YRS

Be The Change To Bring The Change.

FOUNDATION MODULE GUIDELINES

FOR 1ST YEAR MBBS

EDUCATION WING
 PHYSIOLOGY

Physiology Is A Conceptual Subject. Guyton Will Be Your Main Book. First Of All Read A Topic From
Guyton, Make Good Concept Of It. Then, If Required Read It From Some Other Book. After That
Shortlist The Topic And Add Extra Points To Guyton.
For Mechanisms And Reflexes, Must Make Flowcharts On Sticky Notes And Paste Them On Guyton.
It’ll Help You In Fast Revision As Well As Help You In Securing Good Marks.
Very Few Clinicals Are There In Physiology, But All Of Them Are Very Important. You Must Know
Pathophysiology, Causes, Symptoms And Treatment Of Disease.

CELL AND GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

Books : Guyton And Hall & Sherwood

Chapter No 1:
• Internal Environment Of Body.
• Difference Between Composition Of ICF And ECF .
• Negative & Positive Feedback System With Examples (Fig. 1-3) (V.IMPORTANT).
• Gain Of Control System.
• Table 1.1 (Just Normal Range Of Constituents).
• Feed-Forward Control.
• Postulates Of Cell Theory (From SHERWOOD, Can Be Asked In Viva).

Chapter No 2:
• Can Be Done From Laiq Hussain Histology & From Biochemistry As Well.
• Cell Membrane (IMPORTANT For SEQs).
• Glycocalyx (Functions Are V.IMPORTANT).
• Functions Of All Cell Organelles.
• Difference Between RER And SER, Peroxisome And Lysosome.
• Difference Between Phagocytosis And Pinocytosis.
• Why Mitochondria Is Called Power House Of Cell?
• Mechanism Of Ciliary Movements (V.IMPORTANT).
• Vaults, Proteasomes, Cytoskeleton, Docking Mechanism (V.V.IMPORTANT), Cell Junctions And
Signal Transduction (V.V.IMPORTANT) (From SHERWOOD).

Chapter No 3:

• Major Portion Can Be Covered From Lippincott Biochemistry In Genetics.

• Types Of RNA (V.IMPORTANT).
• Regulation Of Gene Expression By Mirna Fig 3-10 (V.IMPORTANT).
• Telomere And Telomerase. What Happens To Telomerase Activity In Cancer?
 • Difference Between Apoptosis And Necrosis (V.IMPORTANT).
• What Are The Factors That Cause Cancer?
• Properties Of Cancerous Cells.

BIOCHEMISTRY

BOOKS:
• Lippincott.
• Satya.
• Mushtaq Volume 1.

PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS

Lippincott: Chapter 2, 3, 4
• Primary, Secondary (IMPORTANT) ,Tertiary And Quaternary Structure Of Protein.
• Comparison Of Alpha Helix And Beta Pleated Sheets.
• What Are Motifs?
• Stabilizing Interactions Of Tertiary Structure.
• Protein Folding And Protein Denaturation.
• What Are Chaperons And Their Function.
• Protein Misfolding Diseases (V.V.IMPORTANT) Both Amyloid Disease And Prion Disease.
• Globular Hemoproteins And Their Structures (For MCQs).
• Hemoglobin Types And Their Sequences (For MCQs).
• Difference Between T And R Form Of Hemoglobin.
• Oxygen Dissociation Curve For Hb (V.IMPORTANT) And Mb For Drawing As Well.
• Allosteric Effectors (Important For SEQs And MCQs). Bohr Effect.
• 2,3 BPG Levels In Chronic Hypoxia Or Anemia (V.IMPORTANT).
• 2,3 BPG In Transfused Blood (IMPORTANT For SEQs).
• CO Poisoning And It’s Treatment.
• Minor Hemoglobins And Their Compositions (V.IMPORTANT For MCQs).
• Normal Adult Hemoglobin Types.
• Formation And Importance (In Diabetic Patients) Of HbA1c.
• Figure 3.14.
• Why Is HbA1c Found In Diabetic Patients?
• Hemoglobinopathies (V.V.V.IMPORTANT Univeristy Question).
• How Malarial Patients Less Susceptible For Sickle Cell Anemia? (Viva)
• Hb C, Hb SC, Hb D, Hb E.
• Methemoglobinemia With Scenario (V.V.IMPORTANT University Question).
• Fig 3.22
• Thalassemias (V.V.V.IMPORTANT SEQ + Scenario Based Questions).
• Collagen Structure (V.V.IMPORTANT).
• Types Of Collagen (For SEQ).
• Fig 4.2 (V.V.V.IMPORTANT For MCQs.
• Biosynthesis Of Collagen (V.V.IMPORTANT SEQ).
• Collagenopathies (V.IMPORTANT).
• Elastin Structure (SEQ).
• Marfan Syndrome (V.V.V.IMPORTANT SEQ + Viva Question).
• Alpha 1 Antitrypsin And Emphysema (IMPORTANT SEQ).

Satya: Chapter 4.
• Classification Of Amino Acids (V.V.IMPORTANT).
• Isoelectric pH And Zwitter Ion.
• Non Standard Amino Acids (V.IMPORTANT For Viva).
• Amino Acids Useful As Drugs (For MCQs).
• Characteristics Of Peptide Bond.
• Properties Of Proteins.
• Classification Of Proteins (V.V.V.IMPORTANT).
• Protein Denaturation.

Satya: Chapter 9
(Can Be Done From Chatterjee)

• Abnormal Electrophoretic Pattern.

• A/G Ratio.
• Albumin Synthesis, Functions And Clinical Significance.
• Alpha1 Antitrypsin.
• Haptoglobulin Functions. States In Which It Is Increased Or Decreased.
• Ceruloplasmin.
• Transferrin.
• Acute Phase Proteins.
• CRP.
• Immunoglobulins Structure (V.IMPORTANT).
• Classes Of Immunoglobulin.
• Table 9.2.
• Multiple Myeloma.
• Ig Class Switching.

ENZYMES
Lippincott: Chapter 5 .
• Cofactor, Prosthetic Groups And Coenzyme.
• Factors Affecting Reaction Velocity (V.IMPORTANT) (Whole 5 Marks SEQ Is Usually Asked
From This Topic).
• Michaelis Menten Kinetics.
• Important Conclusions Of MM Equation (Asked In SEQ).
• Lineweaver Burk Plot.
• Classification Of Enzyme Inhibitors And Their Action With Examples (V.IMPORTANT University
Question)
• Enzyme Regulation And Its Types (V.V.V.IMPORTANT Univeristy Question).
• Fig 5.19.
 • Enzymes In Clinical Diagnosis (V.V.IMPORTANT For MCQs & SEQs).

Satya: Chapter 6
• Classification Of Enzymes With Examples (V.V.V.IMPORTANT. Asked In OSPE, SEQs & MCQs).
• Table 6.2 (May Come In MCQs).
• Mechanism Of Enzyme Catalysis.
• Table 6.7 (IMPORTANT For MCQs).
• Table 6.8 (V.IMPORTANT).
• Table 6.9.
• Isoenzymes (V.V.V.IMPORTANT).
• Table 6.11.
• Table 6.12 And 6.13 (IMPORTANT).

Mushtaq: Chapter 6
• Proenzymes Or Zymogens.
• Induction And Repression Of Enzymes.

BIOENERGETICS
Lippincott: Chapter 6 (Start From ETC Topic)
• Electron Transport Chain & It’s Inhibitors (V.V.IMPORTANT University Question).
• What Is Oxidative Phosphorylation.
• Organization Of ETC Complexes.
• Reactions (V.V.V.IMPORTANT).
• Free Energy Release During ETC.
• Chemiosmotic Hypothesis.
• Protons Pumped And ATP Produced By Each Complex.
• Figure 6.13.
• Role Of Oligomycin.
• Uncouplers And Their Significance (V.V.IMPORTANT).
• Membrane Transport Systems (IMPORTANT) + Fig 6.16.
• Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathies (Viva).

Satya: Chapter 11
• P:O Ratio.
• Shuttle Pathways (V.V.IMPORTANT SEQ) Along With Figures.

CELL BIOCHEMISTRY + PHYSIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

(Some Component Of This Topic Gets Covered In Physiology And The Rest Of It Has To Be Done From
Mushtaq.)

Mushtaq: Chapter 1
• All The Organelles Are To Be Done From Physiology . Structure And Functions Of These
Organelles Are Asked In SEQs. Diseases Related To Organelles Are Also Asked In Viva (Present
In Mushtaq Chap 1). Important Ones Include:
✓ Relation Of Lysosomes With Diseases.
 ✓ Zellweiger Syndrome.

Mushtaq: Chapter 2
• Cell Membrane And Its Chemical Composition.
• Lipid Rafts And Caveolae.
• Diseases Of Plasma Membrane.
• Adsorption. Definition And Applications.
• Transport Across The Cell Membrane Different Types (IMPORTANT).
• Definition Of Osmosis And Osmotic Pressure.
• Uniport, Symport And Antiport.
• Oncotic Pressure.
• Donnan’s Or Gibbs Donnan’s Equilibrium Concept.
• Surface Tension Definition.
• Viscosity Definition And Factors Affecting Viscosity.
• Hyperviscosity Syndrome (Viva Question).
• The Collidal State (Just For MCQs And Viva).
• Classification Of Particles.
• Types Of Colloidal Solutions (Definitions Only).
• Properties Of Colloidal Solutions (Definitions Only).
• Ion Exchange Resins Types (Definitions).
• Uses Of Ion Exchange Resins.

Satya: Chapter 40
• Applications Of Osmosis.
• Applications Of Donnan Membrane Equilibrium.
• Applications Of Viscosity.
• Applications Of Surface Tension.

ACID BASE BALANCE

Satya: Chapter 21
• Henderson Hesselbach Equation.
• Blood Buffers (V.V.V.IMPORTANT).
• Respiratory Mechanism For pH Regulation (V.V.V.IMPORTANT).
• Renal Mechanism For pH Regulation (V.V.V.IMPORTANT SEQ Along With Figures).
• Disorders Of Acid Base Balance (V.IMPORTANT).
• Table 21.4 (IMPORTANT For MCQs).
• Table 21.5 (V.IMPORTANT).
• Anion Gap Definition And Value (IMPORTANT).
• Do Metabolic And Respiratory Acidosis And Alkalosis From Selfless Medicose For Better
Understanding And Then From Satya.
• Table 21.6.
• Acid Base Disorders And Blood Potassium (IMPORTANT Concept).
• Blood Gas Measurement Definition.
 GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
Lippincott: Chapter 30, 31, 32, 34.
• DNA Structure SEQ (Chargaff’s Rule, Grooves Of DNA, Melting Temperature).
• Different Structural Forms Of DNA (SEQ).
• Steps In Prokaryotic DNA Replication (V.V.IMPORTANT SEQ).
• SSB Proteins.
• Difference B/W Type 1 And 2 Topoisomerases.
• Primase And Primosome.
• Comparison Of 5’ To 3’ And 3’ To 5’exonuclease Activities.
• Eukaryotic DNA Replication And Function Of Different Proteins (V.V.V.IMPORTANT SEQ).
• Eukaryotic DNA Polymerases Types (SEQ).
• Telomeres (Past Paper Question).
• Nucleoside Analogs (MCQs & Viva).
• Histones And Nucleosomes
• DNA Repair (V.V.IMPORTANT) (Individual SEQ On Its Types E.G. NUCLEOTIDE EXCISON
REPAIR)
• Types Of RNA (Difference Between Any Of These Or Individual SEQ On Each Type).
• Prokaryotic Gene Transcription (V.IMPORTANT SEQ).
• Pribnow Box.
• Action Of Antibiotics.
• Nuclear RNA Polymerases Types.
• Post Transcriptional Modification Of RNA (V.IMPORTANT)
• PTM Of Eukaryotic Mrna (IMPORTANT SEQ).
• Splicing (IMPORTANT).
• Characteristics Of Genetic Code (V.IMPORTANT For SEQs And OSPE).
• Types Of Mutations. (Also See From Satya Chapter 24).
• Components Required For Translation.
• Wobble Hypothesis (V.IMPORTANT University Question).
• Steps Of Translation (V.VIMPORTANT SEQ).
• CO And Posttranslational Modification (V.IMPORTANT).
• Fig 32.16.
• PCR (V.IMPORTANT SEQ).
• Applications Of PCR.