® FINAL EXAM: 2B ..... ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-2021 f oe a MajoriClass Course :GEP7 UE Course code: ENG2107 ......... No. of credits: 04 Sango ean ETA Sa Date eS -. Time limit: 60° Exam methods: MC & Written FACULTY OF ENGLISH Exam code (if any): 1A ...... noo Addition information: customer is happy to receive a (10) OPEN EXAM: YES © LISTENING (25 marks) SECTION 1 Questions 1-10 Questions 1-6 Complete the form below: Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer: Customer's name: Mrs Joan (1) Address: 70 Oaktree (2) Manchester, MR4 OTD. Best contact number: ® Product bought: a(4) Issue with product: ® is damaged Date received: ‘Tuesday, (6) Questions 7-10 Complete the note below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. Customer would like: a replacement, but the (7) version To be delivered: next (8) leave package in (9) if nobody is at home Free gift: send customer a free mug Exam code: 1A, Page 1/8.SECTION 2 Questions 11-20 Questions 11-15 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C. 11 On the day of the race, the speaker advises volunteers to leave their cars A near the park, B at the sports stadium. C at the shopping centre. 12 Runners should wear their race number A ontheir shoe. Bon their wrist. Con their T-shirt. 13 Which group will start the race? ‘A the purple group B_ the yellow group C the blue group 14 Volunteers are still needed to help with A. doing first aid. B__ starting the race. C giving out drinks 15 Volunteers working at the finish line will have to A put the digital chips in buckets. B take the digital chips from runners. C send the digital chips to headquarters. Questions 16-20 Answer the questions below Write no more than THREE WORDS for each answer. 16 Where will people be able to see the results of this year’s race? 17 What kind of food will be available on the day of the race? 18 What is not far from the stage? 19 Where is the building where the runners’ personal items will be kept? 20 Where will the runners start the race? Exam code: 1A, Page 2/8SECTION 3 Questions 21-25 Questions 21-25 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. THE IMPORTANCE OF MUSIC Background ‘The public perception of music in education is negative. Best to ignore the difference between (21) music and pop music. Babies react to music in the same way they do to (22) Music had a positive effect on prisoners” (23) in jail, Advantages of teaching music Music may be used to create a (24) between teachers and their children, Research shows music leads to children having greater confidence and (25) in class, Exam code: 1A. Page 3/8READING (25 marks) READING PASSAGE 1 A With emissions control and energy security becoming a greater concern throughout the world, governments and corporations are floating the idea of biofuels as @ solution, Biofuel is a term that describes a diverse number of energy sources made from biomass. Humans have used biomass ever since the discovery of fire. Wood, plant material, and even animal dung can all be burned to produce heat and energy. Biofuels are derived from this biomass for the purpose of producing power or for fueling vehicles. Advocates for this process claim that the technology can be ‘carbon neutral’ or even ‘carbon negative’. In other words, implementation of such an energy system would not add to ‘or might even take away from the amount of carbon dioxide (CO:) gas in the atmosphere. If the claim is true, that will help to minimize climate change in the future. However, they need to be closely scrutinized in order to determine whether or not they are truly beneficial, especially since they take away from the food supply. B The problem with current fossil fuel consumption is that humans are extracting sequestered forms of carbon compounds, like oil, coal, and gas that formed tens of millions of years ago. In that form, such carbon did not threaten to alter the Earth’s climate. With the advent of modern industry, carbon that was stored away is now being burned, releasing COs and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. According to an American government agency, in 2003 more than 27 billion metric tons of CO2 were emitted worldwide. In the United Kingdom, road vehicles are responsible for four-fifths of all emissions that come from transportation. Elsewhere, less industrialized nations are increasing their share of global emissions. The emerging economies of China and India are building hundreds of new coal-fired power plants every year. The dawning realization is that this use of fossil fuels is ultimately not sustainable. Eventually, there will be feedback processes that will fundamentally change the Earth's weather, making life very hard for human beings in the long term. In the short, term, conflicts over securing energy supplies will lead to war and refugee crises. C The appeal of biofuels is based on the carbon cycle. One of many natural eycles that occur on Earth, the carbon cycle, involves CO2 in the atmosphere and carbon compounds in plants and animals. Plants take in COz and through photosynthesis convert it into carbon compounds necessary for growth. Plants also convert CO: into oxygen gas. This oxygen gas is necessary for all human and animal life. In Brazil, the Amazon Rainforest alone provides about 20% of the world’s oxygen. When humans burn this plant matter, or animals consume it, the carbon goes back into the atmosphere to be used again. When biofuel is consumed, it releases the COs that was used in growing back into the atmosphere. D currently, biofuels play a limited but growing role in providing energy. Only a small percentage of vehicles in the world run completely on biofuel. In the United States, ethanol is the most widely used petrol alternative. However, it is not used only by itself, but rather, itis blended with gasoline at a percentage no higher than 15%. And higher percentage of ethanol would require special modifications to car engines. In contrast, a CBS news report states that over 70% of the vehicles sold Exam code: 1A Page 4/8in Brazil are ‘flex’ vehicles, capable of running on ethanol only or ethanol/ petrol blends. While that is a notable achievement, there are other reasons to be cautious about the efficacy of biofuels. E there is much research and study going on to determine whether or not a fennel and other first- generation biofuels are truly carbon neutral. First-generation biofuels are generally made from sugars, starches, vegetable oils or animal fats. Their production requires fertilizers, machines used to help farming, transportation of biomass, and transportation of the biofuel. These all require energy that may not be carbon neutral. The production of biofuel also has all its economic and environmental consequences. In the United States, corn is increasingly being converted into ethanol, Critics are raising serious questions about whether or not this will reduce the country’s dependency ‘on oil. They also point out impoverished people the most, since they spend a greater percentage of their household budget on food. In Brazil and Southeast Asia, the production of biofuel will encourage more deforestation of tropical rainforests, F There is stil! much debate on just how effective current biofuel systems are. Most sides ean agree, though, on supporting research for new initiatives. Second-generation biofuels have potential and avoid some of the drawbacks of ones currently used. Fuel derived from algae or plant waste using special bacteria and other biological processes are some of the projects currently in the pipeline. These technologies might be part of a number of initiatives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to ensure energy security in the future. Questions 1-8 Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the reading passage for each answer. Souree of energy __| Examples History of their use @. ‘wood, animal dung, and since the @)... @ Tossil fuels 20s, @). = since the advent of modem industry Tirst-generation @ Pand others | 6) of cars in the world run biofuels made from sugars, starches, | on it oils and fats second-generation (T) sssvvessssvvesesand algae — | projects currently being researched; seem biofuels not to have the (8)... of other types of fuel Questions 9-13 Answer the questions below, using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. 9 What is a term to describe a technology which adds no atmosphere carbon dioxide? 10 Which growing countries will add tremendously to global emi 11 What do plants make with CO» they absorb? 12 What kind of car can run on both ethanol and petrol? 13 What is threatened in Brazil by the production of biofuel? Exam code: 1A Page 5/8READING PASSAGE 2 ‘There is a growing body of evidence which suggests that standards for beauty are ingrained in our DNA. While adults have had a lifetime of exposure to what society and the media defines as beautiful and attractive, babies have not, Yet, studies on infants by R.J. Edler, as well as Gillian Rhodes, showed that infants as young as three months of age are able to discriminate between faces thought to be “attractive” and “unattractive”, as defined by a panel of adult judges. The infants preferred to look at attractive faces, and would also spend a longer amount of time looking at the attractive, versus the unattractive, faces. Adults also tend to look longer at faces judged to be attractive, rather than those deemed unattractive. What defines a human being as being beautiful (or not) is a question that has puzzled civilization for the last two millennia, if not longer. Pythagoras and Euclid were the first of many to define human beauty, ascribing to it the geometry of the Golden Ratio. The Greeks, along with the cultures that followed, used the Golden ratio in painting, sculpture, and even buildings, convinced that something beautiful, even magical existed in this Ratio. Were they correct? Recent studies by Dr. Mark Lowey, of University College Hospital, indicate that, across cultural and racial groups, people do judge a face which conforms to the Golden Ratio measurements as more attractive than one that does not. ‘Men, as well as women, are deemed more attractive if their faces conform to the mathematics outlined by Pythagoras and Euclid - namely, that the ratio of a longer rectangular side to its shorter base should be approximately 1.618. This value is actually a never-ending irrational number, much like pi, called phi. ‘There may be nothing really magical about the Golden Ratio, actually. Faces which conform to the ‘measurements of the Ratio are simply more symmetrical, and it’s really the symmetry of a face (as well as the body) that makes up one major aspect of what we call beauty. Physical symmetry is subconsciously perceived as a reflection of a person’s youth, fertility, health, and strength. Historically, if a person was asymmetrical, that meant that conditions during the person's development and maturation impeded his/her bilateral unity, signaling that this individual was not immunologically adept at fighting off malnutrition or parasites. A weaker organism would be less likely to survive pregnaney and childbirth, to find food, and to fend off predators from its young. This idea is supported by a psychological study by Randy Thornbill at the University of New Mexico, in which the physical proportions of hundreds of college-age men and women were measured (including ears, feet, ankles, hands and elbows). The subjects were then questioned about their sexual exploits. Thornhill’s findings indicate that men and women who were more symmetrical started having sex much earlier, and also had more sex partners, than their asymmetrical cohorts. ‘The idea that beauty is defined mainly by biological characteristics which signal youth and fecundity is supported by other findings. Al-Hajji, of Kuwait University, questioned over 600 participants with respect to their preference for asymmetrical and symmetrical faces. His findings indicate that symmettical faces were preferred by the majority of participants, with culture, age, and gender having little effect on the participants’ perceptions of attractiveness. High cheekbones have, throughout most of history, also been considered as beautiful, along with large eyes and lips, and small noses and ears. The reason is again biological: as babies, we are born without high cheekbones. It is only during puberty, when oestrogen in girls and testosterone in boys is pumping, that high cheekbones make their appearance. Therefore, a person with low cheekbones ‘may be assumed to be infertile. As babies, we are also born with fully-grown eyes. However, our ears and noses grow throughout our entire lifetime. Lips grow until adulthood, then diminish with Exam code: 1A. Page 6/8age, resulting in either or both lips sagging into the general surface of the face. So, a person large eyes and lips, yet small ears and nose, is considered youthful and thus fertile. Someone who has the misfortune of being born with a large nose or thin lips is deseribed as unattractive. There is no surprise, then, in the amount and range of beauty products designed to enhance the eyes and lips, and cheekbones, and to downplay the nose. Nor is there any surprise in the number of women, as well as men, undergoing plastic surgery to enhance either their lips, their cheekbones, to straighten or reduce their nose, or to remove patches of fat from around their waist. As Nancy Etcoff, author of “Survival of the Prettiest: The Science of Beauty” said, “We love to look at smooth skin, shiny hair, curved waists, and symmetrical bodies because, over the course of evolution, people who noticed these signals [of fertility] and desired their possessors had more reproductive success. We're their descendants.” Questions 14-20 Complete the summary using the list of words, A-K, below. Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet. Despite a lack of exposure to, for instance, social definitions of beauty, (14).. are still able to determine which faces are attractive. The (15). s seen by many as the definition of beauty and can be expressed not only in faces but also in paintings and (16).. . One key factor to beauty is (17). . which is seen (18) as a reflection of someone’s health and strength. One study of 600 volunteers showed that (19)... had little effeet on how the participants saw beauty. High cheekbones in girls are the result of increased levels of (20)... and are also considered to be a sign of beauty. A | perception E [culture T [architects B [oestrogen F [subconsciously [J | perceive C [architecture |G [ symmetry K | Golden Ratio D [infants H_[ subconscious Questions 21-25 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? In boxes 21-25 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 21 A. common belief is that our concept of beauty is gent 22 Adults take longer to judge what is an attractive face than babies. 23 A person with an asymmetrical face is thought to have a lowered immune system. 24 Babies are born with no cheekbones. 25 We love to look at asymmetrical bodies. No further explanation will be given. Exam code: 1A Page 7/8