerts a downward Pressure (p,) which moves the diaphragm in opening direction, while its lower surface is directly exposed to evaporator pressure (p,) which moves the diaphragm in a closing direction. Since the diaphragm is connected to a valve which controls the amount of refrigerant flowing through the valve, this device automatically maintains the evaporator at constant pressure and hence the temperature, Any increase in evaporator pressure (p, > p,) pushes the diaphragm up, causing the valve to Move in closing direction and admit less refrigerant. Any decrease in evaporator pressure (Pp, REF VAPOUR TO «= ‘COMPRESSOR z Fig. 6.22 : Dry Evaporator 6.14 TUBE AND COIL ARRANGEMENTS : Evaporators consists of various coil or tube arrangements. The tubes may be either bare or finned surfaces, and coils may be arranged in flooded type or dry type. Evaporators with these sutfaces are described below. 6.14.1 Bare-Tube Evaporators : Bare-tube evaporator contains plain coil tubes without extended surfaces, The refrigerant flows through the coil tubes and evaporates by absorbing heat from the surroundings. These are made with steel pipes for ammonia plants and copper tubes for small evaporators using freon refrigerants. Bare-tube evaporators are also used with secondary refrigerants as in the case of water chillers and ice making plants. 6.14.2 Finned Tube Evaporators : For these evaporators finner surfaces are provided on tubes for effective cooling throughout. Fins increase the surface area of the evaporator and thereby improves its efficiency. The number of fins provided depends on the capacity of the evaporators, and usually ranges from 1 to 7 per centimeter length of the tube. Finned evaporators are mostly used in air conditioning systems | (Chaster6) |[176 Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning) cot. —— Fig. 6.29 : Finned Tube Evaporator Fig. 6.24 : Plate Surface Evaporator 6.14.3 Plate-Surface Evaporators : In plate-surface evaporators the coils are welded together at the edges. This arrangement increases the surface area of evaporator and thus higher rate of heat transfer from the surroundings to the refrigerant. Plate-surface evaporators are used in domestic refrigerator. 6.14.4 Shell and Tube Evaporators : Shell and tube evaporator consists a steel cylindrical shell fitted with a large number of Parallel tubes. These are particularly used for chilling water or brine which is then pumped to air cooling coils. Shell and tube evaporators are of two types. 1. Flooded shell and tube type 2. Non-flooded shell and tube type. In flooded shell and tube type, the fluid to be cooled flows through the tubes, and refrigerant flows over the tubes. Liquid refrigerant abstract heat from fluid (water) and evaporates completely. Almost dry refrigerant vapour is sucked into the compressor. This type of evaporators are used for refrigerating units ranging from small to over 100 tons capacity. ruse eemiccrant 1) vaso au Fig. 6.25 : Flooded Type Shell and Tube Evaporator In dry or non-flooded shell and tube type, the refrigerant flowing inside the tubes evaporates, fluid being cooled flows over the tubes as shown in Fig. 6.26. In order to improve heat transfer rate the baffles are provided. This type of evaporators are used upto 50 ton capacity, -{ (Chapter-6) }2023 2022-23 re. 20 ikesh Reddy kesh Reddy ¢ [Refrigeration Equipment 177) TO COMPRESSOR i HL enerLes JO TOBE CHILLED Heo FLUO 6.26 : Shell and Tube Non-Flooded Type 6.14.5 Shell and Coil Evaporators vey ssp a SEE I vw ore Ne = FS socom 1 ——e d rin waren | | oe oF | ie Fig, 627: Shel and Col Evaporator Fig, 6.8 boule Tbe Evaporator It consists of a shell and containing a helical coil. The fluid to be cooled enters at the top and leaves the bottom of the shell. The refrigerant flows through the coil. The fluid comes in direct contact with coil gets cooled. This type of evaporators are used in water coolers and small capacity units ranging from 2 to 10 ton capacity. 6.14.6 Tube-in-Tube or Double Tube Evaporators : Double tube evaporator consists of two concentric tubes as shown in Fig. 6.28. The fluid to be cooled flows through the inner tube while the refrigerant flows through the annular space between the two tubes, This arrangement provides considerable improvement in heat transfer. These evaporators are used in dairy, beverage and oil plants. 6.15 DRIER: Moisture is hi automatic regulating valve or capil sludge. Driers are invariably fitted in containing desiccant material. Desiccant absorbs moisture, and fine particles. The removal of moisture is termed as dehydration, ‘armful in refrigerating system. Moisture in a refrigerating system freezes the lary tube and reduce the viscosity of il due to formation of liquid line between condenser and expansion valve. Drier is a cylindrical shell filters incorporated to entrap the therefore drier is also called as dehydrator. _{ (Chapter-6) }Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning] [178 Jem capacity and these ratings are a measure of the Driers are normally rated in terms of sys al for moisture absorbing capacity. potent Desiccants : ‘These are the chemical compounds commonly used {0 remove mo! system. The common desiccant compounds are aluminium sulphate, silica $8» Heo © should absorb maximum moisture and should not react with refrigerant, lubricating ©” ne PiPing system, Siliea ge (silicon dioxide) is the most efficient and commonly used in the system. sture from the refrigerating -a gel, zeolite etc. They ‘Types of driers : Driers are two types : 1. Sealed type or non-refill type. 2. Refill type. 1. Sealed type Drier : The construction details of sealed type drier is shown in Fig. 6.29. The components are sealed and cannot be repaired. The silica gel charged into the shell absorbs and removes moisture present in the refrigerant till it becomes saturated. It is anon and should be replaced when it becomes saturated. Therefore, itis also called as throw away type drier. Filter provided in the drier removes the dust particles. PERFORATED PLATE SPRING refill type drier MONEL yuRE MESH INLET CONNECTION LOCKING RING vesiccar BRASS WIRE MESH Fig. 6.29 : Sealed Type Drier 2. Refill type Drier : This is a flange type drier. In this type drier, the desiccant (silica gel) is regenerated by heating to drive off the moisture or may be repaired by changing silica gel, spring etc. | (Chapter-6)