Q 12) Difference between correlation and covariance? When should we prefer one over the other? Correlation is a function of the covariance. Covariance is used to determine how much two random variables vary together, whereas correlation is used to determine when a change in one variable can result in a change in another. Covariance gives the extent to which two random variables change. Correlation represents how strongly two random variables are related. Tho not a rule, but is preferred to use the covariance matrix when the variable are on similar scales and the correlation matrix when the scales of the variables differ. 13.) When should we do chi sq test? what is it used for? A Chi-Square test is a test of statistical significance for categorical variables. We typically use it to find how the observed value of a given event is significantly different from the expected value. Intuitively, we see whether our categorical feature is relevant/significant to predict the output variable. we use it for feature selection. We renove values that are not so significant ace to test. Q 14, If both fiter kemels and pooling layers extract features from an image in CNN, then what is the difference between them? Filters extract information from the image like Edges, Patters, etc. This info that needs to be extracted are learned during training. Tt depends largely on Data what info needs to be extracted fron filters. Whereas Pooling does not extract features, rather it takes the avg value of nearby n pixels so that the most important info in the image is retained reducing the image size. which is req to make large models. Q.15,) Difference between vectors and scalers? Scalars are quantities that are fully described by a magnitude (or numerical value) alone. Vectors are quantities that are fully described by both a magnitude and a direction.