EVM Past Papers - Paper 2

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Cambridge Assessment International Education

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
* 8 1 2 8 9 4 4 7 6 6 *
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/22

Paper 2 Management in context February/March 2019
1 hour 45 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
No Additional Materials are required.
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
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Answer all questions.
Electronic calculators may be used.

You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
This document consists of 19 printed pages and 1 blank page.
DC (RW/CB) 167512/2
© UCLES 2019 [Turn over
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2
world map showing the location of Ecuador
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Ecuador
Tropic of
Capricorn
map of Ecuador
Quito
Key
land
sea
international boundary
capital city
Yasuni National Park
fishing village
oil refinery
existing oil fields
0 100 200
boundary of the Amazon basin
km
© UCLES 2019 0680/22/F/M/19

3
Area of Ecuador: 283 561 km2
Population: 16.7 million (2017)
Children per woman: 2.22
Life expectancy: 76.8 years
Currency: USD
Languages: Spanish, Quechua, other local languages
Climate of Ecuador: tropical along the coast, cooler inland, tropical in the east
Terrain of Ecuador: coastal lowlands, central highlands, lowlands in the east
Main exports of Ecuador: petroleum products, bananas, cut flowers, shrimp, cacao, coffee, wood
and fish
The economy of Ecuador is based on oil extraction and processing, agriculture and fishing. Ecuador
has one of the lowest unemployment rates in South America. However, about 12.5 million people still
have a low standard of living. About 4% of the people live on less than 1.9 USD per day.
1 (a) (i) Calculate the percentage of people with a low standard of living in Ecuador.
.......................................................% [1]
(ii) Calculate the number of people living on less than 1.9 USD a day.
.......................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2019 0680/22/F/M/19 [Turn over

4
(b) The production of farmed shrimp from Ecuador for export to Europe has increased in recent
years.
mass of shrimp exported

year
/ thousand tonnes
2009 131
2010 148
2011 187
2012 209
2013 224
2014 299
2015 326
2016 362
© UCLES 2019 0680/22/F/M/19

5
(i) Plot a bar graph of the data.
[4]
(ii) Between which two years was the greatest increase in shrimp production?
between ........................ and ........................ [1]
(iii) In 2017, the mass of shrimp exported increased by 14% from the mass exported in 2016.
Calculate the mass of shrimp exported in 2017.
.............................. thousand tonnes [2]

6
(c) There are many small villages along the coast of Ecuador.
The photograph shows an area of mangrove swamp near a coastal village.
One villager said,
‘It is our tradition to collect shrimp to eat from

the mangrove swamp. We make charcoal from
mangrove wood. We use the charcoal as fuel
for cooking.’
(i) Suggest why villagers making charcoal is a sustainable activity.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
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7
(ii) Increasing shrimp production has meant that large areas of mangrove swamp have been
cleared to make ponds for shrimp farms.
Another villager said,
‘The shrimp farm is next to our village. The farm

has caused our village water supply to become
cloudy and smell bad.’
Suggest how shrimp farming could have caused changes in the quality of the village
water supply.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(d) Shrimp feed on algae and small invertebrate animals. The diagram shows this feeding
relationship.
shrimp
small
invertebrates
algae
(i) State the primary consumer shown in the diagram.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Define the term population.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Name two abiotic components that could affect the shrimp population.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
8
(iv) Many shrimp farmers buy fishmeal to feed their shrimp. Fishmeal is made from fish
caught at sea, which are then dried.
Suggest reasons why shrimp grow quickly when given fishmeal.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(e) A student visited a shrimp farm near the village where shrimp are harvested.
shell head
Most of the harvested shrimp are exported.
They are either exported:
• whole
• have their head removed or
• have their head and all the shell removed.
The student did the following investigation:
• collected a sample of harvested shrimp

• weighed and measured each shrimp whole
• removed the head of each shrimp and weighed the head
• removed all of the shell
• weighed the edible flesh of each shrimp.
The results are shown in the table.
© UCLES 2019 0680/22/F/M/19

9
mass of mass of mass of

length
shrimp whole shrimp head edible flesh
/ cm
/g /g /g
1 14.0 21.0 9.0 6.0
2 15.0 23.0 7.0 6.0
3 15.0 23.0 8.0 6.0
4 14.0 22.0 6.0 6.0
5 15.0 23.0 6.0 7.0
6 15.0 24.0 7.0 8.0
7 13.0 18.0 5.0 7.0
8 14.0 19.0 5.0 7.0
9 14.0 19.0 5.0 7.0
10 14.0 21.0 6.0 6.0
average 14.3 21.3 ........................ 6.6
(i) Complete the table by calculating the average mass of a shrimp head. [1]
(ii) Calculate the average percentage of a whole shrimp that is edible flesh.
.......................................................% [1]
(iii) Suggest one way of using the shrimp heads.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

10
(f) A fisherman from the village said,
‘We fish at sea in small boats. We use a long line

with hooks to catch the dorado fish. It is now illegal
to catch and sell dorado fish less than 80 cm long.’
(i) A fisherman catches the dorado fish shown in the drawing.
The drawing is not the actual length of the dorado fish.
magnification #0.1
The actual length of the dorado fish can be determined using the formula:
length measured from drawing

actual length =
magnification
Calculate the actual length of the dorado fish.
..................................................... cm [2]
(ii) Can the fisherman legally sell this dorado fish?
Give a reason for your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Suggest how controlling the length of dorado fish that can be caught and sold will help to
conserve this fish stock.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2019 0680/22/F/M/19

11
(iv) The fisherman decides to build a fish aggregating device (FAD).
fish aggregating device (FAD)
raft of
float
logs
marker
heavy
mass
The dorado fish are attracted to feed under the raft of logs. The fisherman uses a net to
catch the fish.
Discuss the possible problems in maintaining a sustainable source of fish if many

fishermen use FADs.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]

12
(v) Larger boats with different types of fishing gear have started to catch dorado fish.
The dorado fishing season has been changed from December to May to between
November and February to control fishing activity.
Describe three other ways of controlling fishing activity.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(g) When an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon occurs dorado fish populations
are affected.
Describe the ENSO phenomenon.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 40]
© UCLES 2019 0680/22/F/M/19

13
2 Ecuador is an oil exporting country. Oil provides about half the total export income of the country.
Quito
Key
land
sea
capital city
Yasuni National Park
fishing village
oil refinery
existing oil fields
0 100 200
boundary of the Amazon basin
km
(a) The oil fields are in the Amazon basin in the east of the country. Some crude oil is exported
and some is processed in an oil refinery.
Estimate the shortest distance between the oil fields and the oil refinery.
..................................................... km [1]

14
(b) The oil is moved through tropical rainforest to the coast using pipelines.
The photograph shows two pipelines in the tropical rainforest.
(i) Describe the environmental impacts of building pipelines in tropical rainforest, as shown
in the photograph.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
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15
(ii) Suggest reasons why the vegetation around the pipeline is not allowed to grow tall.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) The section of pipeline shown in the photograph is running from west to east.
Describe a method you could use to record changes in plant biodiversity between the
pipeline and the tropical rainforest.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [6]

16
(c) The table shows an estimate of the biodiversity in the Yasuni National Park.
animal type estimated number of species

insects 100 000
amphibians 150
birds 600
mammals 200
(i) Suggest why the estimated number of species of insects is much greater than the other
animal types.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest why the numbers of species are only estimates.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) There are large reserves of oil in the Yasuni National Park.
In 2010, the government proposed to the global community that it would not develop these
reserves if other countries would pay towards keeping the oil in the ground.
(i) Discuss the benefits of this proposal to Ecuador and other countries.
benefits to Ecuador ...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
benefits to other countries .................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[4]
© UCLES 2019 0680/22/F/M/19

17
(ii) The government did not get enough support from other countries so oil extraction has
now started on the edge of the Yasuni National Park.
Suggest reasons why the government of Ecuador continues to invest in oil extraction.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]

18
(e) A questionnaire was used to collect people’s opinions about the oil extraction on the edge
of the Yasuni National Park. People living in the capital city of Ecuador were asked four
questions.
The table shows the results.
percentage response to questionnaire

question yes no do not know
Do you think oil extraction should take place
58 32 10
on the edge of the Yasuni National Park?
Do you think this oil extraction will help the
70 25 5
government earn money?
Do you think it is important to maintain the
40 38 22
biodiversity of the Yasuni National Park?
Do you think the government should take away
28 57 15
the status of Yasuni National Park?
(i) Discuss the results of the questionnaire.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) Suggest one other question that could be asked to find out people’s opinions about the
oil extraction.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Describe a method to select the people to be interviewed for the questionnaire.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2019 0680/22/F/M/19

19
(f) Large offshore oil fields are being developed close to the south of Ecuador.
(i) Explain why there is a risk of oil pollution reaching the coast of Ecuador.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Describe the possible impacts of an oil pollution event on the coastal ecosystems of
Ecuador.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(g) Wind power and solar energy are renewable resources. Some people in Ecuador want to
invest in these renewable resources to generate electricity rather than using oil.
Explain why these renewable resources may not be able to provide all of the energy needed
to generate electricity for Ecuador.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
[Total: 40]
© UCLES 2019 0680/22/F/M/19

20
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Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2019 0680/22/F/M/19


* 6 1 8 7 0 5 3 0 5 2 *

Paper 2 Management in context May/June 2019
1 hour 45 minutes

This document consists of 24 printed pages.
DC (RW/CT) 168037/2
2
world map showing the location of Iceland
Iceland
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
map of Iceland
Arctic Circle
N
Reykjavík
North Atlantic
0 20 Ocean
km
Key
capital city
town
road
airport
glacier
© UCLES 2019 0680/21/M/J/19
3
Area of Iceland: 103 000 km2
Population: 335 878 (in 2017)
Life expectancy: 83 years
Currency: Icelandic Krona (108.45 ISK = 1 USD)
Language: Icelandic
Climate of Iceland: temperate, moderated by North Atlantic current, cold, windy winters; damp, cool
summers
Terrain of Iceland: mostly volcanic plateau with some mountain peaks, volcanoes, glaciers, coastal
bays
Main exports of Iceland: fish and fish products, aluminium and ferrosilicon
Iceland is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean. 80% of the island is uninhabited. Almost half of the
population are located in and around the capital city, with smaller towns along the coast. The economy
depends heavily on fishing. Since 2010, tourism has become the main economic growth area for the
island, with the number of tourists each year reaching 4.5 times the Icelandic population. The island
makes use of geothermal and hydro-electric power, which are available in large quantities.
© UCLES 2019 0680/21/M/J/19 [Turn over

4
1 (a) (i) Calculate the area of land that is uninhabited in Iceland.
....................................................km2 [1]
(ii) Calculate the number of tourists that visited Iceland in 2017.
.......................................................... [1]
(b) The map shows the population density of Iceland.
0 20
km
Key
people per km2
0
1 – 25
26 – 250
> 250
© UCLES 2019 0680/21/M/J/19

5
(i) Describe the population density of Iceland.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) The table and divided bar chart show the percentage age distribution for the population
of Iceland in 2017.
age range percentage population

under 15 years old 20
between 15 and 65 years old 67
over 65 years old 13
0 20 40 60 80 100
percentage population
Key
age range
under 15 years old
between 15 and 65 years old
over 65 years old
Complete the key and the divided bar chart. [2]
(iii) State two factors that affect death rate.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

6
(c) The table shows climate data for a weather station near the capital city of Iceland.
average monthly average monthly average number

month minimum temperature maximum temperature of days with
/ °C / °C precipitation
January –3.0 1.9 13
February –2.1 2.8 13
March –2.0 3.2 14
April 0.4 5.7 12
May 3.6 9.4 10
June 6.7 11.7 11
July 8.3 13.3 10
August 7.9 13.0 12
September 5.0 10.1 12
October 2.2 6.8 15
November –1.3 3.4 13
December –2.8 2.2 14
(i) Identify the month with the highest average number of days with precipitation.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The range for the monthly temperature is the difference between the maximum and
minimum value.
Calculate the temperature range for November.
...................................................... °C [1]
(iii) Suggest the problems the climate of Iceland causes for growing crops.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2019 0680/21/M/J/19

7
(d) The people of Iceland eat more bananas than people in many other countries.
The bananas are grown in greenhouses heated using geothermal power.
(i) Complete the word equation for photosynthesis.
.................................... + .................................... glucose + oxygen [1]
(ii) The average number of hours of daylight in Iceland for January is 5.4 hours and for June
it is 20.5 hours.
Explain why artificial lighting is used in greenhouses for part of the year.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

8
(e) Geothermal power is also used to generate electricity.
An engineer described the process of generating electricity by geothermal power with this list
of statements.
A steam is produced
B water is heated
C steam turns a turbine
D a generator produces electricity
E a turbine drives a generator
The engineer has written the correct statements but they are presented in the wrong order.
(i) Using letters A to E, complete the boxes to show the correct order of statements that
describe generating electricity by geothermal power.
One has been done for you.
D
................... ................... ................... ...................
[2]
(ii) Explain the advantages of using geothermal power compared with fossil fuels for
electricity generation.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) State one other energy resource used to generate electricity, other than geothermal
energy or fossil fuels.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2019 0680/21/M/J/19

9
(f) The pie chart shows the percentage electricity consumption for different sectors in Iceland
for 2013.
Key
sector
aluminium industry
public services
ferrosilicon industry
other industry, including fishing
residential
(i) Determine the total percentage electricity consumption for the ferrosilicon and aluminium
industries.
.......................................................% [1]
(ii) The fishing industry accounts for 40% of Iceland’s exports.
Suggest why the fishing industry only has a low percentage electricity consumption.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

10
(g) A company wants to expand the aluminium industry in Iceland by building a new aluminium
smelter. The smelter requires a large supply of fresh water and electricity.
The map shows a proposed location, A, for the smelter near the east coast of Iceland.
A
lake
Key
road
0 10 A proposed location of smelter
km
town
(i) Suggest two reasons why the proposed location might be suitable for this smelter.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
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11
(ii) The company decided to use a questionnaire to find out people’s views on expanding
the aluminium industry.
Part of the questionnaire is shown.
yes no do not know

1. Do you think expanding the aluminium industry
will create more jobs for local people?
2. Do you think the new smelter will improve
transport links in the local area?
Suggest two other suitable questions the company could use to find out people’s views
on expanding the aluminium industry in Iceland.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) The company who want to expand the aluminium industry in Iceland are based in China.
The people selected to complete the questionnaire work for the company and live in
China.
Suggest three limitations of this sampling method.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

12
(iv) Fluorides are gaseous chemicals produced during the smelting of aluminium.
A farmer living near an aluminium smelter is concerned about the level of fluorides in the
farm’s crops.
The farmer tests samples of the crops at different distances from the aluminium smelter,
as shown in the diagram.
farmland
aluminium 50 m 500 m 5000 m

smelter
(not to scale) Key

aluminium smelter
sample point
farmland boundary
distance from aluminium smelter level of fluorides in the crop sample

/m / mg per kg
50 29
500 13
5000 6
Suggest why the level of fluorides in the crops was higher at 50 m from the aluminium
smelter than at 5000 m.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(v) The farmer uses the crops to feed cattle and goats.
The table shows the permitted safe levels of fluorides in crops for cattle and goats.
animal safe level of fluorides in the crop sample

/ mg per kg
cattle 30
goats 50
Is it safe for the farmer to let the goats eat the crops? Give a reason for your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2019 0680/21/M/J/19
13
(h) (i) Bauxite, the ore from which aluminium is obtained, is imported into Iceland. Bauxite is
extracted by surface mining. Surface mines often cover a large area of land.
State two impacts of surface mining.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Other than environmental impacts, suggest why bauxite might not be extracted from an
area, even if there is a large deposit of accessible ore available.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Describe how the landscape can be restored after a surface mine closes.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 41]

14
2 Iceland is situated on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge plate boundary.
(a) The map shows the plates, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the location of Iceland’s major
volcanoes.
N
NORTH AMERICAN EURASIAN
PLATE PLATE
Eyjafjallajökull
volcano
0 20 Surtsey
km island
Key
capital city
airport
major volcano
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
(i) The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a constructive plate boundary.
Draw arrows in the boxes on the diagram to show the direction of plate movement. [1]
(ii) Surtsey is a volcanic island off the southern coast of Iceland. It was formed by an
underwater volcanic eruption that started in 1963 and ended in 1967.
Explain how volcanic eruptions can form new islands.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2019 0680/21/M/J/19

15
(iii) Surtsey island was declared a nature reserve in 1965. The island and surrounding sea is
a protected area. Only scientists are allowed to visit the island.
Scientists study the colonisation of the island by plants and animals. Colonisation is the
process in biology by which a species spreads to new areas.
Suggest reasons why Surtsey island is a good place to study colonisation.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

16
(b) In April 2010, Eyjafjallajökull volcano erupted in the south of Iceland. The eruption continued
for 6 weeks.
The ash from the eruption contained fine particles and larger solids. The diagram shows a
sample of ash from the ash cloud.
1 cm
The map shows the extent of the ash cloud 6 days after the eruption started.
N
Iceland
Atlantic
Ocean
0 1000
km
Key
Eyjafjallajökull volcano
ash cloud
© UCLES 2019 0680/21/M/J/19

17
Explain why the eruption caused widespread disruption to air travel, with over 100 000 flights
cancelled.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(c) Iceland experiences a major volcanic eruption approximately every 5 years.
(i) The table shows the number of deaths due to volcanic activity in Iceland for 9 eruptions.
volcano number of deaths year of eruption

Oraefajökull 200 1362
Laki 10 000 1783
Eldfell 1 1973
Grimsvötn 0 1983
Hekla 0 2000
Grimsvötn 0 2004
Eyjafjallajökull 0 2010
Grimsvötn 0 2011
Bardarbunga 0 2015
How successful is Iceland’s management of the impact of volcanic activity on loss of life?
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

18
(ii) Describe the opportunities presented by living near a volcano.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(d) Sulfur dioxide is emitted when volcanoes erupt.
Describe how sulfur dioxide can cause environmental pollution.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
[Total: 18]
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19
3 (a) The photograph shows an area of Iceland that has become deforested.
(i) Explain how deforestation can cause soil erosion.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) One strategy to reduce soil erosion is to improve the soil structure by planting vegetation
and maintaining forests.
Describe two other strategies to reduce soil erosion.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

20
(iii) Deforestation can also result in loss of biodiversity.
Describe strategies for conserving the biodiversity of natural ecosystems.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2019 0680/21/M/J/19

21
(b) The fact sheet shows some information about the Alaskan lupine plant.
Fact sheet about the Alaskan lupine plant
The Alaskan lupine plant has been introduced into deforested areas of
Iceland to improve soil structure.
Many deforested areas of Iceland now have plants growing on them,

which has helped to reduce road closures due to dust storms.
The Alaskan lupine plant has grown quickly in Iceland and out-competes
many native plants (plants that grow naturally in Iceland).
The Alaskan lupine plant has a bitter taste compared to many native
plants and is not eaten by sheep and goats. They prefer to graze on the
sweeter tasting native plants.
‘Introducing the Alaskan lupine plant to Iceland has been a great success.’
To what extent do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]

22
(c) A student investigated the number of Alaskan lupine plants in a field using a quadrat.
The student divided the field into numbered regions.
field N
5
1 6
2 7 11 17 21 26 30
3 8 12 18 22 27
9 13 19 23 28
4 10 14 20 24 29
15 25
16
(not to scale)
The student used a random number generator to select the regions of the field to sample.
14 24 5 1
24 28 16 23
13 9 28 4
25 21 23 21
20 16 20 5
7 29 27 20
27 28 4 14
30 12 10 21
27 16 23 12
16 5 8 7
18 11 3 30
15 5 29 22
1 10 17 25
29 25 2 29
8 12 17 19
The student used the following process to select the numbers.
1. Start with the first number.

2. Count five numbers down.
3. Circle this number.
4. Count five numbers down.
5. If the number has already been selected, cross through the number and move to the
next number.
6. Circle this number.
7. Repeat steps 4 to 7 until 10 numbers are selected.
© UCLES 2019 0680/21/M/J/19

23
The student recorded the results as a tally chart.
region of field number of Alaskan lupine plants
20
16
29
11 .......................................................
5
27
...................................... Key
...................................... = 5 plants
(i) Determine the last two regions of the field to sample. Write your answer in the tally chart.
[2]
(ii) Complete the tally chart to show there are 6 Alaskan lupine plants in region 11 of the
field. You should use the tally system. [1]
(iii) State the region of the field that has the largest number of Alaskan lupine plants.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Estimate the total number of Alaskan lupine plants in the field. Use the data in the tally
chart to calculate your estimate.
.......................................................... [1]
(v) The student concluded that the conditions in the north east of the field were the best for
growing Alaskan lupine plants.
To what extent do you agree with this conclusion? Give reasons for your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
24
(vi) The student used the average number of Alaskan lupine plants found in the field to
estimate the total number of these plants in Iceland.
Suggest why the student should have sampled more fields to make this estimate.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 21]
© UCLES 2019 0680/21/M/J/19


* 8 4 9 9 3 8 9 9 1 7 *

Paper 2 Management in context May/June 2019
1 hour 45 minutes

This document consists of 22 printed pages and 2 blank pages.
DC (RW/CT) 168035/2
2
world map showing the location of Iceland
Iceland
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
map of Iceland
Arctic Circle
N
Reykjavík
North Atlantic
0 20 Ocean
km
Key
capital city
town
road
airport
glacier
© UCLES 2019 0680/23/M/J/19
3
Area of Iceland: 103 000 km2
Currency: Icelandic Krona (108.45 ISK = 1 USD)
Language: Icelandic
Climate of Iceland: temperate, moderated by North Atlantic current, cold, windy winters; damp, cool
summers
Terrain of Iceland: mostly volcanic plateau with some mountain peaks, volcanoes, glaciers, coastal
bays
Main exports of Iceland: fish and fish products, aluminium and ferrosilicon
Iceland is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean. 80% of the island is uninhabited. Half of the population
are located in the capital city, with smaller towns along the coast. The economy depends heavily
on fishing. Since 2010, tourism has become the main economic growth area for the island, with the
number of tourists each year reaching 4.5 times the Icelandic population. The island makes use of
geothermal and hydro-electric power, which are available in large quantities.

4
1 (a) The map shows how some of the land in Iceland is used.
0 20
km
Key
land use
arable agriculture
pastoral agriculture
permanent ice and snow
unused land
fishing port and processing centre
capital city
town
road
airport
(i) Use the map to suggest reasons why the capital city of Iceland is located on the coast
and not in the central region of the island.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2019 0680/23/M/J/19

5
(ii) Estimate the number of people who do not live in the capital city of Iceland.
.......................................................... [1]
(b) The graph shows the percentage population growth rate for Iceland between 1952 and 2015.
2.4
2.1
1.8
percentage
population 1.5
growth rate
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.0
1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017
year
Describe the trends in the percentage population growth rate for Iceland between 1952 and
2015.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]

6
(c) The table shows climate data for a weather station near the capital city of Iceland.
minimum average maximum average average monthly

month monthly temperature monthly temperature precipitation
/ °C / °C / mm
January –3.0 1.9 75.6
February –2.1 2.8 71.8
March –2.0 3.2 81.8
April 0.4 5.7 58.3
May 3.6 9.4 43.3
June 6.7 11.7 50.0
July 8.3 13.3 51.8
August 7.9 13.0 61.8
September 5.0 10.1 66.5
October 2.2 6.8 85.6
November –1.3 3.4 72.5
December –2.8 2.2 78.7
(i) Identify the month with the highest average monthly temperature.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The range for the monthly temperature is the difference between the maximum and
minimum value.
Calculate the temperature range for December.
...................................................... °C [1]
(iii) There is limited pastoral agriculture in Iceland.
Suggest the problems the climate of Iceland causes for pastoral farmers.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2019 0680/23/M/J/19

7
(d) Bananas grow in hot climates. In Iceland, bananas are grown in greenhouses.
The soil is heated in the greenhouses and artificial lighting provides light all year.
Carbon dioxide is pumped into the greenhouses.
(i) Explain how the conditions in these greenhouses allow the growth of bananas.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

8
(ii) The greenhouses are heated using geothermal power.
The diagram shows how geothermally heated ground water is used to heat a greenhouse.
greenhouse
pump
pump
hot water cold water
hot water
cracks in rock
Use the diagram to describe how geothermally heated ground water is used to heat a
greenhouse.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(iii) Geothermal power is a renewable resource and nuclear power is a non-renewable

resource.
Name one other non-renewable energy resource.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2019 0680/23/M/J/19

9
(iv) Suggest reasons why some people do not want to live near nuclear power stations.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

10
(e) The pie chart shows the percentage electricity consumption for different sectors in Iceland
for 2013.
Key
sector
aluminium industry
public services
other industry
ferrosilicon industry
domestic
(i) Use the table to complete the pie chart and the key.
sector percentage electricity consumption

ferrosilicon
9.0
industry
domestic 3.0
[2]
(ii) Suggest why electricity consumption cannot be used as a measure of economic

importance for an industry.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Describe three ways domestic electricity consumption could be reduced.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
© UCLES 2019 0680/23/M/J/19

11
(f) A company wants to expand the aluminium industry in Iceland by building a new aluminium
smelter. The smelter requires a large supply of fresh water and electricity.
The map shows two proposed locations for the smelter, A and B, near the east coast of Iceland.
B
lake
Key
road
A and B proposed location
of smelter
0 10 town
km port
(i) The company decide that location B is a better choice than A.
Suggest why.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

12
(ii) The company decided to use a questionnaire to find out people’s views on expanding
the aluminium industry.
Part of the questionnaire is shown.
response
1. In what ways do you think expanding the
aluminium industry will or will not create more job
opportunities for local people?
2. List the ways the new smelter will or will not

improve transport links in the local area.
Suggest reasons why the responses to these questions are unlikely to provide useful
data.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) State a type of sampling method that could be used to select people for this questionnaire.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Bauxite, the ore from which aluminium is obtained, is imported into Iceland. Bauxite is
extracted by surface mining.
Describe how this type of mining causes more land to be damaged compared with
subsurface mining.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(v) State one way metals such as aluminium can be used more sustainably.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2019 0680/23/M/J/19

13
(g) Fluorides are gaseous chemicals produced during the smelting of aluminium.
A cattle farmer living near an aluminium smelter is concerned about the level of fluorides in
the crops that the cattle eat.
The farmer tests samples of the crops at increasing distances from the aluminium smelter.
crop sample level of fluorides in the crop sample

/ mg per kg
A 19
B 7
C 13
D 32
(i) Predict the order in which the samples were collected.

One has been completed for you.
closest furthest
to smelter from smelter
D
.......................... .......................... ..........................
[1]
(ii) The safe level of fluorides in crops for cattle is 30 mg / kg.
Is it safe for the farmer to let the cattle eat the crops? Give reasons for your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 41]

14
2 (a) Iceland is situated on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge plate boundary. The two plates, the North
American plate and the Eurasian plate, are slowly moving apart. This means Iceland becomes
bigger every year.
The map shows the plates, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the location of Iceland’s major
volcanoes.
N
NORTH AMERICAN EURASIAN
PLATE PLATE
Eyjafjallajökull
volcano
0 20 Surtsey
km island
Key
capital city
airport
major volcano
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
(i) Explain why the youngest rocks are found in the central region of Iceland, along the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2019 0680/23/M/J/19

15
(ii) Use the map to predict the distribution of earthquakes in Iceland.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Surtsey island formed in 1963 as a result of an underwater volcanic eruption.
Scientists are using Surtsey island to study how plant and animal species spread to new
areas, without any human involvement.
Suggest ways Surtsey island could be protected from the impact of humans.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]

16
(c) In April 2010, Eyjafjallajökull volcano erupted in the south of Iceland. The eruption continued
for 6 weeks.
A large ash cloud spread across Iceland, the Atlantic Ocean and the European mainland. The
ash cloud disrupted air traffic all around the world and approximately 100 000 flights were
cancelled.
The diagram shows a sample of ash from the ash cloud.
1 cm
The ash fall caused considerable damage to farmland used for crops and grazing animals.
The volcano is under a glacier and the eruption caused rapid melting of snow and ice. This
resulted in flooding of river valleys, which also damaged farmland.
(i) Suggest reasons why flights were cancelled during this eruption.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain why the eruption damaged farmland.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2019 0680/23/M/J/19

17
(iii) Iceland is approximately 300 km from north to south.
The map shows the extent of the ash cloud produced by the eruption.
N
Iceland
Atlantic
Ocean
0 1000
km
Key
Eyjafjallajökull volcano
ash cloud
Suggest reasons why people in the north of Iceland were mostly unaffected by the
eruption.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

18
(iv) Iceland has an emergency plan for volcanic eruptions.
In the 2010 eruption, an early warning system was set-up to alert all mobile (cell) phones
near the volcano on the south coast. A text (SMS) alert was sent out in three different
languages to all mobile phone users warning them of the eruption.
Discuss the benefits and possible limitations of this type of early warning system.
benefits ..............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
limitations ..........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[4]
(v) Ice cores are used to provide information on volcanic eruptions that happened hundreds
of years ago.
The photographs show an ice core being drilled from deep within the snow and ice.
drill
ice core
Suggest how the ice cores are used to provide information on volcanic eruptions.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2019 0680/23/M/J/19

19
(d) The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) is a measure of the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions.
A VEI value of 0 is the least explosive and a VEI value of 8 is the most explosive.
The table gives information on the VEI value for some eruptions for one volcano in Iceland.
VEI value number of eruptions

unknown 24
0 11
1 3
2 14
3 1
4 1
5 0
6 1
7 0
8 0
(i) Describe what the table shows about the eruptions from this volcano.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest two reasons why the VEI value is unknown for 24 eruptions from this volcano.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 21]

20
3 (a) The percentage of land covered by trees in Iceland has decreased since humans settled on
the island. Some estimates suggest that coverage has decreased from 40% to 1%.
(i) Explain how human activity can lead to deforestation.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Soil erosion is one impact of deforestation.
State three other impacts of deforestation.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(iii) Describe two ways forests can be sustainably managed.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) In the 1960s, the Icelandic Forestry Service planted Alaskan lupine plants to help prevent soil
erosion.
Alaskan lupine plants put nitrogen compounds back into the soil.
(i) Explain why adding nitrogen compounds to soil is a benefit to farming.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2019 0680/23/M/J/19

21
(ii) The fact sheet shows some information about the Alaskan lupine plant.
Fact sheet about the Alaskan lupine plant
The Alaskan lupine plants have spread to many areas of Iceland.
They grow up to 60 cm tall and create a canopy over shorter native

plants (plants that grow naturally in Iceland), such as the bilberry plant,
which grows up to 45 cm tall.
The leaves of the Alaskan lupine plant have a bitter taste and are not
eaten by animals.
In some areas of Iceland, all the Alaskan lupine plants have died
after 20 years and have naturally been replaced by other plant species
that thrive in the nitrogen rich soil left behind. However, this has not
happened everywhere.
A student says, ‘The Alaskan lupine plant is a threat to biodiversity in Iceland.’
To what extent do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]

22
(iii) The student wanted to estimate the population of Alaskan lupine plants in a field, using a
quadrat.
Describe how the student could use a quadrat to estimate the population of Alaskan
lupine plants in the field.
Include any other equipment the student needs and how they should process the results.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [5]
[Total: 18]
© UCLES 2019 0680/23/M/J/19

23
BLANK PAGE
© UCLES 2019 0680/23/M/J/19

24
BLANK PAGE
© UCLES 2019 0680/23/M/J/19


* 7 0 1 8 1 2 9 4 3 1 *

Paper 2 Management in context October/November 2019
1 hour 45 minutes

DC (ST/JG) 173958/2
2
world map showing the location of Madagascar
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
Madagascar
© UCLES 2019 0680/21/O/N/19

3
map of Madagascar
Antananarivo Toamasina
INDIAN
OCEAN
Key
capital city
wildlife reserve
0 100
lychee farms
km
main port (Toamasina)
Area of Madagascar: 587 041 km2
Population: 25.6 million (in 2017)
Currency: Malagasy ariary (2940 MGA = 1 USD)
Languages: French, Malagasy, English
Climate of Madagascar: tropical along the coast, temperate inland, very little rain (arid) in the south
Terrain of Madagascar: narrow coastal plains and mountains inland
Main exports of Madagascar: agricultural products (coffee, lychees, vanilla and sugar), chromite,
petroleum products and textiles
© UCLES 2019 0680/21/O/N/19 [Turn over

4
Madagascar is the fourth largest island in the world. Agriculture is the main economic activity. Mining
and oil exploration are a developing part of the economy. The island has a high biodiversity including
many endemic species, which are species found nowhere else in the world. There is great potential for
sustainable tourism. Madagascar has very few roads and many people have a low standard of living.
1 (a) (i) Explain the meaning of the term sustainable tourism.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest reasons why the government and local people want the number of tourists to
increase in the future.
government .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
local people .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(iii) List three environmental problems that can be caused by large numbers of tourists.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
© UCLES 2019 0680/21/O/N/19

5
(b) The photograph shows two lemurs. Lemurs are an endemic species in Madagascar.
Madagascar has 101 different species of lemur. Each species of lemur is adapted to a
particular habitat. Many tourists visit Madagascar to see these lemurs.
The habitat of many species of lemur has been greatly reduced in recent years.
A recent survey of Madagascar found that 47 species of lemur are at high risk of extinction
and the remaining species are at medium or low risk of extinction.
Calculate the percentage of all lemur species in Madagascar at medium or low risk of
extinction.
...................................................... % [2]

6
(c) An area of mountainous rainforest covering 32 000 hectares has been set up as a wildlife
reserve to protect 12 different species of lemur. Some tourists visit the wildlife reserve after a
long journey over a rough track. There is a small visitor centre. If tourists stay overnight they
have to sleep in a tent and bring their own food.
The following activities also take place in this reserve:
• plant and animal populations are surveyed by scientists
• trees are replanted by local people
• methods of sustainable farming are taught to local people
• fuel-efficient cooking stoves are promoted.
(i) Suggest reasons why the tourists visiting this reserve only have a low impact on the
natural environment.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Describe two ways in which sustainable farming can take place in this reserve.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) Local people who live in the reserve are encouraged to use solar-powered cooking
stoves and fuel-efficient wood-burning stoves. These stoves reduce emissions of carbon
dioxide.
Suggest two other benefits to local people of using these stoves.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2019 0680/21/O/N/19

7
BLANK PAGE

8
(d) The table shows the estimated reduction in carbon dioxide emissions over a seven-year
period for one region of Madagascar.
estimated reduction in carbon dioxide emissions

year
/ thousand tonnes
1 5
2 14
3 26
4 40
5 57
6 75
7 94
(i) Plot a line graph of the data.
[4]
© UCLES 2019 0680/21/O/N/19

9
(ii) Use the graph to predict the estimated reduction in carbon dioxide emissions in year 8.
............................... thousand tonnes [1]
(iii) Suggest why the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions is important to Madagascar.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Wood is a type of biofuel.
Name two other types of biofuel.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

10
(e) There are about 800 different species of orchid plant found only in Madagascar. Many of
these species are under threat from people collecting plants illegally.
A survey to monitor the population of different orchid species in the wildlife reserve is done
every two years.
The following method is used:
• select a sample site at random on a map of the reserve
• use a global positioning system (GPS) to find this sample site
• use a tape to mark out a grid 5 m × 5 m
• use a calculator to generate five pairs of random numbers
• use the random numbers to mark five quadrat positions inside the grid
• the first random number represents the distance along the x-axis of the grid and the
second random number represents the distance along the y-axis of the grid
• use a quadrat to record the number and the species of orchid plants at each position.
random number pairs

quadrat position x-axis y-axis
1 2 4
2 1 2
3 3 1
4 4 3
5 1 0
The first three quadrat positions have been shaded on the grid.
Complete the grid to show quadrat positions 4 and 5.
N
5
3
y-axis
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
x-axis
GPS position [2]

© UCLES 2019 0680/21/O/N/19
11
(f) The method was repeated every two years. The results over a four-year period are shown in
the table.
To help with biological classification, different species of closely related orchids are grouped
together.
group A group B group C

year of
survey number of number of number of number of number of number of
species plants species plants species plants
0 8 107 5 43 13 134
2 8 111 5 24 7 85
4 8 120 3 7 7 91
(i) State the group of orchids, A, B or C, which has lost the largest number of species over
four years.
group ................. [1]
(ii) Which group of orchids, A, B or C, has been least affected by human activity?
group .................
reason ...............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii) Suggest which group of orchids, A, B or C, is most likely to be being collected illegally.
group .................
reason ...............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[1]
(iv) Many species of orchid only grow attached to tree trunks. The survey only counted orchid
plants found on the ground and up to two metres up tree trunks.
Explain why this survey method is likely to show if illegal collecting of orchid plants has
happened.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

12
(v) Suggest reasons why it is difficult to stop illegal plant collecting in the wildlife reserve.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2019 0680/21/O/N/19

13
(g) The photograph shows an orchid plant growing in shady conditions in the wildlife reserve.
The leaves of this orchid plant are dark green in colour.
(i) State the name of the green pigment in leaves.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest why the leaves of this orchid plant have a large quantity of the green pigment.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

14
(h) The table shows climate data from a weather station in the wildlife reserve.
month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
average
temperature 26 26 25 25 24 22 21 21 22 24 24 25
/ °C
average
rainfall 366 376 452 399 364 282 302 203 132 99 117 262
/ mm
(i) Calculate the average annual rainfall at this weather station.
................................................... mm [1]
(ii) Use the data to explain why orchid plants grow and flower all year round in this wildlife
reserve.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 42]
© UCLES 2019 0680/21/O/N/19

15
2 (a) The photograph shows some lychee fruits.
Madagascar is the biggest exporter of lychees to Europe. The lychees grow on trees. The
lychees are picked by up to 30 000 families in October and November each year. About 3000
collectors transport the lychees to the port of Toamasina. The lychees are packed in boxes
before being exported.
Ships begin loading lychees in November. Up to 20 000 tonnes are exported each year to
Europe.
One person said,
I like picking lychees. This is when I earn most of my annual income. At the end of the
year I have many things to pay for, especially school fees.
(i) Suggest reasons why the government wants to encourage small farms to grow lychee
trees.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Suggest why lychees are exported to Europe by sea.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

16
(b) The boxes of lychees are exposed to sulfur dioxide gas to kill bacteria and fungi. The boxes
are then transported in cool conditions in ships.
(i) Suggest why killing the bacteria and fungi is important.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The cool conditions in the ships reduce the rate of respiration of the lychees.
Describe the process of respiration.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) A student wanted to investigate the packing of lychees for export.
The student:
• selected ten lychee fruits at random
• weighed each fruit
• separated out the lychee parts into edible flesh, seed and skin
• weighed each of these parts.
© UCLES 2019 0680/21/O/N/19

17
mass / g
fruit whole fruit edible flesh seed skin
1 43 28 8 7
2 45 25 12 8
3 38 19 11 8
4 37 17 11 9
5 39 23 9 7
6 41 25 10 6
7 42 23 12 7
8 44 22 13 9
9 36 16 10 10
10 39 23 7 9
average 40.4 22.1 10.3

...................
range 9 12 6
...................
(i) Complete the table by calculating the average and the range for skin. [2]
(ii) Each box of lychees for export has a minimum of 2.5 kg of lychees.
Calculate the average number of lychees in one box.
Give your answer to the nearest whole number.
.......................................................... [2]
(iii) Calculate the average percentage of the whole fruit that is seed.
Give your answer to three significant figures.
...................................................... % [2]

18
(iv) New lychee trees can be produced by a method called air layering.
The diagram shows the stages of air layering.
1 2 3 4
stem wet moss tie
roots
bark grow
removed
stem is
plastic cut
covering
moss
Only some lychee trees are selected to produce new lychee trees using air layering.
Suggest two factors farmers would use to select lychee trees for air layering.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) The east coast of Madagascar is regularly hit by tropical cyclones.
(i) Describe how a tropical cyclone is formed.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2019 0680/21/O/N/19

19
(ii) Describe four ways tropical cyclones cause damage.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
4 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[4]
(iii) Describe three ways of managing the impacts after a tropical cyclone has hit a coastal
region.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(e) Many lychee trees are grown near the coast of Madagascar and are often damaged by
tropical cyclones. When damaged, the lychee trees do not produce fruit for three years.
Suggest one way farmers could reduce the risk of damage to their lychee trees.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]

20
(f) The photograph shows some lychee trees.
An agricultural adviser said,
Many of the lychee trees are old. Very few farmers are planting new trees.
A student wanted to collect information to confirm the agricultural adviser’s opinion.
The student produced the following questionnaire.
question
1. How many lychee trees do you have?
2. How many kg of fruit do you pick each year?
3. How old are your trees?
4. How many new trees have you planted in the last 3 years?
© UCLES 2019 0680/21/O/N/19

21
(i) The student did a pilot survey with a few farmers before giving the questionnaire to a
larger sample of farmers.
Explain why the student did this.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) The student decided to change the style of the questionnaire.
question
1. How many lychee trees do you have? 1– 49 50–100 100+
2. How many kg of fruit do you pick each year? 1– 99 100–200 200+
3. How old are your trees in years? 1–9 10–30 30+
4. ..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
Complete the questionnaire by rewriting question 4 in the same style as questions 1, 2

and 3. [1]
(iii) Explain the advantages of collecting information using the new style of questionnaire.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) Explain why growing lychee trees will not contribute to the availability of food for the
population of Madagascar.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

22
(v) Suggest one way farmers can earn money from the old lychee trees when they stop
producing fruits.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(g) A lychee tree produces separate male and female flowers.
Describe how insects help flowers develop into fruits.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 38]
© UCLES 2019 0680/21/O/N/19

23
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© UCLES 2019 0680/21/O/N/19

24
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© UCLES 2019 0680/21/O/N/19


* 8 7 2 5 3 3 5 5 1 7 *

Paper 2 Management in context October/November 2019
1 hour 45 minutes

DC (ST/JG) 173957/2
2
world map showing the location of Madagascar
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
Madagascar
© UCLES 2019 0680/22/O/N/19

3
map of Madagascar
Antananarivo Toamasina
INDIAN
OCEAN
Key
capital city
wildlife reserve
0 100
mining area
km
main port (Toamasina)
Area of Madagascar: 587 041 km2
Currency: Malagasy ariary (2940 MGA = 1 USD)
Languages: French, Malagasy, English
Climate of Madagascar: tropical along the coast, temperate inland, very little rain (arid) in the south
Terrain of Madagascar: narrow coastal plains and mountains inland
Main exports of Madagascar: agricultural products (coffee, lychees, vanilla and sugar), chromite,
petroleum products and textiles
4
Madagascar is the fourth largest island in the world. In 2017, 60% of the population lived in rural
areas. Agriculture is the main economic activity. Mining and oil exploration are a developing part of the
economy. The island has a high biodiversity including many endemic species, which are species found
nowhere else in the world. There is great potential for sustainable tourism. Madagascar has very few
roads and many people have a low standard of living.
1 (a) (i) Calculate the number of people living in rural areas in Madagascar in 2017.
.......................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest two reasons why most people living in rural areas in Madagascar do not think
they will benefit from the development of sustainable tourism.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) As many as 300 000 tourists visit Madagascar each year.
Suggest three services that are needed by tourists.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(iv) Suggest two environmental problems that can be caused by large numbers of tourists.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2019 0680/22/O/N/19

5
(b) Many tourists visit Madagascar to see the wildlife.
The photograph shows two lemurs. Lemurs are an endemic species in Madagascar.
Madagascar has 101 different species of lemur. Each species is adapted to a particular
habitat.
(i) A recent survey of Madagascar found that 42 species of lemur are at risk of extinction.
Calculate the percentage of lemur species that are not at risk of extinction.
...................................................... % [2]
(ii) Define the term habitat.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

6
(iii) The habitat of many species of lemur has been reduced in recent years by deforestation.
Explain why deforestation occurs in some less economically developed countries

(LEDCs).
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) Explain how soil changes after trees have been removed.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(v) Lemurs eat fruits, flowers and small insects.
Explain why lemurs can be classified as both a primary and a secondary consumer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2019 0680/22/O/N/19

7
(c) An area of mountainous rainforest covering 32 000 hectares has been set up as a wildlife
reserve to protect 12 different species of lemur. Some tourists visit the wildlife reserve after a
long journey over a rough track. There is a small visitor centre. If tourists stay overnight they
have to sleep in a tent and bring their own food.
The following activities also take place in the reserve:
• plant and animal populations are surveyed by scientists
• trees are replanted by local people
• methods of sustainable farming are taught to local people
• fuel-efficient cooking stoves are promoted.
(i) Explain why surveys of plant and animal populations need to be done regularly.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Describe three different methods of sustainable farming.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

8
(d) Fuel-efficient cooking stoves reduce emissions of carbon dioxide.
The table shows the estimated sales of fuel-efficient cooking stoves over a 7-year period for
one region of Madagascar.
estimated sales of fuel-efficient

year cooking stoves
/ thousands
1 2.0
2 5.5
3 11.0
4 18.0
5 26.5
6 36.0
7 45.0
(i) Plot a line graph of the data.
[4]
© UCLES 2019 0680/22/O/N/19

9
(ii) Use your graph to predict the estimated sales of fuel-efficient cooking stoves in year 8.
..................................................................... [1]
(iii) Suggest two advantages to local people who live in rural areas of using fuel-efficient
cooking stoves.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

10
(e) There are about 800 different species of orchid plant found only in Madagascar.
The photograph shows the flower of one species of orchid.
(i) Explain why an orchid plant is classified as a producer.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2019 0680/22/O/N/19

11
(ii) This orchid species is under threat from people collecting plants illegally.
A scientist decided to monitor the population of this orchid species to find out if any of
three locations along a path had been visited by people collecting plants illegally.
The diagram shows the scientist’s equipment.
30 m s
hid
orc of
car
N NE
d agas
Ma
W NW
SE E
S SW
30 m tape 1 × 1m compass notebook book

square quadrat and pen
Describe a method the scientist could use to monitor the population of this orchid species
using the equipment shown in the diagram.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [6]
[Total: 38]

12
2 (a) The drawing shows a disused chromite mine near the port of Toamasina.
The disused chromite mine was reopened in 2009.
(i) Identify the type of mine shown in the drawing.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest two benefits of mining in this way.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) The chromite is being mined from igneous rock.
Explain how igneous rock is formed.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2019 0680/22/O/N/19

13
(iv) The ore is processed at the mine to increase the concentration of chromite in the crushed
ore. The crushed ore is taken to the port of Toamasina for export.
Suggest one reason why the ore is processed at the mine.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(v) A mining company has a permit to explore and then mine an area of 2000 km2.
Describe the environmental impacts of starting a new mine.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(vi) Describe two economic impacts of mining.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

14
(b) Chromite is exported to other countries. Most chromite is used in the manufacture of stainless
steel.
In 2010 the world price of chromite reached 3000 USD per tonne. By 2012 the price had
fallen to 2000 USD per tonne.
(i) Calculate the percentage decrease in the world price of chromite per tonne from 2010 to
2012.
.......................................................% [2]
(ii) Suggest two reasons why the world price of chromite decreased.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) Describe ways chromite can be used sustainably.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2019 0680/22/O/N/19

15
(c) The graph shows climate data from a weather station near the chromite mine.
550
500
450
400
350
average
30 300 rainfall /
mm
25 250
average 20 200
temperature
/ °C 15 150
Key
10 100 average
temperature
5 50 average
rainfall
0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
month
(i) Suggest why there is a high risk of toxic chemicals being washed out of the mining waste.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Some toxic chemicals can bioaccumulate in the environment.
Describe the process of bioaccumulation.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

16
(d) There is a lake near the chromite mine.
A local fisherman said,
I used to catch lots of large fish.

I only catch a few large fish now, mainly I catch small fish.
(i) Suggest why there are only a few large fish to catch.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Describe possible changes in the food chain that could explain why local fishermen
mainly catch small fish.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Do you think fishing in this lake is a sustainable activity? Explain your point of view.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2019 0680/22/O/N/19

17
(e) The photograph shows the lake near the chromite mine.
water
hyacinth
plants
Water hyacinth plants grow rapidly and cover large areas of the lake.
Two fishermen were talking about the lake.
We have to remove water hyacinth plants every year so

we can get our boats to the fishing area.
Now the chromite mine has started working again we

have to spend more time removing water hyacinth plants.
Suggest one way the water hyacinth plants that are removed from the lake could be used by
local people.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]

18
(f) A student wanted to find out if toxic chemicals from the mining waste increase the number of
water hyacinth plants.
The following method was used:
• six large pots were labelled A to F
• each pot was filled with water containing a different concentration of toxic chemicals
• 60 small water hyacinth plants of the same size were collected from an unpolluted lake
• 10 of these plants were placed in each pot
• the number of living plants in each pot was recorded after 14 days.
pot
A B C D E F
concentration of toxic
0.0 0.5 0.75 1.0 2.0 5.0
chemicals / ppm*
number of plants at the
10 10 10 10 10 10
start
number of plants after
20 23 27 17 15 13
14 days
increase in number of
plants ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. .............
*ppm = parts per million
(i) Complete the table to show the increase in the number of plants in each pot. [1]
(ii) Explain why the student included pot A in their method.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) State two factors the student should keep the same over the 14 days of the experiment.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2019 0680/22/O/N/19

19
(iv) Describe the pattern shown by the results.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(g) The student decided to take samples of water from the lake used by the fishermen. The
samples were taken from five different locations, P, Q, R, S and T.
The student then repeated the experiment using the water samples from the lake.
location of water sample

P Q R S T
number of plants at the start 10 10 10 10 10
number of plants after 14 days 26 17 12 20 22
The student decided that water sample R was likely to have the highest concentration of toxic
chemicals.
Explain why the student came to this conclusion.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]

20
(h) The graph shows climate data from a weather station near the chromite mine and lake.
550
500
450
400
350
average
30 300 rainfall /
mm
25 250
average 20 200
temperature
/ °C 15 150
Key
10 100 average
temperature
5 50 average
rainfall
0 0
month
(i) Using information from the graph explain why the rate of evaporation will be high
throughout the year.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2019 0680/22/O/N/19

21
(ii) The concentration of toxic chemicals in the lake changes during the year.
Predict the month that would have the lowest and highest concentration of toxic
chemicals in the lake. Give a reason for your answer.
month with lowest concentration ...................................
reason ...............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
month with highest concentration ...................................
reason ...............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 42]
© UCLES 2019 0680/22/O/N/19

22
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© UCLES 2019 0680/22/O/N/19

23
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© UCLES 2019 0680/22/O/N/19

24
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© UCLES 2019 0680/22/O/N/19

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 3 8 5 0 5 2 2 9 5 7 *

Paper 2 Management in Context February/March 2020
1 hour 45 minutes
You must answer on the question paper.
No additional materials are needed.
INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.
INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
This document has 20 pages. Blank pages are indicated.
DC (JC/CT) 184892/3
2
world map showing the location of Ghana
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator Ghana
Tropic of
Capricorn
map of Ghana
Accra
Key
Gulf of
capital city
0 50 100 Guinea
river
km international boundary
© UCLES 2020 0680/22/F/M/20

3
Area of Ghana: 238 533 km2
Population of Ghana: 27.5 million (in 2018)
Currency: 4.4 GHC = 1 USD
Languages: Asante, local languages, official language English
Climate of Ghana: tropical, dry in the North
Terrain of Ghana: low rolling plains
Main economic activities: agricultural production, oil and natural gas extraction, gold mining
Ghana is a less economically developed country (LEDC) with an increasing population. In Ghana, 20%
of the population are involved in agricultural production. The government is investing in infrastructure
projects and encouraging export businesses. Unemployment remains widespread.
1 (a) In Ghana, 20% of the population are involved in agricultural production.
Calculate the number of people involved in agricultural production in 2018.
.......................................................... [1]

4
(b) Many people in Ghana work on small farms.
Some people farm giant land snails as a source of food and to sell in local markets.
The photograph shows some giant land snails for sale.
giant
land snails
The largest giant land snails are in highest demand and are sold for the highest prices.
The diagram shows a giant land snail and the apparatus a farmer uses to measure the length
of the shell of each giant land snail before selling them.
shell
body
ruler measuring callipers
not to scale
© UCLES 2020 0680/22/F/M/20

5
(i) Suggest how a farmer could use the apparatus in the diagram to measure the length of
the giant land snail shell.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest one reason why the farmer does not measure the body length of the giant land
snail.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

6
(c) Calcium is an important mineral needed for growth.
A student investigated how calcium affects the growth of giant land snails.
One group of giant land snails were fed leaves only (diet A).
A second group of giant land snails were fed leaves with calcium added (diet B).
The student measured the shell length of each giant land snail at four-week intervals.
week 0 4 8 12 16 20 24
average length of
shell on diet A 4 6 8 10 15 16 17
/ cm
average length of
shell on diet B 4 8 10 14 24 25 26
/ cm
(i) Plot a line graph of the data for diet A and diet B.
[4]
© UCLES 2020 0680/22/F/M/20
7
(ii) On the graph, draw a straight line between each plotted point for diet A and another
straight line between each plotted point for diet B. Label the lines A and B. [1]
(iii) Describe the trend shown by the results for giant land snails fed on diet A and diet B.
diet A .................................................................................................................................
diet B .................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iv) The range for a set of data is the difference between the highest and lowest value.
Calculate the range in shell length for diet A.
range ................................................... cm [1]
(v) Use the graph to find the average length of shell at 14 weeks for each diet.
average length of shell on diet A ......................................................... cm
average length of shell on diet B ......................................................... cm

[1]
(vi) Explain why the giant land snails fed on diet B are called the experimental group and the
giant land snails on diet A are called the control group.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(vii) Explain why the term primary consumer is used to describe giant land snails.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(viii) Suggest why giant land snails benefit from having calcium added to their diet.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ix) Many farmers add crushed limestone to the diet of giant land snails as a source of
calcium.
Describe how limestone is formed.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
8
(d) Farmers keep giant land snails in enclosures. The giant land snails are given fresh leaves
and vegetable waste each day.
The giant land snails grow best in warm and humid conditions.
The table shows climate data from a weather station near some small farms in Ghana.
average
temperature 26 28 27 26 26 26 25 25 25 26 26 26
/ °C
average rainfall
25 65 135 140 190 225 115 75 170 200 95 30
/ mm
Using information from the table, explain why these farms are in a good location for keeping
giant land snails.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
© UCLES 2020 0680/22/F/M/20

9
(e) Farmers shelter their giant land snail enclosures by planting trees to prevent the wind from
making conditions too dry for the giant land snails.
The diagram shows the wind direction at a new giant land snail enclosure.
new
giant land
W snail E
enclosure
S
Key
wind direction
X tree
(i) On the diagram, draw the best location for a farmer to plant a group of five trees to
shelter the new giant land snail enclosure. [2]
(ii) Suggest reasons why giant land snail farming is a sustainable activity.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

10
(f) The student talked to some giant land snail farmers.
One farmer said,
I only keep enough giant land snails to feed my family. I feed the
cooked snails to all my children to help them grow and stay healthy.
Another farmer said,
I keep enough giant land snails to sell each week, as well as to feed my
family. I spend the money I earn from selling snails on improving my farm.
The student decided to use a questionnaire to find out more about farming giant land snails.
(i) Suggest one way the student could select a representative sample of giant land snail
farmers to answer the questionnaire.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) The student prepared the following questionnaire.
farm …………….........……..
question yes no
Does your family eat giant land snails regularly?
Do you sell giant land snails in local markets?
Do you keep more than 1000 giant land snails?
..............................................................................
..............................................................................
Complete the questionnaire with one other question the student could have asked
about farming giant land snails. [1]
© UCLES 2020 0680/22/F/M/20

11
(iii) The table shows the results of the student’s questionnaire.
percentage response
question yes no
Does your family eat giant land snails regularly? 90 10
Do you sell giant land snails in local markets? 70 30
Do you keep more than 1000 giant land snails? 45 55
Write a conclusion about farming giant land snails using the results from this survey.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 32]

12
2 The demand for energy in Ghana is increasing.
The map shows the location of two new sources of energy in Ghana.
IVO
GHANA
RY
CO
Accra
AS
T
Key
wind direction
capital city
Gulf of new wind farm
0 50 Guinea new offshore oil field
km international boundary
(a) In 2020, 75 new wind turbines near the capital city will start producing electricity.
Suggest reasons, other than the increasing demand for energy, why Ghana is building new
wind turbines.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
© UCLES 2020 0680/22/F/M/20

13
(b) Ghana is also developing an offshore oil field.
More offshore oil fields are expected to be found near the capital city.
(i) Calculate the area of the new offshore oil field shown on the map.
Include the unit in your answer.
area .............................. unit ................... [3]
(ii) Suggest reasons why some people think these oil fields will not benefit the people of
Ghana.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) Describe the impacts of oil pollution on marine and coastal ecosystems.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 12]

14
3 (a) The capital city, Accra, has grown rapidly. In 2018, it had a population of 4 million people.
The demand for all types of electrical equipment in Ghana has increased as the standard of
living has increased.
Waste electrical equipment is called e-waste.
Most of the e-waste is taken to dumps beside a river near the centre of the capital city. Many
people earn money by collecting copper wire from the e-waste dump.
Copper is a valuable metal. The copper wire is insulated with plastic. The plastic contains
small quantities of lead.
The photograph shows plastic insulation being burned from the copper wire at the e-waste
dump.
(i) Suggest two risks to the health of the people shown in the photograph.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2020 0680/22/F/M/20

15
(ii) The location of the e-waste dump is shown on the map.
N
industrial
area
er
riv
aw
Od
industrial
area
er
Odaw riv
residential
residential
area
area
Key
metal buyers
Korle lagoon informal settlement
food market
e-waste dump
0 0.5 1.0 e-waste burning
km to sea wind direction
Explain why burning plastic-covered copper wire causes problems for people in the
informal settlement.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

16
(b) Metal buyers only pay for copper wire if the plastic insulation is removed.
The photograph shows different sources of insulated copper wire.
A student collected 1.0 m samples of different insulated copper wire from an industrial site
near the e-waste dump but did not collect samples from the e-waste dump.
The table shows the information the student recorded about the insulated copper wires.
1 m insulated diameter of mass of copper percentage

mass of wire
copper wire wire in wire copper content
/g
sample / mm /g of wire
P 10 120 48 40%
Q 7 75 32%
..............
R 5 32 8 25%
(i) Suggest why the student did not collect samples from the e-waste dump.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Complete the table to show the mass of copper in wire sample Q. [1]
© UCLES 2020 0680/22/F/M/20

17
(iii) Calculate the length of wire R, in metres, needed to give the same mass of copper as
1.0 m of wire P.
...................................................... m [1]
(iv) Calculate the length of wire P needed to give 1.0 kg of copper to sell.
...................................................... m [1]
(c) An environmental organisation is trying to stop the burning of copper wire at the e-waste
dump.
The organisation has given some metal buyers a machine that removes the plastic insulation
from copper wire.
(i) Suggest reasons why this has not stopped the problem of copper wire burning.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Some countries, including Ghana, have made it illegal to import e-waste from other
countries.
Suggest two reasons why countries would not want to import e-waste.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

18
(d) The e-waste dump has destroyed marshland next to the Odaw river.
The Korle lagoon is now full of silt and heavily polluted.
A recent biological survey found no evidence of living plants or animals in the river or lagoon.
The heaviest rainfall at this location is in May and June each year.
One person said,
We have always had some flooding every June. In recent years, the
flooding around the Odaw river and Korle lagoon was more widespread
after heavy rainfall. It takes many days for the water to drain away.
(i) Suggest reasons why the flooding in this location is more widespread now than in the
past.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Suggest two reasons why there are no living plants or animals in the river or lagoon.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) Describe ways the economy of the capital city could be disrupted by flooding.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2020 0680/22/F/M/20

19
(iv) Give two strategies for improving water quality in the Odaw river and Korle lagoon.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(v) The government has a plan to build two drains from the Odaw river to directly connect
the river to the sea. This will reduce the risk of flooding.
Suggest one reason why the drains have not been built.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) In Ghana, malaria is estimated to infect 3.5 million people.
(i) Describe the life cycle of the malaria parasite.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [5]

20
(ii) Describe strategies to control the malaria parasite.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(f) There are many fishing villages along the coast of Ghana.
The quantity of fish being caught has gone down in recent years.
Some local fishermen now use illegal methods of catching fish.
Large boats from other countries also fish too close to the coast of Ghana.
The government of Ghana banned all fishing for the month of August for the first time in 2018.
(i) Explain how this ban can help prevent overfishing.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Describe other ways overfishing can be managed along the coast of Ghana.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 36]
© UCLES 2020 0680/22/F/M/20

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 6 1 3 0 1 8 3 8 6 7 *

Paper 2 Management in Context May/June 2020
1 hour 45 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (JC/CT) 185349/2
2
world map showing the location of Senegal
Tropic of
Senegal Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
map of Senegal
N
North
Atlantic
Ocean
B
A
SENEGAL
Dakar
Key
capital city
THE Ga
GAMBIA river
m
bia
riv e r international boundary

0 100 A mine
km B proposed new mine
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/M/J/20

3
Area of Senegal: 196 722 km2
Population of Senegal: 15.9 million (in 2018)
Currency: 617 XOF = 1 USD
Languages: French, local languages
Climate of Senegal: tropical in the south, drier in the north, rainy season May to November
Terrain of Senegal: low rolling plains, hills in the south east
Main economic activities: agricultural production, fishing, phosphate mining, oil refining, gold mining
Senegal is a less economically developed country (LEDC) with a rapidly increasing population. 60%
of the population is under the age of 25. The government are investing in infrastructure projects and
encouraging export businesses. Unemployment remains widespread.

4
1 (a) (i) In Senegal, 75% of the population are involved in agriculture.
Calculate the number of people in Senegal involved in agriculture in 2018.
.......................................................... [1]
(ii) Describe the shape of the population pyramid for Senegal.

You can sketch a population pyramid to help your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Cotton and peanuts are two important cash crops that account for more than 70% of the
agricultural production of Senegal.
(i) State the meaning of the term cash crop.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest one benefit and one disadvantage of growing cash crops.
benefit ...............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
disadvantage .....................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/M/J/20

5
(c) The photograph shows some young mango trees with mango fruits growing on a small farm.
mango
fruit
dead
leaves
The farmers do not remove the dead leaves under the mango trees.
Suggest reasons why the farmers do not remove the dead leaves.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]

6
(d) The fact sheet shows some information about mango fruits.
Mango fruit fact sheet
• Mango fruits are an important part of the diet in Senegal
• 230 000 mango trees are grown on 2500 small farms
• mango trees can be attacked by fungi and insects
• mango fruits are harvested between April and September
• the best quality mango fruits are exported from Senegal in July and August
• it is only possible to export mango fruits if they are grown 50 km or less

from the capital city, Dakar.
(i) Calculate the average number of mango trees on a small farm.
.......................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest reasons why mango fruits for export are only supplied from farms 50 km or less
from the capital city.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/M/J/20

7
(iii) A local farmer said,
In September, so many mango fruits reach local

markets they cannot all be sold. We leave many
mango fruits on the trees and let them rot.
The price of mango fruits changes in local markets between August and September.
Suggest how the price changes and give one reason for your answer.
price change ......................................................................................................................
reason ...............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(e) A student visited one small farm growing mango fruits for export.
The student selected a box of these mango fruits.
Five mango fruits were selected and weighed.
mass
mango fruit
/g
A 485
B 522
C 546
D 510
E 543
total mass
..............................
average mass
..............................
Complete the table by calculating the total mass and average mass of the five mango fruits.
[2]

8
(f) The student talked to some farmers.
One farmer said,
I only pick large mango fruits with perfect skins

for export. Each fruit is packed in a plastic net
and then into a box. If they do not arrive at
Dakar in good condition I do not get paid.
Another farmer said,
Mango trees grow well in the soil here.

Unfortunately, I can only sell some of the
mango fruits in local markets. Many fruits
are wasted each year.
The student decided to use a questionnaire to find out more about mango farming.
The student sent the questionnaire to ten mango farms.
The farms were selected as shown on the diagram.
The diagram shows five of the farms selected by the student.
DAKAR
0 10 Key
km mango farm
(i) Name the type of sampling shown in the diagram.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Complete the diagram to show the location of the other five farms sampled. [2]
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/M/J/20

9
(iii) The student prepared the questionnaire shown.
farm .............................................................
question answer
How many mango trees do you have?
How many kg of mango fruits do you

export?
How many kg of mango fruits do you sell in
local markets?
How many kg of mango fruits are wasted?
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
Complete the questionnaire with one other question the student could have asked
about mango farming. [1]

10
(g) The results from the questionnaire are shown in the tables.
Results from five farms 50 km or less from Dakar.
farm
question average
A B C D E
How many mango trees do you
80 75 90 100 95 88
have?
How many kg of mango fruits do
100 120 200 140 80 128
you export?
350 390 400 430 340 382
you sell in local markets?
How many kg of mango fruits are
110 130 290 150 90 154
wasted?
Results from five farms more than 50 km from Dakar.
farm
question average
F G H J K
How many mango trees do you
84 79 90 110 92 91
have?
0 0 0 0 0 0
you export?
450 420 400 440 340 410
you sell in local markets?
How many kg of mango fruits are
220 260 3000 310 220 253
wasted?
(i) The student was concerned that one of the results from a farm more than 50 km from
Dakar might be anomalous.
Circle this anomalous result in the table. Give a reason for your choice.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/M/J/20

11
(ii) What could the student conclude from the results of the questionnaire?
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(h) The government of Senegal plans to improve roads up to 150 km from Dakar by 2022.
(i) Suggest how this could benefit farmers and the government.
benefit to farmers ..............................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
benefit to the government .................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii) One farmer said,
I can export mango fruits, so I can

earn 1500 USD a year. This allows
me to support my large family.
Suggest two ways the farmer can spend money to support their family.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

12
(iii) One mango farm more than 50 km from Dakar has now planted cashew nut trees and is
keeping bees to give a harvest of honey.
Suggest why the farm did this.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) The mango farm also decides to grow a cereal crop and keep chickens.
Suggest how this farm is practising a sustainable form of agriculture.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(v) Many people do not have access to a reliable source of food.
Explain why this is a problem.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 37]
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/M/J/20

13
2 The geology of Senegal is mostly sedimentary rocks. These include large deposits of phosphate
rock.
(a) Describe the formation of sedimentary rock.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]

14
(b) The drawing shows phosphate rock being mined in Senegal.
Phosphate rock is a valuable export.
rocks
water mining machinery
(i) Name the type of mining shown in the drawing.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Describe the environmental damage that can be caused by this type of mining.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/M/J/20

15
BLANK PAGE

16
(c) The phosphate rock can be exported or it can be processed into phosphoric acid and then
exported.
The table shows the world price of phosphate rock from January 2012 to January 2018.
price
year
/ USD per tonne
2012 200
2013 190
2014 110
2015 125
2016 135
2017 105
2018 85
(i) Plot the information in the table as a line graph.
[4]
(ii) Describe the trend shown by the graph.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/M/J/20

17
(d) Phosphoric acid is used to make fertiliser.
The table shows the price of phosphoric acid from four suppliers in other countries.
price
supplier
/ USD per tonne
P 650
Q 850
R 1000
S 900
average 850
(i) State the least expensive supplier.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest reasons why the government wants more phosphoric acid to be made from
phosphate rock in Senegal.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) Suggest one way the government could encourage the production of phosphoric acid in
Senegal.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

18
(iv) Intensive agriculture uses large quantities of fertiliser on many different crops. Some of
the fertiliser is not absorbed by the crops.
Describe the environmental damage caused when fertilisers are overused.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [5]
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/M/J/20

19
(e) Most small farms in Senegal do not use fertilisers to grow crops. Instead, they use manure
and crop wastes.
Farmers near the mine mix some phosphate rock with manure to increase crop growth.
(i) Suggest one reason why mixing phosphate rock with manure is unlikely to cause any
environmental damage.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Describe how a mine can be managed after rock extraction comes to an end.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]

20
(f) There are very large phosphate rock reserves in the east of Senegal.
Senegal may have up to 1000 million tonnes of phosphate rock if all these reserves are
extracted.
The map shows the location of a phosphate rock mine, A, and a proposed new mine, B.
N
North
Atlantic
Ocean
B
A
SENEGAL
Dakar
Key
capital city
THE Ga
GAMBIA river
m
bia
riv e r international boundary

0 100 A mine
km B proposed new mine
(i) Estimate the distance between Dakar and mine A and between Dakar and proposed
new mine B.
distance between Dakar and mine A ......................................................... km
distance between Dakar and proposed new mine B ......................................................... km

[2]
(ii) Mining at the proposed new mine B will not start until mine A has run out of phosphate
rock.
Suggest reasons why.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/M/J/20

21
(g) The government of Senegal has sold oil and gas exploration rights to several foreign
companies.
The map shows the location of two new discoveries of offshore oil and natural gas.
N
North
Atlantic
Ocean
Dakar SENEGAL
discovery 1 Key
discovery 2 capital city
THE river
GAMBIA
0 100 offshore oil and natural
km gas discovery
Oil and natural gas production is due to start in 2021.
(i) Suggest reasons why some people are worried that these discoveries may not benefit
the people of Senegal and could damage the economy.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Describe the environmental impacts of oil pollution on marine and coastal ecosystems.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

22
(iii) Describe strategies for minimising the impacts of oil spills.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iv) Describe the formation of oil.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 43]
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/M/J/20

23
BLANK PAGE
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/M/J/20

24
BLANK PAGE
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/M/J/20

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 9 9 8 7 1 5 5 0 0 9 *

Paper 2 Management in Context October/November 2020
1 hour 45 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (LK/FC) 193257/3
2
world map showing the location of mainland United States of America, USA
USA
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
Area of USA: 9.83 million km2
Population of USA: 326 million (in 2018)
Currency: USD
Language: English and Spanish
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/O/N/20

3
map of state of Florida
r
Rive
A p a h icola
r
Rive
lac
ATLANTIC
ee
S uwa n
n
OCEAN
St
Jo
hn
sR
ive
r
GULF OF MEXICO
Lake
Okeechobee
Key
state boundary line
state capital
Everglades national park
major road s
0 100 K ey
major river Fl o ri d a
km
Climate of Florida: humid and subtropical in north, tropical in south
Terrain of Florida: low-lying with many lakes and rivers, hills in the north, wetlands in the Everglades,
flat around the coastline with coral reefs and sandbars, a chain of islands in the south called the Florida
Keys
Main economic activities of Florida: aircraft, electronic products, citrus fruit, tomatoes, phosphate
for fertilisers, tourism
Florida is a state in the south-east of the USA. It has an area of 170 305 km2, with 2 170 km of coastline.
It is the third most populous state in the USA, with a population of 21.3 million in 2018. Florida has
the highest percentage of people over 65 in the USA: 17% of the population of Florida are over 65.
Tourism is the largest money-earning sector of Florida’s economy. Florida is the largest producer of
citrus fruit in the USA.

4
1 (a) (i) Calculate the percentage of the total USA population that lived in Florida in 2018.
...................................................... % [1]
(ii) The population of Florida is increasing.
Suggest two reasons why people migrate to Florida.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) The table shows climate data for a weather station in southern Florida.
month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
average
rainfall 52 38 52 52 76 104 90 137 170 125 58 56
/ mm
average
temperature 21 21 23 25 27 28 29 29 28 27 24 22
/ °C
(i) The range of the monthly average temperature is the difference between the maximum
value and the minimum value.
Calculate the range of the monthly average temperature for this weather station.
..................................................... °C [1]
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/O/N/20

5
(ii) Plot a bar chart of the average rainfall data.
[4]
(iii) Florida has a rainy season that includes tropical storms and hurricanes.
Use the climate data to suggest which months are in this rainy season.
from ......................................................... to .............................................................. [1]
(iv) In 2017, Hurricane Irma hit Florida.
The highest wind speed recorded when Hurricane Irma hit Florida was 210 km / h.
The table shows categories of hurricanes based on wind speed.
category of hurricane wind speed in km / h
1 119 –153
2 154 –177
3 178 – 208
4 209 – 251
5 ≥ 252
Determine the category of Hurricane Irma when it hit Florida.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

6
(v) State the ocean surface temperature and ocean depth needed for a hurricane to form.
ocean surface temperature .......................................................... °C
ocean depth ........................................................... m

[2]
(vi) Hurricane Irma caused heavy rainfall, storm surges and flooding.
Suggest ways this affected the growing and exporting of Florida’s citrus fruit.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(vii) Approximately 6.3 million people were told to evacuate Florida before Hurricane Irma hit
the state.
Suggest reasons why some people did not evacuate but decided to stay in their homes
or in storm shelters.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/O/N/20

7
(viii) Suggest why bottled water was supplied to people in Florida for several weeks after
Hurricane Irma.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) A report stated that 112.4 million tourists visited Florida in 2016 and 116.5 million tourists
visited in 2017.
(i) Calculate the percentage increase in tourists visiting Florida from 2016 to 2017.
...................................................... % [2]
(ii) After Hurricane Irma, there was a decrease in the number of tourists visiting Florida for
several months.
Suggest reasons for this decrease in tourist numbers.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

8
(d) Many tourists enjoy the sandy coastal areas of the Florida Keys.
Most of the sand in these areas is imported into the Florida Keys because sand does not form
naturally around this coastline.
The sand is extracted from quarries, riverbeds and marine areas around the world. It is then
shipped to the USA and moved on land by trucks.
(i) State two factors that affect the decision to extract minerals such as sand.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Suggest three environmental impacts of extracting sand.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(iii) In some countries, sand is extracted unsustainably.
Explain what ‘sand is extracted unsustainably’ means.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Sand is used in the building industry.
The demand for sand is increasing worldwide.
Suggest reasons for the increasing demand for sand.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/O/N/20

9
(e) A building company in Florida wants to build some new houses.
The company decides to use a questionnaire to find out local people’s opinions on the new
houses.
question tick (3) the relevant box
< 50 000 50 000 – 100 000 > 100 000

1. What is your USD USD USD
annual income?
2. Do you want new yes no undecided

houses being built
near to where you
live?
(i) Suggest one other question the company can ask to find out people’s opinions on
building the new houses.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Describe how the company can select people at random for the questionnaire.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) State one benefit of random sampling.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

10
(iv) The map shows the suggested location of the new houses and the location of an
endangered plant species called the rattail orchid.
land owned by
building company
Key 0 20
rattail orchid plants m
suggested new houses
The local government says that the new houses must be a minimum distance of 80 m
away from the rattail orchid plants.
Use the map to determine whether the building company can build at the suggested
location.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/O/N/20

11
(f) Florida can experience droughts.
The level of drought is measured using a drought index. This is a measurement of the dryness
of the soil. When the drought index is equal to or greater than 500, people are not allowed to
burn anything outdoors. This is called a ‘burn ban’.
The map shows the drought index for each mainland region of Florida in April 2018.
Key drought index
< 300
300 – 399
400 – 499
500 – 599
≥ 600
0 100
region boundary km
(i) Use the map to determine how many mainland regions in Florida had a burn ban in April
2018.
.......................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest reasons why a burn ban is introduced when there is a drought.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

12
(iii) Describe strategies, other than burn bans, for managing the impacts of drought.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iv) State one way human activities can increase the risk of drought.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 46]
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/O/N/20

13
2 The Everglades is a sub-tropical wetland in the south of Florida.
The photograph shows this wetland area.
(a) The Everglades has decreased to less than half its original size as a result of agricultural
development and urbanisation.
The Everglades ecosystem is home to many endangered species, including the manatee, a
marine mammal.
(i) State the meaning of ecosystem.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Describe three impacts of habitat loss on wetlands such as the Everglades.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

14
(b) A fact sheet shows information about the Everglades.
The Everglades
The Everglades is a popular tourist destination in Florida, with over 1 million visitors each year.
An environmental protection area has been established around the Everglades.
Part of this area was made a national park in 1947. The national park covers an area of 6 110 km2.
N
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Key
Everglades protection area
0 50 Everglades national park
km canal
All tourists can take a guided boat tour of the Everglades wetlands, but tourists must have a special
permit to hire a boat without a guide.
Plant species that are not native to Florida are removed from the Everglades by controlled burning of
land.
Signs encourage people to report sightings
of injured wildlife such as manatees.
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/O/N/20

15
Do you think the strategies for protecting the Everglades are effective?
Use information from the fact sheet to support your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [5]
(c) The introduction of animal species from other parts of the world into the Everglades is a
serious threat to the ecosystem.
These species are not native to Florida and are called invasive species.
Suggest ways that the people of Florida can prevent invasive animal species from reaching
the Everglades.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 11]

16
3 (a) Mercury is a toxic metal.
Mercury can enter an ecosystem from the atmosphere when waste is burned.
Suggest one reason why controlling the concentration of mercury in the atmosphere is a
global concern.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A scientist investigated the concentration of mercury in the body tissue (flesh) of two different
species of fish: the mosquitofish and the largemouth bass.
3 cm 35 cm
mosquitofish largemouth bass
The scientist:
• selected 10 different locations in the Everglades protection area

• collected 100 – 250 mosquitofish from each location
• collected 20 largemouth bass from each location
• measured the concentration of mercury in the flesh of the fish
• repeated the investigation every year for 10 years.
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/O/N/20

17
The map shows the Everglades protection area.
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Key
sampling plan A
sampling plan B
sampling plan C
Everglades protection area
0 50 Everglades national park

km canal
The scientist had the choice of selecting the 10 locations using sampling plan A, B or C.
The scientist chose sampling plan B.
(i) Suggest why sampling plan B is better than sampling plans A and C.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Suggest one reason why the scientist collected more mosquitofish than largemouth
bass.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

18
(iii) The results of plan B are shown in the graphs.
The concentration of mercury is measured in parts per million (ppm).
0.050
0.040
average
concentration
0.030
of mercury in
mosquitofish
flesh 0.020
/ ppm
0.010
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
year
5.0
4.0
average
concentration
3.0
of mercury in
largemouth bass
flesh 2.0
/ ppm
1.0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
year
Compare the trends in the results.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/O/N/20

19
(iv) Use the graphs to complete the table for year 1.
average concentration of mercury in flesh

/ ppm
fish
year 1 year 10
mosquitofish ........................................... 0.024
largemouth bass ........................................... 1.2

[2]
(v) The recommended safe limit for the consumption of fish flesh is a concentration of
mercury of less than 1 ppm.
Discuss whether it is safe to eat mosquitofish and largemouth bass in year 10.
Give reasons for your point of view.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(vi) An alternative method for investigating mercury levels in an ecosystem is to measure the
mercury concentration in the water.
Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of this method compared to analysing
mercury concentration in fish flesh.
advantage .........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
disadvantage .....................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

20
(c) (i) A food chain for organisms in the Everglades is shown.
algae mosquito larvae mosquitofish sunfish largemouth bass
State the number of trophic levels in this food chain.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The results in the largemouth bass graph in (b)(iii) are used as an indicator of human
exposure to mercury. The results for the mosquitofish are not used.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Explain why mosquitofish can be used to control the spread of malaria.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/O/N/20

21
(d) The land around the Everglades is used for growing citrus fruit crops such as oranges.
Farmers use fertilisers on their crops. Overuse of fertilisers can lead to nutrient enrichment of
water in rivers and lakes.
Describe how nutrient enrichment of water leads to the depletion of oxygen in rivers and
lakes.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
[Total: 23]
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/O/N/20

22
BLANK PAGE
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/O/N/20

23
BLANK PAGE
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/O/N/20

24
BLANK PAGE
The boundaries and names shown, the designations used and the presentation of material on the maps contained in this question paper/insert do not imply
official endorsement or acceptance by Cambridge Assessment International Education concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area or any of its
authorities, or of the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
© UCLES 2020 0680/21/O/N/20

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 9 9 7 3 9 3 1 7 0 3 *

1 hour 45 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (LK/CGW) 193258/3
2
world map showing the location of mainland United States of America, USA
USA
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
Area of USA: 9.83 million km2
Population of USA: 326 million (in 2018)
Currency: USD
Language: English and Spanish
© UCLES 2020 0680/22/O/N/20

3
map of state of Florida
r
Rive
A p a h icola
r
Rive
lac
ATLANTIC
ee
S uwa n
n
OCEAN
St
Jo
hn
sR
ive
r
GULF OF MEXICO
Lake
Okeechobee
Key
state boundary line
state capital
Everglades national park
major road s
0 100 K ey
major river Fl o ri d a
km
Climate of Florida: humid and subtropical in north, tropical in south
Terrain of Florida: low-lying with many lakes and rivers, hills in the north, wetlands in the Everglades,
flat around the coastline with coral reefs and sandbars, a chain of islands in the south called the Florida
Keys
Main economic activities of Florida: aircraft, electronic products, citrus fruit, tomatoes, phosphate
for fertilisers, tourism
Florida is a state in the south-east of the USA. It has an area of 170 305 km2, with 2 170 km of coastline.
It is the third most populous state in the USA, with a population of 21.3 million in 2018. Florida has
the highest percentage of people over 65 in the USA: 17% of the population of Florida are over 65.
Tourism is the largest money-earning sector of Florida’s economy. Florida is the largest producer of
citrus fruit in the USA.

4
1 (a) Many older people move to live in Florida.
(i) Calculate the number of people aged over 65 living in Florida in 2018.
............................................... million [1]
(ii) Suggest two impacts of an increasing number of older people in a population.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) The table shows climate data for a weather station in southern Florida.
average
rainfall 52 38 52 52 76 104 90 137 170 125 58 56
/ mm
average
temperature 21 21 23 25 27 28 29 29 28 27 24 22
/ °C
(i) The range of the monthly average rainfall is the difference between the maximum value
and the minimum value.
Calculate the range of the monthly average rainfall for this weather station.
................................................... mm [1]
© UCLES 2020 0680/22/O/N/20

5
(ii) Plot, on the grid, a line graph of average temperature against month.
20
[4]
(iii) Use the average temperature data to suggest one impact of climate on energy demand
in southern Florida in July and August.
impact on energy demand .................................................................................................
reason ................................................................................................................................
[1]
(iv) In one year, the weather station records 249 sunny days out of 365.
Explain why the climate of southern Florida is suitable for growing crops such as
tomatoes.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

6
(c) In 2017, Hurricane Irma hit Florida.
The map shows some data for Hurricane Irma.
N Key
direction and
category of hurricane
category 1
Florida ATLANTIC
OCEAN category 2
category 3 and 4
category 5
GULF OF
MEXICO
maximum storm surge
height above normal tide level
< 0.6 m
0.6 – 1.2 m
0 100 1.3 – 2.4 m
km state boundary
The category of hurricane is based on wind speed, as shown in the table.
category of hurricane wind speed in km / h
1 119 –153
2 154 –177
3 178 – 208
4 209 – 251
5 ≥ 252
© UCLES 2020 0680/22/O/N/20

7
(i) Describe what the map shows about Hurricane Irma.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) Florida contains some of the largest deposits of phosphate in the USA.
The phosphate is extracted by strip mining.
Suggest ways Hurricane Irma affected the extraction and exporting of phosphate from
Florida.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]

8
(iii) A tourist on holiday in Florida during Hurricane Irma writes about the evacuation.
I do not speak English very well.

The day before the hurricane, a
radio announcement told people
sea to evacuate the area, but I didn’t
understand it. A local resident
explained that I needed to
evacuate.
I was staying in the Florida Keys

islands. There is only one road out
of the Florida Keys.
road
I had never been to Florida before, and I did not know the
evacuation route. I followed road signs to an emergency
shelter.
At the shelter, there was food, fresh water, and a doctor.
There was no phone signal in the shelter, so I couldn’t speak road sign to an
to my family for four days. However, someone from the local emergency shelter
government sent a message to my family that I was safe.
Afterwards, some local people had nowhere to go because

their homes were destroyed. The government provided temporary housing for these people and
gave them food and water.
© UCLES 2020 0680/22/O/N/20

9
Do you think the strategies for managing the impacts of Hurricane Irma were effective?
Use information from the tourist’s writing to support your view.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [6]
[Total: 25]

10
2 (a) A mining company wants to open a new phosphate mine in Florida.
The company will take samples from the ground to find out where the most phosphate is
located.
(i) The diagram shows four different sampling methods, A, B, C and D.
N
A
0 2
km
Key
sampling line
sampling point
The mining company decides to use sampling method B.
Suggest reasons why the mining company did not use sampling method A, C or D.
A ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
C ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
D ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
© UCLES 2020 0680/22/O/N/20

11
(ii) The mining company locates a good source of phosphate using sampling method B.
The graph shows the price per tonne of phosphate extracted from mines between
2008 and 2018.
450
400
350
300
phosphate
price 250
per tonne
/ USD 200
150
100
50
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
year
Use the graph to suggest one reason why the mining company might decide not to
extract the phosphate.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

12
(iii) The mining company decides to use a questionnaire to find out people’s views on the
new phosphate mine.
response
question
yes no do not know
1. Would you like more employment

opportunities in your area?
2. Would you like better infrastructure

such as more roads?
3. Would you like more money invested

in the local area?
Explain why this questionnaire will not give useful data.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) Suggest one question the mining company can use to find out people’s views on the
new phosphate mine that will give useful data.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2020 0680/22/O/N/20

13
(v) The map shows the suggested location of the new phosphate mine. This is near the
habitat of an endangered species called the bonneted bat.
0 0.5
km
Key
habitat of the land owned by
bonneted bat the mining company
suggested location of the
phosphate mine
The local government says the new phosphate mine must be a minimum distance of
1200 m away from the habitat of the bonneted bat.
Use the map to determine whether the mining company can mine at the suggested
location.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

14
(vi) Vegetation is cleared before strip mining starts.
Describe the environmental impacts of clearing vegetation from an area.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(vii) A statement from the mining company says,
‘The current generation of people needs phosphate. We aim to meet the needs of people
today whilst also making sure we can still meet the needs of future generations.’
Describe two strategies the company can use to meet this aim.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(viii) Strip mining for phosphate damages landscapes. Two strategies for restoring landscapes
are land restoration and land reclamation.
Land restoration puts the land back to how it was before mining began.
Land reclamation puts the land into beneficial use after mining ends.
Suggest why some mining companies prefer land reclamation to land restoration.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2020 0680/22/O/N/20

15
(b) (i) Phosphate is a component of fertilisers.
The picture shows a bag of fertiliser. The letter P represents the phosphorus in phosphate.
N P K
20 : 10 : 5
Suggest what the letters N and K represent.
N ........................................................................................................................................
K ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Explain why some farmers in Florida use fertilisers on their crops.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Suggest reasons why some farmers might not use fertilisers on their crops.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

16
(c) A farmer in Florida thinks a phosphate mine is contaminating a river that flows through a field
of crops.
The map shows the mine, the river and the field of crops.
0 1
km
Key
phosphate mine
field of crops
river
direction of river flow
The farmer collects samples of river water every 500 m between the mine and the field of
crops. The samples are tested for phosphate.
The farmer records the results in a notebook.
0.5 km distance = 0.52 mg / l
distance from mine of 1 km = a phosphate concentration

of 0.45 mg / l
concentration is 0.39 mg / l at 1.5 km distance
2.0 km away is 0.3 mg / l
2.5 km distance = concentration of 0.24 mg / l
© UCLES 2020 0680/22/O/N/20

17
(i) Present the farmer’s results in a suitable table.
[3]
(ii) The farmer decides to collect two samples of river water from the river north of the mine.
Suggest how these samples can confirm that the mine is the cause of the phosphate
contamination in the river water.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) The farmer is concerned about vehicle emissions from the diesel trucks that transport
the phosphate from the mine.
Diesel is made from oil.
Describe the formation of oil.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

18
(iv) The trucks emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Suggest reasons why the farmer is concerned about carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(v) State three strategies for reducing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(vi) State why atmospheric pollution is a global concern.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 34]
© UCLES 2020 0680/22/O/N/20

19
3 (a) The fact sheet shows information about the Everglades.
The Everglades
The Everglades is an area of sub-tropical wetlands in the south of Florida.
The ecosystem has marshes, fresh water ponds and lakes, rivers and islands. This ecosystem is
under threat.
There are over 2500 km of canals in the Everglades. People have been building canals here for over
100 years.
In 1900, the area of the Everglades was 10 360 km2. In 2018, the area had decreased by 50%.
There are many endangered species in the Everglades.
(i) Calculate the area of the Everglades in 2018.
.................................................... km2 [1]

20
(ii) Suggest reasons for the decrease in size of the wetlands in the Everglades.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Part of the Everglades is a national park.
Suggest other ways the Everglades can be protected.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The Everglades is the only place on Earth where crocodiles and alligators live in the same
wild habitat.
alligator
The American crocodile is an endangered species. The American alligator is not an

endangered species.
Alligators and crocodiles look very similar.
Suggest why the American alligator is protected even though it is not an endangered species.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
© UCLES 2020 0680/22/O/N/20

21
(c) (i) A food chain for organisms in the Everglades is shown.
orchid plant mosquito frog racoon crocodile
Name the producer in this food chain.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Mosquitoes are found in Florida, but Florida is malaria-free. This means the malaria
disease is not found in Florida.
Describe strategies used to make an area malaria-free.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(d) The Brazilian pepper plant is a threat to the Everglades ecosystem. It is a plant species that
is not native to Florida.
It is estimated that 3% of the Everglades is covered by the Brazilian pepper plant.
(i) Suggest reasons why the introduction of a species that is not native to Florida, such as
the Brazilian pepper plant, is a serious problem.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

22
(ii) The 3% estimated coverage of the Brazilian pepper plant was made by conducting a
visual survey from the air.
Suggest one limitation and one advantage of this type of visual survey.
limitation ............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
advantage .........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) A student wants to estimate the percentage coverage of the Brazilian pepper plant in a
50 m × 50 m area of the Everglades using a quadrat.
Describe a method the student could use.

Include any other equipment the student needs and how the student should process the
results.
You can include a diagram in your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [5]
© UCLES 2020 0680/22/O/N/20

23
(iv) One way of controlling plant species that are not native to the Everglades is ‘planned
burning’ of the area where they grow.
Suggest two reasons why some people are not in favour of planned burning.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 21]
© UCLES 2020 0680/22/O/N/20

24
BLANK PAGE
© UCLES 2020 0680/22/O/N/20

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 1 4 8 8 0 0 2 6 9 4 *

1 hour 45 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
This document has 20 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.
DC (CE/CB) 208139/5
2
world map showing the location of Honduras
Honduras Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
map of Honduras
Caribbean Sea N
Mosquito Coast area

San Pedro Sula
Tegucigalpa
Key
North Pacific capital city
Ocean large city
0 100
km
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/F/M/21

3
Area of Honduras: 112 090 km2
Currency: Honduran lempira (24.4 HNL = 1 USD)
Language: Spanish, local languages
Climate of Honduras: subtropical in the lowlands, temperate in the mountains
Terrain of Honduras: flat coastal areas, mountains in the interior, with fertile valleys
Main economic activities of Honduras: agricultural production, mineral mining and manufacture of
consumer goods
Honduras is a less economically developed country (LEDC). Most sectors of the economy are growing.
Unemployment remains a problem.
Many people have been displaced from rural and coastal areas by natural hazards. They now live in
unplanned (informal) housing near to the capital city, Tegucigalpa, and the city of San Pedro Sula.

4
1 (a) In 2019, the population of Tegucigalpa was 1.12 million people and the population of San
Pedro Sula was 639 000 people.
Calculate the percentage of the total population of Honduras living in these two cities in 2019.
...................................................... % [2]
(b) Many people in Honduras had to leave their homes as a result of landslides.
Suggest the causes of landslides.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/F/M/21

5
(c) The diagram shows the capital city with the predicted area of planned and
unplanned (informal) housing for 2031.
Key
14 km2
planned housing
unplanned housing
Estimate the predicted area of planned housing in the capital city by 2031.
................................................... km2 [2]

6
(d) A survey of the capital city recorded two types of housing, A and B.
Information about the two types of housing is shown.
type A house type B house
typical features of a type A house typical features of a type B house
• house built on reinforced concrete • house built on poor-quality cement

foundations foundations
• brick and block walls • unfinished block walls
• tiled roof • sheet metal roof
• solid floors • earth floors
• glass windows • open windows
• hot and cold water • cold water
• average value 30 000 USD • average value 2500 USD
(i) Suggest reasons why type B houses are mostly found in unplanned (informal) housing
areas.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest reasons why living in type B housing is less healthy than living in type A housing.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/F/M/21

7
(e) An urban agriculture project was started in the poor housing areas of the capital city. The
people living in these areas often have a low income.
The aim of the project was to encourage people to use urban gardening methods to grow
their own vegetables.
The project was designed as follows:
• Three poor housing areas were selected.

• Local people volunteered to be trained in urban gardening methods.
• Small gardens were made from old car tyres.
• At least five different types of vegetable were grown in each tyre.
• Water barrels, seeds and tools were provided at low cost.
vegetable
plant
soil
tyre
(i) Suggest one reason why three poor housing areas were selected for the project.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest why it is important that people volunteered to be trained in urban gardening
methods.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Suggest why five different types of vegetable were grown in each tyre.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Suggest the benefits of using old car tyres to grow vegetables.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

8
(v) More than 1000 people were trained by the urban agriculture project.
Three years after the end of the project, a student wanted to find out if people were still
using urban gardening methods.
The student used a questionnaire to survey some people who had been trained by the
project.
% response
question yes no
Do you grow five or more types of vegetable? 90 10
Do you collect rain water in a water barrel? 72 28
Do you grow any fruit trees? 15 85
Do you sell any vegetables? 27 73
Use the results to discuss whether the urban agriculture project was successful.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(vi) For families involved in the project, the quantity of vegetables eaten per person increased
to 260 g per day.
Suggest ways that these families have benefited from growing vegetables.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 22]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/F/M/21

9
2 The map shows the location of the Mosquito Coast area in Honduras. This is a high-risk area for
malaria.
Caribbean Sea N
Mosquito Coast area

San Pedro Sula
Tegucigalpa
Key
North Pacific capital city
Ocean large city
0 100
km
(a) (i) Describe the life cycle of the malaria parasite.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) State four strategies to control malaria.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
4 ........................................................................................................................................
[4]

10
(b) The government of Honduras invests in control of malaria every year. Honduras also gets
money from an international fund for control of malaria every year.
The table shows the total money spent on control of malaria over a nine-year period in
Honduras.
total money spent on

year control of malaria
/ USD (million)
1 1.9
2 2.6
3 1.7
4 1.8
5 2.1
6 2.0
7 1.2
8 2.1
9 1.3
(i) On the grid, plot a bar chart of the data in the table.
[4]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/F/M/21
11
(ii) State what the bar chart shows about the money spent on control of malaria over the
nine-year period.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) The government of Honduras provided 42% of the budget for control of malaria in year 6.
Calculate how much money the government of Honduras provided in year 6.
.................................................. USD [1]
(iv) Suggest whether it is possible to eradicate malaria from Honduras by 2030.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) The table shows climate data for the Mosquito Coast area and for the capital city.
average annual average annual

location temperature range rainfall
/ °C / mm
Mosquito Coast area 28–31 3330
capital city 21–25 760
Explain why the capital city is free from malaria.
Use information from the table to support your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 19]

12
3 The government of Honduras wants 95% of the country’s electricity to come from renewable
resources by 2027.
(a) Honduras has several large rivers and many smaller ones.
The table shows some information about the five largest dams in Honduras.
maximum reservoir use

dam
year volume of
dam height
completed water hydroelectric
/m water supply recreation
/ million m3 power
A 1965 64 13 3
B 1976 50 12 3
C 1985 226 5700 3 3
D 1992 68 36 3
E 1994 54 43 3 3 3
(i) Use the information to complete the sentences.
• The oldest dam is ..................... .
• The dam with the largest volume of water is ..................... .
• The number of dams used for hydroelectric power is ..................... .
• The dam with the greatest volume used for water supply is ..................... .
• The total maximum volume of water in the five dams is ..................... million m3.
[5]
(ii) Many people live on small farms near dams.
Suggest the benefits of farming near dams.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/F/M/21

13
(iii) Dam E is a multipurpose dam.
Describe the economic benefits of a multipurpose dam compared with a single-purpose

dam.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) Describe how hydroelectric power is used to generate electricity.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) To meet the target of 95% of electricity from renewable resources by 2027, the government of
Honduras plans to build new dams.
These new dams will be funded using money loaned from other countries.
(i) Describe the environmental impacts of building a dam.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Suggest the economic impacts of borrowing money from other countries.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

14
(c) The government of Honduras also plans to build new wind turbines.
The map shows the location of the planned new wind turbines.
Caribbean Sea N
San Pedro Sula
Tegucigalpa
North Pacific
Ocean
0 100
km
Key
planned new wind turbines
The wind turbines need a minimum wind speed of 4.0 m / s to generate electricity.
The diagram shows the wind direction for one year at this location.
W E
(i) The wind speed at this location is between 4.1 m / s and 6.7 m / s all year.
Suggest reasons why this location is suitable for generating electricity using wind
turbines.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/F/M/21

15
(ii) Suggest one problem with using this location for the site of the wind turbines.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) State two renewable energy resources other than hydroelectric and wind power.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 23]

16
4 Honduras has many mineral resources, including antimonite.
Antimonite is a metal ore that is processed to obtain the metal antimony.
The world demand for antimony is increasing.
(a) Several known deposits of antimonite in Honduras have not been extracted.
Give reasons why some known deposits of minerals are not extracted.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) The dust particles from antimonite can damage the health of humans.
Suggest one risk to the health of humans from these dust particles.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/F/M/21

17
(c) A scientist investigated the effect of antimonite dust particles on the growth of crops.
The scientist added different masses of antimonite dust particles to the growth medium of
four wheat seedling samples, P, Q, R and S.
The diagram shows the growth of the wheat seedling samples after seven days.
wheat
seedling
growth
medium
P Q R S
All the wheat seedling samples were collected and dried in an oven at 95 °C for 24 hours.
The dry biomass of each sample was measured.
wheat seedling sample P Q R S

mass of antimonite dust
added to growth medium 0 50 100 150
/ mg
dry biomass of wheat
samples 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01
/g
(i) Explain why the scientist included sample P in the investigation.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Describe the trend shown by the results.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

18
(iii) Suggest three factors that the scientist should control in this investigation.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(iv) The scientist used dry biomass as a way of measuring the growth of the wheat seedling
samples.
Suggest two other ways of measuring the growth of the wheat seedling samples.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(v) The scientist concluded that the roots of crops absorb antimony from the growth medium.
Suggest two limitations of the scientist’s investigation.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/F/M/21

19
(d) Describe how toxic substances, such as antimony, can pass along a food chain.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 16]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/F/M/21

20
BLANK PAGE
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/F/M/21

20
BLANK PAGE
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/F/M/21

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 4 1 2 3 3 9 8 7 4 6 *

1 hour 45 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
This document has 24 pages.
DC (RW/CB) 209744/4
2
world map showing the location of the Dominican Republic
Dominican
Republic Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
map of the Dominican Republic
N
North Atlantic Ocean
Santo
Domingo Key
Caribbean Sea capital city

Ozama River
0 40 80
km copper mine
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/M/J/21

3
Area of the Dominican Republic: 48 670 km2
Currency: Dominican peso (51 DOP = 1 USD)
Language: Spanish
Climate of the Dominican Republic: tropical along the coast, cooler and wetter in the mountains,
rainy season May to November
Terrain of the Dominican Republic: highlands and mountains with fertile valleys
Main economic activities of the Dominican Republic: gold and copper mining, consumer goods,
agricultural production including bananas, coffee and sugar
The Dominican Republic is a less economically developed country (LEDC). The economic wealth of
the country is increasing; however, unemployment remains a problem. In 2019, 5.9% of the population
of the Dominican Republic were unemployed.

4
1 (a) (i) Calculate the number of unemployed people in the Dominican Republic in 2019.
.......................................................... [1]
(ii) The government has set up national parks in different regions of the Dominican Republic.
Suggest ways that national parks contribute to economic growth.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/M/J/21

5
(b) The Dominican Republic has several different climatic regions. The tables show climate data
for two different locations, P and Q.
location P
average temperature
23.9 24.2 24.7 25.4 26.1 26.5 26.8 26.9 27.0 26.4 25.7 24.5
/ °C
average rainfall
67 55 54 85 231 201 189 189 191 203 112 72
/ mm
location Q
average temperature
25.1 25.2 26.0 26.7 27.4 28.0 28.9 28.8 28.5 27.9 26.7 25.0
/ °C
average rainfall
13 15 30 34 86 26 26 52 79 80 49 19
/ mm
(i) Use the climate data to complete the table for location P and location Q.
location P location Q
month with highest rainfall
coldest month
hottest month
[3]
(ii) Describe two similarities between the climate at location P and location Q.
Use information from the tables to support your answer.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

6
(c) The photograph shows a banana plant.
leaf
banana
fruit
flower
(i) Many farmers grow banana plants near location Q.
Banana plants are grown at two-metre intervals in rows that are three metres apart.
Suggest one way that farmers can use the three-metre strips of land between the rows
of banana plants.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/M/J/21

7
(ii) Banana plants grow quickly and produce fruits without pollination.
Describe the process of pollination.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) Banana plants are grown by subsistence farmers and commercial farmers in the
Dominican Republic.
Describe the benefits of subsistence farming.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

8
(d) Some banana fruits are exported to Europe and labelled as ‘organic, fair trade bananas’.
Organic banana plants are grown without using chemical fertilisers or pesticides.
(i) State how farmers who grow organic bananas can control pests on their banana plants.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State how farmers who grow organic bananas can ensure the soil has enough nutrients.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) State one negative impact of using chemical fertilisers.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Fair trade is when companies agree to pay a fair price to farmers for a crop.
Suggest one reason why people in Europe want to buy fair trade bananas.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/M/J/21

9
(e) Bananas are stored in refrigerated containers at 13 °C and loaded onto ships.
It takes 20 days to transport the bananas to Europe by ship.
This transport accounts for 60% of the carbon footprint of banana production.
(i) Define the term carbon footprint.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest why bananas are kept at 13 °C during the journey to Europe.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) A banana ship travels at a constant speed of 15.4 km per hour. The journey takes
20 days.
Calculate the distance this ship travels in 20 days.
..................................................... km [2]

10
(f) A student notices that some banana plants have long dark streaks on their green leaves. This
is caused by a fungal disease called ‘black sigatoka’.
The student surveys two organic farms, X and Y, to compare the number of diseased leaves
on banana plants.
The student:
• marks out one plot of 4 × 4 banana plants in the middle of farm X and one plot of
4 × 4 banana plants in the middle of farm Y
• uses a random number table to select 8 banana plants from each plot
• records the number of leaves per banana plant with black sigatoka disease.
The positions of the 8 selected banana plants in the sample from farm X and the sample from
farm Y are shown in the diagram.
Key
selected banana plant
unselected banana plant
farm X farm Y
3m
2m
(i) Compare the patterns of selected banana plant positions in farm X and farm Y.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain why both the samples are representative of all the banana plants on each farm.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/M/J/21

11
(iii) Draw a table the student can use to record the results of this survey.
[3]

12
(g) One farmer said:
There are more leaves with black sigatoka fungal disease

when the weather is warm and wet. We work hard to
control the spread of the disease.
The climate data for farms X and Y are shown in the table.
average temperature
25.1 25.2 26.0 26.7 27.4 28.0 28.9 28.8 28.5 27.9 26.7 25.0
/ °C
average rainfall
13 15 30 34 86 26 26 52 79 80 49 19
/ mm
(i) Identify in which months you expect the fungal disease to spread quickly.
months ..............................................................................................................................
reason ...............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) One method of controlling black sigatoka fungal disease is to remove the diseased
leaves from the plants and then burn the leaves.
Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of this method compared with spraying
the plants with a fungicide.
advantage .........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
disadvantage .....................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/M/J/21

13
(iii) Describe one method scientists can use to produce a new variety of banana plant that is
resistant to black sigatoka.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 37]

14
2 The drawing shows part of a large copper mine in the Dominican Republic. The mine is expected
to be open until 2024.
(a) Suggest why this mine pollutes a nearby stream after rainfall events.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/M/J/21

15
(b) The world copper price in 1000 USD per tonne from 2014 to 2019 is shown in the table.
year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

world copper price
7.2 5.5 4.3 5.9 7.0 6.1
/ 1000 USD per tonne
(i) On the grid, plot a graph of world copper price in 1000 USD per tonne against year.
[4]
(ii) Calculate the average world copper price in 1000 USD per tonne for 2014 to 2019.
average world copper price = ....................... 1000 USD per tonne [1]

16
(iii) This mine made a profit in 2016.
Suggest reasons why this mine might not be profitable in 2022.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) The diagram shows a map of the copper mine.
waste rock
waste pond
copper mine
local
water
source
0 0.5 1.0
km
Copper ore is extracted from the mine.
The copper ore is treated at the mine using water.
The waste water from the treatment is stored in the waste pond.
(i) Estimate the area of the waste pond.
area = .................................................. km2 [2]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/M/J/21

17
(ii) Suggest reasons why some local people are worried that the waste pond will leak or
burst.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) The mine is expected to close in 2024.
Suggest reasons why the government has made the mining company responsible for
monitoring the waste pond until 2040.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 15]

18
3 Many tourists visit the national parks of the Dominican Republic every year. Some tourists that
visit the national parks are ecotourists.
One ecotourist says:
When visiting a national park, I try to have

a very low impact on the local environment.
I know it is impossible to have zero impact.
(a) Explain why it is impossible for ecotourists to have zero impact on the local environment.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/M/J/21

19
(b) The Dominican Republic has one marine reserve in the Caribbean Sea. The marine reserve
is 20 km from the capital city, Santo Domingo.
Only scientists are allowed to visit this marine reserve to study the many coral and fish
species.
results table transect line coral
The scientist in the drawing is diving underwater to survey the coral species directly below
the transect line.
(i) Name the type of sampling the scientist is using.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest two reasons why this coral survey is repeated every year.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

20
(iii) There are many coastal sites around the Dominican Republic where tourists dive
underwater to see the tropical species of coral and fish.
Suggest how data from the surveys of the marine reserve can help to manage the impact
of diving at other coastal sites.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iv) The Dominican Republic has several zoos.
Suggest one benefit and one limitation of using zoos to preserve biodiversity.
benefit ...............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
limitation ............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/M/J/21

21
(c) The Ozama River flows through the middle of Santo Domingo into the sea.
When there is a storm, people living near this river are at risk of flooding.
The government has opened an emergency help centre to manage the short-term impacts of
flooding.
(i) Suggest three ways that the emergency help centre can manage the short-term impacts
of flooding.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii) After a storm, the beaches near Santo Domingo are polluted with plastic waste from the
city.
Suggest two impacts on the environment of burning the plastic waste removed from the
beaches.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

22
(d) A monitoring station measures the amount of rainfall and river discharge at one location on
the Ozama River.
River discharge is the total volume of water flowing past a point on a river in one second.
The hydrograph shows data during and after one storm event.
50
40
30
river
discharge
/ m3 per s
20
10
peak
rainfall
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60
time / hrs
The river floods when the river discharge is greater than 20 m3 per s.
(i) On the hydrograph, shade an area under the graph to show when the river is flooding.
[1]
(ii) Calculate how many hours after peak rainfall that peak river discharge occurs.
................................................ hours [1]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/M/J/21

23
(iii) It takes many hours for the river discharge to return to the same level as before the
storm event.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iv) Explain why flooding can be beneficial in some areas.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

24
(v) Two students decide to measure the rate of flow of water in a small stream that joins the
river.
The students have the equipment shown in the diagram.
float
stop-watch
marker poles 10 m measuring tape notebook and pencil
Describe a method that the students can use to measure the rate of flow of water in the
stream.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 28]
The boundaries and names shown, the designations used and the presentation of material on any maps contained in this question paper/insert do not imply
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/M/J/21

24
river.
float
stop-watch
stream.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 28]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/M/J/21

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 4 1 2 3 3 9 8 7 4 6 *

1 hour 45 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (RW/CB) 209744/4
2
world map showing the location of the Dominican Republic
Dominican
Republic Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
map of the Dominican Republic
N
North Atlantic Ocean
Santo
Domingo Key
Caribbean Sea capital city

Ozama River
0 40 80
km copper mine
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/M/J/21

3
Area of the Dominican Republic: 48 670 km2
Currency: Dominican peso (51 DOP = 1 USD)
Language: Spanish
Climate of the Dominican Republic: tropical along the coast, cooler and wetter in the mountains,
rainy season May to November
Terrain of the Dominican Republic: highlands and mountains with fertile valleys
Main economic activities of the Dominican Republic: gold and copper mining, consumer goods,
agricultural production including bananas, coffee and sugar
The Dominican Republic is a less economically developed country (LEDC). The economic wealth of
the country is increasing; however, unemployment remains a problem. In 2019, 5.9% of the population
of the Dominican Republic were unemployed.

4
1 (a) (i) Calculate the number of unemployed people in the Dominican Republic in 2019.
.......................................................... [1]
(ii) The government has set up national parks in different regions of the Dominican Republic.
Suggest ways that national parks contribute to economic growth.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/M/J/21

5
(b) The Dominican Republic has several different climatic regions. The tables show climate data
for two different locations, P and Q.
location P
average temperature
23.9 24.2 24.7 25.4 26.1 26.5 26.8 26.9 27.0 26.4 25.7 24.5
/ °C
average rainfall
67 55 54 85 231 201 189 189 191 203 112 72
/ mm
location Q
average temperature
25.1 25.2 26.0 26.7 27.4 28.0 28.9 28.8 28.5 27.9 26.7 25.0
/ °C
average rainfall
13 15 30 34 86 26 26 52 79 80 49 19
/ mm
(i) Use the climate data to complete the table for location P and location Q.
location P location Q
month with highest rainfall
coldest month
hottest month
[3]
(ii) Describe two similarities between the climate at location P and location Q.
Use information from the tables to support your answer.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

6
(c) The photograph shows a banana plant.
leaf
banana
fruit
flower
(i) Many farmers grow banana plants near location Q.
Banana plants are grown at two-metre intervals in rows that are three metres apart.
Suggest one way that farmers can use the three-metre strips of land between the rows
of banana plants.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/M/J/21

7
(ii) Banana plants grow quickly and produce fruits without pollination.
Describe the process of pollination.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) Banana plants are grown by subsistence farmers and commercial farmers in the
Dominican Republic.
Describe the benefits of subsistence farming.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

8
(d) Some banana fruits are exported to Europe and labelled as ‘organic, fair trade bananas’.
Organic banana plants are grown without using chemical fertilisers or pesticides.
(i) State how farmers who grow organic bananas can control pests on their banana plants.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State how farmers who grow organic bananas can ensure the soil has enough nutrients.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) State one negative impact of using chemical fertilisers.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Fair trade is when companies agree to pay a fair price to farmers for a crop.
Suggest one reason why people in Europe want to buy fair trade bananas.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/M/J/21

9
(e) Bananas are stored in refrigerated containers at 13 °C and loaded onto ships.
It takes 20 days to transport the bananas to Europe by ship.
This transport accounts for 60% of the carbon footprint of banana production.
(i) Define the term carbon footprint.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest why bananas are kept at 13 °C during the journey to Europe.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) A banana ship travels at a constant speed of 15.4 km per hour. The journey takes
20 days.
Calculate the distance this ship travels in 20 days.
..................................................... km [2]

10
(f) A student notices that some banana plants have long dark streaks on their green leaves. This
is caused by a fungal disease called ‘black sigatoka’.
The student surveys two organic farms, X and Y, to compare the number of diseased leaves
on banana plants.
The student:
• marks out one plot of 4 × 4 banana plants in the middle of farm X and one plot of
4 × 4 banana plants in the middle of farm Y
• uses a random number table to select 8 banana plants from each plot
• records the number of leaves per banana plant with black sigatoka disease.
The positions of the 8 selected banana plants in the sample from farm X and the sample from
farm Y are shown in the diagram.
Key
selected banana plant
unselected banana plant
farm X farm Y
3m
2m
(i) Compare the patterns of selected banana plant positions in farm X and farm Y.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain why both the samples are representative of all the banana plants on each farm.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/M/J/21

11
(iii) Draw a table the student can use to record the results of this survey.
[3]

12
(g) One farmer said:
There are more leaves with black sigatoka fungal disease

when the weather is warm and wet. We work hard to
control the spread of the disease.
The climate data for farms X and Y are shown in the table.
average temperature
25.1 25.2 26.0 26.7 27.4 28.0 28.9 28.8 28.5 27.9 26.7 25.0
/ °C
average rainfall
13 15 30 34 86 26 26 52 79 80 49 19
/ mm
(i) Identify in which months you expect the fungal disease to spread quickly.
months ..............................................................................................................................
reason ...............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) One method of controlling black sigatoka fungal disease is to remove the diseased
leaves from the plants and then burn the leaves.
Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of this method compared with spraying
the plants with a fungicide.
advantage .........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
disadvantage .....................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/M/J/21

13
(iii) Describe one method scientists can use to produce a new variety of banana plant that is
resistant to black sigatoka.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 37]

14
2 The drawing shows part of a large copper mine in the Dominican Republic. The mine is expected
to be open until 2024.
(a) Suggest why this mine pollutes a nearby stream after rainfall events.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/M/J/21

15
(b) The world copper price in 1000 USD per tonne from 2014 to 2019 is shown in the table.
year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

world copper price
7.2 5.5 4.3 5.9 7.0 6.1
/ 1000 USD per tonne
(i) On the grid, plot a graph of world copper price in 1000 USD per tonne against year.
[4]
(ii) Calculate the average world copper price in 1000 USD per tonne for 2014 to 2019.
average world copper price = ....................... 1000 USD per tonne [1]

16
(iii) This mine made a profit in 2016.
Suggest reasons why this mine might not be profitable in 2022.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) The diagram shows a map of the copper mine.
waste rock
waste pond
copper mine
local
water
source
0 0.5 1.0
km
Copper ore is extracted from the mine.
The copper ore is treated at the mine using water.
The waste water from the treatment is stored in the waste pond.
(i) Estimate the area of the waste pond.
area = .................................................. km2 [2]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/M/J/21

17
(ii) Suggest reasons why some local people are worried that the waste pond will leak or
burst.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) The mine is expected to close in 2024.
Suggest reasons why the government has made the mining company responsible for
monitoring the waste pond until 2040.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 15]

18
3 Many tourists visit the national parks of the Dominican Republic every year. Some tourists that
visit the national parks are ecotourists.
One ecotourist says:
When visiting a national park, I try to have

a very low impact on the local environment.
I know it is impossible to have zero impact.
(a) Explain why it is impossible for ecotourists to have zero impact on the local environment.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/M/J/21

19
(b) The Dominican Republic has one marine reserve in the Caribbean Sea. The marine reserve
is 20 km from the capital city, Santo Domingo.
Only scientists are allowed to visit this marine reserve to study the many coral and fish
species.
results table transect line coral
The scientist in the drawing is diving underwater to survey the coral species directly below
the transect line.
(i) Name the type of sampling the scientist is using.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest two reasons why this coral survey is repeated every year.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

20
(iii) There are many coastal sites around the Dominican Republic where tourists dive
underwater to see the tropical species of coral and fish.
Suggest how data from the surveys of the marine reserve can help to manage the impact
of diving at other coastal sites.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iv) The Dominican Republic has several zoos.
Suggest one benefit and one limitation of using zoos to preserve biodiversity.
benefit ...............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
limitation ............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/M/J/21

21
(c) The Ozama River flows through the middle of Santo Domingo into the sea.
When there is a storm, people living near this river are at risk of flooding.
The government has opened an emergency help centre to manage the short-term impacts of
flooding.
(i) Suggest three ways that the emergency help centre can manage the short-term impacts
of flooding.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii) After a storm, the beaches near Santo Domingo are polluted with plastic waste from the
city.
Suggest two impacts on the environment of burning the plastic waste removed from the
beaches.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

22
(d) A monitoring station measures the amount of rainfall and river discharge at one location on
the Ozama River.
River discharge is the total volume of water flowing past a point on a river in one second.
The hydrograph shows data during and after one storm event.
50
40
30
river
discharge
/ m3 per s
20
10
peak
rainfall
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60
time / hrs
The river floods when the river discharge is greater than 20 m3 per s.
(i) On the hydrograph, shade an area under the graph to show when the river is flooding.
[1]
(ii) Calculate how many hours after peak rainfall that peak river discharge occurs.
................................................ hours [1]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/M/J/21

23
(iii) It takes many hours for the river discharge to return to the same level as before the
storm event.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iv) Explain why flooding can be beneficial in some areas.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

24
river.
float
stop-watch
stream.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 28]
© UCLES 2021 0680/22/M/J/21

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 8 6 7 3 1 9 5 9 3 6 *

1 hour 45 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (CE/SW) 211789/2
2
world map showing the location of Costa Rica
Tropic of
Cancer
Costa
Equator Rica
Tropic of
Capricorn
map of Costa Rica
Key
capital city
airport
volcano
Nicaragua N
Caribbean
Sea
Arenal
San José
Panama
Pacific
Ocean
0 50
km
© UCLES 2021 0680/21/O/N/21

3
Area of Costa Rica: 51 100 km2
Population of Costa Rica: 4.99 million (in 2019)
Children per woman: 1.89 (in 2019)
Currency: Costa Rican colón (610 CRC = 1 USD in 2019)
Language: Spanish and English
Climate of Costa Rica: tropical with a dry season and a wet season; cooler in the highlands
Terrain of Costa Rica: coastal lowlands separated by central mountains, including several active
volcanoes, large areas of forest and rainforest
Main economic activities of Costa Rica: ecotourism and agricultural production including bananas,
coffee, sugar and beef
Costa Rica’s rich biodiversity attracts many ecotourists. The government has invested in education,
healthcare, electricity, clean water and sanitation. Life expectancy has sharply increased over the last
60 years. However, 24 362 people do not have electricity and 21.7% of the population live in poverty.
The population of the capital city, San José, is 339 581. In Costa Rica, 78% of the population lived in
urban areas in 2019.

4
1 (a) The graph shows the population of Costa Rica from 1950 to 2019.
Content removed due to copyright restrictions.
(i) Describe the trend shown in the graph.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest reasons for the changes in population shown in the graph.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) In Costa Rica, 78% of the population lived in urban areas in 2019.
Calculate the number of people in Costa Rica living in urban areas in 2019.
.......................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2021 0680/21/O/N/21

5
(b) Some of Costa Rica’s poorest people live in informal urban settlements. These are places
where people have built homes illegally on land they do not own.
The photograph shows an informal urban settlement.
(i) Suggest reasons why infectious bacterial diseases can spread quickly in informal urban
settlements.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State the name of one infectious bacterial disease.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) State two reasons why people migrate to urban areas from rural areas.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

6
(c) The graph shows climate data from a weather station in Costa Rica for one year.
Key
rainfall
temperature
450 27.5
400 27.0
350 26.5
300 26.0
rainfall 250 25.5

temperature
/ mm
/ °C
200 25.0
150 24.5
100 24.0
50 23.5
0 23.0
month
(i) Use the climate data to suggest which months are in the dry season in Costa Rica.
from ................................ to ................................ [1]
(ii) The annual temperature range is the difference between the maximum and minimum
temperature values.
Calculate the annual temperature range at this weather station.
.......................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2021 0680/21/O/N/21

7
(iii) The photograph shows part of a road in Costa Rica that crosses over a river.
Use the climate data to explain how this road is affected at different times of year.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iv) Use the climate data to explain why crops can be grown all year in Costa Rica.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

8
(d) The photograph shows deforested land in Costa Rica that is now used for grazing livestock.
(i) Describe the environmental impacts of deforestation.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) In 1940, 75% of Costa Rica’s land was forested. Fifty years later, this had decreased to
29%.
Calculate the percentage decrease in forested land.
...................................................... % [1]
© UCLES 2021 0680/21/O/N/21

9
(iii) Information relevant to land use in Costa Rica between 1900 and 2000 is shown.
• other countries gave farmers in Costa Rica bank loans to produce beef for
export
• coffee became a popular drink worldwide
• bananas were exported
• demand for wood increased
• tourists started to visit Costa Rica
Use the information to explain the causes of deforestation in Costa Rica.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]

10
(iv) The table shows data for the percentage rate of deforestation in Costa Rica between
1900 and 2000.
percentage rate of
time period
deforestation
1900–1963 1.2
1964–1979 2.6
1980–1986 2.7
1987–1997 0.9
1998–2000 0.1
On the grid, plot a bar chart of the percentage rate of deforestation for the five time
periods.
[4]
(v) Suggest a limitation of this data set.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2021 0680/21/O/N/21

11
(vi) The government of Costa Rica introduced two strategies to stop deforestation:
strategy 1: Landowners were paid to manage forests sustainably.
strategy 2: Cutting down mature forests was banned.
Suggest how each of these strategies can stop deforestation.
strategy 1 ..........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
strategy 2 ..........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(vii) State two other strategies to conserve forests.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(e) State three agricultural techniques for increasing crop yields.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
3 ................................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 39]

12
2 The fact sheet shows information on the Resplendent Quetzal bird.
The Resplendent Quetzal

Resplendent Quetzal birds live in the
forests of Costa Rica. Many tourists visit
the forests to see these colourful birds.
The population of the Resplendent Quetzal

birds is decreasing. Deforestation and
climate change are two possible causes of
this population decrease.
Wild avocado trees are the main food

source for these birds. They also eat small
lizards.
Resplendent Quetzal birds build nests in

old trees and breed between February and
July. However, 78% of the eggs do not
hatch.
The long-tailed weasel is the main

predator of the chicks and eggs. Adult
birds are hunted by hawks and owls.
(a) (i) Deforestation and climate change are two possible causes of the population decrease of
the Resplendent Quetzal birds.
Suggest two other possible causes of the population decrease of the Resplendent
Quetzal birds.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Explain ways that climate change could cause the population of the Resplendent Quetzal
birds to decrease.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2021 0680/21/O/N/21

13
(iii) Use the fact sheet to write a food chain for the Resplendent Quetzal birds that includes a
producer.
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) A conservationist wants to estimate the population of Resplendent Quetzal birds in a forest
using a transect method.
(i) Describe how the conservationist can use a transect method to record the number of
Resplendent Quetzal birds.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) The conservationist estimates there are four Resplendent Quetzal birds per km2.
Suggest how the conservationist can calculate the total number of Resplendent Quetzal
birds in the forests of Costa Rica.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Sound recordings from microphones placed in the forest can also be used to estimate
the population of the Resplendent Quetzal birds.
A computer programme recognises the recorded song of the Resplendent Quetzal bird.
It also calculates how close a bird is to a microphone.
Suggest two advantages of using this method compared to methods that rely on
observing the Resplendent Quetzal birds.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

14
(iv) The conservationist wants to investigate the food of the Resplendent Quetzal bird.
The conservationist considers two different methods:
method 1:
• photograph a Resplendent Quetzal bird taking food into a nest

• repeat for other Resplendent Quetzal birds
method 2:
• collect the droppings (waste material) produced by a Resplendent Quetzal bird

• analyse the contents of the droppings
• repeat for other Resplendent Quetzal birds.
Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage for each method.

You must suggest different advantages and disadvantages for each method.
method 1:
advantage .........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
disadvantage .....................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
method 2:
advantage .........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
disadvantage .....................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total: 18]
© UCLES 2021 0680/21/O/N/21

15
BLANK PAGE

16
3 (a) Costa Rica plans to be carbon neutral in the future.
Carbon neutral means that carbon dioxide emissions are balanced by carbon dioxide removal.
(i) One strategy is to gradually stop using fossil fuels by charging factories and companies
10 USD for each tonne of carbon dioxide they emit.
Explain how this strategy can help Costa Rica become carbon neutral.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Another strategy is carbon capture and storage.
Outline how carbon capture and storage can be used to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) For 300 days in 2018, 100% of the electricity generated in Costa Rica came from renewable
resources.
(i) Hydroelectric power is a renewable energy resource.
State two other renewable energy resources used for generating electricity.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2021 0680/21/O/N/21

17
(ii) The diagram shows the Reventazón dam, a hydroelectric power station in Costa Rica.
dam wall
reservoir
wa electricity transmission
ter
flo lines
w
generator
turbine
river
Use the diagram to describe how a hydroelectric power station generates electricity.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]

18
(iii) An engineering student recorded in a notebook the electricity generated in

megawatts (MW) from the Reventazón dam over a one-week period.
Monday was 219 MW

electricity generated was 153 MW on Tuesday
250 MW on Wednesday
Thurs and Sunday both 175 MW
207 MW on Friday
Sat = 300 MW
Present the data from the notebook in a suitable table.
[3]
© UCLES 2021 0680/21/O/N/21

19
(iv) The Reventazón dam provides electricity to 525 000 homes in Costa Rica.
Suggest other ways the Reventazón dam benefits the people of Costa Rica.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(v) When the Reventazón dam was built, a large area of land was flooded to make the
reservoir.
Some people were concerned that vegetation covered by water would decompose and
release methane.
Explain why people are concerned about the release of methane into the atmosphere.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

20
(c) The jaguar is the largest species of cat in Central and South America. Jaguar numbers are
decreasing.
The map shows jaguar populations. These are areas where jaguars live.
The jaguars move between populations through areas called corridors.
The corridors cover an area of 6 000 000 km2 and link different jaguar populations from
northern Mexico to Argentina.
(i) A scientist used a tracking device to record the movement of a jaguar over one year.
The jaguar moved from location X to location Y.
Calculate the distance between X and Y.
.................................................... km [2]
© UCLES 2021 0680/21/O/N/21

21
(ii) The Reventazón dam was built in one of the jaguar corridors.
Explain why some people were concerned about the Reventazón dam having a negative
impact on jaguar populations.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 23]
© UCLES 2021 0680/21/O/N/21

22
BLANK PAGE
© UCLES 2021 0680/21/O/N/21

23
BLANK PAGE
© UCLES 2021 0680/21/O/N/21

24
BLANK PAGE
© UCLES 2021 0680/21/O/N/21

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 4 2 1 9 5 3 2 5 6 7 *

1 hour 45 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (CJ/SG) 305526/2
2
world map showing the location of Guinea
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator Guinea
Tropic of
Capricorn
map of Guinea
Key
capital city
river
SENEGAL MALI
GUINEA-
BISSAU
GUINEA
er
Nig
M
ilo
Conakry
SIERRA
LEONE
N North
Atlantic
Ocean
LIBERIA COTE
D’IVOIRE
0 100
km
© UCLES 2022 0680/22/F/M/22
3
Area of Guinea: 245 858 km2
Population of Guinea: 12.7 million (in 2020)
Currency: Guinean franc (1 USD = 9840 GNF)
Languages: French, local languages
Climate of Guinea: tropical climate, warm to hot all year round, rainy season May to October
Terrain of Guinea: generally flat coastal plain, hilly to mountainous interior, forested regions in the
south east
Main economic activities: agricultural production, fishing, mining (bauxite, iron, diamonds and gold)
The Republic of Guinea is a less economically developed country (LEDC) with a high population growth
rate. Guinea has a youthful age structure, with 60% of the population under the age of 25. Guinea has
the world’s largest deposits of bauxite. The government is developing agricultural production and the
rural economy, but unemployment remains high.

4
1 (a) (i) Calculate the number of people in Guinea that are under the age of 25.
.......................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest reasons why 60% of the population in Guinea is under the age of 25.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Suggest two impacts of a youthful age structure on a less economically developed
country (LEDC).
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2022 0680/22/F/M/22

5
(iv) The photograph shows a young person transporting goods in Guinea.
Describe three pieces of evidence in the photograph that suggest Guinea is a less
economically developed country (LEDC).
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

6
(b) Peanuts are an important cash crop grown by many farmers in Guinea.
The drawing shows a peanut plant.
stem
green leaf
flower
soil root
peanut
(i) The green leaves of the peanut plants are used in the process of photosynthesis.
Describe the process of photosynthesis.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) The flowers of peanut plants are self-pollinating. This means that insects do not have to
visit every flower for pollination to occur.
Describe the process of pollination in peanut flowers.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2022 0680/22/F/M/22
7
(c) Oil is extracted from peanuts.
The peanut oil is exported to many countries.
(i) Suggest one benefit of exporting peanut oil instead of peanuts.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest two possible uses for the peanut waste after the peanut oil has been extracted.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) Suggest reasons why the government of Guinea encourages farmers to grow peanuts.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

8
(d) Peanuts need an average minimum temperature of 24 °C and an annual rainfall of at least
700 mm to grow well.
The table shows some climate data for one year at a weather station in a peanut-growing
region of Guinea.
temperature
24 27 29 29 28 26 25 25 25 26 26 25
/ °C
rainfall
0 1 6 34 84 147 246 304 228 95 7 1
/ mm
(i) Calculate the total annual rainfall.
................................................... mm [1]
(ii) Explain why farmers in this region can grow peanuts.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Suggest why peanut plants in this region grow more slowly in January than in any other
month.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) Explain why farmers in this region expect soil erosion to occur in August.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2022 0680/22/F/M/22

9
(e) The farmers use the same fields to grow peanuts each year.
(i) Suggest why the farmers expect the yield of peanuts to go down after several years.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) The stems and leaves of the peanut plants can be used to feed livestock.
Suggest how this helps make peanut farming a sustainable activity.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Some peanut farmers are not able to keep livestock.
Suggest other ways these farmers can make their farming sustainable.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 33]

10
BLANK PAGE
© UCLES 2022 0680/22/F/M/22

11
2 A student talks to a peanut farmer.
The farmer says:
I have two fields of peanuts, field A and field B. I usually harvest more peanuts
from field A. I think the harvest from field B is being reduced by insect pests on
the leaves and on the soil.
The student decides to investigate how many insect pests there are in each field.
(a) First, the student investigates the insect pests on the leaves of the peanut plants.
The student:
• selects 10 peanut plants at random in field A

• uses a pooter to collect insects
• collects insects from the top five leaves of each plant
• records the results in a table
• repeats the method in field B.
(i) The diagram shows a pooter.
Describe how the pooter shown in the diagram is used to collect insects.
You can add labels to the diagram to help your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

12
(ii) Describe a method the student can use to select the peanut plants at random from each
field.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) The table shows the results of the student’s leaf investigation.
plant number of insects on five leaves

number field A field B
1 4 6
2 3 8
3 7 10
4 8 9
5 3 7
6 6 5
7 10 13
8 3 9
9 2 8
10 4 5
total 50 80
average 5 8
State the highest number of insects collected from one plant for each field.
field A .........................
field B .........................
[1]
© UCLES 2022 0680/22/F/M/22

13
(iv) Plot a bar chart of the average number of insects on five leaves for each field.
[4]

14
(b) The student also investigates the number of insect pests on the soil.
The student puts a pitfall trap in the soil next to a peanut plant in 10 different locations in each
field.
lid
stone
soil
pitfall trap
After 24 hours, the student counts the number of insect pests in each trap and takes an
average.
The table shows the results of the student’s soil investigation.
field A field B
average number of
4 4
insect pests per trap
The farmer thinks the peanut harvest in field B is being reduced by insect pests on the leaves
and on the soil.
Discuss whether the results of the student’s two investigations support what the farmer thinks.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
© UCLES 2022 0680/22/F/M/22

15
(c) The student notices that there are differences in the soil composition in each field, which
could also affect the peanut harvests.
(i) Complete the table to name three types of soil particle in order of size.
name of soil particle

largest
.........................................
.........................................
.........................................
smallest
[2]
(ii) Phosphate is a mineral ion that is present in a fertile soil.
State the names of two other mineral ions that are present in a fertile soil.
1 ..............................................................
2 ..............................................................
[2]
(iii) Mineral ions are a component of soil.
State three other components of soil.
1 ..............................................................
2 ..............................................................
3 ..............................................................
[3]
(d) The farmer uses bunds in field A and field B to reduce soil erosion.
State one other strategy for reducing soil erosion.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 20]

16
3 The photograph shows some compressed earth building blocks.
Wet earth is compressed into block shapes by a machine. The blocks are then dried in the sun.
compressed
earth
building
blocks
holes
(a) (i) The compressed earth building blocks have holes in them to make them hollow.
Suggest two benefits of making the building blocks hollow.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) The compressed earth building blocks can also be made by hand.
Suggest two advantages of making the building blocks by machine.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2022 0680/22/F/M/22

17
(b) Hollow building blocks are also made from cement.
The process of making cement releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
(i) Explain how releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere contributes to the enhanced
greenhouse effect.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) State the name of one gas, other than carbon dioxide, that contributes to the enhanced
greenhouse effect.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Wood can also be used for building.
An advantage of using wood for building is that it limits the use of cement.
(i) Suggest two other ways the government of Guinea can limit the use of cement.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Suggest two disadvantages of using wood for building.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 12]

18
4 Mining is an important industry in Guinea.
(a) The photograph shows an open-pit diamond mine in Guinea.
(i) Suggest reasons why there is less risk of injury and death working in an open-pit mine
compared with working in a shaft mine.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest reasons why local people want diamond mining to continue in the area.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2022 0680/22/F/M/22

19
(iii) Explain why an environmental impact assessment must be completed before a mining
licence can be issued.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iv) Describe ways the landscape shown in the photograph can be restored after all the
mining is finished.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(b) There is a large global demand for rocks and minerals.
Describe strategies for the sustainable use of rocks and minerals.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
[Total: 15]
© UCLES 2022 0680/22/F/M/22

20
BLANK PAGE
Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2022 0680/22/F/M/22

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 0 5 8 7 8 3 2 6 9 6 *

1 hour 45 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (CE/CT) 301770/1
2
world map showing the location of Spain and the Canary Islands
Spain
Canary
Tropic of Islands
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
map of the Canary Islands
Key
major city
volcano
airport
LANZAROTE
LA PALMA Atlantic Ocean Arrecife
Santa Cruz
de la Palma TENERIFE FUERTEVENTURA
Santa Cruz Puerto del
de Tenerife Rosario
LA GOMERA
Las Palmas N
San
EL HIERRO Sebastian
Valverde
0 50
GRAN CANARIA
km
© UCLES 2022 0680/21/M/J/22

3
Area of the Canary Islands: 7493 km2
Currency: euro (1 EUR = 1.22 USD)
Language: Spanish
Climate of the Canary Islands: subtropical cooled by a cold ocean current and a wind that blows from
the north-east most of the time
Terrain of the Canary Islands: volcanic mountains and narrow coastal plains
Main economic activities of the Canary Islands: tourism, shipping services, fishing, agricultural
production including bananas and sugar
The Canary Islands are a part of Spain. They are located 100 km west of North Africa. They are a chain
of islands formed by volcanic activity between 3 and 68 million years ago.

4
1 The Canary Islands are volcanic islands.
(a) (i) Describe what causes a volcano to erupt.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Granite is a rock formed by volcanic activity.
State the name of one other rock formed by volcanic activity.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Suggest reasons why each island in the Canary Islands is smaller than when it first
formed millions of years ago.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2022 0680/21/M/J/22

5
(b) A student reads a newspaper article about a possible landslide at La Palma.
Landslide at La Palma could cause a tsunami
Recently, low-magnitude earthquakes have been recorded under the island of

La Palma. These earthquakes had magnitudes of between 1.5 and 2.7.
Local people are worried that the earthquakes could cause one side of La Palma’s
volcano to collapse into the sea. This landslide could then cause a tsunami.
Similar-sized earthquakes have been recorded beneath the islands of El Hierro

and Tenerife. However, no high-magnitude earthquakes have occurred in recent
years on these islands.
(i) State the meaning of tsunami.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the name of the scale used to record the magnitude of an earthquake.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Some scientists think there is only a low risk of a large-scale landslide at La Palma.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

6
(iv) Describe the possible impacts of a landslide and tsunami on the island of La Palma.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(v) State three strategies for managing the impacts of a tsunami.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 16]
© UCLES 2022 0680/21/M/J/22

7
2 (a) The Canary Islands are 100 km west of North Africa.
Much of North Africa is covered by the Sahara Desert.
A wind from the east blows dust from the Sahara Desert to the Canary Islands. The dust
increases the fertility of the soil on the islands.
(i) State the name of the Canary Island that is first to receive dust from the Sahara Desert
when the wind blows from the east.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The dust from the Sahara Desert adds phosphorus to the soil of the Canary Islands.
State the name of one other important mineral found in a fertile soil.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Only 30% of the total land area of the Canary Islands is suitable for farming.
Calculate the area of the Canary Islands that is suitable for farming.
................................................... km2 [1]

8
(b) A student talks to three farmers from the Canary Islands.
First farmer:
We have very low rainfall all year, but

we can still grow crops.
Second farmer:
We cover our fields with a layer of volcanic ash.

The ash adds minerals and stops wind drying out the soil.
Third farmer:
At night, water from the humid air condenses on

the surface of the volcanic ash on the soil.
This adds water to the crops.
The student investigates if adding volcanic ash to soil improves plant growth.
The student:
• collects seeds from one species of wild plant growing on the Canary Islands
• fills three trays, A, B and C, with soil
• places 20 seeds in each tray
• does not add volcanic ash to tray A
• adds 1.0 g of volcanic ash to tray B
• adds 2.0 g of volcanic ash to tray C
• waits 15 days for the seeds to grow into seedlings
• records the number of seedlings with a minimum of two leaves in each tray every three
days.
number of days after planting

15 18 21 24 27 30
tray A
number of 0 1 5 9 13 18
no ash
seedlings
with a tray B
0 4 9 14 19 20
minimum 1.0 g ash
of two
leaves tray C
0 6 13 19 20 20
2.0 g ash
© UCLES 2022 0680/21/M/J/22

9
(i) State two factors the student needs to keep the same in this investigation.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) State why the student includes tray A in this investigation.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) On the grid, plot a graph of number of seedlings with a minimum of two leaves (y-axis)
against number of days after planting for tray B and for tray C.
Draw a straight line between each plotted point for tray B and for tray C.
Label the graphs as tray B and tray C.
[5]
(iv) Describe the difference in the trends shown in the graph.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

10
(v) Suggest a suitable conclusion for this investigation.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(vi) Suggest one way the student could develop this investigation to find out more about the
effect of volcanic ash on plant growth.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2022 0680/21/M/J/22

11
BLANK PAGE

12
(c) The photograph shows Opuntia plants growing in a field in the Canary Islands.
The field is divided into small areas by low stone walls.
low
stone
wall
Opuntia
plant
The low stone walls protect the Opuntia plants from strong winds.
The low stone walls reduce the wind speed across the soil.
The wind speed is reduced across the soil for a distance that is ten times the height of the
wall.
(i) The height of the low stone wall is 85 cm.
Calculate the distance from the wall that has reduced wind speed across the soil.
.................................................... cm [1]
© UCLES 2022 0680/21/M/J/22

13
(ii) The diagram shows a field for growing Opuntia plants.
Key
field with Opuntia plants
wind direction
low stone wall
Draw on the diagram one low stone wall to protect the Opuntia plants from the strong
winds. [2]

14
(d) The diagram shows a cochineal beetle.
The Opuntia plant is a food source for the cochineal beetle.
0 5
mm
A red dye, called cochineal, is made from these beetles.
The following method is used to obtain the red dye.
• Farmers infect Opuntia plants with eggs of the cochineal beetle.

• The eggs hatch into larvae that feed on the Opuntia plant.
• 90 days after infection, the larvae change into beetles that have a red body.
• The farmers collect the beetles and extract the red dye.
(i) Explain why the cochineal beetle is a primary consumer.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Determine how many times cochineal beetles can be harvested in one year.
............................................................[1]
(iii) Explain why farmers call the red dye a cash crop.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) The farmers only need Opuntia plants and a supply of cochineal beetle eggs to produce
the red dye.
Suggest why this farming of cochineal beetles is an example of sustainable farming.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2022 0680/21/M/J/22

15
BLANK PAGE

16
(e) The photograph shows three fields for growing lemons on a steep slope in the Canary Islands.
water
reservoir
field
water
lemon channel
tree
(i) Use the photograph to explain why this is an example of good agricultural practice.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Soils are classified according to their particle size.
There are three main particle sizes. Clay is one particle size.
State the names of the two other particle sizes.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2022 0680/21/M/J/22

17
(iii) Clay soil can become waterlogged.
Explain the impact of waterlogged soil on crop production.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 31]

18
3 (a) The photograph shows one location in the Canary Islands that is not used for tourism.
(i) State three uses of the land shown in the photograph.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii) Suggest why food production cannot be increased at the location shown in the
photograph.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Up to 90% of the food needed in the Canary Islands is imported.
Suggest one other item that needs to be imported.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2022 0680/21/M/J/22

19
(b) (i) The government wants to use wind power to generate electricity on the Canary Islands.
An environmental impact assessment is needed at each possible wind turbine location

before building can begin.
Explain why an environmental impact assessment is needed.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Wind power is a renewable energy resource.
Describe other benefits of using wind power to generate electricity.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Suggest two other renewable energy resources that can be used on the Canary Islands.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

20
(c) The population of each island of the Canary Islands in 2019 is shown in the table.
population
island
/ 1000
El Hierro 11
Fuerteventura 117
Gran Canaria 850
La Gomera 21
La Palma 82
Lanzarote 151
Tenerife 918
(i) Complete the table to show the population of each island from highest to lowest.
population
island
/ 1000
Tenerife 918
La Gomera 21
[2]
© UCLES 2022 0680/21/M/J/22

21
(ii) The table shows the number of tourists that visited four of the Canary Islands in 2019.
number of tourists
island
/ million
Tenerife 5.89
Gran Canaria 4.27
Lanzarote 3.07
Fuerteventura 2.02
total ..........................
Complete the table to show the total number of tourists that visited these four Canary
Islands in 2019. [1]

22
(d) In 2019, Tenerife was visited by 5.89 million tourists.
Some people think tourism is damaging the environment and a tourist tax should be
introduced. The money from the tourist tax could then be used to support environmental
projects.
A questionnaire was used to survey tourists about their views on a tourist tax.
percentage response
question yes no
Would you pay a tax of 1 euro each night to
60 40
stay on Tenerife?
Do you agree with the idea of a tourist tax? 50 50
(i) Write one other question to survey tourists about their views on a tourist tax.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The questionnaire was used at both the north airport and the south airport.
Suggest why the questionnaire was used at both airports.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Describe a suitable method for selecting tourists to answer the questionnaire.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) Describe one benefit of using the questionnaire when tourists arrive and when tourists
leave the island.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2022 0680/21/M/J/22

23
(v) The average length of stay for tourists in Tenerife is nine days.
Calculate the total money raised in 2019 for a tourist tax of one euro per night.
..................................... million euros [1]
(vi) Money raised from a tourist tax can be used to invest in sustainable tourism.
Explain ways tourism can be made a sustainable activity.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]

24
(e) Discuss whether tourism contributes to climate change.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [5]
(f) Suggest why people living on small islands are very worried about climate change.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 33]
© UCLES 2022 0680/21/M/J/22

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 2 3 4 4 5 0 7 3 0 2 *

1 hour 45 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (PQ/CT) 307333/2
2
world map showing the location of Spain
Spain
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
map of Spain
Key
capital city
major city
sand dune reserve
river
N 0 100 200 Bay of FRANCE

km Biscay
Santander
Madrid Balearic
PORTUGAL River Tagus Sea
SPAIN Balearic
Islands
Mediterranean
Málaga Sea
North Atlantic
Gibraltar
Ocean
Strait of Gibraltar
© UCLES 2022 0680/21/O/N/22

3
Area of Spain: 505 370 km2
Population of Spain: 50 million (in 2020)
Currency: euro (0.92 euro = 1 USD)
Language: Spanish, Catalan, Galician, Basque and other regional languages
Climate of Spain: the north has warm summers with high precipitation and cool winters; the centre
has hot, dry summers and cold winters with little precipitation; the south has hot, dry summers and cool
winters with high precipitation
Terrain of Spain: large area of high, flat land, surrounded by hills; mountains in the north
Main economic activities of Spain: food production, tourism, metal manufacture, motor vehicles,
medicines
Spain suffered severe economic hardship that began in 2008. Since then, the economy has grown,
helped by increased exports. Unemployment has fallen but still remains high. 100% of the population
have access to electricity. Of the total area of land, 36% is forested and 54% is used for agriculture.

4
1 Spain produces many types of food, including vegetables and citrus fruits.
(a) Calculate the area of land used for agriculture in Spain.
................................................... km2 [1]
(b) Explain why the climate of Spain is suitable for growing vegetables.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
© UCLES 2022 0680/21/O/N/22

5
(c) The bar chart shows the average number of days with precipitation for two locations, Málaga
and Santander, in Spain.
Key
Málaga
Santander
20
15
days with 10
precipitation
5
0
month
The graph shows the average number of sunshine hours per month in the two locations.
Key
Málaga
Santander
350
300
250
200
sunshine
hours
150
100
50
0
month
Suggest which location, Málaga or Santander, is best suited to growing vegetables.
Use the data to give a reason for your answer.
location ..............................................
reason .......................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[1]

6
(d) Soil quality is an important factor in plant growth.
Soil samples from six locations, A, B, C, D, E and F, were analysed for three mineral ions.
The table shows the concentration of the three mineral ions in parts per million, ppm, for each
location.
concentration of mineral ion / ppm
location nitrate phosphate potassium
A 14 22 101
B 34 62 63
C 57 33 79
D 28 41 62
E 15 55 71
F 12 21 30
The concentration of mineral ions in soil can be categorised into low, medium or high
concentration.
The table shows these three categories.
concentration of mineral ion / ppm
nitrate phosphate potassium
low 0 –15 0 – 25 0 – 60
medium 16 – 30 26 – 50 61–100
high >30 >50 >100
(i) Corn requires a high concentration of nitrogen in the soil.
State which location, A, B, C, D, E or F, is best for growing corn.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Phosphorus is needed for plants to flower. A high concentration of nitrogen in the soil
prevents plants from flowering.
State which location, A, B, C, D, E or F, is best for growing flowering plants.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2022 0680/21/O/N/22

7
(iii) Suggest which location, A, B, C, D, E or F, is best for building a factory.
location ..............................................................................................................................
reason ...............................................................................................................................
[1]
(iv) Calculate the range for the concentration of potassium ions in the soils at the six
locations, A, B, C, D, E and F.
.................................................. ppm [1]
(v) Calculate the average nitrate ion concentration of the soils at the six locations, A, B, C,
D, E and F.
Give your answer to the nearest whole ppm.
.................................................. ppm [2]
(vi) State how the concentration of mineral ions can be improved in soils.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(vii) Location D has a sandy soil.
Complete the table to describe the characteristics of sandy soil.
characteristic description
......................................................................
ease of cultivation
......................................................................
......................................................................
drainage
......................................................................
......................................................................
air content
......................................................................
[3]
[Total: 15]

8
2 The photograph shows a large sand dune. A sand dune is a hill of sand.
Sand dunes are a barrier between the ocean and the land. They provide a habitat for plants and
animals.
The map shows the location of a sand dune reserve in north west Spain. The reserve is a protected
area.
Key
sand dune reserve
road
town
X location of planned factory
North
Atlantic
Ocean
0 1 2
km
© UCLES 2022 0680/21/O/N/22

9
(a) (i) The sand dune reserve is a 10 km2 protected area.
People are not allowed to walk on the sand dunes and can be fined 6000 euros if they
break this rule.
Suggest reasons why people are not allowed to walk on the sand dunes.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) The plants that grow on the sand dunes are adapted to living in this environment.
Suggest how plants are adapted to growing in the sand dunes.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Explain how climate change is a threat to the sand dunes.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(iv) In the past, sand was removed from the sand dunes to be used in many different
industries.
State why this was not a sustainable practice.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

10
(b) (i) Sandstone is a type of sedimentary rock.
The table shows the characteristics of three rocks, T, U and V.
Tick (3) all the rocks that are sedimentary.
sedimentary rock
rock characteristic
tick (3)
T contains fossils
U contains small crystals
V contains layers
[1]
(ii) A company wants to build a factory at position X, shown on the map.
The factory must be a distance more than 3.5 km from the sand dune reserve.
Show by calculation why the factory can be built at location X.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) The company uses a questionnaire to find out people’s views about the new factory.
The company sends the questionnaire to every woman within 100 km of the planned
factory location.
Describe the limitations of this method.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) All the questions on the questionnaire require a yes or no answer.
Explain why yes or no answers are used on questionnaires.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2022 0680/21/O/N/22

11
(v) The results of the questionnaire indicate that most local people want the new factory to
be built.
However, some local people are concerned the factory will damage the ecosystem of the
sand dunes.
Suggest why most local people want the factory to be built even though it may damage
the ecosystem of the sand dunes.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) A scientist uses a 10-metre transect line to investigate biodiversity of plants in the sand dune
reserve.
(i) Describe a method the scientist can use to determine the number of plant species along
the 10-metre transect line in the sand dune reserve.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]

12
(ii) The scientist samples five transect lines.
transect line number of species recorded
1 8
2 9
3 7
4 6
5 5
average 7
Suggest reasons why using the data in the table is likely to give an underestimate of the
total number of species in the 10 km2 sand dune reserve.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 23]
© UCLES 2022 0680/21/O/N/22

13
BLANK PAGE

14
3 (a) The table shows data about resources used to generate electricity in Spain.
percentage
resource
generated
fossil fuel 47
hydroelectric 14
nuclear 7
other renewable 32
(i) Draw a pie chart for this data and complete the key.
0
Key
.................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
[4]
(ii) In 2019, Spain imported 21.85 billion kWh of electricity.
Suggest reasons why countries import electricity.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Suggest one disadvantage of importing electricity.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2022 0680/21/O/N/22

15
(iv) The photograph shows a wind turbine used to generate electricity.
Describe advantages and disadvantages of using wind turbines to generate electricity

compared with using fossil fuels.
advantages ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
disadvantages ...................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

16
(b) Globally, 23 million tonnes of waste oil are produced a year. 95% of this oil is burned or buried
in landfill sites.
(i) Suggest the problems with disposing of waste oil.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) A machine converts waste oil into useful fuel.
This machine processes 1000 litres of waste oil a day.
1 litre of waste oil produces 0.9 litres of useful fuel.
Determine the volume of useful fuel that the machine produces in one day.
................................................. litres [1]
(c) Describe strategies for the efficient management of existing energy resources.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
[Total: 20]
© UCLES 2022 0680/21/O/N/22

17
BLANK PAGE

18
4 Sheep are farmed in Spain.
(a) A farmer investigates the best diet for sheep.
The farmer puts an equal number of sheep into three equal-sized fields, P, Q and R.
Each field contains plants that the sheep graze for food.
The average mass of sheep in each field after one year is shown in the table.
field plants in field average mass of sheep / kg
P clover and grass 98
Q grass 45
R alfalfa and grass 72
Write a conclusion for this investigation.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
© UCLES 2022 0680/21/O/N/22

19
(b) The farmer wants to investigate the effect of using a mineral block as part of the sheep’s diet.
Mineral blocks are licked by the sheep.
mineral block
The farmer uses six sheep in the investigation.
At the start of the investigation, the six sheep graze in the same field. A mineral block is then
added to their diet for one year in the same field.
mass of sheep mass of sheep

sheep at start of investigation after mineral block added
/ kg / kg
1 32 40
2 75 75
3 101 101
4 47 49
5 59 61
6 23 42
(i) Suggest a reason for the results for sheep 2 and sheep 3.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest whether the farmer should use a mineral block for all sheep.
Use data from the table to give a reason for your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
20
(iii) Copper is toxic to sheep.
Suggest what happens to the sheep if copper is included in the mineral block.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Describe a selective breeding method to increase the mass of sheep.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
© UCLES 2022 0680/21/O/N/22

21
(c) The photograph shows an area of deforested land in northern Spain.
(i) One cause of deforestation is sheep farming.
State three other causes of deforestation.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii) Explain the impacts of deforestation on the carbon cycle.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]

22
(d) Approximately 200 European brown bears live in the mountains of northern Spain.
European brown bears can live for 30 years, but their average life expectancy in the wild
is only 6 years. The bears are protected by law in most European countries but are still a
threatened species.
The map shows the location and population of brown bears in Europe.
© UCLES 2022 0680/21/O/N/22

23
(i) Suggest reasons for the decreasing numbers of European brown bears.
Use the map to support your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) Describe how captive breeding programmes can increase the number of European
brown bears.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 22]
© UCLES 2022 0680/21/O/N/22

24
BLANK PAGE
© UCLES 2022 0680/21/O/N/22

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 4 5 7 7 8 4 7 1 0 9 *

1 hour 45 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (CE/CT) 315294/4
2
world map showing the location of The Bahamas
Tropic of
Cancer The Bahamas
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
map of The Bahamas
Key
national capital
Abaco town, village
USA
Nassau
New Providence Atlantic Ocean
Andros
N
Exuma
Inagua
0 100 Cuba
km
© UCLES 2023 0680/22/F/M/23

3
Area of The Bahamas: 13 940 km2
Currency: Bahamian Dollars (1BSD = 1USD)
Language: English
Climate of The Bahamas: tropical with wet summers and dry winters
Terrain of The Bahamas: generally flat with the highest point being 63 m
Main exports of The Bahamas: lobster, fish, processed oil, salt
The Bahamas is a long chain of islands extending nearly 950 km. There are nearly 700 islands, of
which about 30 are inhabited. Most of the population live in the capital city, Nassau, on the island of
New Providence. The economy is dependent on tourism. Banking, oil processing and fishing are also
important.

4
1 The map shows the island of New Providence and the capital city, Nassau.
Key
low population density
high population density
protected forest land
agricultural land
commercial land cruise
ships
N
0 5
km Nassau
Lake
airport Killarney
(a) (i) Describe the population distribution of New Providence.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest two reasons for the population distribution on New Providence.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2023 0680/22/F/M/23

5
(b) It is estimated that 70% of the population of The Bahamas live on New Providence.
Calculate the number of people living on New Providence.
number of people = ......................................................... [1]

6
(c) The diagram shows the population pyramid for The Bahamas in 2019.
100+ male female

95–99
90–94
85–89
80–84
75–79
70–74
65–69
60–64
55–59
age range 50–54
45–49
40–44
35–39
30–34
25–29
20–24
15–19
10–14
5–9
0–4
6% 4% 2% 0% 2% 4% 6%
percentage of the population
(i) Describe the age distribution for The Bahamas population in 2019.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) The population of The Bahamas is increasing. One cause of this increase is migration.
Suggest three reasons why people migrate to The Bahamas.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
© UCLES 2023 0680/22/F/M/23

7
(d) There are no rivers in The Bahamas. However, Andros Island has large stores of fresh water
located in underground rocks. The water is extracted using wells.
To meet the demand for fresh water in the capital city, water is transported from Andros Island
using water barges. Water barges are large ships designed to carry water.
(i) State the name of the water source located in underground rocks.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State two other sources of fresh water that can be used in The Bahamas.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) Describe the benefits and limitations of using water barges to meet the demand for fresh
water.
benefits ..............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
limitations ..........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total: 18]

8
2 The fact sheet gives information on the Caribbean flamingo. The photograph shows Caribbean
flamingos and their chicks.
Flamingos feed on small shrimp that live in shallow, salty lakes. The
shrimp eat microscopic organisms called phytoplankton. Phytoplankton
produce energy by photosynthesis. Flamingo chicks are preyed upon
by vultures.
(a) (i) Construct a food chain, including four trophic levels, using the information in the fact
sheet.
[2]
(ii) Explain why the energy in the body of the flamingo is dependent on chlorophyll.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
© UCLES 2023 0680/22/F/M/23

9
(b) (i) In the 1950s, scientists studied a population of Caribbean flamingos on Inagua Island.
The scientists found that the population was decreasing and in 1956 only 100 flamingos
lived on Inagua Island.
Suggest strategies to protect the Caribbean flamingos on Inagua Island.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) The strategies used to protect the flamingos allowed the population to increase. In 2022,
scientists estimated that over 80 000 flamingos lived on Inagua Island.
Describe a method for estimating the population of Caribbean flamingos on Inagua

Island.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [5]

10
(c) The flamingos feed in a lake that contains water with a high salt content.
The graph shows the relationship between the salinity of the lake and rainfall over a 12-month
period.
Key
salinity
rainfall
500 150
400 120
salinity 300 90
/ parts per rainfall
thousand 200 / mm
60
100 30
0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan
month
(i) Describe the relationship between the salinity of the lake and rainfall over the 12-month
period shown on the graph.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2023 0680/22/F/M/23

11
(ii) Suggest how air temperature can affect the salinity of the lake.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 20]

12
3 The Bahamas processes large amounts of oil. The oil is imported, processed and then exported
by ship to countries around the world.
The photograph shows oil storage tanks.
(a) Some people think that oil processing in The Bahamas should not be allowed.
One local person says:
The oil processing industry is important,

and it should be encouraged in The Bahamas.
Suggest reasons why the person thinks that oil processing should be encouraged in The
Bahamas.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
© UCLES 2023 0680/22/F/M/23

13
(b) Oil is a fossil fuel.
(i) Describe the formation of oil.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) State the name of one other fossil fuel.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Most of the oil processed in The Bahamas is exported and then used to generate electricity.
Explain how oil is used to generate electricity.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]

14
(d) The oil processing industry means that The Bahamas’ coastal ecosystems are at risk from oil
pollution.
(i) Identify two possible causes of marine oil pollution in The Bahamas.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Describe the impact of oil pollution on the coral reefs in The Bahamas.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(iii) State three strategies used to minimise the impacts of oil spills.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
© UCLES 2023 0680/22/F/M/23

15
(e) The government of The Bahamas wants to know what people living in The Bahamas think
about the oil processing industry.
A questionnaire was used to survey 20 people.
yes no do not know
1. Do you know that oil is processed in

IIII IIII IIII III II
The Bahamas?
2. Are you worried about oil processing in

IIII III IIII IIII III
The Bahamas?
3. Would you like oil processing in

IIII IIII IIII II III
The Bahamas to stop?
(i) An error was made recording the data in the questionnaire.
Describe the error in the data.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The government concludes that people in The Bahamas are not concerned about oil
processing in The Bahamas.
To what extent do you agree with the conclusion? Justify your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Suggest three ways that the survey can be improved.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 25]

16
BLANK PAGE
© UCLES 2023 0680/22/F/M/23

17
4 The photograph shows a Caribbean spiny lobster.
Spiny lobsters are a source of food. The government of The Bahamas uses strategies to manage
the harvest of spiny lobsters.
One strategy is to only allow spiny lobsters to be harvested by fishermen using a spear, rather
than using traps. This limits the harvest because spear fishing is difficult in deep water. Traps can
be set in any depth of water and are left for days to catch the spiny lobsters. Nets cannot be used
to catch spiny lobsters.
(a) Explain two other strategies the government can use to manage the harvest of spiny lobsters.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

18
(b) The photograph shows a lionfish.
Lionfish eat small fish, shrimp and young spiny lobsters. Lionfish are not native to the Atlantic
Ocean.
In 2004, the first lionfish was discovered in The Bahamas. The population of lionfish has
increased rapidly since then.
Three areas of coral reef were regularly surveyed in The Bahamas. The results of the survey
are shown in the table.
number of lionfish per hectare

year
area 1 area 2 area 3 mean (average)
2012 37 27 35 33
2014 175 615 181 178
2016 245 232 236
2018 305 300 295 300
2020 330 341 332 334
© UCLES 2023 0680/22/F/M/23

19
(i) Calculate the mean (average) number of lionfish per hectare for 2016.
mean (average) number of lionfish per hectare = ......................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why the mean (average) number of lionfish in 2014 is calculated using data for
only two of the areas.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Plot a bar chart to show the mean (average) number of lionfish per hectare between
2012 and 2020.
[4]
(iv) Suggest two reasons why scientists do not expect the lionfish population to increase
greatly after 2020.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

20
(c) Lionfish are not native to The Bahamas. Some people think that the lionfish population should
be controlled.
Sharks do not naturally feed on lionfish. Scientists believe that sharks can be trained to prey
on lionfish if they are given some to eat.
The photograph shows a diver feeding a lionfish to a shark.
Describe the benefits and limitations of this method for controlling the population of lionfish.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [5]
[Total: 17]
© UCLES 2023 0680/22/F/M/23

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 1 5 4 0 0 5 2 0 9 4 *

1 hour 45 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (CE/SG) 315329/2
2
world map showing the location of Denmark
Denmark
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
map of Denmark
Key
capital city
urban areas
N
0 50
SWEDEN
km
DENMARK
Copenhagen
North
Sea
Baltic Sea
GERMANY
© UCLES 2023 0680/21/M/J/23

3
Area of Denmark: 43 094 km2
Currency: euro
Language: Danish
Climate of Denmark: temperate with windy winters and cool summers
Terrain of Denmark: low-lying and flat with 7300 km of coastline
Main economic activities of Denmark: pharmaceuticals, maritime shipping, renewable energy and
agricultural production
Denmark is a more economically developed country (MEDC). All sectors of the economy are growing.
88% of the population live in urban areas.

4
1 (a) (i) Calculate the number of people living in rural areas in 2021.
.......................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest two reasons why only a small number of people live in rural areas.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) The photograph shows a wheat field near the capital city, Copenhagen.
The table shows climate data for the location.
average temperature
0 1 3 6 12 15 17 17 14 10 5 2
/ ºC
average rainfall
88 86 85 79 70 70 74 78 83 86 88 89
/ mm
average number of
17 13 12 13 11 13 14 14 15 16 16 17
wet days
© UCLES 2023 0680/21/M/J/23

5
(i) State the type of farming shown in the photograph.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The wheat in the photograph is planted in April. It is harvested in August.
Wheat needs a minimum average temperature of 12 °C to grow.
State the number of months wheat grows in this field.
.......................................................... [1]
(iii) Give two reasons why most farmers near Copenhagen do not use irrigation methods to
grow crops.
Use information from the table in your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) Describe the environmental impacts of mismanagement of irrigation.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

6
(c) Farmers use fertilisers containing nitrate ions to improve wheat yields.
(i) State the names of the two other main ions present in fertilisers.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Nitrous oxide is released when bacteria break down nitrogen compounds in the soil.
Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas.
The table shows the nitrous oxide emissions from farming in Denmark over a
20-year period.
nitrous oxide emissions

year
/ 1000 tonnes
1 25
5 23
9 20
13 18
17 16
21 16
Plot a bar chart of the data in the table.
[4]
© UCLES 2023 0680/21/M/J/23

7
(iii) Describe the trend shown by the data.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) Suggest two reasons why nitrous oxide emissions from farming in Denmark will not
reach zero tonnes in the future.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) Greenhouse gas emissions contribute to climate change.
Suggest reasons why the population of Denmark may be impacted by climate change.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
[Total: 25]

8
2 The photograph shows a field in Denmark planted with apple trees.
(a) (i) This field has a soil containing three particle sizes.
Circle the smallest particle size.
sand clay silt

[1]
(ii) A fertile soil contains a balance of mineral ions.
State three other components of a fertile soil.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(iii) Apples are grown as a cash crop.
State what is meant by cash crop.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2023 0680/21/M/J/23

9
(b) A student wants to investigate the yield of apples from the field.
The student considers two plans to find the total number of apples in the field.
Plan A
step 1 Count the total number of trees in the field.

step 2 Count the total number of apples on one tree.
step 3 Multiply the total number of apples on one tree by the total number of trees in the
field.
Plan B

step 3 Repeat step 2 for another nine trees selected at random.
step 4 Multiply the average number of apples on one tree by the total number of trees in
the field.
(i) Suggest why the student decides to use Plan B.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest a method the student can use to select the nine trees at random.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Draw a table the student can use to record all the data from Plan B.
[3]

10
(iv) Scientists are breeding new varieties of apple trees to increase future yields.
Describe one method the scientists can use to produce new varieties of apple trees.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 14]
© UCLES 2023 0680/21/M/J/23

11
BLANK PAGE

12
3 The photograph shows part of a forest in Denmark being harvested.
trailer
carrying
wood
The forests in Denmark are managed to promote biodiversity.
(a) (i) The management aims to maintain the forest ecosystem.
State what is meant by the term ecosystem.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Describe how timber extraction can be done to maintain biodiversity.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2023 0680/21/M/J/23

13
(iii) The wood on the trailer is 3.0 m long, 2.5 m wide and 2.5 m in height.
1.0 m3 of wood has a mass of 1.25 tonnes.
Calculate the total mass of wood on the trailer.
.............................................. tonnes [2]
(iv) The wood is processed into wood chips. The wood chips are burned instead of coal in
power stations to generate electricity.
Explain two differences between wood chips and coal as an energy resource.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

14
(b) A student uses transect lines to survey the plant species, other than trees, in the forest shown
in the photograph.
The transect lines are placed as shown.
0 10 transect 1
m
transect 2 road
transect 3
(i) Describe how the student can use a quadrat to record the number of different plant
species.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [5]
© UCLES 2023 0680/21/M/J/23

15
(ii) The student decides to investigate the number of different types of insect living on plants
along the transects.
The student uses the equipment shown in the diagram.
insect
State the name of the equipment used by the student.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) The student wants to compare the number of different types of insect on the leaves of
plants at the beginning and end of each transect.
Suggest how the student can ensure that the comparison is fair.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) The results of the investigation are shown in the table.
beginning of transect end of transect

average number of
9 14
different types of insect
average total number
26 49
of insects
Suggest a suitable conclusion for these results.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

16
(c) The diagram shows a food web in a forest.
fox
falcon wolf
mouse
rabbit squirrel
plants
(i) Explain why plants are called producers.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain the flow of energy through this food web.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2023 0680/21/M/J/23

17
(d) Explain how seed banks and zoos can help to maintain biodiversity.
seed banks ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
zoos ..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[6]
[Total: 28]

18
4 Many small fishing boats in Denmark use a gill net to catch fish. The mesh size of the gill net is
regulated.
The diagram shows a gill net.
float
gill net with

regulated
mesh size
(a) Haddock are caught for human consumption using gill nets.
The diagram shows an adult haddock.
0 10 cm
(i) Estimate the length of the haddock.
.................................................... cm [1]
© UCLES 2023 0680/21/M/J/23

19
(ii) Explain what may happen to the haddock population if the mesh size of the gill net is not
regulated.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) State three strategies, other than regulating mesh size, that can be used to control
fishing in Denmark.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) Some fish are processed into fish meal.
Fish meal has a high protein content. It is used to feed animals on farms to help them grow
quickly.
Give two reasons why some people think this is not a sustainable activity.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

20
(c) There are several fish farms around the coast of Denmark.
Describe the benefits and limitations of fish farms.
benefits .....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
limitations ..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total: 13]
© UCLES 2023 0680/21/M/J/23

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 8 5 0 5 0 0 3 9 7 9 *

1 hour 45 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (SM) 327769
2
world map showing the location of Denmark
Denmark
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
map of Denmark
Key
capital city
urban areas
N
0 50
SWEDEN
km
DENMARK
Copenhagen
North
Sea
Baltic Sea
GERMANY
© UCLES 2023 0680/23/M/J/23

3
Area of Denmark: 43 094 km2
Currency: euro
Language: Danish
Climate of Denmark: temperate with windy winters and cool summers
Terrain of Denmark: low-lying and flat with 7300 km of coastline
Main economic activities of Denmark: pharmaceuticals, maritime shipping, renewable energy and
agricultural production
Denmark is a more economically developed country (MEDC). All sectors of the economy are growing.
88% of the population live in urban areas.

4
1 (a) (i) Calculate the number of people living in rural areas in 2021.
.......................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest two reasons why only a small number of people live in rural areas.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) The photograph shows a wheat field near the capital city, Copenhagen.
The table shows climate data for the location.
average temperature
0 1 3 6 12 15 17 17 14 10 5 2
/ ºC
average rainfall
88 86 85 79 70 70 74 78 83 86 88 89
/ mm
average number of
17 13 12 13 11 13 14 14 15 16 16 17
wet days
© UCLES 2023 0680/23/M/J/23

5
(i) State the type of farming shown in the photograph.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The wheat in the photograph is planted in April. It is harvested in August.
Wheat needs a minimum average temperature of 12 °C to grow.
State the number of months wheat grows in this field.
.......................................................... [1]
(iii) Give two reasons why most farmers near Copenhagen do not use irrigation methods to
grow crops.
Use information from the table in your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) Describe the environmental impacts of mismanagement of irrigation.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

6
(c) Farmers use fertilisers containing nitrate ions to improve wheat yields.
(i) State the names of the two other main ions present in fertilisers.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Nitrous oxide is released when bacteria break down nitrogen compounds in the soil.
Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas.
The table shows the nitrous oxide emissions from farming in Denmark over a
20-year period.
nitrous oxide emissions

year
/ 1000 tonnes
1 25
5 23
9 20
13 18
17 16
21 16
Plot a bar chart of the data in the table.
[4]
© UCLES 2023 0680/23/M/J/23

7
(iii) Describe the trend shown by the data.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) Suggest two reasons why nitrous oxide emissions from farming in Denmark will not
reach zero tonnes in the future.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) Greenhouse gas emissions contribute to climate change.
Suggest reasons why the population of Denmark may be impacted by climate change.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
[Total: 25]

8
2 The photograph shows a field in Denmark planted with apple trees.
(a) (i) This field has a soil containing three particle sizes.
Circle the smallest particle size.
sand clay silt

[1]
(ii) A fertile soil contains a balance of mineral ions.
State three other components of a fertile soil.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(iii) Apples are grown as a cash crop.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2023 0680/23/M/J/23

9
(b) A student wants to investigate the yield of apples from the field.
The student considers two plans to find the total number of apples in the field.
Plan A

step 3 Multiply the total number of apples on one tree by the total number of trees in the
field.
Plan B

step 3 Repeat step 2 for another nine trees selected at random.
step 4 Multiply the average number of apples on one tree by the total number of trees in
the field.
(i) Suggest why the student decides to use Plan B.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest a method the student can use to select the nine trees at random.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Draw a table the student can use to record all the data from Plan B.
[3]

10
(iv) Scientists are breeding new varieties of apple trees to increase future yields.
Describe one method the scientists can use to produce new varieties of apple trees.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 14]
© UCLES 2023 0680/23/M/J/23

11
BLANK PAGE

12
3 The photograph shows part of a forest in Denmark being harvested.
trailer
carrying
wood
The forests in Denmark are managed to promote biodiversity.
(a) (i) The management aims to maintain the forest ecosystem.
State what is meant by the term ecosystem.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Describe how timber extraction can be done to maintain biodiversity.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2023 0680/23/M/J/23

13
(iii) The wood on the trailer is 3.0 m long, 2.5 m wide and 2.5 m in height.
1.0 m3 of wood has a mass of 1.25 tonnes.
Calculate the total mass of wood on the trailer.
.............................................. tonnes [2]
(iv) The wood is processed into wood chips. The wood chips are burned instead of coal in
power stations to generate electricity.
Explain two differences between wood chips and coal as an energy resource.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

14
(b) A student uses transect lines to survey the plant species, other than trees, in the forest shown
in the photograph.
The transect lines are placed as shown.
0 10 transect 1
m
transect 2 road
transect 3
(i) Describe how the student can use a quadrat to record the number of different plant
species.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [5]
© UCLES 2023 0680/23/M/J/23

15
(ii) The student decides to investigate the number of different types of insect living on plants
along the transects.
The student uses the equipment shown in the diagram.
insect
State the name of the equipment used by the student.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) The student wants to compare the number of different types of insect on the leaves of
plants at the beginning and end of each transect.
Suggest how the student can ensure that the comparison is fair.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) The results of the investigation are shown in the table.
beginning of transect end of transect

average number of
9 14
different types of insect
average total number
26 49
of insects
Suggest a suitable conclusion for these results.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

16
(c) The diagram shows a food web in a forest.
fox
falcon wolf
mouse
rabbit squirrel
plants
(i) Explain why plants are called producers.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain the flow of energy through this food web.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2023 0680/23/M/J/23

17
(d) Explain how seed banks and zoos can help to maintain biodiversity.
seed banks ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
zoos ..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[6]
[Total: 28]

18
4 Many small fishing boats in Denmark use a gill net to catch fish. The mesh size of the gill net is
regulated.
The diagram shows a gill net.
float
gill net with

regulated
mesh size
(a) Haddock are caught for human consumption using gill nets.
The diagram shows an adult haddock.
0 10 cm
(i) Estimate the length of the haddock.
.................................................... cm [1]
© UCLES 2023 0680/23/M/J/23

19
(ii) Explain what may happen to the haddock population if the mesh size of the gill net is not
regulated.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) State three strategies, other than regulating mesh size, that can be used to control
fishing in Denmark.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) Some fish are processed into fish meal.
Fish meal has a high protein content. It is used to feed animals on farms to help them grow
quickly.
Give two reasons why some people think this is not a sustainable activity.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

20
(c) There are several fish farms around the coast of Denmark.
Describe the benefits and limitations of fish farms.
benefits .....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
limitations ..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total: 13]
© UCLES 2023 0680/23/M/J/23

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 7 9 2 3 6 9 8 1 1 8 *

1 hour 45 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (LK/SW) 339078/3
2
world map showing the location of the United Kingdom (UK)
UK
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
map of the United Kingdom (UK)
Key
capital city
national border
international border
Scotland
0 100
km
Atlantic Edinburgh North Sea

Ocean
Belfast
England
Northern
Ireland
Cardiff London
Wales
English
Channel
© UCLES 2023 0680/21/O/N/23

3
Area of the UK: 243 610 km2
Population of the UK: 66 million (in 2021)
Currency: GBP (1 GBP = 1.39 USD)
Language: English, regional languages
Climate of the UK: cool, wet winters and warm, wet summers; wetter in the west, colder in the north
Terrain of the UK: hills and mountains in the north and west with lower land around the coast and in
the south and east of England
Main economic activities of the UK: financial and business services, food production, manufacturing
and tourism
The United Kingdom consists of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The
UK is one of the largest economies in Europe. 100% of the country’s population have access to good
sanitation and electricity supply. In recent years, air pollution has improved but remains a concern in
cities. Marine and coastal habitats are under threat from housing, tourism and industry.

4
1 (a) The table shows the percentage of total land area for different types of land use in the UK.
percentage of
land use
total land area of the UK
pasture 46
arable 25
forest 12
other 17
(i) Calculate the total area of land in the UK used for pasture and arable.
................................................... km2 [2]
(ii) Plot the data in the table as a pie chart and complete the key.
Key
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
[4]
© UCLES 2023 0680/21/O/N/23

5
(b) Most farmers in the UK use intensive agricultural practices.
Approximately 2% of the working population are involved in agriculture.
Agricultural practices produce 60% of the UK’s food needs.
(i) State three intensive agricultural practices.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii) State the benefits and negative impacts of intensive agricultural practices.
benefits ..............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
negative impacts ...............................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

6
(c) A farmer is concerned about the mineral ion content of the soil in a field.
The farmer collects seven soil samples from the field.
The diagram shows the locations of the seven sampling points.
Key
sampling point
20 m
20 m
State the type of sampling method shown in the diagram.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
© UCLES 2023 0680/21/O/N/23

7
(d) The farmer uses this method to collect the seven soil samples:
• Record the weather conditions on the sampling day.
• Collect a 100 g soil sample.
• Pass the soil sample through a 2 mm sieve.
• Dry the soil sample.
• Put all seven soil samples into a large container and mix the samples together.
• Analyse the soil in the large container for mineral ion content.
(i) Suggest one reason why the soil samples are passed through a 2 mm sieve.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The soil samples are dried to remove the water.
Suggest one reason why the water is removed.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Suggest one reason why all seven soil samples are put into the same large container
before being analysed.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

8
(e) The diagram shows the chart the farmer uses to analyse the soil sample result for nitrate
ions.
nitrogen as nitrate ions mg / kg
Low Caution Good Good Caution High

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
(i) Describe the impact on the environment if a soil has a reading of 53 mg / kg for nitrate
ions.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) State the impact on agricultural yields if a soil has a reading of 5 mg / kg for nitrate ions.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2023 0680/21/O/N/23

9
(f) The farmer writes a list of some of the components of soil.
Add three other components of soil to the list.
• mineral particles
• mineral ions
• ......................................................................................
• ......................................................................................
• ......................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 24]

10
2 The map shows the planned route of HS2. HS2 is a railway track for high-speed trains in the UK.
Key
planned HS2 track
existing track
capital city
station
N
Edinburgh
0 100
km
London
Cardiff
(a) High-speed trains will travel on 249 km of HS2 tracks.
The government of the UK expects this to reduce carbon emissions in the UK.
(i) Suggest other benefits of HS2 to people living in the UK.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2023 0680/21/O/N/23

11
(ii) The government estimates that 90 000 new houses will be built near the HS2 stations.
One impact of this construction is loss of natural habitat.
Suggest two other impacts of building a large number of houses near the HS2 stations.
Give a reason for each impact.
impact 1 .............................................................................................................................
reason ...............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
impact 2 .............................................................................................................................
reason ...............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[4]
(b) The government estimates that travelling by HS2 will emit 17 times less carbon than travelling
by aircraft and seven times less carbon than travelling by car.
Explain why emitting less carbon is important.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]

12
(c) Scientists are concerned that 108 mature forests are under threat due to the construction of
HS2.
Explain how trees help to reduce carbon emissions.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) The HS2 company must make a ‘green corridor’ next to the track.
The green corridor replaces old habitats destroyed during construction with new habitats that
are linked together.
Suggest why the green corridor must be made before construction of the track begins.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) Japanese knotweed is an invasive plant species. This means it is not native to the UK and
does not grow naturally in the UK.
(i) Suggest one reason why Japanese knotweed is removed from the green corridor.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest one reason why vehicles in an area with Japanese knotweed must be washed
before leaving the area.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 14]
© UCLES 2023 0680/21/O/N/23

13
BLANK PAGE

14
3 The factsheet gives information about the Bechstein bat.
The Bechstein bat
The Bechstein bat is very rare in the UK and has a population of

only 21 000.
Bats are nocturnal, which means they are active at night. The
Bechstein bat hunts and eats small flying insects.
The Bechstein bat hibernates during the winter months. Hibernation

is a state of very little activity, similar to sleep. The Bechstein bat
uses hibernation to conserve energy and survive the cold weather
conditions and lack of food in winter.
(a) Suggest one reason why some people are concerned that the construction of houses in the
UK may cause some Bechstein bats to die from starvation.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
© UCLES 2023 0680/21/O/N/23

15
(b) Bat population surveys often include information from local people.
A form is used to collect the information about different bat species.
name:
date of survey: survey location:
species of bat: type of sighting: in flight / roost / swarming / bat box
Key
in flight bat observed in flight
roost bat observed emerging from a roost (resting place), such as a building or tree
swarming large number of bats observed in flight
bat box bat observed emerging from an artificial nest
(i) Suggest a reason why the survey should be carried out between sunset and sunrise.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest a reason why this type of survey can result in an overestimate of the bat
population.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Suggest four benefits of asking local people to complete bat population surveys.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
4 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

16
(c) The table shows temperature data for one year from an area of the UK where the Bechstein
bat lives.
monthly max 6 6 8 12 15 18 21 20 18 14 9 7
temperature
/ °C min 1 1 2 4 7 10 12 12 10 7 4 3
(i) Determine the temperature range for this area.
..................................................... °C [1]
(ii) The Bechstein bat hibernates from the beginning of November to the end of May.
Calculate the average maximum (max) temperature during this hibernation period.
..................................................... °C [1]
(iii) Suggest a reason why climate change could shorten the length of time that Bechstein
bats hibernate.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2023 0680/21/O/N/23

17
(d) A food chain for the Bechstein bat is shown.
evening primrose plant white ermine moth Bechstein bat tawny owl bird
(i) State the name of the primary consumer in this food chain.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest the short-term impact of a reduction in Bechstein bat numbers on the tawny owl
bird.
impact ................................................................................................................................
reason ...............................................................................................................................
[1]
(e) Some species of bat are good pollinators.
State two other ways pollination can occur.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(f) Bioaccumulation of toxic substances can affect Bechstein bats.
Explain what is meant by bioaccumulation.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 16]

18
4 (a) The graph shows the net percentage of energy supply that was imported and exported from
1995 to 2019 for the UK.
60
50
40
UK = net importer of
energy (buys more
30
energy from other
percentage countries than it sells)
20
of energy
supply
10
0
UK = net exporter of
–10
energy (sells more
energy to other
–20 countries than it buys)
–30
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019
year
(i) State the year that the UK became a net importer of energy.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest two reasons why a country is a net importer of energy.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) Suggest one limitation for a country being a net importer of energy.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2023 0680/21/O/N/23

19
(b) The graph shows the total number of people employed in the coal industry in the UK from
1880 to 2019.
1.2
1.0
0.8
number
of people 0.6
/ million
0.4
0.2
0
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2019
year
(i) Describe the trends shown by the data in the graph.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Suggest reasons for the trends shown by the data.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

20
(c) Shale rock is a sedimentary rock found in the UK.
The processes involved in the formation of sedimentary rock are shown.
cementation compaction deposition sedimentation transport
Put the processes in the correct order for the formation of sedimentary rock.
One has been completed for you.
deposition
……………….. ……………….. ……………….. ………………..
[3]
(d) Fracking is a method used to extract gas or oil from shale rock in some countries.
Questionnaires are used to ask local people for their opinions on fracking.
(i) State why a pilot questionnaire is carried out before the main questionnaire.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest why fracking might go ahead even if local people are against the idea.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2023 0680/21/O/N/23

21
(e) Fracking is thought to cause earthquakes. Earthquake activity at fracking locations is

monitored.
The graph shows the magnitude of earthquake activity during a two-week period in August
2019 at one fracking location in the UK.
1
magnitude
–1
–2
15 28
August August
date
(i) In 2019, the UK government required fracking to stop for 18 hours if earthquake activity
above 0.5 magnitude was recorded.
State the number of earthquake events that required fracking to stop during the two-week
period.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Earthquake events above 2.0 can be felt on the Earth’s surface.
State the number of earthquake events that were felt on the Earth’s surface during the
two-week period.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Suggest one reason why the UK government decided to stop fracking in November 2019.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

22
(f) The map shows the location of major plate boundaries around the UK.
Key
plate boundary
N
(i) Use the map to explain why earthquakes have only caused three deaths in the UK in the
last 100 years.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Disaster preparation helps to prevent deaths during a natural hazard.
State three ways to prepare for a natural hazard to help prevent deaths.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
© UCLES 2023 0680/21/O/N/23

23
(g) Some parts of the UK experience regular flooding.
(i) State three causes of flooding.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii) Explain how flooding can benefit farmers.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 26]
© UCLES 2023 0680/21/O/N/23

24
BLANK PAGE
© UCLES 2023 0680/21/O/N/23

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 3 6 4 7 4 0 9 9 7 3 *

1 hour 45 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (DE/CB) 315342/3
2
world map showing the location of Antarctica
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
Antarctica
Area of Antarctica: 14.2 million km2
Population of Antarctica: no permanent population, only scientific research station workers and
tourists
Climate of Antarctica: there are 105 days of 24-hour darkness each year; the coldest, windiest and
driest continent on Earth; extremely low temperatures in the centre, with average temperatures of
–57 °C, more moderate climate in the north-west
Terrain of Antarctica: thick ice sheet, barren rock, mountain ranges and areas of flat ice-covered
land; 11% of the land is glaciers and floating ice shelves attached to the land
Main activities in Antarctica: scientific research and tourism
Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent. There are up to 5400 scientists and support staff at research
stations and ships in Antarctica. There are deposits of many minerals, but exploration and mining are
banned. Tourism is popular and increasing.
© UCLES 2023 0680/22/O/N/23

3
map of Antarctica
Key
Halley scientific research station
ice shelf
South Pole
Atlantic
Ocean
0° Indian
South Georgia 60°S Ocean
Southern Ocean
Weddell
Sea
Pacific
Ocean
Ross
Southern Sea
Ocean
Indian
Ocean
0 1000 Ross
Sea
km
Pacific
Ocean

4
1 Halley is a British scientific research station in Antarctica.
Halley is built on a floating ice shelf in the Weddell Sea. The ice shelf is 150 m thick.
(a) 11% of the area of Antarctica is floating ice shelves.
Calculate the area of Antarctica that is floating ice shelves.
Give your answer to one decimal place.
........................................ million km2 [2]
(b) The table shows temperature data for Halley.
month minimum maximum average

temperature / °C temperature / °C temperature / °C
Jan –6.6 –2.5 –4.6
Feb –15.2 –6.5 –10.0
Mar –21.5 –10.3 –16.5
Apr –29.2 –14.5 –21.7
May –32.3 –16.4 –24.9
Jun –32.5 –19.6 –26.9
Jul –35.4 –22.7 –28.8
Aug –36.7 –19.9 –28.4
Sep –33.3 –16.7 –26.4
Oct –24.9 –14.1 –19.7
Nov –16.0 –8.5 –11.6
Dec –8.2 –3.5 –5.3
(i) Calculate the annual range in minimum temperature for Halley.
..................................................... °C [2]
© UCLES 2023 0680/22/O/N/23

5
(ii) October to February are summer months in Antarctica.
Plot a line graph of the average temperature for these summer months.
[4]
(iii) Explain why it is not possible to grow crops at Halley.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]

6
(c) Halley is built on an ice shelf that moves 400 m further into the Weddell Sea every year. The
depth of the ice at Halley increases by 1 m every year.
The diagram shows part of the living accommodation at Halley.
adjustable legs
metal skis
level of ice
The accommodation is built on giant metal skis, with adjustable legs. Previous research
stations were built on fixed legs that were buried in the ice sheet.
(i) Suggest reasons why Halley is built on giant metal skis, with legs that can be adjusted.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) The accommodation is built using insulating material that is very good at reducing heat
loss.
Suggest two reasons why this is important at Halley.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2023 0680/22/O/N/23

7
(d) The waste management policy at Halley is to:
• minimise the quantity of waste produced

• reuse and recycle
• remove all waste from Antarctica, apart from sewage and food waste.
(i) Suggest reasons why it is important to minimise the quantity of waste produced at Halley.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest why sewage and food waste are not removed from Antarctica.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

8
(e) Sewage and food waste at Halley can be treated using a bioreactor. A bioreactor contains
microorganisms.
The diagram shows a bioreactor.
gas in pressure release outlet
sewage, food waste

and microorganisms
heated layer
waste sewage sludge
(i) The microorganisms in the bioreactor respire.
State the name of the gas needed for the microorganisms to respire.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest one reason why pressure builds up in the bioreactor.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) The microorganisms need an optimum temperature to work correctly.
Temperature is an abiotic component in an ecosystem.
State three other abiotic components in an ecosystem.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
© UCLES 2023 0680/22/O/N/23

9
(iv) Waste sewage sludge can be dried and burnt. The ash produced can be collected.
Suggest one environmental impact of burning waste sewage sludge.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(v) In many countries, waste sewage sludge is spread onto fields.
Suggest one benefit of this practice to farmers.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(vi) Bioreactors are used to produce biofuels. Biofuels are a renewable energy resource.
State two other renewable energy resources.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 30]

10
2 A fact sheet about South Georgia is shown.
South Georgia is an island in the Southern Ocean near Antarctica.

88% of the species in the Southern Ocean are found nowhere else
on Earth.
The island has an area of 3903 km2 and a population of 30 scientists

and support staff. Tourists also visit the island.
There are no trees or bushes. Birds nest on the ground. The land is
often covered with snow and some areas have permanent glaciers.
Rats were accidentally introduced to the island by whale hunters

200 years ago. The rats ate the eggs and chicks of seabirds. They
threatened the pipit bird and the brown duck with extinction.
(a) A rat-removal programme began in 2010.
(i) Suggest reasons why rats needed to be removed from South Georgia.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) A total of 300 tonnes of poisoned rat food were dropped on the island from the air over
five years as part of the removal programme.
Suggest why some scientists were concerned about this method of rat removal.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2023 0680/22/O/N/23

11
(b) In 2018, South Georgia Island was declared rat free.
(i) Strategies are used to keep South Georgia Island rat free. They include:
• keeping large tourist boats offshore

• moving people to the island in smaller boats.
Suggest how these strategies help to keep the island rat free.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) After the poisoned rat food was dropped, two methods were used to find out if all the rats
were removed.
method 1: Three dogs were walked 2500 km around the island. The dogs were trained
to identify rats by their smell.
method 2: Thousands of chew sticks were installed around the island to detect signs of
rat teeth-marks.
Suggest limitations for each method.
method 1 ...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
method 2 ...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

12
(c) New Zealand consists of about 600 islands. It has a total area of 268 021 km2 and a population
of approximately five million people.
New Zealand plans to remove all their rats by 2050.
Suggest reasons why the removal programme will be more difficult in New Zealand than on
South Georgia.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(d) Rats can spread bacterial diseases if their urine gets into drinking water.
State two strategies to treat water that contains bacteria to make it safe to drink.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 12]
© UCLES 2023 0680/22/O/N/23

13
3 Patagonian toothfish are found in the Southern Ocean. The fish grow slowly. It is 10 years before
they become adult fish. They can live for up to 50 years. The fish can sell for $140 for 1 kg of fish.
2m
(a) Illegal fishing of the Patagonian toothfish occurs. This fishing is unsustainable.
Explain what is meant by unsustainable fishing.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]

14
(b) The graph shows the mass of total reported legal catch, estimated illegal catch and total
estimated catch for Patagonian toothfish for a four-year period.
Key
estimated illegal catch
total reported legal catch
total estimated catch
120 000
100 000
80 000
mass
/ tonnes 60 000
40 000
20 000
0
1 2 3 4
year
(i) Calculate the mass of the total estimated catch for year 1.
.............................................. tonnes [1]
(ii) Suggest reasons why there is a large trade in illegal fishing of the Patagonian toothfish.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2023 0680/22/O/N/23

15
(iii) State three ways the harvesting of marine species in the Southern Ocean can be
managed.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(c) A food chain for the Patagonian toothfish is shown.
phytoplankton krill squid Patagonian toothfish
There are about 450 million tonnes of krill in the Southern Ocean.
A report states that climate change could reduce the size of the krill population by up to 40%.
(i) Suggest one impact on the population of Patagonian toothfish if the krill population is
reduced. Give a reason for your answer.
impact ................................................................................................................................
reason ...............................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii) Suggest reasons why climate change could reduce the size of the krill population.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 12]

16
4 Snow builds up in layers in Antarctica every year. Over time, the buried snow is compressed by
the weight of the snow above it. This forms layers of ice.
Chemicals in the atmosphere are captured by falling snow and become part of the ice. Bubbles of
air are also trapped in the ice layers.
Samples of ice are taken by drilling down into the ice layers to remove ice cores.
The photograph shows layers of ice in part of an ice core.
youngest ice layer

at top of ice core
older ice layer

deeper down
the ice core
(a) Ice cores are cut into thin slices and each slice is analysed to investigate the climate in the
past.
(i) Suggest why thin slices of an ice core are individually analysed rather than the whole
length of the ice core.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest how major volcanic eruptions are used to determine the age of a slice of an ice
core.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2023 0680/22/O/N/23

17
(b) The graph shows data obtained from an ice core for the concentration of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere from 1760 to 2000.
370
360
350
340
330
concentration
of CO2
320
/ parts per
million (ppm)
310
300
290
280
270
1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
year
(i) Describe the trend shown by the graph.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest reasons for the trend shown by the data.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

18
(iii) Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that is used to give information on climate change.
State the names of two other greenhouse gases.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iv) Explain why climate change is causing sea levels to rise.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) The ozone hole is an area of depleted ozone in the atmosphere over Antarctica. It was
discovered by Antarctic scientists in 1985.
(i) Name the chemicals responsible for ozone depletion.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Name the layer of the atmosphere where ozone depletion occurs.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Explain why ozone depletion is a concern.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 16]
© UCLES 2023 0680/22/O/N/23

19
5 (a) Tourism to Antarctica is increasing.
(i) In 2016, there were 43 915 Antarctic tourists.
In 2017, this increased to 51 707.
Calculate the percentage increase in tourist numbers.
.......................................................% [2]
(ii) Tourists travel to Antarctica by ship. They visit for one to three hours each day in groups
of less than 100. They must be supervised by experts on Antarctic wildlife.
Suggest how this strategy limits the impact of tourism on Antarctic wildlife.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) In 2009, large ships carrying tourists were banned from Antarctic waters. This was to reduce
the risk of an oil spill from the ships.
(i) Explain how a double-hulled ship can reduce the risk of an oil spill.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State one strategy for dealing with an oil spill.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Describe the impacts of an oil spill on marine mammals.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2023 0680/22/O/N/23
20
BLANK PAGE
© UCLES 2023 0680/22/O/N/23

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 1 0 0 9 1 4 5 9 7 7 *

1 hour 45 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (LK/CB) 315343/2
2
world map showing the location of Zimbabwe
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn Zimbabwe
map of Zimbabwe
Key
river
capital city
other major city
N
MOZAMBIQUE
b ezi
ZAMBIA Zam
0 100
km
oe
az
Lake
M
Kariba
Harare
ZIMBABWE
Sa
ve
Ru
nd
e
Rio
Sav
BOTSWANA e
SOUTH AFRICA
© UCLES 2023 0680/23/O/N/23

3
Area of Zimbabwe: 390 757 km2
Currency: Zimbabwean dollar ZWL (1 ZWL = 0.0031 USD)
Languages: Shona, Ndebele, English and indigenous languages
Climate of Zimbabwe: tropical with wet and dry seasons; the wettest regions are the north and the
east
Terrain of Zimbabwe: mostly high flat land over 300 m, mountains in the east
Main exports of Zimbabwe: gems, precious metals, tobacco, nickel
Zimbabwe is a less economically developed country (LEDC) in southern Africa. The land is mainly
tropical grassland. 33% of the population live in urban areas, including many young people. The
majority of people work in agriculture. The rural population is older, consisting of mainly women and
children.

4
1 (a) (i) Calculate the number of people living in urban areas in Zimbabwe in 2021.
............................................... million [1]
(ii) Suggest three reasons why young people live in urban areas.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) The table shows the percentage of the population with access to facilities in different regions
of Zimbabwe.
hand
toilet
location washing
facilities
facilities
Bulawayo 56 82
Manicaland 37 61
Mashonaland Central 31 68
Mashonaland East 41 75
Mashonaland West 34 51
Matabeleland North 24 58
Matabeleland South 42 60
Midlands 40 55
Masvingo 28 64
Harare 40 71
(i) State the region that has the lowest percentage of the population with access to hand
washing facilities.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the number of regions where fewer than 35% of the population have access to
toilet facilities.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2023 0680/23/O/N/23

5
(c) Many people in Zimbabwe must travel long distances to collect clean water.
Suggest reasons why travelling long distances to collect clean water is one of the causes of
poverty.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(d) Cholera is a water-related disease.
(i) Explain why people become infected with cholera.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State two strategies to control cholera.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) State two other strategies for improving water quality.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

6
(e) Malaria is a water-related disease.
The map shows malaria cases per 1000 people for different regions of Zimbabwe in 2019.
Key
malaria cases per 1000 people
0–1
2–4
5–99
100+
0 100
km
(i) Estimate the percentage area of Zimbabwe with 0–1 malaria cases per 1000 people in
2019.
Circle your answer from the list.
10% 25% 50% 75% 100%

[1]
© UCLES 2023 0680/23/O/N/23

7
(ii) A person is planning to visit Zimbabwe.
Suggest limitations of using this map to predict the risk of becoming infected with malaria.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Two strategies to control malaria are:
• the use of antimalarial drugs
• the use of mosquito nets.
Compare these strategies as methods of controlling malaria in Zimbabwe.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [5]
[Total: 23]

8
2 A reservoir supplies the population of Harare with fresh water.
The table shows the average rainfall for January, March and May at the reservoir.
month Jan Mar May

average rainfall / mm 196 117 13
Fish are caught in the reservoir and sold to people in Harare.
Water from factories and urban areas of Harare flows into the reservoir.
The map shows the reservoir and four sites, A–D, where fish are caught.
Key
river
reservoir
urban area
fishing site
0 2
km
A
D
B
C
© UCLES 2023 0680/23/O/N/23

9
Mercury is a toxic substance.
A scientist investigates the concentration of mercury in the water and fish of the reservoir at the
four sites, A–D.
(a) The scientist considers two plans for collecting samples of water and fish from the reservoir.
Plan 1
• Visit each site, A–D, on one day in January.
• Collect samples of water and fish.
Plan 2
• Visit each site, A–D, on one day in January, one day in March and one day in May.
• Collect samples of water and fish on each day.
The scientist uses Plan 2 to investigate the concentration of mercury found in the water and
the fish.
Describe the advantages of using Plan 2 rather than Plan 1.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]

10
(b) The table shows the results of the investigation.
average concentration average concentration

site of mercury in water of mercury in fish
/ arbitrary units / arbitrary units
A 8 18
B 7 17
C 9 19
D 8 5
(i) Calculate the range of average concentration of mercury in water.
................................... arbitrary units [1]
(ii) The scientist decides that one result in the table is anomalous.
Complete the sentence to identify the anomalous result.
Sample site .............. has an anomalous result of ................................. arbitrary units.

[1]
(iii) The maximum safe level of mercury in food and water is 20 arbitrary units.
Suggest what the scientist advises local people about eating fish from the reservoir. Give
a reason for your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2023 0680/23/O/N/23

11
(c) The scientist surveys the people living at sites A–D to investigate the mass of fish they eat in
one month. The scientist surveys the people in January and then repeats the survey in May.
The results are shown in the tables.
number of average mass of fish eaten

site
people surveyed / kg per person
A 22 3.4
Jan
B 17 2.7
C 19 2.6
D 18 2.5
number of average mass of fish eaten

site
people surveyed / kg per person
A 20 2.9
May
B 19 2.5
C 7 2.7
D 18 3.1
(i) State the site where the greatest average mass of fish is eaten per person in January.
.......................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest one reason why the scientist decides to repeat the survey for May at site C.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Reservoirs and lakes are sources of fresh water for people.
State three other sources of fresh water for people.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
3 ................................................................................................................................................
[3]

12
(e) A company wants to build a new factory near the reservoir.
The map shows the suggested location of the factory and the location of the reservoir.
Key
suggested location of factory
reservoir
0 1
km
Environmental regulations state that the factory must be more than 2000 m from the reservoir.
Use the map to determine whether the factory can be built at the suggested location. Show
how you determined your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 13]
© UCLES 2023 0680/23/O/N/23

13
3 The supply of electricity in Zimbabwe comes from one hydroelectric power station and four
coal-fired power stations.
(a) Suggest three problems of using hydroelectric power.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
3 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) The extraction of coal for power stations causes air pollution.
Describe two other ways that the extraction of coal pollutes the environment.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) One of the problems of using fossil fuels to generate electricity is air pollution such as acid
rain.
(i) Describe how acid rain is formed.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) State two negative impacts of acid rain.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
14
(d) Wind power can be used to generate electricity if the average wind speed is above 4.0 m / s.
The map shows the average annual wind speed in different regions of Zimbabwe.
Key
wind speed
0.0–2.0 m / s
2.1–4.0 m / s
4.1–6.0 m / s
capital city
other major city
0 100
km
Use the map to discuss whether wind power can be used to generate electricity for the
population of Zimbabwe.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
© UCLES 2023 0680/23/O/N/23

15
(e) Zimbabwe has the possibility of generating electricity from other renewable resources.
Zimbabwe has:
• wood waste from its timber industry
• an average of 8.2 hours of sunshine per day.
(i) Suggest how Zimbabwe could use these renewable resources to increase its electricity
supply.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Economic challenges are one reason why Zimbabwe has not developed these renewable
resources of energy.
Suggest other reasons.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 19]

16
4 (a) The main crops grown by Zimbabwe’s commercial farmers are sugar cane, maize, cassava
and vegetables.
(i) State the name of this type of agriculture.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Agricultural yield can be increased using fertiliser.
State three other techniques used to increase agricultural yield.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(iii) Suggest why soil erosion is more common in a less economically developed country
(LEDC) such as Zimbabwe.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2023 0680/23/O/N/23

17
(b) Overuse of fertiliser can cause eutrophication.
The statements describe the process of eutrophication. The statements are correct but in the
wrong order.
A The fertiliser encourages the rapid growth of algae.
B Dead aquatic plants are decomposed by bacteria, which use up the oxygen.
C Algae block sunlight from entering the water.
D Rain washes fertiliser off the land into streams.
E Aquatic plants die without light.
(i) Complete the boxes to show the correct order of statements for the process of
eutrophication.
One has been done for you.
B
…………. …………. ………….. …………..
[2]
(ii) Explain why a lack of oxygen leads to the death of aquatic organisms.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

18
(c) The table shows the yield of some of Zimbabwe’s agricultural crops in 2018.
yield
crop
/ thousands of tonnes
cassava 256
vegetables 191
tobacco 132
banana 106
oranges 96
(i) On the grid, plot a bar chart of the data in the table.
[4]
© UCLES 2023 0680/23/O/N/23

19
(ii) The crops in the table are all cash crops.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) A food chain including a banana plant is shown.
banana plant weevil ant
(i) State the name of the producer in this food chain.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the number of trophic levels in this food chain.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Draw a labelled pyramid of biomass for this food chain.
[2]
(iv) Explain the impact on the banana plant if all the ants are removed from the food chain.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

20
(e) Written questionnaires were sent to farmers in one area of Zimbabwe to survey what type of
crop they grow.
The table shows the number of farmers in the area, the number of farmers selected for survey
and the number of questionnaires returned.
number of farmers in the area 10 703
number of farmers selected for survey 2 012
number of questionnaires returned 1 896
(i) Describe a systematic sampling method for selecting farmers to be surveyed by

questionnaire.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest three reasons why the number of questionnaires returned was fewer than the
number of farmers selected for survey.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2023 0680/23/O/N/23

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Cambridge Assessment International Education

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/22

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Answer all questions.

Electronic calculators may be used.

This document consists of 19 printed pages and 1 blank page.

world map showing the location of Ecuador

© UCLES 2019 0680/22/F/M/19

Area of Ecuador: 283 561 km2

Population: 16.7 million (2017)

Children per woman: 2.22

Life expectancy: 76.8 years

Languages: Spanish, Quechua, other local languages

Terrain of Ecuador: coastal lowlands, central highlands, lowlands in the east

© UCLES 2019 0680/22/F/M/19 [Turn over

mass of shrimp exported

© UCLES 2019 0680/22/F/M/19

(i) Plot a bar graph of the data.

between ........................ and ........................ [1]

Calculate the mass of shrimp exported in 2017.

.............................. thousand tonnes [2]

© UCLES 2019 0680/22/F/M/19 [Turn over

The photograph shows an area of mangrove swamp near a coastal village.

One villager said,

‘It is our tradition to collect shrimp to eat from

(i) Suggest why villagers making charcoal is a sustainable activity.

© UCLES 2019 0680/22/F/M/19

Another villager said,

‘The shrimp farm is next to our village. The farm

(i) State the primary consumer shown in the diagram.

(ii) Define the term population.

Suggest reasons why shrimp grow quickly when given fishmeal.

Most of the harvested shrimp are exported.

They are either exported:

The student did the following investigation:

• collected a sample of harvested shrimp

The results are shown in the table.

© UCLES 2019 0680/22/F/M/19

mass of mass of mass of

(iii) Suggest one way of using the shrimp heads.

© UCLES 2019 0680/22/F/M/19 [Turn over

(f) A fisherman from the village said,

‘We fish at sea in small boats. We use a long line

(i) A fisherman catches the dorado fish shown in the drawing.

The drawing is not the actual length of the dorado fish.

length measured from drawing

Calculate the actual length of the dorado fish.

(ii) Can the fisherman legally sell this dorado fish?

Give a reason for your answer.

© UCLES 2019 0680/22/F/M/19

(iv) The fisherman decides to build a fish aggregating device (FAD).

fish aggregating device (FAD)

Discuss the possible problems in maintaining a sustainable source of fish if many

© UCLES 2019 0680/22/F/M/19 [Turn over

Describe three other ways of controlling fishing activity.

Describe the ENSO phenomenon.

© UCLES 2019 0680/22/F/M/19

© UCLES 2019 0680/22/F/M/19 [Turn over

The photograph shows two pipelines in the tropical rainforest.

© UCLES 2019 0680/22/F/M/19

© UCLES 2019 0680/22/F/M/19 [Turn over

animal type estimated number of species