Annals of Nuclear Energy 69 (2014) 44–50

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Annals of Nuclear Energy

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Nuclear model calculation for production of 18F, 22Na, 44,46Sc, 54Mn, 64Cu,
68
Ga, 76Br and 90Y radionuclides used in medical applications
M. Yiğit a,b,⇑, E. Tel c
a
Faculty of Arts and Science, Aksaray University, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey
b
Faculty of Sciences, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
c
Faculty of Arts and Science, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, 80000 Osmaniye, Turkey

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The nuclear data for production of the radionuclides 18F, 22Na, 44Sc, 46Sc, 54Mn, 64Cu, 68Ga, 76Br and 90Y via
Received 18 September 2013 (d, a) reactions on 20Ne, 24Mg, 46Ti, 48Ti, 56Fe, 66Zn, 70Ge, 78Kr and 92Zr target materials, respectively, have
Received in revised form 25 January 2014 been investigated for incident deuteron energy up to 30 MeV. The calculations performed to obtain these
Accepted 27 January 2014
nuclear data were based on the equilibrium Weisskopf–Ewing (WE), the pre-equilibrium hybrid and the
Available online 18 February 2014
geometry dependent hybrid (GDH) models of nuclear reactions. ALICE/ASH code is used to define the
shape of excitation functions and the results obtained from the calculations are discussed and compared
Keywords:
with existing experimental values and TENDL library data.
Pre-equilibrium reaction
Radionuclide production
Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ALICE/ASH code
(d, a) Reactions

1. Introduction
The study of nuclear data describing the properties and interac-
tions of nuclei is a very large field. These are usually nuclear decay,
nuclear structure and nuclear reaction data. The nuclear data are
crucial for many applications such as fission, fusion, accelerator
driven system, radiation therapy, cosmochemistry and astrophys-
ics (Qaim, 2010; Yiğit et al., 2013). Especially, these data are very
important in radionuclide production (Aydın et al., 2007; Sadeghi
and Enferadi, 2011; Tel et al., 2011; Aytekin et al., 2012; Sadeghi
et al., 2012; Aytekin and Baldık, 2013). The radionuclides have
been broadly used in medicine, industry and the life sciences.
Today, 140 radioisotopes among 3000 isotopes are nearly used
worldwide for medical purposes (Crasta et al., 2011). Additionally,
the medically related radionuclides are commonly used for diagno-
sis, treatment and research (Büyükuslu et al., 2010; Mushtaq,
2012). As the energy of bombarding particle increases in a nuclear
reaction, impurity issues become severe. Indeed, the accurate
nuclear data are required for a hard control of radionuclidic purity
(IAEA, 1987). In this context, nuclear model calculations can rap-
idly help to predict unknown nuclear data and thus improved
model calculations are of considerable significance (Aydın et al.,
2007; Tel et al., 2012; Tel et al., 2013; Yiğit and Tel, 2013). The
⇑ Corresponding author at: Faculty of Arts and Science, Gazi University, 06500
Ankara, Turkey. Tel.: +90 3822882162.
E-mail address: mustafayigit@aksaray.edu.tr (M. Yiğit).
different calculation codes are available and these codes could be
used to obtain accurate data for medical radioisotope production
(Ditroi et al., 2010). The radionuclide production may be performed
with reactions like (n, x) and (charged particle, x). Therefore, reac-
tion cross section data induced by both neutron and charged par-
ticles are essential for radionuclide production, because the
radionuclides are produced in reactors or cyclotrons used for
new radionuclide investigations and cross section measurements
(Aydın et al., 2007; Qaim, 2010). In addition, the model calculation
study on charged particle induced excitation functions for medical
radionuclide production is very important (Aydın et al., 2007;
Al-Abyad et al., 2010), because the available experimental data
for deuteron induced reactions are very poor (Mushtaq, 2012). Be-
sides, some studies have shown that (d, a) reactions on nuclei with
Z < 60 are characterized by large cross sections at low deuteron en-
ergy. Generally, the incident particle energy for radionuclide pro-
duction is less than 50 MeV. In addition, 18F, 22Na, 44,46Sc, 54Mn,
64
Cu, 68Ga, 76Br and 90Y nuclei are important radionuclides used
in the medical field. The fluorine-18 (18F) with a short half-life of
109.8 min is extensively needed in nuclear medicine that it is
one of the widely used radionuclides in Positron Emission Tomog-
raphy (PET) and namely decays by positron emission (Tel et al.,
2009). Because sodium-22 (22Na) is a positron emitter with a long
half-life of 2.6 years, it is frequently used as a positron source in
calibrating ion chambers and PET cameras (Technical Report Series,
2009). Since scandium-44 (44Sc) with half-life of 3.97 h has longer
half-life than 68Ga (67.71 min), it can be a useful alternative to 68Ga

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2014.01.036
0306-4549/Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 M. Yiğit, E. Tel / Annals of Nuclear Energy 69 (2014) 44–50
as a positron emitter (Koumarianou et al., 2011), and it is poten-
tially important radionuclide for nuclear medicine imaging
(Koumarianou et al., 2011). The scandium-46 (46Sc) radionuclide
with a long half-life of 83.8 days has been used in many biological
and medical studies (Moghaddam-Banaem et al., 2012). The man-
ganese-54 (54Mn) with half-life of 312.12 days is mainly used as a
source for c-ray detectors (Al-Abyad et al., 2010). The copper-64
(64Cu) with half-life of 12.7 h and decay characteristics including
both b- and b+-emissions is a potential radionuclide to serve in
oncology and PET (Avila-Rodrigueza et al., 2007). The gallium-68
(68Ga) radionuclide with a short half-life of 67.71 min, which de-
cays namely by positron emission is of great interest in nuclear
medicine for diagnostic use with PET (Shehata et al., 2011). The
positron emitting radionuclide bromine-76 (76Br) with half-life of
16.2 h has already been in use for some time in molecular imaging
via PET (Spahn et al., 2011). It can also be used for therapeutic pur-
poses (Aslam et al., 2011). The yttrium-90 (90Y) radionuclide with
half-life of 64 h is one of the most commonly used radionuclides
for targeted tumor therapy (Eigner Henke et al., 2008). In the
present study, the excitation functions of 20Ne(d, a)18F, 24Mg(d, a)22
Na, 46Ti(d, a)44Sc, 48Ti(d, a)46Sc, 56Fe(d, a)54Mn, 66Zn(d, a)64Cu,
70
Ge(d, a)68Ga, 78Kr(d, a)76Br and 92Zr(d, a)90Y nuclear reactions
were calculated by using the equilibrium and pre-equilibrium
approximation and also compared to existing experimental data
in EXFOR data file (EXFOR/CSISRS, 2013) and TENDL library data
(Koning and Rochman, 2010). The hybrid and GDH model were
used for the definition of the pre-equilibrium reaction mechanism
(Broeders et al., 2006). Additionally, the excitation functions of
(d, a) reactions have been calculated by taking into account the dif-
ferent initial excited neutron and proton numbers in pre-equilib-
rium GDH model. The Weisskopf and Ewing (WE) model
(Weisskopf and Ewing, 1940) without angular momentum conser-
vation was used for the description of the equilibrium stage of the
(d, a) nuclear reaction.
2. Nuclear models
Various nuclear models have been used for calculating the nu-
clear reaction cross sections (Sßarer et al., 2009; Aydın et al.,
2010). The nuclear reaction mechanism changes with the energy
of bombarding particle. The equilibrium reaction mechanism dom-
inates in the low energy region below 10 MeV. Moreover, it takes
place in nuclear reaction time scale about 1016 to 1018 s. The
equilibrium effects of the nuclear reactions are usually treated in
terms of statistical models. The Hauser–Feshbach model (Hauser
and Feshbach, 1952) calculations in the equilibrium stage consider
the angular momentum and the nuclear level structure. On the
other hand, the WE model for the equilibrium emission of nuclear
reaction does not take into account angular momentum conserva-
tion and parity. The basic parameters for statistical model of WE
model are inverse reaction cross section, binding energy, the pair-
ing energy and the level density parameter. The pre-equilibrium
effects become increasingly important above 20 MeV and, the
pre-equilibrium effects play a dominant role at incident energies
above 50 MeV. An early code developed for the model calculations
was termed as the HELGA code. Subsequently, the pre-equilibrium
effects were introduced and the GNASH (Young et al., 1992) and
STAPRE (Uhl and Strohmaier, 1976; Strohmaier and Uhl, 1980)
have been widely utilized in evaluating cross sections over the last
30 years. The ALICE analytical code developed by Blann also about
30 years ago was commonly used for the cross section calculations
in the intermediate energy region. In recent years, the Obninsk
group introduced several modifications and it named as the
ALICE/IPPE code (Dityuk et al., 1998). The incorporated modifica-
tions in the ALICE/IPPE code contain treatment of the level density
45
in an advanced way. The ALICE/IPPE code has been successfully ap-
plied to the calculation of cross sections of the nuclear reactions.
Recently, TALYS (Koning et al., 2008) and EMPIRE (Herman et al.,
2007) have also been introduced. The code TALYS takes into con-
sideration three types of nuclear reaction mechanisms: the equilib-
rium (Hauser–Feshbach model) and the pre-equilibrium (exciton
model) and the direct (distorted wave born approximation, cou-
pled channel analysis, etc.). The code TALYS including direct pro-
cesses appears very successfully for the excitation function
calculations. The code ALICE/ASH (Broeders et al., 2006) is a mod-
ified and advanced version with additional physics, corrections and
capabilities of the ALICE code family used for the analytical compu-
tation of nuclear excitation functions. The code ALICE/ASH has
been widely used in the cross section calculations of the nuclear
reactions for the medical radionuclide production at intermediate
energy region (Qaim, 2010).
The nuclear cross section for incident channel a and exit chan-
nel b can be expressed according to WE model as follows
Cb
rWE
ab ¼ rab ðEInc: Þ
P ð1Þ
b 0 Cb
0
here the term Einc corresponds to the energy of incident particle.
In above formula,
Z
2sb þ 1 v x1 ðUÞ
Cb ¼ lb derin
b ðeÞ e ð2Þ
p2 h2 x1 ðEÞ
which is the emission probability. The term U represents the excita-
tion energy of the residual nucleus, sb is spin of the outgoing particle
from the compound nucleus and the term lb is reduced mass of the
outgoing particle. In additional, x1(E) corresponds to the total sin-
gle-particle level density at the E excitation energy (Weisskopf
and Ewing, 1940).
The hybrid model was first put forward by Blann for description
of the pre-equilibrium reaction mechanism (Blann, 1971; Blann
and Vonach, 1983)
drt ðeÞ
¼ rR Pt ðeÞ ð3Þ
de
X

n
 
Pt ðeÞde ¼ n vt Nn ðe; UÞ=Nn ðEÞ g m de½kc ðeÞ=ðkc ðeÞ þ kþ ðeÞÞDn
n ¼ n0
Dn ¼ þ2
ð4Þ
In above formula, rR denotes the nuclear reaction cross section, and
nvt expresses the exciton number of m type nucleon for a given total
exciton state n. The factor Pt(e)de corresponds to the number of
nucleons of the m type emitted into the unbound continuum with
channel energy between e and e + de. The term Nn(E) corresponds
to the nucleon–nucleon scattering energy partition function. The
term gm denotes the single particle level density for nucleon of the
m type. The quantity in the first set of square brackets of Eq. (4) indi-
cates the particle number to be found at a given energy ‘‘e’’ for all
scattering processes causing to an ‘‘n’’ exciton configuration. The
term kc ðeÞ is continuum emission rate for particles with ‘‘e’’ channel
energy and kþ ðeÞ is the intranuclear transition rate for particles. The
second set of square brackets in Eq. (4) indicates the fraction of the
m type particles at an energy, which should undergo emission into
the continuum, rather than making an intranuclear transition. The
term Dn is a depletion factor, which corresponds to the average frac-
tion of the initial population surviving to the exciton number being
treated. The residual nucleus excitation energy U is equal to E–Bm–e.
In the equal, E is the excitation energy of composite system and the
term Bm is the binding energy of nucleon of the m type (Broeders
et al., 2006).
46 M. Yiğit, E. Tel / Annals of Nuclear Energy 69 (2014) 44–50
The GDH model is a version of the hybrid model, in which the
nuclear geometry effects are taken into account. It considers the
shallow potential at the nuclear surface and hence also the reduced
matter density (Blann and Vonach, 1983). Additionally, the dif-
fused surface properties sampled by higher impact parameters in
the GDH model were crudely incorporated into the pre-compound
decay formation. The differential emission spectrum in the GDH
model is calculated with an analytical formula as below:
drt ðeÞ X
1
¼ p

k2 ð2‘ þ 1ÞT ‘ Pt ð‘; eÞ
de ‘¼0
In the above formula, the term T‘ denotes the transmission co-effi-
cient for the ‘-th partial wave. The term k 2 corresponds to the re-
duced de-Broglie wavelength of the bombarding particle.
Additionally, the term Pt(‘, e) represents decay probability at exit
channel energy. For explanation the effects of nuclear density distri-
bution, the GDH model is done according to incoming ‘ orbital
angular momentum (Broeders et al., 2006).
3. TENDL-2010 library
TENDL based on the TALYS nuclear model code as a nuclear
data library provides output of the TALYS code system in ENDF
format. Online TENDL-2010 library is the third version of the
TENDL data libraries. The TENDL-2010 library includes sub-li-
braries for bombarding photon, proton, neutron, deuteron, triton,
3
He and 4He particles up to 200 MeV (Koning and Rochman,
2010).
4. Results and discussion
The calculation of excitation functions for medical radionuclide
production (18F, 22Na, 44,46Sc, 54Mn, 64Cu, 68Ga, 76Br and 90Y) was
analytically performed by the WE, hybrid and GDH models using
the code ALICE/ASH (Broeders et al., 2006). This code is a
modified and advanced version with additional physics,
corrections and capabilities of the ALICE code family used for the
analytical computation of nuclear excitation functions. The
weak binding of the deuterons leads to significant contributions
of the breakup reaction channel. The deuteron breakup consider-
ation plays a key role for the nuclear reaction channels adding a
second emitted particle to a first one (Bem, 2009; Simeckova
et al., 2011).
Holes and particles are described relative to the ground state of
the nucleus and are called excitons. So, the exciton contains the ‘‘h’’
hole and the ‘‘p’’ particle in nucleus. In pre-equilibrium reactions,
the initial exciton configuration is an important factor. The initial
exciton number ‘‘n0’’ is equal to sum of number of holes ‘‘h’’ and
particles ‘‘p’’ in the nucleus (Agarwal et al., 2002). For incident deu-
teron particle, we used three particle-one hole (3p–1h) as initial
exciton configuration in the pre-equilibrium GDH model. The
choice of three particle-one hole initial configuration is arbitrary
(West et al., 1987). Additionally, the initial excited neutron number
represents the initial neutron particle number, which includes a
portion of the incident particle (Amanuel et al., 2011). The initial
excited neutron and proton numbers in the code ALICE/ASH denote
to be EX1and EX2, respectively (Broeders et al., 2006). The initial
excited neutron and proton numbers determine the shape of the
pre-equilibrium process which contributes to the formation of
the nuclear reaction. The number of excited holes ‘‘h’’ is equal to
n0(EX1 + EX2). In the pre-equilibrium GDH model calculations,
the EX1 were assumed to be 0.1–2.1. So, EX2 were assumed to be
2.9–0.9.
20
4.1. Excitation function of the Ne(d, a)18F reaction
The calculated excitation functions of 20Ne(d, a)18F reaction are
compared with the existing experimental cross section data and
the TALYS-based TENDL data in graphical form in Fig. 1. Generally,
the nuclear model calculations give quite similar spectra. The
changing of EX1 and EX2 in pre-equilibrium GDH model has a neg-
ligible change on excitation functions for considered reaction.
Large discrepancies in the cross section are observed between
experimental values and model calculations. The model calcula-
ð5Þ
tions give significantly higher results from experimental data.
Moreover, TENDL data are in acceptable agreement with the exper-
imental results. The cross section data have maximum peak of
about 501 mb at 7 MeV according to obtained data by using
ALICE/ASH for this reaction.
24
4.2. Excitation function of the Mg(d, a)22Na reaction
The 24Mg can be used in the production of 22Na via deuteron
bombardment. In this work, theoretically calculated cross section
data and the experimental results are plotted as a function of the
incident deuteron energy for the investigated reaction in Fig. 2.
The changing of EX1 and EX2 in GDH model has a negligible change
on the obtained cross section data. The hybrid and GDH model cal-
culations have nearly the same cross section data. TENDL cross sec-
tion results for the considered nuclear reaction are generally close
to the experimental behavior. The calculated cross sections reach a
maximum value of about 334 mb at 9 MeV according to obtained
data by using ALICE/ASH for the investigated reaction.
46
4.3. Excitation function of the Ti(d, a)44Sc reaction
The calculated excitation functions of 46Ti(d, a)44Sc reaction are
compared with the existing experimental results and TALYS-based
TENDL data in Fig. 3. The cross section calculations done using the
code ALICE/ASH and TALYS-based TENDL cross section results for
this reaction are in acceptable agreement with experimental val-
ues. The changing of EX1 and EX2 in pre-equilibrium GDH model
has a weak effect on excitation function for 46Ti(d, a)44Sc reaction.
The pre-equilibrium calculation results give almost the same cross
section values. The calculated cross section data have maximum
peak of about 102 mb at 11 MeV according to obtained data by
using ALICE/ASH for this reaction.
48
4.4. Excitation function of the Ti(d, a)46Sc reaction
The theoretical and experimental excitation functions for pro-
duction of 46Sc radionuclide are presented in Fig. 4. The modifica-
tion using ‘‘EX1 = 0.1; EX2 = 2.9’’ and ‘‘EX1 = 2.1; EX2 = 0.9’’
selection in pre-equilibrium GDH model causes little changes on
cross section. The experimental data and the results of the model
calculations give quite similar spectra for this reaction and also
the hybrid and GDH model calculations give almost the same re-
sults. On the other hand, the cross sections taken from the TENDL
library give the lowest results in the about projectile deuteron en-
ergy 5–20 MeV. For this reaction, the maximum cross section data
with nuclear model calculations is about 55 mb at 11 MeV.
56
4.5. Excitation function of the Fe(d, a)54Mn reaction
The excitation functions for the considered nuclear reaction are
shown in graphical form in Fig. 5. Generally, the hybrid, GDH and
WE model calculations and, the cross section data taken from the
TALYS-based TENDL library are in acceptable agreement with the
available experimental data for the considered reaction, especially,
this agreement is quite good at energy range about 10–15 MeV.
 M. Yiğit, E. Tel / Annals of Nuclear Energy 69 (2014) 44–50
The WE model calculations via ALICE/ASH code for the investigated
reaction have the lowest results above energy region about
20 MeV. According to the obtained excitation functions by using
the ALICE/ASH code, the maximum cross section is about 86 mb
at 11 MeV.
66
4.6. Excitation function of the Zn(d, a)64Cu reaction
The reported experimental values, TALYS-based TENDL cross
section results and the model calculations are plotted as a function
of bombarding deuteron energy in Fig. 6. There are grossly magni-
tude discrepancies between the model calculations and available
experimental results for the considered reaction, but the all excita-
tion functions have the similar spectral shape. TENDL library data
give the lower results than the model calculations via the ALICE/
ASH in the about projectile deuteron energy 5–15 MeV. The data
obtained by Tarkanyi et al. (2004) give higher results than theoret-
ical estimation. The cross sections have a maximum value of about
127 mb at 9 MeV according to obtained data by using ALICE/ASH
for the considered reaction.
70
4.7. Excitation function of the Ge(d, a)68Ga reaction
The calculated excitation functions of 70Ge(d, a)68Ga reaction
are compared with experiment values and TENDL library in
Fig. 7. There are considerable magnitude difference between theo-
retical results and experimental data, and hence models have very
poorly prediction for the 70Ge(d, a)68Ga reaction. The hybrid and
GDH model calculations give nearly the same cross section results.
The nuclear model calculations in the investigated energy region
are higher than the existing experimental data. The calculated
cross sections reach maximum peak of about 124 mb at 11 MeV
according to obtained data by using ALICE/ASH for this reaction.
4.8. Excitation function of the 78
Kr(d, a)76Br reaction
The comparison of excitation functions of 78Kr(d, a)76Br reaction
with the experimental values are shown in Fig. 8. The magnitude of
cross section calculations done by nuclear models and TENDL li-
brary is in poor agreement with reported experimental data. On
the other hand, the experimental and theoretical excitation func-
tions have the similar spectral shape. The calculated results by
the three models are higher than the existing experimental data.
The nuclear excitation function for considered reaction increases
approximately for incident deuteron particle up to 11 MeV. The
calculated cross sections reach a maximum value of about 57 mb
at 11 MeV according to obtained data by using ALICE/ASH for the
investigated 78Kr(d, a)76Br reaction.
92
4.9. Excitation function of the Zr(d, a)90Y reaction
The TENDL library data, the model calculations and the avail-
able experimental data are plotted as a function of the projectile
particle in Fig. 9. The changing of EX1 and EX2 in GDH model
causes little change on cross section. The calculated cross sections
have a maximum value of about 18 mb at 11 MeV according to ob-
tained data by using ALICE/ASH for this reaction. The predictions of
the nuclear models, TENDL library data and the experimental re-
sults are in a relatively good agreement with each other for inves-
tigated reaction. Moreover, the WE model results give lowest
results above energy region about 10 MeV and even the size dis-
crepancies between the equilibrium and pre-equilibrium model
calculations increase grossly as bombarding energies increases.
47
5. Summary and conclusion
In this study, the nuclear reaction cross section data for production
of the radionuclides 18F, 22Na, 44Sc, 46Sc, 54Mn, 64Cu, 68Ga, 76Br and 90Y
via (d, a) reactions on 20Ne, 24Mg, 46Ti, 48Ti, 56Fe, 66Zn, 70Ge, 78Kr and
92
Zr target materials, respectively, are calculated for incident deu-
teron energy up to 30 MeV and the obtained excitation functions
are also compared with experimental values and TENDL library data
in graphical form in Figs. 1–9. Experimental deuteron induced cross
section values can be accessed by the EXFOR database. The calcula-
tions performed to obtain the excitation functions of radionuclides
have been analyzed in the equilibrium WE, the pre-equilibrium hy-
brid and GDH models of nuclear reactions. The effect on cross section
of different initial excited neutron and proton numbers is investigated
by using ‘‘EX1 = 0.1; EX2 = 2.9’’ and ‘‘EX1 = 2.1; EX2 = 0.9’’ in pre-equi-
librium GDH model. The shape and magnitude of calculated (d, a)
reaction cross sections by using the different initial excited neutron
and proton numbers are close to each other. The pre-equilibrium pro-
cesses become increasingly important above 20 MeV and, the pre-
equilibrium effects play a dominant role at incident energies above
50 MeV. In this study, the excitation functions of deuteron nuclear
reactions at the energies in the range 1–30 MeV have been investi-
gated. So, at incident energies below about 20–30 MeV, the effect of
changing the parameter EX1 and EX2 causes little changes on cross
section. Generally, the (d, a) nuclear reaction cross section first in-
creases with the increasing incident deuteron energy and have a max-
imum value. Then, it decreases as a function of the deuteron energy
with the increasing energy because of the possibility of an alpha par-
ticle emission. It should be emphasized that the nuclear model calcu-
lations are in very satisfactory agreement with spectral shape of
existing experimental data for all investigated reactions. Additionally,
the calculated and existing experimental excitation functions for pro-
duction of the radionuclides 22Na, 44,46Sc, 54Mn and 90Y have approx-
imately similar magnitude for the investigated reactions. However,
the calculated cross sections for 20Ne(d, a)18F, 66Zn(d, a)64Cu, 70
Ge(d, a)68Ga and 78Kr(d, a)76Br nuclear reactions have very different
magnitude from the existing experimental data. The discrepancies
between the calculated and the experimental cross sections can be,
due to the nuclear level density parameters of the residual nuclei that
cross sections can vary with choice of the nuclear codes and their
model parameters. It should be emphasized that the equilibrium pro-
cess dominates at the low energies. The equilibrium WE model calcu-
lations vary with the type of level density model. Also, the equilibrium
emission of nuclear reaction calculated with the WE model does not
1000
20Ne(d,α)18F
Reaction Cross Section (mb)
100
Hybrid Model
10 GDH Model [EX1=0.1; EX2=2.9]
GDH Model [EX1=2.1; EX2=0.9]
WE Model
TENDL
Fenyvesi et al.1997
Guillaume 1976
1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Incident Particle Energy (MeV)
Fig. 1. Theoretical code calculations for 20Ne(d, a)18F reaction and comparison with
the existing experimental values obtained by Fenyvesi et al. (1997) and Guillaume
(1976).
48 M. Yiğit, E. Tel / Annals of Nuclear Energy 69 (2014) 44–50

1000

24Mg(d,α) 22Na 100 56Fe(d,α)54Mn

Reaction Cross Section (mb)

Reaction Cross Section (mb)

100

10

10

1
1 Hybrid Model
Hybrid Model GDH Model [EX1=0.1; EX2=2.9]
GDH Model [EX1=0.1; EX2=2.9] GDH Model [EX1=2.1; EX2=0.9]
GDH Model [EX1=2.1; EX2=0.9] 0.1 WE Model
0.1 TENDL
WE Model
TENDL Sudar and Qaim (1994)
Rohm et al.1969 Tao Zhenlan et al.(1984)
0.01 0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Incident Particle Energy (MeV) Incident Particle Energy (MeV)

Fig. 2. Theoretical code calculations for 24Mg(d, a)22Na reaction and comparison Fig. 5. Theoretical code calculations for 56Fe(d, a)54Mn reaction and comparison
with the existing experimental values obtained by Rohm et al. (1969). with the existing experimental values obtained by Sudar and Qaim (1994) and
Zhenlan et al. (1984).

1000
100
46 Ti(d,α)44Sc 66Zn(d,α)64Cu
100
Reaction Cross Section (mb)
Reaction Cross Section (mb)

10
10

1 1
Hybrid Model
GDH Model [EX1=0.1; EX2=2.9]
Hybrid Model
0.1 GDH Model [EX1=2.1; EX2=0.9]
GDH Model [EX1=0.1; EX2=2.9]
WE Model
0.1 GDH Model [EX1=2.1; EX2=0.9]
TENDL
WE Model
0.01 Hilgers et al.(2004)
TENDL
Williams and Irvine Jr (1963)
Chen and Miller 1964
Tarkanyi et al.(2004)
0.01 1E-3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Incident Particle Energy (MeV) Incident Particle Energy (MeV)
Fig. 3. Theoretical code calculations for 46Ti(d, a)44Sc reaction and comparison with Fig. 6. Theoretical code calculations for 66Zn(d, a)64Cu reaction and comparison
the existing experimental values obtained by Chen and Miller (1964). with the existing experimental values obtained by Hilgers et al. (2004), Williams
and Irvine (1963), and Tarkanyi et al. (2004).

100
48 Ti(d,α)46Sc
100
Reaction Cross Section (mb)

70Ge(d,α)68Ga
Reaction Cross Section (mb)

10

10

1
Hybrid Model
1
GDH Model [EX1=0.1; EX2=2.9]
GDH Model [EX1=2.1; EX2=0.9]
Hybrid Model
0.1 WE Model
GDH Model [EX1=0.1; EX2=2.9]
TENDL 0.1 GDH Model [EX1=2.1; EX2=0.9]
Chen and Miller 1964
WE Model
Anders and Meinke 1960
TENDL
0.01 Otozai et al.(1968)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Incident Particle Energy (MeV)
Incident Particle Energy (MeV)
Fig. 4. Theoretical code calculations for 48Ti(d, a)46Sc reaction and comparison with
the existing experimental values obtained by Anders and Meinke (1960) and, Chen Fig. 7. Theoretical code calculations for 70Ge(d, a)68Ga reaction and comparison
and Miller (1964). with the existing experimental values obtained by Otozai et al. (1968).

100
Reaction Cross Section (mb)
10
1 emitter romine-76. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 69, 1490–1505.
Hybrid Model
GDH Model [EX1=0.1; EX2=2.9]
0.1 GDH Model [EX1=2.1; EX2=0.9]
WE Model
TENDL
Sholten et al.(2004)
0.01
0 5 10 15
Incident Particle Energy (MeV)
Fig. 8. Theoretical code calculations for 78Kr(d, a)76Br reaction and comparison with
the existing experimental values obtained by Sholten et al. (2004).
100
10
Reaction Cross Section (mb)
1 distributions of emitted particles in nuclear reactions at intermediate
0.1
0.01
Hybrid Model
1E-3 GDH Model [EX1=0.1; EX2=2.9]
GDH Model [EX1=2.1; EX2=0.9]
WE Model
1E-4
TENDL
Anders and Meinke (1960)
1E-5
0 5 10 15
Incident Particle Energy (MeV)
Fig. 9. Theoretical code calculations for 92Zr(d, a)90Y reaction and comparison with
the existing experimental values obtained by Anders and Meinke (1960).
take into account angular momentum conservation and parity. There
is only one measured cross section data set for the 70Ge(d, a)68Ga and
78
Kr(d, a)76Br nuclear reactions in the literature. Moreover, the mea-
sured cross sections for 20Ne(d, a)18F and 66Zn(d, a)64Cu nuclear reac-
tions in the literature exist considerable disagreement with each
other. An investigation of this problem would needs more calcula-
tions and experiments including different model parameters on the
reaction cross sections. The pre-equilibrium model calculations have
nearly the same magnitude and shape spectrum for the considered
reactions. In general, the obtained cross section data by using
ALICE/ASH, TENDL library data and the available experimental values
have a maximum peak in the energy region between 5 and 13 MeV.
Finally, for production of the radionuclides 18F, 22Na, 44,46Sc, 54Mn,
64
Cu, 68Ga, 76Br and 90Y via (d, a) reactions, a small-sized cyclotron
can be used because these radionuclides can be produce at low ener-
gies. Additionally, this paper contributes to the new works on nuclear
reaction cross sections for radionuclide production.
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