Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 3 Laws Regulating Transportation Companies
Uploaded by
Kyla Casandra CatapangOriginal Title
Copyright
Available Formats
Share this document
Did you find this document useful?
Is this content inappropriate?
Report this DocumentCopyright:
Available Formats
Chapter 3 Laws Regulating Transportation Companies
Uploaded by
Kyla Casandra CatapangCopyright:
Available Formats
HAPTER 3
C ● G
ive some examples of safety
AWS REGULATING TRANSPORTATION
L measures that may be undertaken or
COMPANIES implemented by shipping companies.
From the time wheel was invented,
an began to travel and explore different
m Learning Objectives
corners of the world. In modern times, with
the invention of the first flying machine and ● I dentify the laws affecting the
marinevessel,tourismhasstartedtogrowat transportation sector
a past pace. Transportation as a business ● Identify the rights of passenger of
carries with it not only high returns but also commercial transportation
great responsibility for many livesthatareat ● Explain the relevance of these laws to
stake. the promotion of tourism in the
country
The Case of the Congested Ship
hePhilippineshasbecomeoneofthe
T
I n October 1980, MV Don Juan sailed from promising tourist destinations due to the
Manila to Bacolod carrying many Negrenses extraordinary hospitality of the Filipinos and
coming home for the much-hyped initial diversity of tourist attractions in the country.
celebrationoftheMassKaraFestival.Thestaff However, one challenging aspect of
ignored the capacity limit of the marine promoting inbound tourism in the
vesselasmanystudentswenthomefortheir Philippines is the security and safety issue.
semestral break vacation. Halfway through Some of the best transportation and travel
the trip, MV Don Juan sank along with professionals are Filipinos, e.g., seafarers,
hundreds of passengers. TheSupremeCourt pilots, drivers, flight attendants, cruise cabin
ruled that the gross negligence of the staff crew, aircraft mechanics, etc.Ironically,some
caused one of the worst sea disasters in the oftheworstrecordedtransportationdisasters
country. Many men, women, and children and accidents are in the Philippines. This
drowned, and the entire country mourned chapter will deal with the different laws
over thetragedy.Thecourtsfoundoutinthe affectingthetransportationsectorastheyare
records that MV Don Juan was overloaded integral in the study of tourism.
when it left the Port of Manila.
Law on Common Carriers
Questions heprimarylawthatgovernscommon
T
carriers is theCivilCodeofthePhilippinesas
● W hat do you think are responsibilities clearly implied in Article 1766 thereof which
of marine vessel staff when selling states that "in all matters not regulated by
tickets? this Code, the rights and obligations of
● Why should shipping companies common carriers shall be governed by the
observe the capacity limit of the Code of Commence and special laws."
marine vessels they operate?
● What kind of penalties may be The Law
imposed on shipping companies that
violate? rticle 1732. Common carriers
A
● What government agency regulates are persons, corporations, firms, or
the seaworthiness of marine vessels? occasions engaged in the business of
carrying or transporting passengers or
oods or both, by land, water, or air, f or
g t ransportation service for afee.Acarrierthat
compensation,offeringtheir services t o does not qualify under the above test is
the public. deemed a privatecarrier.Generally,privateis
undertaken by special agreement and the
Discussion of the Law carrier does not hold himself out to carry
goods for the general public. The most
A common carrier is defined as one typical, although not only form of private
oldingitselfouttothepublicasengagedin
h carriage, is the charter party, a maritime
the transportationoffreightorpassengerfor contractbywhichthecharterer,apartyother
hire. It is one who is in the business of than the shipowner, obtains the use and
transporting goods or persons for hire, as a service of all or some part of a ship for a
public utility. A private carrier,incontrast,is period of timeoravoyageorvoyages.Inthis
not in the business of transporting public regard, distinction mustbemadebetweena
employment, but hires out to deliver goods voyage charter and a bareboat charter. In
(notpassengers)inparticularcases.Boththe case of a voyage charter or timecharter,the
Civil Code of Commerce give clear-cut same is limited to theshiponly,anditscrew
divisions between contracts of carriage of members are still under thedirectcontrolof
cargoandcontractsofcarriageofpassengers the shipowner, in which case,suchshipmay
becausetherightsanddefensesineachkind beclassifiedasacommoncarrier.However,a
of contracts are different from the other. bareboatordemisecharterincludesboththe
vessel and crew under the direct control of
pplication of the Law (Private Carrier of
A the charterer, in such case, the ship may
Goods Based on a Charter Agreement) already be classified as a private carrier.
ase: The MV Vlasons I is a vessel which
C pplicationoftheLaw(PrivateBusService
A
renders tramping service and, as such, does for School Children)
not transport cargo or shipment for the
general public. Its services are available only ase: Engracio Fabre, Jr. and his wife were
C
to specific persons who enter into special ownersofa1982modelMazdaminibus.They
contract of charter party with its owner. The usedthebusprincipallyinconnectionwitha
term "FIOST" which is used in the shipping bus service for school children which they
business is standard provision in the operated in Manila. The couple had a driver,
NANYOZAI Charter Party which stands for Porfirio J. Cabil, whom they hired in1981.His
"Freight in and out including Stevedoring job was to take school children to and from
and Trading," which means the handling, theSt.Scholastica'sCollegeinMalate,Manila.
loading,andunloadingofthecargoesarethe OnNovember2,1984,theWordfortheWorld
responsibility of the city owner, charterer. Christian Fellowship Inc. (WWCF) arranged
Moreover, it is in the capacity that itsowner, with Spouses Fabre for the transportation of
VlasonsShipping,Inc.,enteredintoacontract 33membersofitsYoungAdultsMinistryfrom
of affreightment or contract of voyage ManilatoLaUnionandbackinconsideration
charter hire with National Steel Corporation. of P3,000. Are Spouses Fabre considered a
Is MV Vlasons I a common carrier? common carrier or a private carrier?
egal Opinion: MV VlasonsIisclassifiedasa
L egal Opinion: Spouses Fabre engaged in a
L
private carrier. It has beenheldthatthetrue businessasacommoncarrier.Theyneednot
test of a common carrier is the carriage of havetobeengagedinthebusinessofpublic
passengers or goods, provided it has space, transportation for the provision of the Civil
for all who opt to avail themselves of its Code on common carries to apply to them.
nderArticle1732oftheCivilCode,"common
U t hepassengers transported by them,
carries are persons, corporations, firms, or according to all the circumstances of each
associations engaged in the business of case.
carryingortransportingpassengersorgoods
or both, by land, water, or air for Article 1755. A common carrier
compensation, offering their services to the is bound to carry the passengers
public." The article makes no distinction safely as far as human care and foresight
between one whose principal business canprovide,usingtheutmost diligence of
activityisthecarryingofpersonsorgoodsor verycautiouspersons,withdueregardforall
both,andonewhodoessuchcarryingonlyas the circumstances.
an ancillary activity (in local idiom, as "a
sideline"). Article 1732 also carefully avoids rticle 1756.Incaseofdeathof
A
making any distinction between a personor or injuries to passengers, common
enterprises offeringtransportationserviceon carriers are presumed to have been at fault
aregularorscheduledbasisandoneoffering ortohaveactednegligently, unless they
such service of an occasional, episodic, or prove that they observed extraordinary
unscheduled basis. Neither does Article 1732 diligenceasprescribed inArticles1733and
distinguish between a carrier offering its 1755.
servicestothe"generalpublic,"ie,thegeneral
communityorpopulationandonewhooffers rticle 1757. The responsibility
A
services or solicits business only from a of a common carrier for the safety of
narrow segment of the general population. passengers as required in Articles 1733 and
We think that Article 1732 deliberately 1755cannotbedispensedwith or lessened
refrained from making such distinctions, by stipulation, by the posting of notices, by
statements on tickets, or otherwise.
Nature of Contract of Carriage
Discussion of the Law
Acontracttotransportpassengersis
uite different in kind and degree from any
q s soonasthepassengerputshisfoot
A
othercontractualrelation,andthisisbecause on the platform, the obligation of
of the relation which an air carrier sustains extraordinary diligence of the common
with the public. It invites people to avail the carrier begins. The relation of carrier and
comforts and advantages it offers. The passengerdoesnotceaseatthemomentthe
contract of carriage, therefore, generates a passengeralightsfromthecarrier'svehicleat
relation attendedwithapublicduty.Neglect aplaceselectedbythecarrieratthepointof
or malfeasance of the carrier's employees destinationbutcontinuesuntilthepassenger
naturally could give ground for an action for has had a reasonable time or a reasonable
damages. opportunity to leave the carrier's premises.
Responsibility of Common Carriers certificate of public convenience is
A
not a requirement in order for a common
The Law carrier to incur liability. Such liability arises
from the moment a person or firm actsasa
Article 1733. Common carriers, common carrier, without regard to whether
f rom the nature of their business and for or not such carrier has been granted a
reasons of public policy, are bound to certificate of public convenience or has
observe extraordinary diligence in the complied with the requirements of the
vigilanceoverthegoodsandforthesafetyof applicable implementing regulations.
egal Opinion: Yes, Fortune Express should
L
The term "extraordinary diligence" has be held liable. It is evident that the bus
eendefinedasthestandardofcarerequired
b company through its Operations Manager
of common carrier bringing safely its Diosdado Bravo, was informed of the
passengers (and goods) from one place to "rumors" that the Muslims intended to take
another. revenge on Fortune Express. Yet despitethis
information, the bus company did not take
I nacontractofcarriageofpassengers, proper precautions. Frisking of passengers
it is the obligation of the common carrier to picked up along the route and for those
bring the passengers safely to the point of boarding at the bus terminal could have
destination, if injured, or death occurs, the beenimplementedbythebusconductor.On
presumption of negligence automatically hindsight,thehandgunsespeciallythegallon
arises, and the common carrier can be held of gasoline used by the felons all of which
liable if he fails to prove extraordinary were brought inside the bus would have
diligence for the duration of the carriage. been discovered, thus preventing the
burning of the bus and the fatal shootingof
Application of the Law the victim. The least thing that the bus
companycouldhavedoneinresponsetothe
ase: Fortune Express is a bus company in
C report was to adopt a system of verification
Northern Mindanao. Diosdado Bravo, the such as frisking of passengers boarding its
operations manager of Fortune Express buses. Nothing, and to repeat,nothingatall,
received an investigation report from the was done by Fortune Express to protect its
Philippine Constabulary Regional innocentpassengersfromthedangerarising
Headquarters at Cagayan de Oro City that from the Maranao threats.
certain Maranaos are planning to take
revenge on Fortune Express due to an In the case of Gacal v. Philippine
accidentwithajeepneyinKauswagan,Lanao irlines, Inc., [183 SCRA 189, 195-196, G.R. No.
A
del Norte, resulting in the death of two 55300, March 15, 1990] the Supreme Court
Maranaos. Bravo assured the Philippine intimatedthatacommoncarriercanbeheld
Constabulary that certain precautions in liable for failing to prevent a hijacking by
protecting lives and properties willbemade. frisking passengers and inspecting their
Normal operations continued in Fortune baggage.
Express without taking the necessary
precautions (such as frisking the passengers Article 1755 of the Civil Code
or inspecting their baggagebeforeboarding rovides that "a common carrier is
p
the bus). It was until November 22, 1989, bound to carry the passengers as far as
when threearmedMaranaoswhopretended human care and foresight can provide,
to be passengers seized a bus of Fortune using the utmost diligence of very cautious
ExpressatLinamon,LanaodelNortewhileon person,withdueregard for all the
its way to Iligan City. Shots ensued which circumstances." Thus, for failure to use
resulted in the burningofthebus,theinjury utmost diligence of a very cautious
of passengers, and the death of Atty. person, the bus company should be held
Caorong. Should Fortune Express be held liable
liable for the injury and death of its
passengers due to the hijacking of three iabilities of Common Carriers fortheActs
L
armed Maranaos? of Employees and Strangers
The Law
t he damaged tire to have it vulcanized at a
Article 1759. Common carriers nearby shop, about 700 meters away.
re liable for the death or injuries to
a Pedrano left his helper, Jose Mitante, Jr. to
passengersthroughthenegligenceorwillful keep watch over the stalled vehicle, and
acts of the former's employees, although instructed the latter to place a spare tire six
suchemployeesmayhaveactedbeyondthe feetawaybehindthestalledtrucktoserveas
scopeoftheir authorityorinviolationof a warning for oncoming vehicles.Thetruck's
the orders of the common carriers. taillights were also left on.
This liability of the common Atabout4:45a.m.ofMarch16,1987,D'
arrier does not cease upon proof thatthey
c ough Riders passengers bus driven by
R
exercised the diligence of agoodfatherofa VirgilioTeLaspiñaswascruisingataspeedof
family in the selection and supervision 40-45kilometersperhouralongthenational
of their employees. highway of Sitio Aggies, Poblacion,
Compostela, Cebu. The passenger bus was
Discussion of the Law also bound for Cebu City. Among its
passengers were the Spouses Pedro A .
For thebuscompany,duediligencein ArriesgadoandFelisaPepitoArriesgado,who
s election of employees is not satisfied by were seated at the right side of the bus.
finding that the applicant possessed a
professional driver's license. The employer As the bus was approaching the
should also examine the applicant for his ridge, Laspiñas sawthestalledtruck,which
b
qualifications, experience, and record of the was then about 25 meters away. He applied
service. Due diligence in supervision, on the the brakes and tried to swerve to the left to
other hand, requires the formulationofrules avoid hitting the truck. But it was too late,
and regulations for the guidance of andthebusrammedintothetruck'sleftrear.
employeesandissuanceofproperinstruction The impact damaged the right side of the
as well as actual implementation and busandleftseveralpassengersinjured.Pedro
monitoringofconsistentcompliancewiththe Arriesgado lost consciousnessandsuffereda
rules. For a shipping company, the vessel fractureinhisrightcollar.Hiswife,Felisa,was
must be considered seaworthy, adequately brought to the Danao City Hospital.Shewas
equippedforthevoyage,andmannedwitha later transferred to the Southern Island
sufficient number of competent officers and Medical Center where she died shortly
crew. thereafter.
Isthebuscompanyliableforthedeath
of Felisa Arriesgado?
Application of the Law
egalOpinion:Yes,thebuscompanyisliable
L
ase: At about 10:00 p.m. of March 15, 1987,
C for thedeathofFelisaArriesgado.Itissucha
the cargo truck marked "Condor Hollow firmly established principle that the
BlocksandGeneralMerchandise"wasloaded negligence of the employee gives risetothe
with firewood in Bogo, Cebu City. Upon presumptionofnegligenceonthepartofthe
reachingSitioAggies,Poblacion,Compostela, employer.Thisispresumednegligenceinthe
Cebu, just as the truck passedoverabridge, selection and supervision of employee. The
one of its rear tires exploded. The driver, theory of presumed negligence, in constant
Sergio Pedrano, then parked along the right with the American doctrine of respondent
side of the national highway and removed superior, where the negligence of the
mployeeisconclusivelypresumedtobethe
e amages
D Recoverable from Common
negligence of the employer, is clearly Carriers
deducible from the last paragraph of Article
2180oftheCivilCodewhichprovidesthatthe I n an action based on a culpa
responsibilitythereinmentionedshallceaseif contractual or culpa aquiliana, the damages
the employees prove that they observed all that are recoverable are as follows: actual
the diligence of a good father of a family to damages, compensatory damages, moral
prevent damages. damages, exemplary damages, death
indemnity and attorney's fees. Nominal
Indeed,Laspiñas'negligenceindriving damages may be awarded in case moral or
t hebusisapparentintherecords.Byhisown exemplary damages may not be awarded.
admission, he had just passed a bridge and
was traversing the highway of Compostela, a. Actual damages consist in
Cebu as a speed of 40 to 50 kilometers per expenses for medicine,
hour before the collision occurred. The hospitalization, etc.
maximum speed allowed by lawonabridge b. Unrealized profits are recoverable
is only 30 kilometers per hour. And as as compensatory damages which
correctly pointed out by the trial court, shall be fixed by determininginthe
petitioner Laspiñas also violated Section 35 next yearly income of theinjuredor
andtheLandTransportationandTrafficCode, deceased passenger and
R.A.No.4136.Anydefenseofthebuscompany multiplying the same by the
on efficiency and in-service training of its number of years that he was
driversisinsufficienttoprovethatitobserved expected to live or lead a gainful
the diligence of a good father of a family in existence as determined by
the selection and supervision of his mortality tables or life insurance
employees. companies of the Philippines.
nforcement
E of Liability of Common c. Moral damages may be awarded
Carriers when the mishap resulted in the
death of a passenger, or when the
Theliabilityofcommoncarrierscanbe heirs of the deceased suffered
enforced on the following causes of action: mental anguish,orwhenthecarrier
wasguiltyoffraudorbadfaith,even
( 1) In case of death or injury caused to if death did not result. The big
passengers, the victim may file a case of amountofdamageswillbeawarded
breach of contract of carriage or culpa in view of the importance of the
contractual against the owner of the person of the passenger.
common carrier. d. Exemplary or corrective damages
are awarded by way of example or
( 2) In case of death or injury caused to correction of the public good, or
strangerorpedestrian,thevictimmayfilea when the common carrier acted in
criminal complaint against the driver of the wanton, reckless and oppressive
common carrier for reckless imprudence manner. While the immediate
resulting in homicide and damage to beneficiaries of the standard of
property. The victim may also file a civil suit extraordinary diligence are, of
againstthecommoncarrieranditsdrivenon course, the passengers and owners
the ground of culpa aquiliana or quasi-delict. of cargo carried bycommoncarrier,
they are not the only persons that
t he law seekstobenefit.Article2231 t hat all the provisions thereof are prepared
oftheCivilCodeexplicitlyauthorizes and drafted only by the carrier. The only
the imposition of exemplary participation left of the other partyistoaffix
damages in case of quasi-delicts "if his signature thereto. In such situation, the
the defendant acted with gross Supreme Court ruled that the terms thereof
negligence. must be interpreted against the party who
e. Award for death indemnity is in drafted the same, in this case the carrier.
accordance with current rulings of
the Court.
f. Award for attorney's fees may be Discussion of the Law
recovered when exemplary
damagesareawarded.UnderArticle uch contracts of adhesion are not
S
2008 of the Civil Code, attorney's entirely prohibited and are in fact binding
fees may be recovered when regardlessofwhetherornotthepassengeror
exemplarydamagesareawarded.In shipper had read the provisions thereof.
the case of Metro Manila Transit
Corporation v. CourtofAppeals[298 hus, it was held that even if the passenger
T
SCRA 945](1998)itwasheldthatan had not signed the plane ticket, he is
award of P50,000 as attorney's fees neverthelessboundbytheprovisionsthereof.
is reasonable. Such provisions have been held to be a part
g. In case moral damages cannot be of the contract of carriage,validandbinding
awarded without proof of the upon the passenger regardlessofthelatter's
carrier's bad faith, ill will, malice, or lackofknowledgeorassenttotheregulation.
wanton conduct, conduct nominal The one who adheres to the contract is in
damagesmaybeallowedunderthe reality free to reject it entirely; if he adheres,
circumstances. Nominal damages he gives his consent. Even if the conditions
may be awarded as provided under areprintedinsmalllettersdoesnotmakethe
Articles 2221 and 2222 of the Civil ticket or bill invalid.2
Code of the Philippines for the
purpose of indemnifying the victim owever, the courts will exercise
H
for any loss suffered by him. greatervigilancewhendealingwithcontracts
Nominal damagesarerecoverableif of adhesion in that the said contracts must
no actual, substantial, or specific becarefullyscrutinizedinordertoprotectthe
damages were shown to have weaker party from deceptive schemes
resulted from the breach. The contained in ready-made stipulations. Thisis
amount of such damages is in recognition of Article 24 of the Civil Code
addressedtothesounddiscretionof which mandates that "in all contractual,
the court, considering the relevant property or other relations, when one of the
circumstances. partiesisatadisadvantageonaccountofhis
moral dependence, ignorance, indigence,
The Law mental weakness, tender age or other
handicap, the courts must be vigilant forhis
Nature of Airline, Bus, and Shipping Tickets protection."
he best evidence of a contract of
T Application of the Law
carriage is the passage ticket. Under
jurisprudence, an airline, bus, or shipping ase: Sweet Line Inc. is ashippingcompany
C
ticket is a contract of adhesion considering transporting inter-island passengers and
argoes. A stipulation in its passenger ticket
c Regulation of Air Transportation Business
states that: "It is hereby agreed and
understood that any and all actions arising egislative Act No. 3909 passed by
L
out of the conditions and provisions of the the Philippine Legislature on November 20,
ticket, irrespective of where it is issued, shall 1931createdanOfficeundertheDepartment
befiledinthecompetentcourtsintheCityof of Commerce and Communications to
Cebu." Is the stipulation valid? handle aviation matters particularly the
enforcement of rules and regulations
egal Opinion: No, such stipulation is void.
L governing commercial aviation as well as
Suchstipulationsubvertsthepublicpolicyon privateflying.ItwasamendedbyAct3996to
transferofvenueofproceedingofthisnature, include licensing of airmen and aircraft,
since the same will prejudice rights and inspection of aircraft concerning air traffic
interests of innumerable passengers in rules, schedules and rates and enforcement
differentpartsofthecountrywhowillhaveto of Aviation Laws.
file suits against Sweet Line, Inc. only in the
City of Cebu. The protection by thecourtsof n June 20, 1952, R.A. No.776,
O
the disadvantaged is expressly enjoined by otherwiseknownastheCivilAeronauticsAct
Article24oftheCivilCodewhichstates:"Inall ofthePhilippineswasenactedwhichdefined
contractual,propertyorotherrelations,when the powers and duties of the Civil
one of the parties is at a disadvantage on Aeronautics Board, personnel, and the
account ofhismoraldependence,ignorance, regulations of Civil Aviation. On April 4,1987,
indigence, mental weakness,tenderageand ExecutiveOrderNo.125wasenactedcreating
other handicap, the courts must be vigilant the Air Transportation Office.
for his protection. "
he Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB)
T
regulates the economic aspect of air
transportation and has general supervision
Regulation of the Transportation Business andregulationofandjurisdictionandcontrol
over air carriers as well as their property
heDepartmentofTransportationand
T rights, equipment, facilities, and franchise. It
Communication(DOTC)istheprimarypolicy, has the power to fix and determine
planning, programming, regulating, and reasonable rates, charges or fares which an
administrative entity of Executive branch of aircarriermaydemand,collect,orreceivefor
government in the promotion,development, anyserviceinconnectionwithaircommerce.
and regulation of dependable and It also has the power to issue, deny, amend,
coordinated networks of transportation and revise, alter, modify, cancel, suspend, or
communications systems as well as in the revokeanytemporarypermitorCertificateof
fast, safe, efficient and reliable postal, Public ConvenienceandNecessity(CPCN).In
transportation and communications services caseofforeignaircarriers,thepermitshallbe
(AdministrativeCodeof1987,BookIV,TitleXv, usedwiththeapprovalofthePresidentofthe
Sec.2). It has the power, authority and RepublicofthePhilippines.Ithasbeenruled
technical expertise to determine whether or thattheLegislaturehasvalidlydelegatedthe
not a specific transportation or CAB the authority to issue a CPCN or
communication project is necessary, viable, TemporaryOperatingPermittoaprospective
and beneficial to the people. (BureauVeritas domestic air transport operator which does
v. Office of the President, 205 SCRA 705 not possess a legislative franchise to operate.
[1992]).
ersons authorized to engage in
P peration of public air utility facilities
o
domestic air transportation (air and services (i.e.,collectionoflanding
transportation within the limits of the fees,parkingspacefees,terminalfees,
Philippinesterritory)shallbereservedonlyto etc.);
citizens of the Philippines, except as (d) Administers and operates the Civil
otherwise provided in the Constitution and Aviation Training Center (CATC);
existingtreatyortreaties.Theterm"citizenof (e) Operates and maintains national
the Philippines" means: airports, air navigation, and other
similar facilities;
a. any individual who is a citizen of the (f) Promulgates rules and rules and
Philippines; or regulations in the interestofsafetyin
b. a partnershipofwhicheachmember air commerce;
is much an individual; or ( g) Investigates aircraft accidents; and
c. a corporation or association created (h) Issues, denies, cancels, orrevokesany
or organized under the laws of the certificate, permit or license
Philippines, of which the directing pertaining to aircraft, airmen, and air
head and2/3ormoreoftheBoardof agencies.
Directors and other managing
officersarecitizensofthePhilippines,
and in which 60% of the voting
interest is owned or controlled by
persons who are citizens of the
Philippines. Registration Aircraft
The CAB grants the CPCN if it finds: The Law
(a) t hat the applicant is fit, willing and nly aircraft owned by or leased to a
O
able to perform service tothepublic; citizen of the Philippines, and which are not
and registered under the laws of any foreign
(b) thatsuchserviceisrequiredbypublic country may be eligible for registration.
convenience and necessity.
Discussion of the Law
he Air Transportation Office (ATO) is
T
primarily charged with the technical and The certificate of registration is
operational phase of civil aviation matters. It onclusiveevidenceofownership,exceptina
c
performs the following functions: proceeding wheresuchownershipisinissue
or when the aircraft is only under lease.
(a) E stablishes and enforces rules and
regulations for the inspection and Application of the Law
registration of all aircraft owned and
operated in thePhilippinesandallair ase: Pilipinas Airline Company Flight 888
C
facilities; crashedinthemountainsofBukidnonkilling
(b) Establishes and prescribes the all the passengers of the aircraft. The airline
corresponding rules and regulations company wants to know what really
fortheenforcementoflawsgoverning happened. Who has the jurisdiction to
air transportation; investigate the accident?
(c) Imposes and prescribes charges
and/or rates pertinent to the
egal Opinion: The ATO has the jurisdiction
L 3) M odifies, suspends, or revokes atany
to investigate the aircraft accident andmust time upon notice and hearing, any
submit its investigation report to the CAB. certificate, license or accreditation it
mayhaveissuedtoanydomesticship
ase: Grand Airline Company wants to
C operator.
engage in the business of carrying 4) Establish andprescriberoutes,zones,
passengers and goods by air. In addition, its or areas of operations of domestic
pilots want to be licensed to operate the ship operators;
aircraft of Grand Airline Company. In what 5) Requires any domestic ship operator
government agency should Grand Airline to provide shipping services to any
Companyanditspilotsapplysothatitwillbe coastal area, island or region in the
accredited? country where such services are
necessaryforthedevelopmentofthe
egal Opinion: Grand Airline Company
L area, to meet emergency sealift
should apply to the CAB for a certificate of requirements,orwhenpublicinterest
public convenience to operate asacommon requires;
carrier. However, the pilots must secure a 6) Sets safety standards for vessels in
license to operate from the ATO. accordance with applicable
conversations and regulations;
Regulation of the Shipping Industry 7) Requires all domestics with ship
operators to comply with operational
he Maritime Industry Authority
T andsafetystandardsforvesselssetby
(MARINA) was created on June 1, 1974 with applicable conventions and
theissuanceofPresidentialDecreeNo.474to regulations, maintain its vessels in
integrate the development, promotion, and safeandserviceableconditions,meet
regulation of the maritime industry in the the standards of safety of life at sea
country. It was originally placed under the manning requirements, and furnish
Office of the President. With the creation of safe, adequate, efficient, reliable and
the Ministry (now Department) of proper service at all times;
Transportation and Communications by 8) Inspects all vessels to ensure and
virtue of Executive Order No. 546 the enforce compliance with safety
"MARINA" was attached to the DOTC for standards and other times;
policy and program coordination on July 23, 9) Ensures that all documents ship
1979. operators shall have the financial
capacity to provide and sustain safe,
By virtue of R.A. No.9295 (May 03, reliable, efficient and economic
2004), MARINA has the following functions: passenger or cargo service, or both;
10) Determines the impact which any
1 ) R egisters vessels; new service shall have to the locality
2) Issues certificates of public it will serve;
convenience or any extensions or 11) Adopts and enforces such rules and
amendmentsthereto,authorizingthe regulations which will ensure
operation of all kinds. Classes and compliance by every domestic ship
typesofvesselsindomesticshipping: operator with required safety
Provided, that no such certificate standards and other rules and
shall be valid for a period of more regulations on vessel safety;
than twenty-five (25) years; 12) Adopts such rules and regulations
which ensurethereasonablestability
fpassengersandfreightratesand,if
o y theMaritimeIndustryAuthority(MARINA)
b
necessary, to interview in order to to engage in the business of domestic
protect public interest. shipping. However, foreign vessels who may
13) Hears and adjudicatesanycomplaint wish to engage in trade and commerce
made in writing involving any within Philippines territorial waters may be
violation of this law or the rules and granted a Special Permit by the MARINA
regulations of the MARINA; when no domestic vessels are available or
14) Imposes such fines and penaltieson, suitable to provide the needed shipping
including the revocations of licenses service and where public interest warrants
of any domestic ship operator who the same."
shallfailtomaintainitsvesselsinsafe
and serviceable condition, or who y reason of the deregulation of the
B
shall violate or fail to comply with domestic shipping industry as mandated by
safety regulations; R.A. No. 9295 and to encourage investments
15) Investigates any complaint made in in the domestic shipping industry, domestic
writing against any domestic ship ship operators are now authorized to
operator,oranyshipper,oranygroup establish their own shipping rates provided
of shippers regarding any matter that effective competition is fostered, and
involving violations of the provisions public interest is served.
of this Act;
16) Upon notice and hearing, imposes Regulation of the Land Transportation
such fines, suspends or revokes
certificates of public convenience or The concept of land transportation
other license issued, or otherwise s ystem in the Philippines started when our
penalizes any ship operator, shipper ancestorsinventedmeansoflocomotion.The
or group of shippers found violating earlymeansoftransportationusedinmoving
the provisions of this Act; and people and goods from place to place were
17) Issues such rules and regulations animals. Although the means of land
necessary to implement the transportationduringtheearlydayswerenot
provisions of this Act: Provided, that as sophisticated as the modem vehicles of
such rules and regulations cannot today and the roads were not as well
change or in any way amend or be constructed, the earlyFilipinosalsoobserved
contrary totheintentandpurposeof some forms of laws to govern their mobility.
this Act. These laws were as informal as simple as
specifying which animal could be used for
Authority to Operate certain purposes. However, the existence of
these rules showed that our ancestors
o franchise, certificate, or any other
N already felt the need to regulate the
form authorization awarded by MARINA for transportation system.
thecarriageofcargoorpassenger,orbothin
the domestic trade, shall be granted except Today, it is the Land Transportation
to domestic ship owners or operators. The ffice (LTO) and the Land Transportation
O
term "domestic ship owner or operator" Franchising and Regulatory Board
means a citizen of the Philippines, or a (LTFRB)252 which are the agencies involved
commercial partnership wholly owned by in the regulation of the land transportation
Filipinos, or a corporation at least sixty industry.
percent (60%) of the capital of which is
owned by Filipinos, whichisdullyauthorized
he LTO is the proper agency which
T roceedings of the Board, to administer
p
controls the registration and operation of oaths and affirmations;
motor vehicles and licensing of owners, (g) Toconductinvestigationsandhearingsof
dealers, conductors, drivers, and similar complaints for violation of the public
matters. Under the Clean Air Act of 1999, servicelawsonlandtransportationandof
vehicles must pass the emission testing the Board's rules and regulations,orders,
requirements to be administered by the decisions and/or rulings and to impose
Department of Transportation and fines and/ penalties for such violations;
Communications as a prerequisite for (i) To review motu proprio the
registration. decisions/actions of the Regional
Franchising and Regulatory Officeherein
ntheotherhand,thefunctionsofthe
O created;
LTFRB are as follows: ( j) To promulgate rules and regulations
governing proceedings before the Board
(a) T o prescribe routes of service, and the Regional Franchising and
economically viable capacities andzones Regulatory Office: Provided, that except
or areas of operation of public land with respect to paragraphs d, e, f and g
transportation services provided by hereof, the rules of procedure and
motorized vehicles in accordance with evidence prevailing in the courts of laws
the public land transportation should not be controlling and it is the
development plans and programs spirit and intention of said rules thatthe
approved by the Department of Board and the Regional Franchising and
Transportation and Communications; Regulatory Offices shall useeveryandall
(b) Toissue,amend,revise,suspendorcancel reasonablemeanstoascertainfactsinits
Certificates of Public Convenience or casespeedilyandobjectivelyandwithout
permits authorizing the operation of regard to technicalities of law and
public land transportation services procedures, all in the interest of due
provided by motorized vehicles, and to process;
prescribe the appropriate terms and (k) Tofix,imposeandcollect,andperiodically
conditions therefor; review and adjust, reasonable fees and
(c) Todetermine,prescribe,andapproveand other related charges for services
periodicallyreviewandadjust,reasonable rendered;
fares, rates and other related charges, (l) To formulate, promulgate, administer,
relative to the operation of public land implement and enforce rules and
transportation services provided by regulations on landtransportationpublic
motorized vehicles; utilities, standards of measurements
(d) To issue preliminary or permanent and/or design, and rules and regulations
injunction, whether prohibitory or requiring operators of any public land
mandatory, in all cases in which it has transportation service to equip, install
jurisdiction, and in which cases the and provide in their utilities and in their
pertinentprovisionsoftheRulesofCourt stations such devices, equipment
shall apply; facilities and operating procedures and
(e) To punish for contempt of the Board, techniques as may promote safety,
both direct and indirect, in accordance protection, comfort and convenience to
with the pertinent provisions of, and the persons and property in their charges as
penalties by, the Rules of Court; wellasthesafetyofpersonsandproperty
(f) To issue subpoena duces tecum and within their areas of operations;
summon witnesses to appear in any (f)
(m)To coordinate and cooperate with other f rom the year of manufacture. For a tourist
government agencies and entities car, it shall not be more than five (5) years
concerned with any aspect involving reckoned from the year of manufacture,
public land transportation services with providedhowever,thetouristluxurycarsshall
the end in view of effecting continuing have a minimum allowable age of ten (10)
improvement of such services; and years. For this purpose,luxurycarsshallrefer
(n) To perform such other functions and to passenger cars with engine displacement
duties as may be provided by law, or as ofnotlessthan2190andwhicharenotlocally
maybenecessary,orproperorincidental assembled/manufactured. Every tourist
to the purposes and objectives of this transport shall be provided with a left- hand
Executive Order. drive; it shall be properly equipped with
adequate air-conditioning units; and it shall
The LTFRB has been delegated the be provided or installed with at least one
uthoritybytheLegislaturetofixtheratesof
a portable fire extinguisher for the protection
public services. However, this authority of its passengers.
cannot be delegated to a common carrier,a
transport operator, or other public service. or tourist buses or coasters, a public
F
address system shall be installed. Every
ccreditationofTransportationVehiclesby
A tourist transport unit shall be provided with
the Department of Tourism the first-aid kit and an adequate supply of
emergencymedicines.Itshallhavecleanand
his
T involves the minimum comfortable seats, and shall have enough
requirements for the operation, legroom and sufficient storage space,
establishment, and maintenance of
transportation vehicles in order to be astly, every tourist transport operator
L
accredited by the Department of Tourism. shall provide an adequate garage and repair
Under the Tourism Act of 2009255 and the shop for the maintenance of its equipment,
implementing Rules and Regulations of R.A. and a parking space sufficient to
No. 9593. Primary Tourism Enterprises shall accommodate all its registered units.
be periodically required to obtain
accreditation from the DOT as to thequality In case of original registration and/or
of their facilities and standard of services. t ransfer ofownershipoftouristtransport,the
Tourist transport services, whether for land, necessary clearance from the appropriate
seaandairtransportexclusivelyormajorityof unit of the PNP should be secured prior to
its seats are for tourist use, including airport registration.
taxis andtouristdrivers,arealreadyclassified
as Primary Tourism Enterprises; hence, tandard Requirements for Tourist Water
S
accreditation by the Department of Tourism Transport Vessels
is now mandatory.
here should be at leastonerestroom
T
tandard Requirements for Tourism Land
S each with toilet and washing facilities for
Transport Vehicles male and female located at the passenger
accommodation area. In addition, there
To the registrable, every tourist should be a common toilet and bath at the
t ransport must be found roadworthy upon cabin for a long-haul trip.Tissuepaper,soap,
inspectionbyateamfromtheDepartmentof and hand/paper towel should also be
Tourism. In thecaseofbusorcoaster,itshall provided. A receptionist should be available
not be more than ten (10) years reckoned to usher in guests. There should be a
r efreshmentwhichshouldbewell-stockedat (c) P roof of ownership or contract of
all times. In case of long-haul trips, a dining lease over an area adequate to serve
area capable of seating, at least, one-fourth asmaintenancedepotandgaragefor
(1/4) of the total passengers at one serving all its units (not applicable to water
should be provided with appropriate and transport)
well-maintained furniture. There should bea (d) A list of names of all officials and
promenadeorairingspaceattheupperdeck employees, and their respective
for the exclusive use of passengers. There designations, nationalities, home
should be a baggage area provided with address, certified correct under oath
racks or similar and safe storage in the by the general manager/president
passenger accommodation area. (e) Such other papers or documents as
mayberequiredfromtimetotimeby
Adequate number of well-trained, the Department
ell-groomed, experienced, efficient, and
w
courteous staff should be employed. They For Land and Transport
shall wear clean uniforms at all times.
Frontline staff should have a good speaking (a) A copy of the LTFRB certificate of
knowledge of English. franchise or authorization for tourist
car/bus service
dequate lighting arrangement and
A (b)A copy of the transportation rates as
fixtures should be installed in all levels of approved by LTFRB
vessel in accordance with the Philippine (c) Pictures of the vehicles showing the
Merchant Marine Rules and Regulations. side,backandfrontviewsthereofwith
the company's name and logo
imprinted at its rear and sides,
respectively
tandard Requirements for Tourist Air
S (d)Such other papers or documents as
Transport may be required from timetotimeby
the Department
dequate life-saving devices and
A
adequatecommunicationequipmentshould For Water Transport
be provided in accordance with the
requirements prescribed by the ATO. (a) A copy of Certificate of Public
Documents Required to SupportApplication Convenience and Necessity issued by
to Operate as Tourist Transport Operator the Maritime Industry Authority
(b) A copy of the transportation rates as
(a) M ayor's Permit and/or Municipal approved by the Maritime Industry
License Authority
(b) Business name certificate and all (c) Pictures of the vessel showing the
amendments thereto, if any, in the side,backandfrontviewsthereofwith
case of single proprietorship. In the the company name and/or logo
caseofacorporationorpartnership,a imprinted at its sides
certified true copy of the Articles of (d) A copy of routes to be served and
Incorporation, its By-laws or Articles schedules
of Partnership and amendments (e) Such other papers or documents as
thereto, if any, duly registered with may berequiredfromtimetotimeby
the Securities and Exchange the Department
Commission. or Air Transport
F
(d)First-aid kit with adequate supply of
) A
a copy of the CPCN issued by the CAB emergency medicines.
b) A copy of the transportation rates as
approved by the CAB dequate lighting, flashlights and
A
c) Picturesoftheplaneshowingtheside, radio equipment shall be provided. The
back and front views thereof with the boat/banca should be provided with
company's name and/or logo adequate waste bins; and there should be a
imprinted at its sides short briefing on boat rules on sale travel,
d) List of operations and maintenance proper waste disposal and other concerns
officials and personnel with their ATO before boarding or an adequate notice
license thereoforbrochuresshouldbeconspicuously
displayed on the motorized boat/banca are
e) C opy of the routes to be served and given to passengers.
flight schedules
f) Such other papers or documents as The boat/banca should bemannedby
may be required from timetotimeby t least two (2) boatmen who are well-
a
the Department trained, efficient, and courteous and with
proper work permit/license from MARINA.
ccreditation of Motorized Boat/Banca
A The boatmen should wear Identification
Engaged in Tourism Activities and Services Cards and clean uniform prescribed by the
Department of Tourism at all times and
motorized boat/banca engage in
A should provide optimum service geared on
tourist services shall mean a vessel of 20 passenger safety, comfort and convenience.
Gross Tonnage (GRT) and below engaged in
providing water transport services including he
T following may apply for
sightseeing and water-related tourism accreditation as motorized boat/banca
activities to foreign or domestic tourist for a engaged in tourism activities and services:
fee or any form of compensation.
(a) single proprietorship owned by a
or purpose of accreditation, the
F resident Filipino citizen;
boat/banca should be made of good quality (b)a partnership organized under the
materials and in accordance with the laws of the Philippines,atleast60%of
MARINA standards. its capital being owned by Filipino
citizen; and
he boat/banca should be provided with
T (c) a corporation organized under the
the following equipment: laws of the Philippines,atleast60%of
the subscribed common or voting
(a) Lifesaving and firefighting equipment shares of stocks of which is owned by
and facilities; Filipino citizens and the composition
(b)Adequate number of life vest as of its Board of Directors beingatleast
specified in the MARINA Certificate of 60% Filipinos.
Inspection to be giventoandwornby
passengers upon boarding; he application for accreditation
T
(c) Adequate number or required should be accompanied by the following
firefighting facilities in accordance documents:
with the Philippine Merchant Marine
Rules and Regulations (PMMRR); and (a) In the case of single proprietorship, a
Business Name Certification and all
mendments thereto duly registered
a he Seatbelt was enacted to secure
T
with the Bureau of Trade Regulation andsafeguarditscitizenry,particularlythe
and Consumer Protection, passengers and drivers of private and
Department of Trade and Industry; in public motor vehicles, from the ruinous
case of a corporation/partnership, a andextremelyinjuriouseffectsofvehicular
certified copy of the Articles of accidents. In order of seatbelt devices by
Incorporation/Partnership and its the drivers and front seat passengers of
By-laws and amendments thereto, private and public motor vehicles shall be
dulyregisteredwiththeSecuritiesand enforced.
Exchange Commission;
(b) Mayor's Permit and/or Municipal Discussion of the Law
License;
(c) Resolution of the Board of Directors The highlights of the law are as follows:
authorizing the filling of application
and designating the person (1) T
he driver and front seat passengers
authorized to sign and act for and in of a public vehicle are required to
its behalf and transact business with wear or use their seatbelt devices
the Department. If single while inside a vehicle of running
proprietorship or partnership, a letter engine on any road or thoroughfare.
of authority from the owner/partners; In addition, the driver of a public
(d) Complete list of its officers and motor vehicle shall be required to
employees, indicating therein the immediately inform and require the
nationality, home address and front seat passengers uponboarding
position, certified correct under oath a vehicle of running engine to wear
by the general manager/president; the prescribed seatbelts. Any
(e) MARINA Documents: passenger who refuses to wear
(a) Copy of MARINA certificate of seatbelts shall not be allowed to
inspection which validity shall not continue his/her trip.
be less thanthree(3)monthsfrom
thedateoffilingofapplicationwith (2) I nfants and/or childrenaged(6)years
the Department; and andbelowshallbeprohibitedtositin
(b) Valid Certificate of Public the front seat of any running motor
Convenience (CPC) Provisional vehicle.
Authority (PA) Special Permit (SP).
(3) I t shall be unlawful for any personto
(f) V alid copy of the Compulsory import or cause the importation of
Passenger Insurance with appropriate any vehicle without appropriate and
coverage for each passenger; operational seatbelt devices.
(g)Copy of rates and routes to be served
and schedules; and (4) F
or new vehicles, compliance is
(h)Such other documents that the required for registration.
Department may requirefromtimeto
time. ailure to comply shall disallow the
F
registrationand/orrenewaloftheregistration
Seatbelt Law of vehicle at the LTO.
The Law Application of the Law
ase:Mr.JorgeSanJoseisanoperatorof100
C o public utility shall transport any
N
units of taxicabs with Makati-Cubao as the such animal without a written permit from
route area. Ronnie Boy, one of the drivers of theDirectoroftheBureauofAnimalIndustry
the taxicabs being operated byMr.SanJose, or his/her authorized representative. Any
wascaughtbyapoliceofficerwhoimposeda form of cruelty shall bepenalizedevenifthe
fine on Ronnie Boy for not wearing any transporter has obtained a permit from the
seatbeltatthetimehewasdriving.InRonnie Bureau of Animal Industry. Cruelty in
Boy's defense, Mr. San Jose stipulated that transporting includes overcrowding, placing
RonnieBoyshouldnothavebeenimposeda animals in the trunks or under the food
fine because although the latter was not trunks of the vehicles.
wearingthesameatthetime,hewasdriving
neverthelesstheseatbeltwasinstalledinthe Discussion of the Law
taxicab in compliancewiththeSeatbeltLaw.
Isthepoliceofficercorrectinimposingafine I n order to assure safety of passenger
on Ronnie Boy who wascaughtnotwearing and crew members of aircraft or vessels,itis
a seatbelt at that time? necessary to obtain a shipping permit from
the Bureau of Quarantine before an animal
egal Opinion: Yes, the police officer was
L may be allowed to be transported on board.
correct in imposing a fine on RonnieBoyfor The Bureau of Quarantine has required the
not wearing a seatbelt at that time. Under following documents as certified by a
Section 4 of R.A. 8750, also known as licensed veterinary doctor or veterinary
Seatbelts Use Act of 1999, the driver of a clinic/hospital to be presented before
public motor vehicle is required to wear or shipping permit will be issued;
use their seatbelt devices while inside the
vehicle of running engine on any road or (a) C
ertified of rabies vaccination for not
thoroughfare. In case of violation, LTO, less than 30 days; in case of
through its authorized representative, may international carriage, a certificate of
impose a fine or penalty in case of "5 in 1" vaccination (parvo influenza,
non-compliance, lepto, deworming, distemper, and
hepatitis) may also be required."
Law on Transportation of Animals
(b) F
or agricultural animals, a certified of
The Law clearance from the coggin test and
FMD (foot and mouth disease) test is
y virtue of R.A. No.8485, also known
B required.
as the Animal Welfare Act of 1998,itshallbe
the duty of any operator of any land, air, or n the other hand, apersonplanning
O
water public utility transportingpets,wildlife tobringanyanimalintothePhilippinesfrom
and all the other animals to provide in all abroad must apply in writing for an import
cases adequate, clean and sanitary facilities permit at the following address:
for the safe conveyance and delivery thereof
to their consignee at the place of he Director, Bureau of Animals Industry
T
confinement. These animals shall be Visayas Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines
provided sufficient food and water while in Attention: Animal Health Division
transit for more than twelve (12) hours or
whenever necessary. A valid health and rabies certificate
must be obtained from the agency
concerned at quarantine officer upon arrival
t the port of disembarkation. Any pet
a I f the United States is declared to be
withoutsuchacertificatewillbedetainedby rabies-free, the rabies vaccination is waived.
the Bureau of Animals Industry (BAI) until Mr. Thomas must provide the Philippine
cleared. authorities with such documents. The pet
dog of Mr. Thomas shall be subject to such
or countries declared to be
F quarantineandtestsasmaybeprescribedby
rabies-free, the rabies vaccination is waived. the Director of Animal Industry.
The appropriate authorities in thecountryof
origin can provide this information. For pet Law on Importation of Vehicles
fishes, in lieu of a health certificate, a prior
import permit must be obtained from the The Law
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
(BFAR). There are relevant laws on the
importation of vehicles which may beuseful
All animals imported into the for the transportation business, namely:
hilippines shall be subject to such
P
quarantineandtestsasmaybeprescribedby .A. No. 7227 allows the free flow of
R
the director of animals industry and those goods and capital within the Subic Bay
found to be infected with dangerous Freeport in Subic, Province of Zambales in
communicable animal disease shall order to attract investors to invest their
immediately be condemned, killed, and capital in a business climate with the least
properly burned or buriedinthepresenceof government intervention.
representative of the Bureau of Animal
Industry at the expense of the importer. resident Arroyo's Executive Order
P
156 prohibits the importation of used motor
Application of the Law vehicles into the country except:
(a) on territories that are declared
ase:Mr.DavidThomas,anAmericancitizen,
C Freeport Zone, such as the Subic Bay
wants to visit the Philippines. He has a pet Freeport in Subic, Province of
beagle dog which he wants to bring in the Zambales by virtue of R.A. No.7227.
Philippines. What are the requirements (b)if the vehicle is owned by a returning
which Mr. Thomas should comply sothathe resident or immigrant and covered by
may be allowed to bring his pet dog in the an authority to import issued under
Philippines? the Non-Dollar Importation Program;
(c) ifthevehicleisfortheuseofanofficial
egal Opinion: The first step is for Mr.
L ofthediplomaticcorpsandauthorized
Thomas to apply in writing for an import to be imported by the Department of
permit attheBureauofAnimalIndustry.The Foreign Affairs (DFA); and
second step is for Mr. Thomas to secure a (d)if the vehicle falls under the category
valid health and rabies certificate from the of "special purpose vehicles" such as
agency concerned at the port of origin ambulance, fire trucks, refers, tanker
shortly before shipment. The certificate will trucks and crane lorries.
be required by the veterinary quarantine
officer upon arrival at the port of Under Republic Act. No. 6537
disembarkation. Any pet without such a hich was enacted on August 26,
w 1972,
certificate will be detained by the Bureau of or otherwise known as the
Animal Industry (BAI) until cleared. Anti-Carnapping Act of 1972, it shall be
the duty of the Collector of Customs
jurisdictionoftheprincipal port of
entry where an imported motor vehicle is The Law
unloadedtomakea report of the
shipment of the vehicle to the Land ublic service includes every
P
TransportationOffice within seven days person who may own, operate,
after the arrival of the imported motor manage or control in the Philippines for
vehicle, specifying themake,typeand hireorcompensation,with general or
serial numbers of the motor vehicle limited clientele, whether permanent,
engine, engine block and chassis or body, occasionalor accidental,anddonefor
and stating the names and addresses general business purposes, any common
of the owner or consignee thereof. If the carrier, railroad or street railway, traction
motorvehicle engine, engine block, railway, subway motor vehicle,
chassis or body does not bear any serial steamboat, or steamship line, ferries, and
number, the Collector of Customs watercraft, shipyard, Xxx.
concerned shall hold the motor
vehicle engine, engine block, chassis or nless otherwise exempt, no
U
bodyuntilitisnumberedby the Land public service shall operate without
Transportation Commission. having been issued a certificate of public
convenienceora certificate of public
I n this regard, any person convenience and necessity.
engaged in the importation of motor
vehicles shall keep a permanent record of Discussion of the Law
his stocks, stating therein their type,
make and serial numbers, and the names ublic utilities are privately owned
P
and addresses of the persons and operated businesses whose service is
from whom they were acquired and the essential to the general public. They are
namesand addresses of the persons to enterpriseswhichspeciallycatertotheneeds
whom they were sold, and shall render an of the public and conduce to their comfort
accuratemonthly report of his and convenience. As such, public utility
transactions in motor vehicles to theLand services are impressed with public interest
Transportation Commission. andconcern.Thesameistruewithrespectto
the business of common carrierwhichholds
nderthePhilippineCleanAirActof
U such apeculiarrelationtothepublicinterest
1999, any imported new or local assembled that there is superinduced upon it the right
new motor vehicle shall not be registered at of public regulation when private properties
the LTO unlessitcomplieswiththeemission are affected with public interest.
standards set as evidence by theCertifiedof
the Conformity by the Department of s mandated bylaw,nopublicservice
A
Environment and Natural Resources. shall operate without having been issued a
certificate of public convenience (which is
Under R.A. No. 8750 or known as the considered a privilege and not a property
eatbelts UseActof1999,itshallbeunlawful
S right).
for any person to import or cause the
importation of any vehicle without A certificate of public convenience is
appropriate and operational seatbelts n authorized granted by the proper
a
devices. government agency for the operation of
public service for which a franchise is
Public Service Laws
r equired by law forpublicuseasrequiredby 1) N o motor vehicle shall be used or
law. operated on or upon any public
highway of the Philippines unless the
he requisites before a certificate of
T same is properly registered at the LTO.
public convenience may be granted are: 2) Tourist bringing their own motor
1) The applicant must be acitizenofthe vehicles to the Philippines may,
Philippines, or a corporation or co- without registering such motor
partnership, association or join-stock vehicles, use the same during but not
company constituted and organized after ninety days of their sojourn:
under the laws of the Philippines, at Provided, that the motor vehicle
least60percentofitsstockorpaid.up displays the number plates for the
capitalmustbelongentirelytocitizens current year of some other country or
of the Philippines; state, and said number plates as well
2) The applicant must be financially as the name and address (permanent
capable of undertaking the proposed and temporary) of the owner thereof
service and meeting the are registered in the Land
responsibilities incident to its Transportation Commission prior to
operation; and the operation of the motor vehicle.
3) The applicant must prove that the 3) For public utility automobiles,
operation of the public service application for registration shall be
proposed and the authorization is to accompanied by a certificateofpublic
do business will promote the public convenience and motor vehicles
interest in a proper and suitable registered shall be subject to the
manner. Public Service Law, rules and
regulations.
The following are the government 4) No person shall operate any motor
gencies whichhavetheauthoritytogranta
a vehicle without first procuring a
certificate of public convenience: license to driveamotorvehicleforthe
current year, nor while such license is
(1) C ivil Aeronautics Board (CAB) (R.A. delinquent, invalid, suspended or
No. 776) for Air Transportation; revoked.Thelicenseshallbecarriedby
(2) Land Transportation Franchising and the driver at all times when operating
Regulatory Board (LTFRB) (Executive a motor vehicle and shall be shown
Order 202) for Land Transportation; and/orsurrenderedforcauseandupon
and demand to any person with authority
(3) Maritime Industry Authority under this Act to confiscate thesame.
(MARINA) (Presidential Decree No. An examination or demonstration to
474) for Water Transportation. show any applicant's abilitytooperate
motor vehicles may also be required.
Traffic Laws 5) No person operating any vehicle shall
allow more passenger or more freight
.A. No. 4136, which is enacted on
R or cargo in his vehicle than its
June 20, 1964 is a compilation relative to registered capacity. No driver shall
traffic rules and regulations. Some of the permit any person to ride on the
highlights of the law are as follows: running board, step board, mudguard
of his motor vehicle for any purpose.
Rules on Registration of Motor Vehicles 6) Every vehicle must be provided with
sufficient car accessories such astires,
rakes, horns, headlights, taillights,
b .
2 On 0 km. per 3
4 0 km. per
stoplight, windshield wipers, mufflers "through hour hour
and lights when disabled for the streets" or
security and safety of the motor boulevards,
vehicle. Under Letter of Instruction clear of
dated December 2, 1974, every motor traffic, with
vehicle must have at all times at least no "blind
one (1) pair of early warning device corners"
consisting of triangular, collapsible when so
reflectorized plates in red or yellow designated
colors at least 15 cm. at the base and 3. On city 0 km. per 3
3 0 km. per
40 cm. at the sides. and hour hour
municipal
Restriction as to Speed streets, with
light traffic,
(1) A
ny person driving a motorvehicleon when not
a highway shall drive the same at a designated
carefulandprudentspeed,notgreater "through
norlessthanisreasonableandproper, streets"
having due regard for the traffic, the 4. Through 0 km. per 2
2 0 km. per
widthofthehighway,andofanyother crowded hour hour
condition than the three existing; and streets,
nopersonshalldriveanymotorvehicle approaching
upon a highway at such a speedasto intersections
endangerthelife,limbandpropertyof at "blind
anyperson,norataspeedgreaterthan corners,"
willpermithimtobringthevehicletoa passing
stop within the assured clear distance schoolzones,
ahead. passing
other
(2) S
ubject to the provisions of the vehicles
precedingparagraph,therateofspeed which are
of any motor vehicle shall not exceed stationary, or
the following: for similar
dangerous
aximum
M Passenger otor Trucks
M circumstanc
Allowable ars
C and and Buses es
Speed Motorcycles
.A. No. 10916 or "An act requiring
R
1 . On open 8 0 km. per 5
0 km. per
the mandatoryinstallationofspeedlimiter
country hour hour
in public utility and certain types of
roads, with
vehicles" will require all covered public
no "blind
transportation vehicles to have a speed
corners" not
limiter.Vehicleswithoutspeedlimitersbefore
closely
the passage of the law will have to comply
bordered by
within 18 months after it takes effect. The
habitations
absenceofaspeedlimiterwillnotbeallowed
forregistrationorbegivenafranchisepermit,
nd the owners or operators for the vehicle
a s hallyieldtherightwaytovehicles
will be fined with P50,000. upon the highway.
(c) The driver of a vehicle upon a
eanwhile, the driver's license will be
M highway shall bring to a full stop
suspended for one month and the franchise such vehicle before traversing any
permit for three months for thefirstoffense. "through highway" or railroad
Sanctions for succeeding offenses will be crossing. Provided, that when it is
license suspension for three months and apparentthatnohazardexists,the
franchisesuspensionforsixmonthsontopof vehiclemaybesloweddowntofive
imposed fines at the second offense; and miles per hour instead of bringing
revocation of license and franchise it to a full stop.
suspension for at least a year, and an
imposed fine for the third offense.Offenders Parking Prohibition
caughttamperingwithspeedlimiterswillbe
imprisoned for six to 36 months and fined Nodrivershallparkavehicle,orpermit
withP30,000.RestrictionsonOvertakingand it to stand,whetherattendedorunattended,
Passing upon a highway in any of the following
places:
hedriverofavehicleshallnotdriveto
T
theleftsideofthecenterlineofahighwayin ( a) Within an intersection;
overtaking or passing another vehicle (b)On a crosswalk;
proceeding in the same direction, unless (c) Withinsixmetersoftheintersectionof
such left side is clearly visible, and is free of curb lines;
oncoming traffic for a sufficient distance (d)Within four meters of the driveway
ahead to permit such overtaking or passing entrance to and fire station;
to be made in safety. (e) Within four meters of fire hydrant;
(f) In front of a private driveway;
Right of Way (g)On the roadway side of any vehicle
stoppedorparkedatthecurboredge
(a) W hen two vehicles approach or of the highway; and
enter an intersection at (h)At any place where official signs have
approximately the same time, the been erected prohibiting parking.
driver of the vehicle on the left
shall yield the right of way to the Driving or Parking on Sidewalk
vehicle on the right.
(b) The driver of any vehicle upon a No person shall drive or park a motor
highway, within a business or ehicle upon or along any sidewalk, path or
v
residential district shall yield the alley not intended for vehicular traffic or
right of way to a pedestrian parking.
crossing such highway within a
crosswalk, except at intersections Driving and Substance Intake
where the movement of traffic is
being regulated by a peace officer o person shall drive a motor vehicle
N
orbytrafficsignal.Everypedestrian whileundertheinfluenceofliquorornarcotic
crossing a highway within a drug.
business or residential district, at
any point other than a crosswalk, Obstruction of Traffic
opersonshalldrivehismotorvehicle
N
in such a manner as to obstruct or impede imited Access Highway Act (R.A. 2000,
L
the passage of any vehicle, nor, while June 22, 1957), as Amended by Executive
discharging or taking on passengers or Order 546
loading or unloading freight, obstruct the
free passage of other vehicles on the ndersaidlaw,theDOTCisauthorized
U
highway. to design any limited access facility and to
regulate, restrict, or prohibit access astothe
best servethetrafficforwhichsuchfacilityis
intended. On February 19, 1968, Secretary
Duty of Driver During an Accident Antonio V. Raquiza of the Department of
Public Works and Communications issued
In the event that any accident should AdministrativeOrder(AO)1,whichprohibited
ccur as a result of the operation ofamotor
o motorcycles, pedicabs, tricycles and bicycles
vehicle upon a highway, the driver present, on limited access highways. The pertinent
shall show his driver's license, give his true provisions of AO I read:
name and address and also the true name
and address of the owner of the motor ubject: Revised Rules and Regulation
S
vehicle. Governing Limited Access
Highways
Nodriverofamotorvehicleconcerned
in a vehicular accident shall leave the scene y virtue of the authority
B
of the accident without aiding the victim, granted the Secretary of Public Works
except under any of the following and Communications under Section 3 of
circumstances: R.A.2000,otherwiseknown as the
Limited AccessHighwayAct,thefollowing
1. I f he is in an imminent danger of rulesand regulations governing limited
being seriously harmed by any access highways are hereby
person or persons by reason of the promulgated for the guidance of all
accident; concerned:
2. If he reports the accidents to the
nearest officer of the law; or xxx
3. If he has to summon a physician or
nurse to aid the victim. Section 3- On limited access
ighways, it is unlawful for any
h
aws Regulating Tricycles, Pedicabs,
L person or group of person to:
Calesas and Other Related Provisions
Under the Local Government Code of 1991 xxx
I n case of regulating tricycles, ( h) Drive any bicycle, tricycle,
pedicabs, and calesas, the local government pedicab,motorcycleorany vehicle (not
unit concerned, through the city or motorized).
municipality, has the power to regulate the
same by virtue of the Local Government The use of public highways is subject
Code, Regulation of tricycles by the city or t o regulation as an exercise of the police
municipality shall be subject to the power of the state. The police power is
guidelines prescribed by the Department of far-reaching in scope and is the "most
Transportation and Communication (DOTC). essential, insistent and illimitable" of all
overnment powers. The tendency is to
g rescribed or assigned by the
p
extendratherthantorestricttheuseofpolice Department.
power. The sole standard in measuring its (3) Itshallhaveanon-skidstepping
exercise is reasonableness. What is board.
"reasonable"isnotsubjecttoexactdefinition (4)It shall be clean,
or scientific formulation. No all-embracing well-maintained, and provided
test of reasonable exist, foritsdetermination with the comfortable seats.
rests upon human judgment applied to the
facts and circumstances of each particular (b)Horse-The horse shall be in good
case. physical condition.
(c) Roadworthiness The calesa shall befit
Accreditation of Calesa Drivers for operation on all public
thoroughfares.
resident Filipino citizen who is at
A (d)Seatingcapacity-Thecalesashallhave
leasteighteen(18)yearsofage,physicallyand a maximum load of two (2) passengers.
mentallyfitandofgoodmoralcharactermay (e) First-Aid Kit-The calesa shall have the
apply for accreditation as a calesa driver. first-aid kit.
(i) Horse Waste Receptacle-Every calesa
he application for accreditation shall
T shall have a horse waste receptacle at
be accompanied by the following the rear end of the horse below the tail.
documents: (f) Calesa Drivers The drivers shall be
trained, well-groomed, courteous and
(a) Appropriate mayor's permit and/or shall wear the prescribeduniformand
municipal license; DOT ID at all times during actual
(b)Proof that the driver has passed a operating hours and shall provide
seminarforcalesadriverconductedby service that is safe, comfortable and
the Department or any organization convenient as possible.Moreover,they
duly authorized by the Department; shall look after the welfare of their
(c) Police clearance and/or barangay respective horses.
clearance; (g)Routes
(d)Certified of good health issued by a
duly licensed physician and (1) T
he calesa shall serve routes
veterinarian for the calesa driver and which are considered tourist
horse, respectively, and zone belt areas and shall not
(e) Other documents that the disrupt the normal flow of traffic.
Department may requirefromtimeto
time. (2) The service shall be limited to
the boundary of the city or
For purposes of accreditation, the municipality issuing the
f ollowing aretheminimumrequirementsfor pertinent mayor's permit or
the operation and maintenance of a calesa: municipal license.
(a) Physical appearance of the carriage: (h)Fares - The calesa driver shall charge
(1) The carriage shall be made of only such fares for his services asmay
good qualitymaterialsandshall beapprovedorfixedbyanycompetent
be of excellent workmanship. government agency.
(2) It shall be neatly paintedwitha
color/numeral marking duly
nti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of
A fficers
o shall be responsible in
2003 implementing this section.
The Law ec 7. Mandatory Alcohol and
S
ChemicalTestingofDrivers Involved in
ec. 5. Punishable Act. Itshall
S Motor Vehicular Accidents. - A driver of a
beunlawfulforanypersonto drive a motorvehicle involved in a vehicular
motor vehicle whileundertheinfluenceof accidentresultinginthelossofhumanlife
alcohol,dangerous drugs and/or or physical injuries shall be subjected
other similar substances. to chemical tests, including a drug
screening test and, if necessary, a drug
ec. 6. Conduct of Field
S confirmatory test as mandated under
Sobriety, Chemical and Confirmatory Republic Act No. 9165, to determine the
Tests.-Alawenforcementofficerwhohas presenceand/or concentration of
probablecausetobelieve that a alcohol, dangerous drugs and/or similar
person is driving under the influence of substances in the bloodstream or body.
alcohol,dangerous drugs and/or
other similar substance by apparent Sec 8. Refusal to Subject
indications and manifestations, neselftoMandatoryTests.Adriver of a
O
including over speeding, wearing, lane motor vehicle who refuses to undergo the
straddling, sudden stops, swerving, poor mandatoryfield sobriety and drug test
coordination or the evident smell of under Section 6, 7 and 15 of this Act shall
alcoholinaperson'sbreathorsignsofuse be penalized by the confiscation and
ofdangerousdrugsand other similar automatic revocation of his or her
substances, shall conduct field sobriety driver's license, in addition to other
tests. penalties provided herein and/or other
pertinent laws.
If the driver fails in the
obriety tests, it shall be the duty of the
s Discussion of the Law
law enforcement officer to implement the
mandatorydeterminationof the driver's OnMay27,2013,R.A.10586,alsoknown
blood alcohol concentration level through s the Anti-Drunk, and Drugged Driving Act
a
theuseofabreath analyzer or similar of 2013, was signed into law penalizing
measuring instrument. persons driving under the influence of
alcohol, dangerous drugs, and similar
If the law enforcement officer substances.
as probable cause to believe that a
h The conduct of "Field Sobriety Test"
person is driving under the influence of and "Chemical Test" such as drug screening
dangerousdrugsand/orother similar test and drug confirmatory test by law
substances, it shall be the dutyofthelaw enforcement officers shall be subject to the
enforcement officer to bring the implementing Rules and Regulations as
driver to the nearest police station to be promulgated bytheDOTC,theDOHandthe
subjected toadrugscreeningtestand,if NAPOLCOM. In addition, the LTO shall
necessary, a drug confirmatory test as conduct random terminal inspections and
mandated under Republic Act No. 9165. quick random drug tests of public utility
drivers. The cost of such tests shall be
Law enforcement officers and defrayed by the LTO.
deputized local traffic, enforcement
Application of the Law tility vehicles, school buses, or carriers with
u
flammable or toxic material within a
ase: Mr. Jasper Manabat, chief financial
C 50-meterradiusfromschoolpremiseswillbe
officer of a Makati hotel, was caught over fined with P30,000 and have their licenses
speeding by a police officer and smelled suspended for three months. 287
alcohol in Mr. Manabat's breath when being
askedtoshowhisdriver'slicense.Discussthe
responsibility of the police officer in such a
situation.
egal Opinion:UnderR.A.10586,alsoknown
L Guide Questions
as the Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act As part of your comprehensivereview,
of 2013, the police officer shall conduct field try to answer the following questions:
sobrietytestsonMr.Manabat.Itisastandard
test to initially assess and determine 1 . W hat is a common carrier?
intoxication, such as the horizontal gaze 2. What does the term "extraordinary
nystagmus, the walk-and-turn, the one leg diligence" mean?
stand, and other similar tests as determined 3. What does the term "public service"
jointly by the DOH, theNAPOLCOM,andthe mean?
DOTC. If Mr. Manabat fails the sobriety tests, 4. What is the certificate of public
the police officer shall implement the convenience?
mandatory determination of the driver's 5. What are the requirementsinorderfora
bloodalcoholconcentrationlevelthroughthe certificate of public convenience to be
useofabreathanalyzerorsimilarmeasuring issued?
instrument. If the police officerhasprobable 6. Is bus ticket considered evidence of
cause to believe that Mr. Manabat is driving agreement between the bus company
under the influence of dangerous drugs and the passenger?
and/orothersimilarsubstances,itshallbehis 7. What agencies of government regulate
duty to bring Mr. Manabat to the nearest land, air, and sea transportation in the
police station to be subjected to a drug Philippines?
screening test and, if necessary, a drug 8. WhataretheadvantagesofhavingaDOT
confirmatorytestasmandatedunderR.A.No. accreditation for transportation vehicle?
9165. If found guilty of violation of a law,this 9. What is the rationale of the Seatbelt Law?
incident could definitely affect his 10. Take the case of Mr. Chiong who is
employment. Distracted Driving traveling to Paris with his prized pet, a
Dalmatian onboard a Northwest flight.
.A. No. 10913 or "An act defining and
R Suggest ways on how animalsshouldbe
penalizing distracted driving" will mean transported.
that any personwhoisusingtheirphonesin 11. Why are traffic laws necessary?
non-emergency cases and/or needs it for 12. Discuss how rigid the Anti-Drunk and
work will be penalized with a fine of P5,000 Drugged Driving Act is in your city or
for first offense, P10,000 for second offense, province.
and P15,000 and suspension of license for 13. Discuss how strict the Seatbelt Law is in
three months for the third offense. The law your city or province.
added that the fine may beincreased,along 14. Enumerate the requirements in
with ultimately suspending the driver's importing vehicles.
licenseifproperlydisseminatedtothepublic.
Meanwhile, those who are driving public
15. W hyaretheactsofthedriverofavehicle assengers take seriously any word that
p
transportingtravelersequatedastheacts could connote compromising the safety and
of the company? securityoftheflight.Discusstheprocedurein
16. What are the different kinds of speed handling such incidents and the penalties
limits? imposed on violators.
17. What law affects the operation of boats
and banca?
18. Whatarethepossibleremediesforpieces
of lost luggage in airlines?
19. What are the disadvantages of riding
unregistered,unlicensed,orunfranchised
public transport vehicles (also known as
colorum vehicles)?
20. Cite the significant functions of the
following government agencies:
a) Land Transportation Office
b)Land Transportation & Franchising
Regulatory Board
c) Air Transportation Office
d)Civil Aeronautics Board
e) Marine Industry Authority
Class Activities
What's in Your Airline Ticket?
ecure a copy of a used airline ticket.
S
Scrutinize all the pages. What are the
importantprovisionsstatedatthebackofthe
ticket? Discuss in class the details of these
provisions. What does it say about
cancellation of a flight? What are the
provisions on insurance?
Life Jackets and Prankers
hen boarding a plane, one of the
W
strictly implemented reminders of flight
attendants to passengers is not to remove
the life jacket unnecessarily as this may
violate a law. Discuss this law in class. What
penalties are imposed on violators? Airline
staffwhoreceivebombpranksorJokesfrom
You might also like
- 1.16 Caltex Vs Sulpicio Lines (1999)Document14 pages1.16 Caltex Vs Sulpicio Lines (1999)Axel ChowNo ratings yet
- Introduction CharteringDocument15 pagesIntroduction CharteringAbdel Nasser Al-sheikh YousefNo ratings yet
- Maritime Trnsport Lecture Notes CompleteDocument31 pagesMaritime Trnsport Lecture Notes CompleteTambe Chalomine Agbor100% (1)
- Transpo JurisprudenceDocument27 pagesTranspo JurisprudencemaaaaeeeNo ratings yet
- Caltex (Philippines), Inc. vs. Sulpicio Lines, IncDocument20 pagesCaltex (Philippines), Inc. vs. Sulpicio Lines, IncJesha GCNo ratings yet
- Stowaways - Binding Regulations TSCL 2-2003Document2 pagesStowaways - Binding Regulations TSCL 2-2003PrinceSadhotraNo ratings yet
- 15 Caltex (Philippines), Inc. vs. Sulpicio Lines, Inc., 315 SCRA 709Document17 pages15 Caltex (Philippines), Inc. vs. Sulpicio Lines, Inc., 315 SCRA 709blessaraynesNo ratings yet
- Module 4 Functions of Sea PortsDocument103 pagesModule 4 Functions of Sea PortsAsif RahatNo ratings yet
- CD - 10. Planters Product Inc. Vs CA, September 15, 1993Document2 pagesCD - 10. Planters Product Inc. Vs CA, September 15, 1993Alyssa Alee Angeles JacintoNo ratings yet
- 123748-1999-Caltex Philippines Inc. v. Sulpicio Lines PDFDocument12 pages123748-1999-Caltex Philippines Inc. v. Sulpicio Lines PDFAndrei Anne PalomarNo ratings yet
- Defining The Duration of Extraordinary Diligence For The Safety of PassengersDocument24 pagesDefining The Duration of Extraordinary Diligence For The Safety of Passengersjsaintbarbs100% (1)
- Petitioner: First DivisionDocument13 pagesPetitioner: First DivisionMaree VillanuevaNo ratings yet
- DFH 222E ME II Week 6Document22 pagesDFH 222E ME II Week 6CaptainNo ratings yet
- TRANSPOLintojua Shipping Company Inc Vs National Seaman Board and Gregorio PDocument3 pagesTRANSPOLintojua Shipping Company Inc Vs National Seaman Board and Gregorio PKTNo ratings yet
- Transpo 1st Batch of CasesDocument5 pagesTranspo 1st Batch of CasesXavier Hawkins Lopez ZamoraNo ratings yet
- Transpo Chapter 2 Contract of Common CarriageDocument4 pagesTranspo Chapter 2 Contract of Common CarriageDarla GreyNo ratings yet
- 141 Caltex VS Sulpicio LinesDocument2 pages141 Caltex VS Sulpicio LinesJovelan V. EscañoNo ratings yet
- Caltex (Philippines), Inc. vs. Sulpicio Lines, IncDocument3 pagesCaltex (Philippines), Inc. vs. Sulpicio Lines, Incmei atienzaNo ratings yet
- Shipping Industry: Submitted byDocument32 pagesShipping Industry: Submitted byAkhsam PaleriNo ratings yet
- Coastwise Lighterage Corporation Vs Court of Appeals and The Philippine General Insurance CompanyDocument3 pagesCoastwise Lighterage Corporation Vs Court of Appeals and The Philippine General Insurance CompanyRuzzel Diane Irada OducadoNo ratings yet
- TRANSPORTATION - Guide QuestionsDocument4 pagesTRANSPORTATION - Guide QuestionskatNo ratings yet
- Caltex vs. Sulpicio LinesDocument6 pagesCaltex vs. Sulpicio LinesaudreyNo ratings yet
- Caltex (Philippines), Inc. vs. Sulpicio Lines, IncDocument2 pagesCaltex (Philippines), Inc. vs. Sulpicio Lines, IncJefferson MortelNo ratings yet
- Charter Party in Dry Bulk Shipping - HandyBulkDocument5 pagesCharter Party in Dry Bulk Shipping - HandyBulktkshipping.dbxNo ratings yet
- Case No. 1-20Document36 pagesCase No. 1-20Trisha RamentoNo ratings yet
- Shipping CycleDocument11 pagesShipping CyclePeachie G. de Leon100% (1)
- UntitledDocument60 pagesUntitledDixon XuNo ratings yet
- Transpo: Facts: Fatima Boarded Sarkies' de Luxe Bus Bringing 3 Pieces ofDocument7 pagesTranspo: Facts: Fatima Boarded Sarkies' de Luxe Bus Bringing 3 Pieces ofPaula VillarinNo ratings yet
- Laws On Transportation and Public UtilitiesDocument9 pagesLaws On Transportation and Public UtilitiesRoji Belizar HernandezNo ratings yet
- Concept of General Average in Maritime Commerce: TopicsDocument22 pagesConcept of General Average in Maritime Commerce: TopicsJah JoseNo ratings yet
- Standard Oil Company of New York vs. Manuel Lopez Castelo. G.R. No. L-13695 October 18, 1921Document6 pagesStandard Oil Company of New York vs. Manuel Lopez Castelo. G.R. No. L-13695 October 18, 1921Kevin AmanteNo ratings yet
- Caltex VsDocument4 pagesCaltex VsDerick RebolledoNo ratings yet
- CD - 5. Caltex (Phils) Vs Sulpicio Lines, 315 SCRADocument2 pagesCD - 5. Caltex (Phils) Vs Sulpicio Lines, 315 SCRAAlyssa Alee Angeles JacintoNo ratings yet
- CD - Caltex (Philippines), Inc. vs. Sulpicio LinesDocument2 pagesCD - Caltex (Philippines), Inc. vs. Sulpicio LinesMhaliNo ratings yet
- Caltex V Sulpicio (Transpo)Document2 pagesCaltex V Sulpicio (Transpo)Kio Paulo Hernandez SanAndres100% (2)
- Inter-Orient vs. NLRCDocument6 pagesInter-Orient vs. NLRCaudreyNo ratings yet
- Transpo Midterms Notes PDFDocument28 pagesTranspo Midterms Notes PDFAriel Mark PilotinNo ratings yet
- Transpo Midterms NotesDocument28 pagesTranspo Midterms NotesAriel Mark PilotinNo ratings yet
- 3 Marks Answers For Ship Operation ManagementDocument4 pages3 Marks Answers For Ship Operation Managementvivek rameshNo ratings yet
- (Planters Products v. CADocument4 pages(Planters Products v. CAStradivariumNo ratings yet
- Corrections FinalDocument3 pagesCorrections Finaljalefaye abapoNo ratings yet
- Towage and SalvageDocument5 pagesTowage and SalvageSagar AnchanNo ratings yet
- Unit 7: Maritime LawDocument59 pagesUnit 7: Maritime Lawbehzad parsiNo ratings yet
- Admiralty ReviewerDocument4 pagesAdmiralty ReviewerShieremell Diaz0% (1)
- DigestDocument11 pagesDigestMA. TRISHA RAMENTONo ratings yet
- Transpo Maritime CompilationDocument22 pagesTranspo Maritime CompilationKresnie Anne BautistaNo ratings yet
- Transpo CasesDocument19 pagesTranspo CasesKaren AmpeloquioNo ratings yet
- Terms For Sea ShippingDocument12 pagesTerms For Sea ShippingVishal Rana100% (2)
- Law On Common CarriersDocument12 pagesLaw On Common Carriersケーシー リン マナロNo ratings yet
- Ins Dec7Document10 pagesIns Dec7Christine NarteaNo ratings yet
- Met 103 Final ExamDocument6 pagesMet 103 Final ExamAki AquinoNo ratings yet
- Transpo - I III DigestDocument38 pagesTranspo - I III DigestJuvylynPiojo100% (1)
- Reviewer AdmiraltyDocument8 pagesReviewer AdmiraltyRadel LlagasNo ratings yet
- Coastwise Lighterage Corp. vs. CaDocument2 pagesCoastwise Lighterage Corp. vs. CaVian O.No ratings yet
- Maritime LawDocument35 pagesMaritime LawArann PilandeNo ratings yet
- The Role of The Liability of The ShipownerDocument8 pagesThe Role of The Liability of The ShipownerNaing AungNo ratings yet
- Local Media3256707679463898139Document5 pagesLocal Media3256707679463898139Dimasalang PerezNo ratings yet
- 定期航業經營Document9 pages定期航業經營Dixon XuNo ratings yet
- Basics of Chartering: Negotiation - Compatibility - Decision MakingFrom EverandBasics of Chartering: Negotiation - Compatibility - Decision MakingNo ratings yet
- Salvage and Towage PaperDocument7 pagesSalvage and Towage PaperE.Caglar BugraNo ratings yet
- Benefits of Centralized LearningDocument8 pagesBenefits of Centralized LearningAqeel ShaukatNo ratings yet
- The 5 Whys: A Ridiculously Simple Yet Essential Problem Solving ToolDocument3 pagesThe 5 Whys: A Ridiculously Simple Yet Essential Problem Solving ToolSridhara MunimakulaNo ratings yet
- PSPM AA025 - ANSWERS CHAPTER 7 Absorption Costing and Marginal CostingDocument7 pagesPSPM AA025 - ANSWERS CHAPTER 7 Absorption Costing and Marginal CostingDanish AqashahNo ratings yet
- BritaniyaDocument10 pagesBritaniyaRamakrishnan RamNo ratings yet
- E. Bryan - The Records and Info Management Profession - View From Within The Jamaica Public Service (ACARM Newsletter)Document8 pagesE. Bryan - The Records and Info Management Profession - View From Within The Jamaica Public Service (ACARM Newsletter)Emerson O. St. G. BryanNo ratings yet
- MBA 507 ReportDocument19 pagesMBA 507 ReportSifatShoaebNo ratings yet
- Achieving Operational Excellence and Customer Intimacy: Enterprise ApplicationsDocument2 pagesAchieving Operational Excellence and Customer Intimacy: Enterprise Applicationsranvirsingh76No ratings yet
- A 227Document1 pageA 227AnuranjanNo ratings yet
- Procurement KPIs - NCTDocument22 pagesProcurement KPIs - NCTMohamed ElnagdyNo ratings yet
- MQ1 1Document1 pageMQ1 1shaira alliah de castroNo ratings yet
- 521 1024 1 SM PDFDocument57 pages521 1024 1 SM PDFShinohara YuusukeNo ratings yet
- Corinna: Benchmarking of Cross-Border Innovation Policy in The Core Alpe Adria Region - Interreg Project CorinnaDocument28 pagesCorinna: Benchmarking of Cross-Border Innovation Policy in The Core Alpe Adria Region - Interreg Project CorinnaB.v. SwethaNo ratings yet
- MTPDocument5 pagesMTPNavyanth KalerNo ratings yet
- BASIC ECONOMICS CompilationDocument65 pagesBASIC ECONOMICS CompilationJabby SultanNo ratings yet
- Ar 735-11-2 - Reporting Supply DiscrepanciesDocument46 pagesAr 735-11-2 - Reporting Supply DiscrepanciesMark CheneyNo ratings yet
- Tugas 2 - MKWI4201 - Bahasa Inggris - 044905467 - DesyanaDocument5 pagesTugas 2 - MKWI4201 - Bahasa Inggris - 044905467 - Desyanahelena dwi novitaNo ratings yet
- Presentation detailingto3DdetailingforRCDetailing PDFDocument39 pagesPresentation detailingto3DdetailingforRCDetailing PDFErnie ErnieNo ratings yet
- Forms of Business OrganisationDocument9 pagesForms of Business OrganisationvmktptNo ratings yet
- Dokumen - Tips Meyers Pharmaceutical CompanyDocument7 pagesDokumen - Tips Meyers Pharmaceutical CompanySaktyHandarbeniNo ratings yet
- TRCatalog IIA ID 2023 CIA Review CourseDocument7 pagesTRCatalog IIA ID 2023 CIA Review CourseMeisar WantasenNo ratings yet
- SAP PRESS CollectionDocument10 pagesSAP PRESS CollectionMarcusMouses0% (1)
- MIS Question BankDocument3 pagesMIS Question BankSubhadeepti GantiNo ratings yet
- Project AnalysisDocument31 pagesProject Analysisapi-239371964No ratings yet
- Development CommunicationDocument15 pagesDevelopment CommunicationJanbaz RahylNo ratings yet
- Iyam, Lucena City: Provincial Environment and Natural Resources OfficeDocument4 pagesIyam, Lucena City: Provincial Environment and Natural Resources OfficearyaNo ratings yet
- Market Research Exe ProfileDocument4 pagesMarket Research Exe ProfilerafielectronicsNo ratings yet
- Chapter 06 Cost-Benefit Analysis and Government InvestmentsDocument21 pagesChapter 06 Cost-Benefit Analysis and Government InvestmentsClarissa BoocNo ratings yet
- Quote For UI DesignDocument2 pagesQuote For UI Designapi-3698137No ratings yet
- Catalogo AlconDocument27 pagesCatalogo Alconaku170% (1)
- 2010 AFM 101 Final+ExamDocument18 pages2010 AFM 101 Final+ExamminNo ratings yet
