mw B yoloe OSV 23/ 4 120749 Gal Complex “number and har geometric respYesentation e-1 -» x= tlt = FI complex Number Len+iy %s Real part = Re (2) Ye ImagonarS part = Im(Z\ bod dl dS aS *Exs Let Ze 1421 x=1 ger elet Zs -2 -3i Ye -3 Leb Zs -uil+3 Ye -U 5B -y Bt oO] X= yo ep ee eee % 20 Ye-3 # Rule% Two complex number can equal @ Real part are equal @ Imaganar¥ ave edual wEX:- Let Z,) = 2% +541 —_— =19+151 ,Fimnd x59 TP A= 22) se ee eV SSSSCSSEseeseedcdedd ddd ddd N canes Nv = HS NSolu. 2x =10 —(x=5) Sy =I15B —» (Y=3) Ge aa eae Addition #) Z\+Z2 = Cx ti) + (x2 +'4a) Z24+Z2 = (X4%od +1 CY, +42) *® Ex:- Let Z=2+uj Zo =3-21 # Find 2,4 Z2 22 TS eran oe a & Subtraction # #) Zi -Ze = Cxsiy,) Garin’ Xray ~ 2 -192 -Zo2 = CX -xX2) +7041 -42) x Ex 2 Lek Z,) = -2-37 y Z2=14i 4 Find Zi-Ze 22 -Z2 = -3 -uj i ve arp cantina eciueeneornanendene C+ scalar Multiplication 4h & A C.Zz = c (x+y) = Cx +icy ew EX:@ 2C-3-2i) = -G -4i ® -3¢€24\) = -6-3j]fof a ——— {Pli Cation Cente 4 a ZyxZe = Cx4 4144) Cxa +142) 4X2 4149 X4 4197 XQ * Yaa Yn # NoTe that #2 | =J-1 Gye -1 Gye -t = ei ay. 1 Sirebad des vig [ Cx4x2) -(4 4%) at C%19 9444 X2) wExs (14t)( 2-31) = 2-31 + 21-35 = Rember that jal = -1 = B-i . . 2 * EXE (3-51) (4-21) =3-6) -51 +10) = -F-011 DOONAN congicak of CompPley number 4) n peli cee — a — Z=x4+i4 * ll Bal else y (Im Part) a z= xlety: 2172431 find Zy 22 Z4 = 2-31 % 222 -3-ul ink Zo 7? Ze = -34ui Oe ete A ee ee) ees Ze 44t Z=a%-1 Find ZeZz 7! Zaz = (14i) Ci) * yess ea-iti-i® = 1-1 —_ 2 ; potes Zt = x +9 ~ division #) PBN ase yee # — gio Ht y Xenide Z2 Xo +142 %a-14e 2 . 5 202 X, -iY2X24lleX2 —1 ———E/ — Cxike4 9192) 4 iC -92%14+ 4x2) 2 2 XO ts a Ray x Ex: Find 440 2-1 : : : 62 solut- A+! 241 = 2+1+2\ 41 2-1 24¢i u+/ Wvvbbbdoadaddddcdddddrdddedddeets dae X=ReCz) > Ze= 4-1 a x Zl vd “V4 4 x 71 gure > Zg2 -1t! x oe4ENoT That # @ zz = (xsi& ~i9) = 49" @ x=Re(z) = _ZaZt 2 @ Yyetma) = 2-2 21 @ €214+22) = Z4 4 22 © ( z4-Ze) = 4 —22 © (xz 22) > 24% Ze @ Zz1/Z2 a Za Ze wExs Leb 242 441 ee ee Find (2Z14Z2) PPP Ct1422) = Csi) = 54) Zy + Ze = (1-1) t(ut2i) = 6 4] Bs sfsA PHP td GegnaeggoaesnannnnsnnnannannnaSle 2614/2014 (i3.2) (# Polar Form of complex number) > ane \ KK Pewer + Rook 8; tinct ane Z = xX +i = ye ae cabetad @ vr=lelsJ xy? 3 wedulas | obselut Naiuel Mwagnibud » S@ x= ¥ cese @ Y= rshO H# Ex: let Z=1*1 Find Re polar Poy vm ? x21] 421 . we J aT? V2 ~—!F @ = ran(t) = 2 > LZav2e. Hex: lee ZeJe e* pind he x ety fe ve V2 eo: KX sveces@ = V2 Cos u cm Yc vsing ove sin t Bw . qzeilr!# Find © Ry O 2244) 7 oa ae y-4 ton) = x @ 2 = -14) Ker? od yer 1 6 = ban 4) - ® 2+ -1-1 Dial . ~) G= ban _ 1. zy )e. = T-1U:= -39 a a @ Z221-i X21 ye-1 VA @= tam (3) “4 SOlwy| WAie ot LLLP PPP) PPpPre a 99¢4aananenw.../ Te I : Coreeele wy frac) = 6 = vm GZ) *% - 1 ¢ Mrg(z) < 7 ayn. Nes syeen wen on w& ard (2) = Dralz) t+ 2th ) ) ) ) , . p FEX:- Let Z 244i iyind a9(Z@) 7? 9 Arg (2) 6 = ran (4) = a > u 2 > arg (2) = ~ tan oN (~ Eular Formela Seo eS \8 5 © = Cosle) +1 sin(e) AP Wisnale newer y Triangle inequar Ce I Zee | iconwere Fp lO OE A RA A E iplicat! iVisjoh)# (qaltiptication + division) 162 iO “224 (ne \(ve € ) 1 (01462) zy¥aVo iS 42 { co$ (04+62) + isinCorre0)] w E&. 2 _ 104 4 = ; - * orl _ 2 t ace 02) v2 @? Ve = Ww cose tare sina = a [ 5 (84 d+ Ce..-e2)] zi iz » EX. Let Z122€ 52223 e* Find eee LD 22 Solus 7 An Ly i © Z4* 2) = Co é'\)elset) i 3a - 6 e*“22 “3 sin 3 / / cameraman aeanmaammnsaa ir seamrean ese noe ce 2 lod -« 2 a _j 15 3 ve rz | ae Nos za lz. \ lee) \a | = \|a) aa \eel = oN ee a 12 . eUe i) = 1% 24) Foe Gl yoo apo OD s ( xiv) = ne integer value ¢ Ss ave ~ve es ipyh (x +in) = (re’) | { x : | _ n \ = y+ 6 n WS beh .20Sddd0dddddddddd deer ocr */ / A aT ; ; » = [ cos Con) 1 sinCon) | Ce _vt0 = Be indeed Ge ppe ete £ x21 lyst | vevz ~ e@- DT . a © 0 ‘or 10 1st & Gi) = Gre) 326° « ecb mys = cx PSs - 2 is i - too oo = 32€e « > 32[ cos Z +i sv TY a“ * = 32 C oti hair’ e. . ~ = 321 ~ ——— ~ H_Demover Formal : len \6n ~ e ~ “6 ” 3 [ ion ao e _ = ° ism =625(On) | ] ie s(e) eis od] ES 7 ~ Sta OA Eee na p/p 2 RTETt ® L Rook of Complex number, go — — Zz = Ori) =Vr L cos O22 3K 44 sin ever ce Veen? 6 = tan (2) Vs K 20, 132, .--- n-1 wexe Find V4ei n=3 . X21 oo eg Les (LEE) +i shes) yeve 3 2 U =Sn cos( BeET ) 4 i sim ( (eee +8 or) 12 AD) u ° Sa ¢ ® { a s\sigigeS DDVDIZORVGUUUY*%For Kz0 1 Root = Je (ces -x “i sin Z| nal % For Ke1 2 Reot = VE [cs 12 tich an = 12 - aFor K =2 = V2 | cos [23 isin var ae Ta ecm vince Je wer a J [a if 41 s tee; =/ i foo ~_s Zs SSS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS n 3 S ‘so set 4 Rook nad 2 Rook i 3 2 A s Reo f - 1 va 2 «1 [eo (OE) nF sn(arerty]W) 5 ala? 20/9 /2014 * Z2x+y zrk pve Saty2 “(2 =V¥ cos@ @-tan (2) X=¥ Cos “nx Dev shd r . : es = e [ cos (on) +1 sinCons J ge Vz = Vesiy eNv\ cos 9) +1 Sth (eu2t) | CDT Or (13.5) C# Expenential function of comple x’) nine} geen SE z x4 C4 ey : es € ee iste 2 € cos +ié sin(d) wove J x ry? = J [ee cos) +L e sim * meres = SIIPIPIDIIIMPIIDGIAN EA ANM OKO K MEK CRE| (é)* Cosy) ele)? sin (9) nen + sin (©) = (9 a é sinQ) w 62 ran (2) = ray | Cen € costly) = fan Lancy) J =¥ 8 Ny oe o/c/e// eee * arg(é) = fv9(e) + 2h = Yr 2th Zs 22 Six Ze *E € = e a Z1-Z2e * € eee) te e -g\ #2 el 7e ja. é = Cos(2m\+ \sin oT =U) * = = ¢05() + snCn) = ~| + a-+ } | | } | | yt ra q Wwovobbbbsbbaadddedddfor =@ - Ae : : e@ cos€- 86) yi gh (- Oe) ty aM AM ut =e f € cos(-o6) 410 SinC-0.6) arg (E)= -ve+2™M * Odegve « Srad y» 1% T «6 ad > 6 degvee « TZ 180 x x € #0 Dexponendtat Fanetion is entier function | Nene esai ~ II 13-6] (CH Trigemomernic and hyper bol eed : = tion) iz ' € = cos) +1Sin(Z) SZ € = cos (-F) + isin (-Z) Ces(-2) = Cos (z) Sin (-2) = ~sin(Z) > € 2 Cos(zZ) -isin(2) O+O© iz iz € +e = 2 cos(2) iz az x CoS(Z)= & pe 2 0-0. -iz e -~@€ = 21 sn(@) Hie tz ~% sm(@)s € = £ 21w ran(e) = Sin 2 6 ~e' cos 5 1z A] 52) ; Le = é | 1 (2) # Cot(z) = ole tan(2) sin Cz) Ce 2d iz -iz é *secCz) = 1 = g cosZ) iz -iz e+e eCscCZ) = 4 See sin (2) é-2 \ * C cos cz) = —Sin(2) : \ a [sin cz) J = cos(z) es C ranl2) | = eee Cz) w cos(@) 2 cos(x+i¥) Cos(x) cosh) — | sin Ged sinh (y) it pened) y ; } j F } } ; ) ) ; : } : | | Ex Find cos ( wei) = Cos trcesh (2) -i Sin() Suh vz) = -—coesh(2) * sme(z)s sin (X 479) = Sin(v) Cesh(y) +1 cos) Sink (y) ex: Vind sin (217+5,) = SiMe Tv) cosh 74, CosC2 wr) sinh) 1 Sinh (3) fAren, * © +i Csinh cay) ae scree » ce8 Cz) es CZ) 21 m cosh(x) = 1+ Shhex) n 2 sloscer} 2 coSG) + shh ly) 2 2 / «| sin(2)| = sin(y)+ sink? (y) Hsin Z Cos 22 = +0 sin (2+ Ze ) + sin(z,-23} w coS (24 22) = cS (2) cos(Zz) F sth ZS Ze : + coset * sin( 2 t2,) = sin 2 Cos2g = sinzg carn% CoS [cosi) + (243i) | = cos(24i) cos(24si)— sin€o4i) sind 243i) » cos [ uu; | = coS4) cosh) —i sin(4) Sinh (4) & Se Ae —. wblgrer bolic. fim dion)~ z -z @ cesh(z), _er2e 2 ® swh(@) = x [eos wy 2 sinh 2) » Usinn Czy = cosh(z) % tanh (2) = sinh @) = ee cosh(z) eee e+e Ze -€ x coth(Z> ——— = Sobel 1 eae ranh (2) sinh(z) z _ 32 . Marista ont ‘#® Sech (2) = tL = Cosh(z) x csch(e) = fo = 2 sinh (2) @- et Tridomometric and hyperboiic Function } ~~ — —— ie OA eee ON © ave elated mee SS @ cesh Ciz) = costz) @® sinh Ciz)= sin (Z) ® cesCiz)=ash(z) @ sin (iz)2 ish (2) ew Z aXaiy iz si Lx-+iy) a ixeiy = -Y+ix Zz 2 Bal = Jz ea lest ec wr tof aa «x cosh(2) = cosh(x +14) = cosh(x) cos(¥) +3 sinh (x) sin(y) y : ; J P 7 p p ) ) ) } ) y } ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ; ) > » el ?Ex:- Find cesh (2 +a) = cosh(2) coSCy) +i sinh (2) sine) = - Cosh (2) x sn (2) Sinh (x 414) = sinh LX) cos (9) +1 Cosh) sin (4) Ex:. Find Sith (34071) = SimhG)ces(on) + j cesh (3) sin(27) TTPPPCPPP TTI errr = simh(3) = Sin Ci3) i Ler % cod (21 42Z,) = cosh (2) cosh2g + sinh(Zi) sinh (29) = ® Sth 21 422) = sinh 21) cosh (22) acosh(21)sinh(Ze) = a cop (2) - 5" (2 )=1 2 we cosh C2) + sinh(De cosh (22) PIEETTEP TD(2) & yb tae a “43. F Logarthim » ee Power > Principle Valu of complex number:- Z= x4 = re -, On@ = Lnlxaiy) = In (re) = Wr) +18 Lne eee eincryeia = Phjei6 re J x24y2 e- ban(4) 20H Ex: Find |[n (44+i) = nly) +18 v2 V2 @=X= -4 J yA r:zJ2 Sar -) A 2 (peer eee eee 6 ban (24) = Tv A 7 4 WW(- 144i )2 Ine) +i (FE tan) LLL se eee" * Principle value of In(z) Called Ly (2) J @ Ln(2) = InCz2) +1 AVG (Zz) | | 1 . 1 @ wle)z2tn(2) +2 THI ' . ' . 1 4 3 3 2 2 3 2 ; 2—> Find Ln (147) Principle vane J) s29l UW) neo = \ntr) +i6 = Lin@)ei DF ten] 8. f when nso In(tei = Lined +i fey Ex:- Find in(3-4i), Lr (3-#i) =22 => \n(3-ui) = Inv +i1€ VES VA+I6 =& @cran (3 )> -6.93 \n (3-47 D5 \n(6) + | [ -0.423 zon) => Ln (3-45) = nes) +1 C-0429 x in(z, Zz) = Lue) +lv(z,) w v « Ln( Ss) Lu (2d - Ly (2 ) 4 # fin wt - = Misia vet a PPPPPPIDIDPIPRDAVRORAMmMB arm nnnneaci ie eS ee dod # Geneval fower =D Pow sy@ 2 _ ee VN +214 \ > 2, z ad Wee") = 2 @° = 2 Lesh) +3 om 29] > 21 M4 ic a (xeyy where C2 tr, tor e000... CC Complex number Xaiy C9 25.7 203g por py wee 3° Crary number. a 2a, yb E Ly (x i4) c tnlx+iy) * (ry) = © FE ; Endy na) Ba Find (9) 7 e = 6 Cub \nG)= Lv [eri |= Lnr +16 ein(t+i [tem]> Lie Ft 2mnJJ 7 eC a EX:- Find (143) = 272 1 W(t)’ iWn(4¥i) (4 +1) = C ? sd é => | nisi) S ine +io = eGe4i 0 F tern] i Cn+idd = ince (1)C% +2vn) 2 (-Frern)+i Cine) : (-Zt2un) +1 tnlvz) ce : -Ir2th . Jone “e rinl ) -p ¢é - @€ -g ttt _ ec 7 “ees (use) vise Comey] x rat AV cibsi an 5 VNCIPLE re FP oboe ot PO PO eos©, fe (ee EXx:- Find Cran 4 a-i wary) (2-1 LN 441) (4 41) oa “et : = a * , In (441) = Inv) +10 =in(J2) 41 © £ +2 on) (2-1) Dine) + i CH te m)] e Qwve 4 ei LEr2un)-iwnye + EE 2h [ 2 Inva +Et27] aif sum =invz | ——, 7 UH, -——~ y : 7 XB ; . 24193 é x3 193 x3 o : 4 Ce = € [ cos (48) +isin (42) } x X38 2 €? cos (43) +1@ sin (43) iell Lx2-4142). Cre ide) | Ln (x4 4ida) w (x44191) a € Geo 42) Cin xy 4191) =p 5 SB Vw ey +141) =\n(r) +10 2 In (Jenttog +1 [ran Gr) tem] © Cr2tide) [bn ae oF VxF + ¥i +i [ ban n (3) revn] X34143 Ag+ 192 — =a Xz 92 c

. e = =e "Leestans swat) = &cos(¥g) 4 ie * sin (2) ee * Principle walue Lys n-=0 val alue + Gore Ls no Ge wena fee ee ewanedes(0) Syel>0 io AN = Motvixn, Vector ,additvon and scalar multiplication + - ott FMatrix# isa rectangular arnj of number of Purction which we will enclose in Brackets i 4 2 Belx Y D “ i) ik w pe S os p uri Ay A427 Ayy D> = 15, A202 AS, O31 Asr Aaa Ve Lv Vo Vg J —p row vector ba ba |-» column b3 ewww SW TIS SUV VUUUEUYU UU EYEE EYEE YY OeS | o ch | | | 1 | 4 | Niye Linear SY¥stem Ax =b Uxy +6X2 +9X3 =6 6X4 +0X2 ~ 2x3 20 Bx, -3xX, + X3 10 4 6 4 “4 6 é 0 -2 x2 = 20 5 -8 4 X3 4o ee ~~ — A x = &b x Augmenting = Matrix of Ar- A= [ris EX a u 6 4 6 = 20 A 6 0-2! 5 31 10w ny x s ' x4 3 Ona p\d22P =] wl oun We Fee x3 ed ape’ oe *% size of Matrix :- for Matvix A = [aj J has = mxn size called size of A 4 2 3 M =D RowS A= U WN =D Celumh 15 6 Codes oe . S Pail, Size = 2 X 37 7 7s yb Guo csi ( Syewl aay Taser) 3X2 Sze MND) asv bs WOVOUUUGCUCEYE Yee YrYrrroce A 2 e- |? 4 ES 2c Ue eG) ° 2 Se ee selrrrCmrL lL fe same number of RowS hol Column La HT oat etna at i i De |si = ize 3x3 and Is square Matrix @ Main Aiagonel element of Matrix A Onn Igy resss Colne Golly Lay] ) Gres Dis Goral ous led. We VvechorS x- FS Matryx with one Row ov one Column . Ve C Vy Vp V3 ‘\e Row vector by ba |, Column vector 3) element or 0 Com Ponent entive peat net PBRAPPANADRAARDANHReaRrw~ ara ume...rw ve “eee See eee ee ee rE EES i Def :- edualir4 of Makni x _ Two Matrix A= LajK \ and ={bJ kK) are equal. Lf¥:- If 5@ have same size mxn Ll @ cvosspondin} element are equal 1f AFB , A/B ® ae different @ do Nok have same size Lo ear cvo ss Ponding element are not equal A 2 A 2 Ex- Leb Az [: “| B -| 3m | size axe Oe A-B . 2 4u Ex Leb A-| 2 4& Be [ : | st & 6 & sik ie a 29 2Xxu 2x2 el ee pines aaa. Gree Da S-29 DYsu \ >| |Ex:- tet az{ 1 2 3 aXe ee oe gates 4 u Be 2 Cee ae 6 Aa Wlisluie +E do09 ¥DE:- MatYIx addition The sum of two Matrix A=[ajx J awl > [ade y of (same size) js written A+R = [as K+ bj «| ard obkaineol by acti n9 Hie ChossPondin9 Eelament » 4 NOT Matrix with differen size Gans Viobe be). cadedss |WYSVVVPIIIIIIO CCU Edd eee if - ~ TT pao -|° oO <| ; (AS Matrix Size 3) ; a (6 9 Married size 3 = aes) ) 2 ; 222 « Sa pool J S A-Bs 3 a 8 2 yb oe, 1g pk, gross Ex;- let 4 2 >| ee Ae ir 4 7 B= | 1 0 Find A+B 2 => A+B con NOT be added size S\ od Ob oP * Def .- Scalar multiPlicathon jhe product of = any mxXn — vnatrl X n-Lafk] and any scalar C written cA andl is MXh matrix CA z[cafr] obtained bY mulripling each element of A bY Cc. ®2 u [: A= det Exs- | 3 2 6 y 2A Exi- A= Ex:- Let*® Rules 3° A+Q = B+A OCA 28) rc = A+(B+c) =A+B4e : “@ Ayo =A «1 A +(-A) =o | = Ee eee | w® RuleS go } @ cCAte) = cA+c& an? @(c+k) A= cA +KA ad @clkay= (ch) A @1A=A(AV Byte *” i Matrix Defi- the Product A= ajk| times is defined TPP mulFiPli cation i- C=AB of an MXN matrix an WX p Matrix 8= [bik] n=" and the wmyp Matrix c= Letk| with — element S - n . Chee 3. ah biK = bp + a), bok terest J2 a2, m Ker,24.--> 8 AB =Cc “Fe Mm XP equal .- A B s Cc ona 2x3 Bx 2xu chudl Exi- 3 5 -1 pe \ o 2 Find AB??? OMe). 2 2 aaa) 3 4 De Oo Fe B Be A “u 4 4 aroaeea»er*kee?tk se nnne_ erinreamFrA RRR KF EK AK AK Kee SLO= (3)(2) + (5) (5) + 0-1) (9) 3 22 Qe= (3-2) 4+ 09)0)4 CA) Cu) = ~2 Cig - G03) 4 |ICF) 40-1) (1) = (4) (3) +00)CF) +02) 1) = C0)a) + (-3) aa -22 one Us a4 oe 22 Ce 26 -16 YW = 4 -34 a e-( ot be 4,1 &a2 ba1 ber 0 Ve w " Q w Ss uv Find fp??? & A B “¢ aubare aebet an bier 2x2 «2K? "exe : e = C=| Exi- La A E 4 3 61 Ww wou x NOT 4 :- A B 2x3 3xM ey, | Mend vet, oy 1 Rules @ (FAB = Kae) @ Alec)= CAB)c Oo @ (arsdec =AC4Bc 2 © c(at@) = ca +ceB : @- Crednck.inberns of Rows ane eae : [= : ] > ee > Ae 43. —_ > > (eee) 7 » b1 b2 bs bu y BK | | | | 7 - J A ay b4 abe Abs ay by Bzc = Brn 4261 Q2b2 a2 b3 a2 by G3 bt b . Azb2 2363. Ag bu i ® Parallel a a produ ch j- AB = Cr ao al 1Housing Parallel — pyocessin9 H (fs 62] me COIL ES] IL < Es] mB IED - fo) =| pe Dv Tr ~ uu. @® “Transpos Sitigh i- The transpe Se : of ™Xn Matrix = As Cae] ’ is nxXmM = Matyi x tr. _ . a a Lc A rrans Pose J] ythat aS the first raw of A as its First Column and Second Rew ef A as its secend Column and so on. bast AAD a3 oon ae a23 A= - 34 Aza 433, a4 ar 434 S A= | O12 F22r 932 413 A223 233 > § x t 3 i RANIAAAD DVT eevee eeeExv- let nee ed 23] [3] 4 Rules; - + @ (a) =A ii 1 a Oy Gna) ea. 20 +B T T @ (cr) ee can Ci Scalou- . T T OT oo @ (se)" = 8 Rw OCP) T T : @ (nec) =cBea’ T we symmetric Matrix. LRP A =A 20 Az 200 Ext- f\= |y20 10 150 aoe PAAARARRAReReARReeranreet eeree 150 30 « 200 og 1 20 120 qvo a P A 7 [22° 10 150 6 200 150 Bo : Ss « eknic s ce Summ ok =)S < nisi otae Ra ee cee ae he as ae ae at ace ee ee ee 6 Oe) % Skew Symmetric Matrix ; A A 5 LA 3 eth) is [4 ° : | -3 =, 0 SK eW- SOmmetric QE upper = yriangle = Matrix: ~ coeo FandIner matviy 6 0 ce PiaYonal = Matrix 3 ° *& Scalar pratrix: 0.0 Gols Aloo 0 o “oe 0 SYuar Matrix Cz any scalar/ of awe oUunire Matrix oR Tdentiry Matrix: me [19] 2x2 o 4 - 4 0 0 LF [ee | o 0 4 ALe= TA = A ly, Ssybne08\ Tdentirde teas laa} doy 53 ps)(N) 6 yiotse / F-3/ Lincar S¥siem of € Watton. Gauss - elimenat ion lee linear suspem with m ~ CQ ab oy anol Ne Unknowns Wy Ky eee + nx =b4 Arr Xy eres eee +n Xn = bo ayy Xba tM Xn eho ® Linea System + Xap X2,... Xn of Croler (1) @ Por Niner system with all « bjs are Zero we Call it Chemogenouse ) luea SYstem , @® For imear system with at least one Gb), ave nok = Zero we call jp C non-homos fnouse ) linea system. @) Unear system Ax sb Ann X4 + Aya Xo +43X3 = by OO soc Bea cele) a oe | Ast Xr + Az2 Xe + 433 X2 7 D3 2 -se 1411 A218 x b4 Ar1 Azee Ags X2 = Phe peieease sic a 3 @®AD Augmenteol matrix y AeLaied > , A SI Aan Ane ang : ba , 724 ag 423 Sb > ; j 34 93, O33 tb I : : ye for = Ax=b has Hiree Possible Sclub'on O Precisly oh€ solution CIF lines Insersect) ] ; ; @ infinity . Many Solution CIF jines coincide) 7 SO... JAS) de@ no-sotukion CIF tines are, Partie Jf = B G auss— elimination and back Was 2X4 45X22 52 OD ave 13xX2 = -26 28 Ilo coast, Kgs -26 = -2 — xX, = 228C2) _ ©) 2 apd for Axab PNA] 2] Ex:- 2X4 4+ 5X, = 4 -WX, + 3X2 2-30 2ea(t) + €9 te) 2Xy +5X%o 72 6 X4 + 13X2= -26 ead ot x substi tublon;- xXe=n-e X45 6 s 2 @ b@BRBRBEDRAREREREREa Ra RAaAeReEaRREeRMmRRR REM eE eee,) Using Gauss [ee . @ Ax=b E | [=| _f2 . -4 3 Xe eal y r @ A =CaAib] .- {2 | 7 ; ; 2) o 1-26 fy Re +2Ry ' 2X4 + SX =e 13Xe 5-26 Xq 5-2 xs 6 *% Ex.- with one Solutions — X4 —- X2 +X3 70 —-X44X2 -X3 =° 40X24+26x3249° 20 X, + 10x, = 80 5 5)Solution ;- O Ax sb 4 -1.°41 xa 6 Pee eee = © 0 10 26 a 4 0 o 10 0 2 X3 30 ©® A=Laje | 4 -1 at tl oO Pivoke - |\-4 -1 lo 1 0 10 25 fate 20 10 of go 1 -1 14 ' 0 Ee ° o 0 an) R244 6 10 26 } ao 0 30 -20 : Go Ru-20R4 eco a 3 -1 #1 \ 0 ao 2 340 Pivob 30 -26 \ Bo 0 o 129Az -3R2 X4 -X2+X3 70 410 X2 +25%2 =90 : -45X3 5 -140 > xX224 . Xz = ~-199 22 _» y —46 X4 =2 @ Elementary Row. operation of Matrix @ Inter change of two rewS @addition of constant multiple of one raw to Gnother row @rmulhiPlication of vow by non-zero. consbanf + © tt has no ekReck on Makrix (A) OR 4. SolutionEx :- MA Qe ay x, 3 bi 94 22 Aaa x2 | =] ba Ay. 32 073] [X23 b3 and a24 G22 Agy x, b2 O34 430 agg | | x2 | > J yg aan A142 Ala x3 bi Nas Same Solution * @ over determined tinea SYstem; - if it has more equation than unknowns x @ determined |inear System :- if +the number of equation equal number Of untnowhs ¥G3) under detrmined LS 3. je ir haS less equation thay unknowns natsx@ Cohsistant eo if iF Nas at least one soukson x6) In-consistant Lis: - if it has no - Solution, C(0) Bydlee / of FAM Motvix, Vector ,addition and scalar mulkiplicotion + - # Matrix# is arectangulan ary of number of Function which we will encloS@ in Brackets i- O03 01 1 4 2 A= \ 0 2 - . Bron Ve Lv Vo. vg J —p. row. vector ba b= | ba |» column b3ve Linear SY¥stem Ax=b UX, +6X2 +4+9%3 = 6 6X4 4+0X2 —2xX3 = 20 5x, -8xX, + %X3 = 10 6 4 6 4 “ 6 0 ~2 2} = | 20 5 = 4 x3 10 Ll Ww — A x = &b x Augmenting = Matrix of Ar- A= [ipl 46 A 1 6 20 EX 7D ul 6 0-2! 5 21. 10x4 3 on prd22P 3.) a. = hil OAS Ws \ 2 i -4 ap) oy *% size of Matrix :- for Matrix A = [ase \ has mxn size called size of A 4 2 3 M1. =>. Row S A= u nN = Ccolumh ome Cap\ 05 meee 1s Pail, i, size = 2% Sa aS Oxo Goss ( abgeal oy Taper) 3X2. Sie > en es = S “4 2 e- | 3 4 A size = UR]. 5 6 + 3 % sQuav. matrix; iS. matrix has. fe same number of Rows. dhol. ColumnAz \ %24 O34 932 size = 3x3 and Its = Squave Matrix @® Main diagonal. eement of Matrix A O44 yy Aggy rss Cs stacy Gully? UII), (ares Dis Gorell ous les. % Vector $s. FS Mati x..with. one Row ov. one... Column... > Cy V2. v3 Jo Row vector by b= b2 |, Column. vector 3) element Com Ponent- entiveDef :- equality of Matyix Two Matrix A= [ajK J and f = “Lb kK) are equal. Lf$:- If @ have same size mxn @ cvoss ponding...element are equal If AFB, A,B ® ave different @.. do. Nok hove same.....Sizé Le ear c¥eSS Pounding element.are. not equal A 2° 2 Ex:- Let Az [: «| 8 | ‘ | ; . 7 size ;: fe axre ON A+B Exi- le faf 2. 4 Be eae su -[ 6. & ee eb 2X 29 2xu 2x2 tet A =B.,.Find. x,9. 2? 6=2X D X53 $-2y DYsuExs- tet oA {i V2 Pe, gue © 2Xxr 4 u" B- 2 6 ge 23h" 3 6 |2 [ sailing luda ES J228 ¥ DEP :- Matyix addition . The sum of two. Matrix A [asx J ant =fede) of (same size) js written A+R = [ai K+ ahr | ard obkaineol by adding qe. CrossPondind cament » HE NoT 4# matrix with differen size can not be added. Bue leh Ae | 1 2 3 21 0 4-2 3 . ae |, Fa | Find A+B, A-B ?2./ oT oog C (d3 matrix 3 S26 a) A+B = i ¢é 29) Matix Size J\ = geal! 222 \ an ae aso) aea-\t 4? ernie areas, 2 0 -2, Salk Oris Ex;- let eo , | a 2 a-|3 2) kgs | 4 0 Find A+B ae = A+B. can WoT be. added S12e. SV ond POL lo bY * Def .- Scalar mulriPlicathont- The product of. .any mXn..matys x A= Lafk J and any scalar .C written ch and is. mxn Matrix cA = [cask] obtained bY multipling each element of A bY c.“NS => 6 — 1 “xo LW ) a = 2 a gy | Exi- 4 21 o 10 “[ B [oso] Ex.- lee. A -A=(C-1 b 38 >% Rules 3° @ A+B = B+A @ (A +B)+e = A+(B+c) =A+B4C Bier @ AYO =A ot © Bs Aloo, %® RuleS go @..cCAtB).=..cA+C& ase? @(c+k) A= CA +KA aad @cCka)= (ck) A @ran=.A(YD eypcrso *” i- Mabrix — mulriPli cation }— Defi- the produce C=AB of an. mxn matrix Az [air] times an 4 XP Matrix B= [be] is defined TPF h=" and the myp Makri x c= {ec} ra with element S- n . cK 2.. afbK = 43 bp + 2), bok eet Ls : Js ay2,..0 Mm Ber, 2sr-- Ph eee mxu LxP m xP Ly si2eC ew) equal Ex.- A zc * 2x3 -3xH 2xu equal Exi- 3 5B -1 Find AB 27? ~~, LoA 8 ca4 3x3 3xu 3xy — i te C24 Coe equal - Sal Sq = (3)(2) + (8) (6) 4-1) (4) = 2 aes (3)C2) + C90) 4 Cr) “). Cig - G03) 4 WCF) 40-1) (1) C23 = (4) (3) +CodCF) (2) 1) = Cau = COU 4-7) G+ (2) = -28 vr 2 us U2 es 26 -16 \Y 6 A 4 “34. -2% 5 a L EX i- Leb ne| a 42 e.f be Az4 Gag baa bor Find Bp??? g a a array + ae bet aybie+ fe = —_—— 2xz 242 *xX2 oe aribueaatbet a, rbie enter wag Mele ee |EL mee ae cn) ( nee [19] a Exi- Leb B C364) Ex. - q 4 3xA 4x3 3 64 -{- 12 2 lw. Mow KK NoT #:- AB # BA Ao F 8B exz 3AM 3xu 2x3# Rulesse ox @® (FAY B = (AB) sof ) crt. © alec)= CAs)e Cheer @ (arB)O 7 SAC +B ) @® c(atB) = cA +cB {px NO rs hs Oe 2 pS @ PYeduct imbermS of Aows and Columns. eel, ee AQ Az a 3x3 3 ee ee = bs b2 bs bu Bx | | | | ay b4 abe 13 ay bu AB = C = ; Bru 2b a2b2 G2b3 ap ba a . a a3 be 4363 Ag bH ® parallel processing of pradu Ck i~ Aas ath bean | aie aki is a hee | - 2 g B-¥R Be ee FDEx: le = AB = [ 1 3 04%] 54 wee, - aA 4 34 17 3 -23 # using Paraltel Processin9) #¥ cee 3 oF -5 2 -1 4 6 uy A [3 - a -5 | -4 [ - a A 0 = y edb Le] wef TLE] (3) =| Abs u it) AbzSanne @@ TransPoSition i- The — tvangpose of Xn Matrix As Lay] is nxXxm Matyi x a Loa trans Pose J] : jhab aS she First raw of A aS its first Column and Second Row of A as 11% second Columh and so on. On AAD Ang Az | %& ae a23, Aan a. 32 A383 On4 A2r4 A34 T A = 942 —- ai 413 2% 233 JPR FS DRO P 4 | frou 2h [705 LdEx. we ne L123] 0] th Rules:- @ (Ay =A Oy MG -2)) =A +e) ® (ca)? = ca. Ci Scalou- ; @ (se)? =-8 A. @ ipl sae sign) @ Caec)’ se en” * symmetric Matrox i LAP A’ =A 26 N20 200 . Exe ig 120 a0 \50 - 260 150 30 tT. 2c 120 100 A ~ {| Ar2e 10 go 200 150 Be symm ekric Nt*% SkeW- SYmmetric = Matrix :- Ik¢ + A =s-A A a4 3 -A = [* ° | 3 -2 0 Sk eW- SOmmetric ® upper yrian3le Matrix i- 1 RQ@ Lower tvan9lner = Matrix ;. ST BY ) PiaJonal, Mabrix. i- OSS & Scalar. Matrix: 5.0 els Ais 0 0 ey 0 S Yuan Matrix C= any scalar e,we Unite Matrix of Ldentiry aati te Lot | ArT =2A =A ly S520 Tdentite ler. lak dea Ss pos\\(NY) Bye bt / of aaa 23 /. Linear... S¥snem..o8....€ Wation:— Gauss - Climenation tet linear system with anol N- UnKnowns By XA beeen m-~ CGV ak ion + + %AnXn 264 Gar MLAs es teh Xn es bo Oy Xt e amnXy =bn @®) Unear System + @ Por linear system. with all « bias are Zero We Cal it Unea.. SYstem , KAPKQ 7 ae XH of orcle W. Chomogenouse ) @ bor smear system ome bj, ave we call. jf linear” system, with at hot... Zero G non-homeg fnouse ) least @ Unear system Ax PtEGQggtQttibhbtjieinrinrnvrereevvvr* 7-7 6 NO @ As AuSmenteot Matrix azLaisl Aaa B42 Bq} ba a 2D nV 219g, 423} bg 934 939 433 bg » For Ax=b has. tree. Possible Solution ® precisiy on€ solution CIF lines Insersect) x ® infimitly . Many Solution CIF tines , . Coindde) 2% 556 .@® no~ solution Cre tines are , parallel = x @ & auss- elimination. andl. back substi tubian,- Ware 2X4 45X2 =2 O A200 4 13X2.=.-26 O28 sll acrid, XKqe 726. =e i Kepner (6) 2 pd for Ax=b PNA] Be] wu: Bs- 2X4 45X, 2 2 -WX, + 3X2 2-30 : 2 ea (1) + €9 ge) xXen-e 2X1 +5Xe2 =e s X42 6 0 X44 13X2= 26EOE TEE eae ee eee ea ea er haere me a using Gaus, ;— @ Ax=b EI -E] @ A =Caib ] = 2 N2 dl 4 : 3 1-26 Re +2, 2x, 5X2 =e 13Xe 5-26 Xq 2-2 x2 % EX.- with one solubion’— X4 — Xp 4X3 20 ~X4 4X2 -x3 =0 10 X24+ 26x32 29 X) 4 0X, f qo = 60 5 3\ Selubicen;- © Ax sb 4 -1.=A4 XA © 20 ee al 0 Ao 26 xe | ° qo 20 10 0 x 3 30 7 4 1 89 ALD Pivot Gov = o 0 0 {6 Rath es Oe 25raG 0 30 -20 3 eo Ru-20R4 Ae : p Pivot 30 © - 20 . 0 oo a 3— 4 co O/- So cn o/s offs 3 no 0 + 90 i 190 Az -3R2 1 0 X4 -X2+X3 70 40 X2 +25x%3 =9.0 -4 5X3 = -1490 X24 Xg = ~!99 229 _» -45 X4 = 2 @ Elementary Row. operation of Matrix @) Inter change of two. Rew S @additten of constant multiple of one Yaw ko Gnother row @ multiplication of vow oy non- Zero. Constanf + C +4 has no efRecé on Makrix (A) op We Selurion oF @ @ a Orb BB44 a2 Ay xX, : bi 924 922 Aea xz | =| be a 432 933) [X3 7 and 24 Gez Aaa xy b2 934 430 33 X21 | b3 An ayn Al 3 bi has. Samé.....Solution a * @ over. determined if it has. more linear... SYshem | - equation than unknowns. x@ determined. linear. System :- it +he number of equation equal number Of. .untnowNS ¥3) under detrmine if ir has — less than unknowns d US :. equatjonyon pio" : one so" sowk ue 7 an’) S&S ioe aan * Uw) consistant L.Si- i@ ib has ab least one solubiion x6) In- consistant. Lrsi- 1G. fh has... MO.5 Selubion. ©WM) 3 oL% Ex: withe infinilHy Aany Solution’ — 3%4 + 2X24+2x2 -Sxy =3 Oe 6x, 415X202 + Ie B x3 ~S-4xXy = 2% 152 X4 -6.3x9 ~O3K%3 + 2Uxy =2-7 Opt) (6 Sl to8 Ub Came = Gauss elimination i- @Ax=b 3.022. -5 xy % °F NG 15 Lou xe = \og % 21 2-03-03 2.y Xu \ Pivot q ' 2 -5\ AzLaibl 2/3 2 6 MS LS ~ SMS 2g WR TOS OB BM 2d a Pivet [3 2 2 -5 ' 4 0 TT td R2-0.2R, 0 AT HT 14 Ra -O4 Ry 3 2 2 -5 \ @ 0 414.4 4d toad 0 0 0 @ 4 0 Rz 4R2 neem Sel Qsdx yo) Gel see5 2PM OPIS,3xX442X2 4+2X3 -5xyu =@ AAX2 & VAXZ U4 Xy = 44 GH X, tho —uky 24 tery [x2 21-x, +uxy| X24X, =14+4Xy BX, + 2\ 444xXa] -5xq = 8 3X4 +2+ 3x4 —-5X4 =8 3X4. + 3Xy 28 x4 52-Xy arbitrenry arbirrenr4 Ky X3 Xa W x = | x9 QO x3 xy @ (hy cease UP EOB a,c, | a oe NEx:- with wo Solution :- 3X, +2X2 +X, =3 2X4 + Xo. + Xz =0 6x4 + 2X2 + Ug =6. @ Ay=b eal, 3 GOE-a 6é2u X3 @ f= Cath] 302 113 40 i. : 6 4 372 A2-2 Ra 0 —2-°t taoao 3 o 4a Stn o 0 fie R3-6R2 3X44 2X2 + Xz a4 AX. +1x,5-2 ge TX 0 =12 . G False statemet IE has No-Selutigh- * Row echelon. Form and. information from [te ® Ax xb Compaen ea = . 3) afrer Gauss - elimination LR} cal [air] =| Yaa Yaa ----+- an OA Nip a ree ee fo . . 7 Pd@ van #0 Qu element® in the rraingle and yectardl e. 5 (zero) x Ax=b kass- @ non - solution:- LF rom and at least one... pumber Cea 2 bra none fm is hot Zero [aie 13 172 Ne ‘a4 Vong 8 Ls ae n=3 Cm of3 212 m= ~ It has no-~saurion Fm #0 peace rotese TOLLP ULL t bri ceees @ one “solution i~ If yeh numbers Fryqy.... fm ave [ rie) = Meese al een ned ane -45 1 -140 a a4 1 #6 Vir PNB geet AB Ys3 W23 Em=fy 20 wm s4 one Solution and all Zero Q@ TnFwitly Many soutin;- LF resem and all pumbers Brad a Pred ~sros are ZeEYo Lf: FJ: ‘|i a - 4Vag = 3... #0 Yen =You = -4u Em = f2 m=3 system is Thfini hy Many Solutioneoeea~~nseseeadadTewetCuseTFrelTrreClrelUcselCUc eT lU SeEClUhvhOTClCU CrCl rl Gerla Trlr UT. (V) Sy ee AF fod teu) ff Linear indep. Rank of Matrix vector space - pefi- KE Ay9@2 pr-Am m-vVect oF ©) CD vanes cm m-scalar thus C40) Bd Cy A+ OQ Az rst Cmam. =o @ sf eq(s) holds Por a cS are zero then veckrS are CLinearty Independent ) @xrp ea) holds Per ak least one CS are nok zero then vectors aré (KinearlY dependent) ex lee a,- L302 2\ Ags [-< 4224 su a,-[ 24 Plineeatc, 1s) awe @,a2,43 LinearlY IndePenlenk 2720 C\a, + CoA, +C3q, =6 - . | L3 0 2 ata co L -6 uz 24 su| + oC 24 -21 0 -i6) =s03C, -6€ Co +21 Cyz...46 OCA +42CQ —21C3 ex) 2044 QUCp + O0C3 =6 20, + 54Cz2 -15C3 26 4402503. ave...Linearly. Beagle dependent 1B 43-2170 ® # Rank ef Maknix Ho: js he Max numbar. ef limaarl!¥ IndeP . Row veckor of A Exi- Let 3 0 Hb. 42 AZ toa =24 Find Rank A Bare Drennan fod. AM 24... 54 a2 O- -15 ag 222 POO MIG mA eesee ee eee eee eee ee ehhh iiss Ay 5 %2 Cy~A4+C2Q2 =0 3C4 -6C2 =0 OC4 4+42Cy 0 264 +2Cz 20 2, + 54C2 20 COs eee Cia, + C2 ag 70 2Q, + 2103 7° oc, —21 C3 50 2o7 tole =6 2% ~16C2Z 26 ag ,A44 CoG, + Zax 7° Cp 23 20/ Lineay EndeP w% 41,942 AVE Liner ly dep . # Ce 505295 AL *O1 AZ ave linearly depAns Q2-543 i ine@an dep) z o Max f 2, 2p B ef ; *& Ranks 2 we we #H Rank using ..Gauss..- Climinati'oN = OF | or 3 0 2. 2 Pivot wr ~\-6 4 24 @ As . : _ ee 2421.0 NG NA Wapode) a Cause lin iva) SEES \ ee Pius th yb eB poLobes} Ld re 2 ° 2 & Belo spe. wa =~Lo 42 28. 528 Ro+2k4 —. Oo -24 -1y K . @ eivel 4 -29f2R2-FR1 Oe X z..9 2 @ a oo 56 ag 0 mend a fatl Re a S RonKk =e = - “& ’ ® Ravk = Oye by cst Gore) ras € ¢: Hom Ex. RanK 772? com 3 fz ae 7 e( 3 ‘ | ogy Rank a3 0 0 6 +E Row- equivalent. matrix — : @ Matrix. Asis Row equivelmt. to. Matrix Aa Tf fy can be obtained. Prom. Ao by elemen}nary... Row. operation ® Row-equivatent.. Matrix have..Same.. Rank tt Theorem 3- . *% Consider p-veckor each have N-Component Yhen these vec are (Linearly Indep). > TE matrix Pormed has Rank Pp, . ¥*% However +Mhese. Vector are (Linear ly def) » IF Matriy. Pormed haS. Rank. less.han PdE Rank terms of alumn Vector : iS the Max. number of. Lincarly Indep. column vector of A- Rank (A)= Rank (a™ ) 12 T 435 z | p=| 3s Acoli 8) +8 tt Consider P- Vector each have N -Componenk Tf n lee ove ‘ \ i oS Ny Varveee oo , i Jt @ dimension 6f V = the Max. number of wimerlY IndP vector in vV- @® basis of v = Subset of Vo with Max. Possible number of (LinearlY Ind p) ® span of V. = Subset of VY with Max pessible number of (Linear dep) anal . . (F-5)% Solution oF linear S¥Skem existence , uniaueneSs Theerem :— Lee AX=zb with M- ChUAbibY Ww -UnknoWhSexistance = (near system has Solthtoh Ife Rank A = Rank R. , Daa) tous (2) Unitachess = linear System has one solution TPE Rank(A)= Rank) =n © TiniHYy Many Solution ts TPE Rank (A) a a a a a a a ae a aa a a a a-{4 2 | = -32-24 Da = 2-81 = C58, Xp = 66 =€D La dP Third order determinants co For lintar system Ax =b Aan Age a43 x - AQ Wag Ogg 7 = 934 Ag, = 33 3 Xz me 9 X= pe ) X35 P94 be Aa 2 AZo De 421 Ang 423 434 A323 Ore = Onlas, f 424 ~ Aan Az ~ 942} 45, ass 33 X2 = De D ba ba b3 Ds D A211 A22 + %3 031° aga \= 444 l 422 Az, — Ag, go | - Ae [4e1435 W493) + AN, | a24432 = 42 dy4 | PRES pile 4 3 oO A= 6 y 10 D= 1 Cie nl —3ae] +0 lo+6] Br Gali % Cramer Rule for third System & Ax=b Mi ys | GS x4 bi Ary 22 23 X2 | = | ba X3 b3 G31 Asp O33 hk ew , BSBA BSBA BRRARRABARARRRAAANR HK & &= DA a x D xD41 = «D2 * D3 b4 ba b3 att a2 434 ait a24 az4 x o u lO aR . ~~ x w v ws | P - A22 Aaz Bar 43 b1| 2 Gee A23| a>D1= a32 433 | O32 a33 _ aval be a b3 Ax + @ fee azz 13} b3 ase | ! b1 ang be a23 bg 923 arr ba G22 ba 1 a3. b3—$—$—$——$——— 7 GH) 4E mine matrix , cofdckor Matrix:- let aM... Ang Ae A214 A292 ae M34 32 gy Maa Mia Mod Maz ay Mo May M33 tyre [O93 I39 A23 O21 a3 M = ze I; 33 | B24 Aer . Mm = O34 39 WP32 22 AAAAABARARMAARRARARARARARRRRE a ay Me 33 : | a4 SagPaes!) any Mimey ak ory Cofacer WM Size Ji (A) saree ? matrix matrix) ff The Cofackor Matrix of A,c i Cures |e a Cot Ge &: C31. @3r.. Go ) ) ) } ) ; . d+ k ike GA) Mik _ determines’ Sas wa ) M14 -Mi2 Mis 2 93? = PS. SS | Mey Mag Mag sre : M m Gauss - elms ) oils emer 2. M33 Load} diy JES, ; sk Theoren i~ . A) interchange of Fwo...rows mulbFiPlies > He value of determinent by (-1) ’ > ? ? , ? , 3 @ addition of malriPle of Yows to another rows does nob Ater the value of determient - i (3) malkiplication oR row bY non-zero. constant Co) mMujpiplies che valde of deter mient by# Rules:— . det Ceca). = c det (A) C = Scalar A = Matrix nN = number..of yows i A m \eb : s|1 2 ee af- 3 Ba | tb] tan a8) 2A = 4F Evaluation of determinent...by....weduckion to trianglan... Form..¢. Gauss- elimination y o..-4 6 PiVor Ds 5 a o 2 6.71 38 44 2 0-6 Dy alin oa Re - 281 Ono Cees 0% % 10 Ryu + \-5 AA| PYUSSLELE GEL LELELELEveeeeeeaeenuee® Bead -u 6 Dee Os q -12 PiVok 0 0 ou 3.8 Rz —a.u Ro 00 -14 29.2 Ru -l.6 AD . Rut uts Rg age pede” Nore = ek a D = (N(5)(2.u (UF -25)2. 1134 po #_ Theorenw :- @ interchange of wo Columns..mulbiPlies . tae Nalue of determinent bY (-1) @ addition of mulriele of Column to — another column does nob ater the value of dekermenent - (3 ma|ripliation of @ Column bY-non- Zero constant (C) . mulriplies tHe value _ of determenent end ve by Ce) -@ Transposition leaves the value of determinant un changed det (a) = det Ca’) © Zero row and Zero column vender the value. of deter minent vo Zero. Ws A= EE | seals wislok.. Vz srpo Ueldosols of . > \p\so-0 =0 RS Bp len SH Sep. Saly.deb ! © Proportional YOWS...or...Columns render the value of determient to Zero. -/1 1 ael ae 2 ad IAl= 2-2-@ Op te eb Sa steep oy Solh 2 209K goed Ve 238 Gag A > ye deeGia) 2 2L>0 / / 7-4 Inverse of a Matrix G ausS — Jordan. elemination Por squar Matrix onxn Airs invers al 4 A A SAA = NoT §. @) TF A has. invers.then. A called Cnon ~ Singular watrid @IF pp has. no-invers then A coMled. ( singular... Matr tx...) . 1 _5 For system. Ax=b we an Pind xX using A Ax =b = 1 ARx =A b Ix cab ft Meorem3e existance. of inverS the inverse act ok an. NXn- Matrix A exist :Tff i- @ Rank A sn ee @ det Ato —-» IWC Arana Sy @A is” non-singular t z x € « c rf Rank A o x Cy “ ~ = m uw rm = ere oi 1 Avs = ome & \ m Th Lo oegor 2 a u «7% a i ns ' ' " po : ion a + ay i § 3 mm osm ' FQ = uv ws vcs ame u 7 fe % ! a lz ar MI —la Tv Sy aera i ' = on P eT ES A s 4 n ; H 0 " ‘ ie - _ zi o a a = uo © - 7 x on v o YC2 ee1 6 24 \Al NO -O:F or 0.3 -1:300 -9:2 OF 0.8 0.2 -0.2 se for seSonat Jom : ana Ae coo 0 0.9422 - aa 0 0 he | 6a 0 0 a EX.- Lek -0-5 A= 0 oO oy a -4 13 py ° Zero) -2 F 2 -2 ~1 o \ Find A ° 4 :(@) Ac =AD 4F Rules 9 ah ; =A “A 4 W (Ac) = CA Claios iwerse JI Sou -1 -1 @ @) =< A | @ (a) = Cr), w% unusual properties of matrix multi plication + @ AaB #BA (2) AB =0 =D It dose nob genenily - implY A=0 -oR B =o ewe e@y dolsow segue A 5 B AjS7OXe Bye 44 -[-1. 4 ) : let ae |2 S| 6 -[; “| _fe 06 : re-[e a | it dage NoT YenerilY ine: / / ' Theorem:— Por any nxn MaHyy% A oa & det (AB) =cleE(BA) = det (A) det (a) azl1 2 a-f[4 1] o 14 2 4] Find Jagl =72 pe-| 2 2] wD), : \a\ 15, ame Reet eu) \B\ 21 © oie ; . %* Gata ,J0)) GS Ol92). Gnas +b adjoint Matrixi- adj(A) = | cot cay| = Cc W @ (A) (adjn ) =Cadj a) (A) = det (A) I 1 il - = adie R= Ta oF 1A) adil) ——— etna! fF c o ° Scalar Matrix =|o0 co 090 6°Ps] ~ “ C2) 5 polo At Me LAN Bolo H id (9.11) The matrix eigen value Problem:- Let a= Lajx| 1S an nxn Squere Makrix hen matrix eigen value problert i $:- =hx where + mw A= square matrix . A= unknown. Scalar « eigen value yy X= UNKnown Nector « eigen NeCrOr # Note that. X=0 JS solution with. no. intrest So We are looking Gor Solution. Por Solution For X.. tha. 1s HK. £0. . % EY yap HE gla as Cas ion) SIVCOCObI IIIS SS: we speckrum of .A.z.is the Seé of all. eigen. value = 2 of A which... consish. of at least 2 oe £19en. value and ab. Mosk n- diferent B® eigen. values. a ) : 2i9en..value Sl eS arc 9 SPectrum. JI a SSS speck vu Mase. 2X2. Bare Sagevo Us rilds) a Cua kL alok. 5 a , CM Lei LE sels e- 3X2 Deseo oI > — = =) MEADE 01, jlaalt4#E How to find the eigenvalue avk eigen Vector tt Ax =Ax Ayx-Ax =0 CA-AL) X =0 a det (A-AL)=0 AS chavacteriste eneakion EQoation @ we canPind(2) From characteristic equation @ by find (A) eigen value we Can then Subestitue in (A- AI) =0 to. Find eigen vector x. Ex:-. Let n-[* | Find eigen Value 2 72 J and eigen. vector A-AL +> —5 2 4 0 . [: 2 as I “| a }* 0 = fq -2 oA (isis veh jaa a. eee ee ee ee se oe ee eee eee ee eo ee oe i ee, oe/ / “s-h 2 Gls Babes peabie of 2 A-AL so sticsw yay 2 -2-i main diagonalide A Zolas -5-2 2 =0 2 “2 det. Van» (-5-4)(-2-4) - (4) =o 24 #R +6 =0 (A+) Q46). 20 SS dl Scho? spectrum sis Airy ROWS. sacjgtsa el A. Nad ass Slo ee Salle 2X2 BL Bsewdl hi Mull; nO Bae BPS Sloleolinr ah 2) 3X3. Aarpedl VT IL. eee OO SSIS SSE SE ELE wes (Sle 2) asteot G2 501 we 2) BS) G90) be qu) #4 of -® for Az-1 the crossPonding eigen vector x ots CA-h1L) Xx =0 ANE L) >. Using... Gauss=.eliminakion.i- oe A= LAib : “Hoe : 4 0 0 a Roe 4.4 CInPinirty. many. solutidh WS2 deca oS ot x Bo UX4 +2 K2 20 J . BE Gy Mh eel lee xy 21 2 ane el tae cote > Xn.=. 2 C. Asta Bo 56) ac 3S &2 Beaune... ..IVUUVUUVUVURBETVUVOCUEECTSTTESCITCUCCaeve / of Za Xe 1 Ceselo SP Noo Ue jy lmoUe boy x [oJ Co's) 940 ples Gris X22 ee Xs fou “a 4 v a 2 x2} \ ob &5X= [ z | eb wile ey ny\Fo UL Culo sss sss COMSFANY MuiPle oy 9 SPY. o/1ast co» calls G Oe Joss ¥ Pon As. ..the..crosspending.eigen-vector Sot (COE in -40 x A 2 4 my pee Wf fee Using... Gauss.~ elimination. vleal «(2 22)0 : 0 R2-2R4 ‘ > Infinny Many Soly X4 4 2x2 20 x ade 2 z Xa lee > x, a > Xa od ee] $ A Os? Ue Lisi et Cd Gor ome Lo Cele (2126). vas SoM. JS). Leo sal 9 Le jecsi\am CSsesf Lx,2-4 2 uw 22 (4) constant Veh C/G CW OLs\ee CSste. GN gy mut riple - Osi ~ aby Sate) chy rl 2. _ ee i cab Ub Urrocm Suni ony Aro. Consk ant mul eiy te ae boa US Bu)He Normalize of w= _*_ xo Lb x4 One xu Wx = JO) + Gay es (Xm Row vetor 7 GSoaseo Neckor 52. (KX) a column vect?u - 2 wh axils Vasey EES ara #14 -[ | v5 2 & SSS. glob PW. Normalize SV cub Ciaatiak = vector Neil, Aeneas normalize JG (Bodo 519) Agb hs Glog 10. ago ighlo J». EX: lee xX [3] Find Normatize of OO? norm. =(3) S213 io] Exs- Find Eigen value , Eigen vector ¢ fon ie -2 2 ~-3 em aoe eee ee ® det CA-Al1) <0 (main... hiagenal.)..tN..A(A)....2sba* -2-h 2-3 2 th -6 -1 op) o-A Cole) SN spy 2 76 Boo teh C9] =0 -2 “h “1 -1 -2[ (2 ale 4 Bo : Ph Rint DM dnt MG ED contig Bleen alle, 3X3. Bio pedl gilt (hes o-335 -3) > ArAodet ony S¥stal isa ll RPAaPRPeRiBRARPi ARR ARMA HRRAMRARAAHBOBS REA aEHSEeeRRae HRwor R25 the crossponding eigen vector _ ix) iss (A-AT)x =0 D -t 2 -3 \\x4 | 2 -4 ~6 |{X2 | =J]0 eal -2 +5 Xa, al USING. GausS- elimination i- Piva k nw 7 _ = J x-Laie| :;? 2? 73 2 -4 -6 [9% -1 -2 -5 |g ae) -3 10] 7 6 ao ae Ot Ro +3 R4 eve mY; giver Se 8 0 F oe 0 ae 83 - 3 se esa ee Mae yesh pv” Oph =p ee -3 o _ -24 -48 5 : o & =o . Pe ° Neng Re -FX442%2 -3%3 DG Tnfinrly -24 ~ 4s ae fas Xo ¥ X2 =0 Solubionlee Xg ert A 4 X2.5.2 > X= X4 24 a wl peony een ae the cress ponding — egien Veckon 4s CA-AT)x =.0 1.2 -3\)x4 eee toes -1.-2..3. | [Ka eos Using... Gauss - elimination: - * Cai] 2 fa 2-3. Ofe river