LESSON 1] ALL ABOUT NON-FICTION WRITING TOPIC 2 | NON-FICTION GENRES & LANGUAGE CHUNKS 1. Informational writing The purpose of informational writing is to provide information. Informational writing appears in many forms: > Non-Chronological Reports: Non-chronological reports are a type of informational texts that present information on a particular subject without following a time sequence Features and lay out: Headline ‘Subheadings for organisation Bullet points can be used for clarity It contains facts. Also, it can contain statistics. Written in the third person point of view Written in the present tenses as they focus on general facts and information. However, past tense may be used when discussing historical aspects or research findings ‘+ Written in formal register Uses technical vocabulary, avoiding overly complex ones or providing definition for them in brackets when needed. Use transitional words and phrases to guide the reader through different sections. It is not organised according to time Examples are used. The sentences are variable, but mostly they are compound and complex to extended the information. * Itmay contain a glossary. Example Headlines About an animal: “Pandas in Focus” About a sport: ‘All about Football” About a country: “Japan Unveiled” G Relax your mind, study with purposes and let succesy unfold. 126 "!Example Subheadings About an animal Habitat and Distribution Distinctive Features Dietary Habits Threats to Populations About a sport Origins and Historical Development Tactics and Strategies Football and Social Issues: Beyond the Pitch World Cup Glory About a country Geography and Landscape Traditions and Customs Language and Writing Systems Economy and Global Influence Technology and Innovation > Explanatory Writing: Explanatory writing is a form of writing that aims to clarify or a particular concept, process, or idea, Features and lay out: A headline that clearly indicates the topic of the explanatory writing. Subheadings for organisation Bullet points can be used for clarity Chronological order is applied when explaining a process. Transitional words and phrases: and connectives are used (First, secondly, then, afterwards, in addition, etc.) Clarity and detail: Provides sufficient detail to ensure understanding. * Use of examples and illustrations: Enhances understanding through visual aids such as diagrams or charts. «Definition of terms: Clarifies unfamiliar words and phrases. Typically employs the present tense for general truths or ongoing processes. «May use the past tense when discussing historical context. G Relax your minds study with purposes and let success unfold. 127 a+ Written in formal register * Written in the third person point of view * The sentences are variable, but mostly they are compound and complex to extended the information. * Use of the passive voice Example Headlines Chocolate making process: “From Bean to Bar” Spiders’ webs making process: “Silken Threads.” Language development: “Language Evolution” Human life stages: From Conception to Adulthood:” Example Subheadings Chocolate making Harvesting and Selecting Cocoa Beans Fermentation and Drying Roasting Grinding and Conching Tempering: Crafting the Perfect Chocolate Texture Moulding and Packaging Human life stages: Birth and Early Infancy (0-2 years) Early Childhood (2-6 years) Middle Childhood (6-12 years) Adolescence (12-18 years) Adulthood (18-65+ years) Socio-Emotional Development G Relax your mind, study with purpose, and let success unfold, 128» Instructional Writing: Instructional writing is designed to guide and inform the reader on how to perform a specific task. It can appear in manuals and guide books, Instructional handouts for students, recipes and cookbooks, online tutorials and courses, health and safety Instructions, technical manuals for machinery and equipment, etc. Features and lay out: + Headline * The goal or task that the reader will accomplish by following the instructions should be stated. Example: By following the provided instructions, you will be able to successfully make your pancakes. The process is broken down into clear, sequential steps. Use of bullet points and numbers. Clear and straightforward language is used to suit different audience. Visual aids like labels, captions and photographs can be used. A list of tools, equipment, or materials needed for the task is provided Example: Before you start making pancakes, ensure you have the following ingredients ready: Flour: 1 cup of all-purpose flour Milk: 1 cup of milk (any type - whole, skim, or plant-based) Eggs: 2 large eggs Olive Oil: 2 tablespoons of olive oil Baking Powder: 1 tablespoon of baking powder * Clearly highlights safety precautions, often in a separate section, using bold or distinct formatting for emphasis. Example: Before you start cooking pancakes, ensure a safe cooking environment: Never leave the stove unattended, use medium heat to prevent burning, use spatulas and utensils with long handles. ‘* Use of Imperative Mood: Write instructions in the imperative mood for direct and clear guidance. Example: "Mix the ingredients" instead of "You should mix the ingredients." © Troubleshooting Tips: Anticipate common problems the reader might encounter and provide solutions. Example: If the batter is too runny, gradually add more flour until you reach the desired consistency. G Relax your mind, study with purposes and let success unfold. 129 8Example Headlines Cooking instructional text: A Beginner's Guide to Bread Making Photography instructional text: A Step-by-Step Guide to Capturing Stunning Images Plant care instructional text: The Ultimate Guide to Indoor Plant Care Time Management instructional text: Effective Time Management Catching bats instructional text: Battling Bats 2. Biographies and Auto Biographies Biographies are written accounts or narratives that depict the life and experiences of an idual. They are written in the third person point of view and carry an objective tone. inc Autobiographies are written accounts of a person's life story and experiences, narrated by the individual themselves. They are written in the first person and carry a subjective tone. Features and lay out Headline Contain facts about a person's real life. The paragraphs are divided as follows Introduction: Background information about the character (Who are they, their origin, their career) Body paragraph 1: childhood and early life Body paragraph 2: The character's career and how it developed Body paragraph 3: The character’s achievements, the rewards they gained, their most well-known accomplishments, etc. Conclusion: The character's lates successes, their legacy and their death if they were not still alive. The challenges the character faced can be included in any of the body paragraphs. Use of subheadings Use of the past tenses Use of formal language Written in chronological order Contain quotations said by the person himself or by others about them. Use of connectives (Mostly time connectives) vee vy v G Relax your minds study with purpose, and let success unfold. 130 *4,Example Headlines Biography: Unveiling the Legacy: The Extraordinary Life of [Biography Subject] Against All Odds: The Inspiring Journey of [Biography Subject] Pioneering Paths: A Comprehensive Look into the Life of [Biography Subject] Chronicles of Greatness: Exploring the Triumphs and Challenges of [Biography Subject] * From Humble Beginnings to Global Impact: The Story of [Biography Subject} Autobiography: In My Own Words: The Untold Story of [Author's Name] Journey of Self: [Author's Name] Reflects on a Life Lived From the Heart: An Intimate Autobiography by [Author's Name] Behind the Scenes: [Author's Name] Shares the Unfiltered Story of Their Life A Life Unveiled: [Author's Name] Takes You Inside Their Personal Odyssey Phrases and Sentence Openers for the Introduction Born on [birthdate], [Subject's Name] began their journey into the world...” The early life of [Subject's Name] was marked by... From the very beginning, it was evident that [Subject's Name] was destined for greatness. ‘+ Entering the world on [birthdate], [Subject's Name] embarked on a remarkable journey...” * From the moment of their arrival on [birthdate], [Subject's Name] left an indelible mark. + Atthe dawn of [birthdate], [Subject's Name] took their first steps into a world waiting to witness greatness... Phrases and Sentence Openers for the Background and the Early Life Hailing from [birthplace], [Subject's Name] grew up in a... In [year], the [Last Name] family welcomed a new member, [Subject's Name], into their home. The formative years of [Subject's Name] were shaped by.. G Relax your minds study with purpose, and let success unfold. 131 ”Phrases and Sentence Openers for the Education and Early Achievements At an early age, [Subject's Name] displayed a keen interest in... Academically gifted, [Subject's Name] excelled in [subject] during their school years. ‘+ Itwas during their time at [school/university] that [Subject's Name] discovered their passion for. Phrases and Sentence Openers for the Career and Achievements ‘+ Embarking on a career in [industry], [Subject’s Name] quickly rose through the ranks... One of [Subject’s Name|'s notable accomplishments was... Throughout their professional journey, [Subject's Name] consistently demonstrated a commitment to excellence. Phrases and Sentence Openers for Challenges and Overcoming Adversity ‘+ Despite facing numerous challenges, [Subject’s Name] persevered and emerged stronger than ever.” In a turning point in their life, [Subject’s Name] confronted adversity when...” The resilience of [Subject’s Name] became evident when they tackled the obstacle of. Phrases and Sentence Openers for the Personal Life Beyond the public persona, [Subject’s Name] valued. In their personal life, [Subject's Name] was known for. Family played a significant role in the life of [Subject's Name}, particularly with... Time Sequence Phrases and Sentence Openers During their childhood, [Subject's Name] experienced... As a youngster, [Subject’s Name]. Throughout [year/period], [Subject’s Name] navigated... In the early stages of [Subject's Name]'s life,. As a teenager, [Subject's Name] was known for... Shortly after embarking on [endeavor], Soon afterwards, [Subject's Name] encountered.. The time came for [Subject’s Name] to make a crucial decision about... By the time he had reached [age], [Subject's Name] had already... Many years later, [Subject's Name] reflected on. In 1878, at the age of [age], he [accomplishment] In his later years, [Subject’s Name] dedicated time to. Towards the end of his life, [Subject’s Name] focused on. In his final years, [Subject's Name] continued to contribute to.. G Relax your mind; study with purpose, andlet sccess unfold. 132 0Reflection and Legacy Phrases and Sentence Openers His one regret was that... His dying wish was that... He will probably be best remembered for... His greatest achievement was... He will be remembered most of all for... His life was characterized by... His lasting legacy is that. Her dedication to [cause/field] remains unparalleled... 3. Personal Registers Personal registers are forms of written or recorded communication that convey personal thoughts, experiences, or reflections. There are many forms through which personal registers are presented; each of these forms serves a distinct purpose and has its own features: > Recounts: Narratives that retell events or experiences, often in chronological order. They aim to provide a firsthand account of what happened, similar to a personal narrative. Features and lay out: «The introduction should summarise the topic, sets the scene and introduces the main event or experience. «The body paragraphs narrate the events in chronological order including the highlight (most important incident) of the event. «The conclusion paragraph may include reflections on the sig recounted events. Written in chronological sequence First-person point of view Past tense verbs Descriptive language Formality: recount writing doesn't require an extremely formal ton language is the target. Time connectives are used to show the sequence of the incidents. Emotions and opinions can be presented. cance of the semi-formal G Relax your minds study with purposes and let success unfold. 133 "SPhrases and Sentence Openers for Setting the Scene It all began on a [sunny/rainy] [day]. The air was filled with the scent of [flowers/freshly cut grass]... The [location] buzzed with excitement as. Underneath the clear, blue sky, | found myself. Phrases and Sentence Openers to Start the Recount As the clock struck [time], a series of events unfolded. “in the midst of [activity], something extraordinary happened... “The day kicked off wit “Little did | know that this day would be filled with... Phrases and Sentence Openers to Describe Events First and foremost, [event] took place. “Amidst the hustle and bustle, | noticed. "The highlight of the day was undoubtedly. “Every moment seemed to be leading up to the climax wher Phrases and Sentence Openers to describe Emotions couldn't help but feel a surge of [excitement/nervousness] as... "My heart raced with anticipation when... "A sense of [joy/wonder] washed over me when... “in that moment, | was overcome with a mix of [emotion] Revisit pages 114 to 117 for more feeling description examples. Phrases and Sentence Openers for Reflection “Looking back, it's clear that [event] was a turning poin “The impact of [event] lingered long after the day had ended... “in hindsight, | realized the profound meaning behind. “This experience taught me that... Phrases and Sentence Openers to Conclude the Recount In the end, what stood out the most was... "The memories of that day will forever be etched in my mind. “As | drifted off to sleep that night, | carried with me the echoes of.. Phrases and Sentence Openers to Express Personal Opinions Iwas struck by the sheer beauty of. In my opinion, the most remarkable aspect was... I couldn't help but marvel at. From my perspective, this experience was truly.. G Relax your mind, study with purpose, and let succesy unfold. 134 0» Reviews: Review writing is a type of writing that describes and evaluates a product, service, or experience. Features and lay out: * Headline ‘+ The introduction introduces the product being reviewed, giving background information about it and describing the overall impression about the product. ‘The body provides detailed description for the product. The conclusion summarises the topic and a recommendation is provided. Present tenses are used. Written in the first-person point of view. Include personal opinion that tells the writer's own experience. Highlight both positives and negatives of the product. Simple and clear vocabulary ‘Subheadings can be used Rating can be used. Phrases and Sentence Openers for the Introduction Visiting [Name of the place] was an experience filled with... Exploring [subject] opened up a world of. Watching [name of a movie / series] was a great choice. Releasing the new series of [product name] has occupied the first place in the search engines for more than a week. + The recent launch of the new [Product Name] series has been dominating discussions across social media for over a week, creating waves of anticipation and excitement In a nutshell, my experience with [subject] can be summed up as. From start to finish, [subject] left a lasting impression of... | found myself thoroughly impressed by the overall... Phrases and Sentence Openers to Highlight Positives One of the standout features of [subject] is... | was particularly pleased with the exceptional... ‘A noteworthy aspect that deserves recognition is. What sets [subject] apart is its remarkable. A standout attribute of [subject] that caught my attention is... | couldn't help but appreciate the outstanding. ‘An exceptional quality of [subject] that impressed me was. I was pleasantly surprised by the extraordinary. ‘Among its many positive qualities, [subject] truly excels in... A feature that truly shines in [subject] is... | found the exceptional [specific feature] to be a standout highlight in [subject]. One of the most commendable aspects of [subject] is its... What delighted me most about [subject] was its exceptional | couldn't be more satisfied with my interaction with [subject] because... My expectations were not only met but exceeded, thanks to.. G Relax your mind, study with purposes andlet succesvunfold. 135 aPhrases and Sentence Openers for Noting Areas of Improvement While [subject] excelled in many aspects, there is room for improvement in.. One aspect that could be enhanced It's worth mentioning that [subject] could benefit from. Although [subject] demonstrated strengths, there's an opportunity for enhancement in. One area that could see improvement in [subject] is... It's worth considering some refinements in [specific aspect] to elevate the overall experience of [subject] While [subject] has its merits, a potential area for growth lies in... A point for consideration is how [subject] could benefit from further development in. Despite its strengths, [subject] might see improvements by addressing... However, all that glitters is not gold. Lwas really disappointed by... Phrases and Sentence Openers to Conclude and Provide Recommendation In my opinion, [subject] is a must-try because...” "Personally, | found [subject] to be..." “I can confidently say that [subject] has become a personal favourite due to.." Summing up my experience, | would highly recommend [subject] for. Whether you're a [novice/experienced] [subject] enthusiast, you're sure to appreciate... In conclusion, my encounter with [subject] was nothing short of. If you're looking for [specific feature], [subject] is the perfect choice. | wholeheartedly recommend [subject] to anyone who... For those seeking [quality/innovation], [subject] is a solid choice For individuals in search of [specific feature], look no further than [subject] for an unparalleled experience. Without hesitation, | recommend [subject] to anyone who. For those on the hunt for [quality/innovation], [subject] stands out as a solid and reliable choice. I confidently suggest [subject] to those seeking, If your priority is [specific benefit], your best bet is undoubtedly [subject]. To anyone in need of [advantage], | highly endorse the choice of [subject] For individuals looking to [achieve goall, | wholeheartedly recommend considering [subject] G Relax your mind; study with purpose, andlet success unfold. 136Specialised Phrases and Expressions for a Restaurant Review ‘* As soon as you step inside, the restaurant feels cozy and welcoming, creating a good vibe. * The menu has a lot of different dishes, all made with fresh and tasty ingredients that suit different tastes. * Every dish is carefully made and looks good. You can tell they put effort into making the food delicious. ‘+ The staff is friendly and pays attention to your needs, making sure you enjoy your time there. + The chef gets creative with how the food looks, making it a treat for your eyes as well as your taste buds. ‘+ They care about the environment by using local and orga cool. The place has a nice, cozy setup that makes your meal more enjoyable. Despite the great quality, the prices are fair, giving you good value for your money. The desserts are a sweet way to end your meal, with plenty of delicious choices. Whether you're really into food or just looking for a nice meal, this restaurant gives you a tasty experience that you won't forget. ‘The service, while friendly, can be a bit slow during peak hours, leading to longer wait times for both ordering and receiving food. ‘+ Some dishes on the menu may be overpriced for the portion sizes offered, making it less budget-friendly for some diners. * Ifyou enjoy exploring diverse and well-crafted culinary creations, this restaurant offers a menu that caters to food enthusiasts with a taste for unique flavours and high-quality ingredients. ‘* If you appreciate the visual aspect of dining and enjoy beautifully presented dishes, the chef's creativity in the presentation of each plate adds an extra layer of enjoyment to the overall experience. ingredients, which is Specialised Phrases and Expressions for a Film Review ‘+ In the movie world full of options, [Film Title] stands out as something special, promising 2 memorable journey for viewers. + Taking place in [setting/era], [Film Title] explores [themes/genres], giving a fresh view that grabs your attention from the star. * Directed by [Director's Name] and starring [Lead Actors], [Film Title] brings together a great team to give us a movie that's both interesting and makes us think. + [Film Title]'s story starts with (quick overview], keeping us guessing with [twists/themes]. The writing keeps us interested the whole time. ‘+ What's great about the movie is how well they show us the characters. From the main character's {traits/motivations] to the others' [impact on the story], each person is well done and makes the story more real. «The movie looks really good. The camera person, [Cinematographer's Name], shows us [specific visuals/scenes] that make the whole movie look amazing. ‘+ The music in the movie, made by [Composer's Name], fits perfectly. It goes with the feelings in the story, making us feel more connected to the characters. G Relax your minds study with purposes and let success unfold. 137 aSpecialised Phrases and Expressions for a Book Review In the world of books, [Book Title] is a fascinating read that brings [themes/genres] to life” Taking place in [setting/era], [Book Title] takes you on a journey filled with [emotion/excitement/intrigue]. Written by [Author's Name], [Book Title] showcases the author's storytelling talent. [Book Title] tells a story about [key plot points/themes], keeping you hooked from. beginning to end. The writing is [adjective] and [adjective], creating a vivid picture of events. What's special about [Book Title] is how well the characters are portrayed. From the main character's [traits/motivations] to the others’ [impact on the story], each person feels real and adds depth to the story. The writing in [Book Title] is [adjective], with [Author's Name]'s unique voice shining through. It's beautifully written and easy for everyone to enjoy. [Book Title] explores [themes/messages] that make you think. The author handles these ideas well, leaving you with plenty to ponder.” The pace of [Book Title] is just right, keeping you interested. The way the author organized the story adds to the overall impact. After finishing [Book Title], you're left thinking about [themes/messages]. The emotional impact sticks with you, showing the author's connection with readers. Who Would Enjoy It: If you like [genre/elements], [Book Title] is a great choice. Its [unique qualities/engaging plot] make it perfect for both regular readers and those looking for a good book. Appreciating the Author: In [Book Title], [Author's Name] not only tells a great story but also adds something special to the world of books, proving themselves as a noteworthy author. While [Book Title] has its merits, it may not be for everyone. Potential readers should consider their preferences, especially if they lean towards [specific dislikes) You should definitely check out [Book Title}! I's a great read with a cool story, interesting characters, and stuff that makes you think. Perfect for anyone who likes good books. highly recommend [Book Title]. It offers an engaging storyline, well-developed characters, and meaningful themes, making it a rewarding read suitable for a wide audience. Moderate Recommendation: For those interested in [genre/elements], [Book Title] is worth considering. It has its merits, with notable strengths in [specific aspects], though individual preferences may vary. Conditional Recommendation: "Readers who appreciate [themes/genres] may find [Book Title] appealing. However, it's important to consider personal preferences, especially for those who favour [specific elements]. G Relax your mind, stucly with purposes and let success unfold. 138 0> Diary Entries: They are personal reflections and accounts of one’s thoughts, feelings, and experiences Features and lay out: ‘+ Include the date and time at the beginning of the entry (On the top left) © Salutation: “Deer Diary,” Opening Paragraph: Begin with a brief overview or summary of the day or the events leading up to the entry. «The mood or emotions are expressed at the start to set the tone for the entry. ‘+ Descriptive Details: significant events or experiences of the day are described and sensory details are included to make the entry vivid and immersive. ‘+ Emotional Reflections: Reflect on your emotions and reactions to the events and discuss what made you happy, sad, excited, or any other emotions you experienced. * Personal thoughts, future plans and hopes are shared. Closing Paragraph: Summarises the key points or reflections of the entry, expressing any final thoughts or feelings as you conclude the entry. Written in the first person. Uses informal language. Uses the past tense. Future tenses can be used when speaking about future plans. Written in a conversational and authentic tone, as if you are addressing a future version of yourself. ‘The writing should be honest about your feelings and experiences. © End with friendly phrases like ‘bye for now, ‘see you tomorrow,’ and your signature. Phrases and Sentence Openers for Describing the Day Today was... It started off with. ‘The weather was... The atmosphere throughout the day felt... As the day unfolded, | found myself.. Waking up today, |.. The first thing on my mind when | started the day was... Kicking off the morning with.. Right from the beginning, the day had a... From sunrise to sunset, the day held a.. Opening my eyes to a new day, I... Commencing the day with... The initial hours of the day were filled with.. Beginning the day's journey with... At the crack of dawn, |. From the moment I stepped out of bed, I. The morning greeted me with... The dawn brought with it a sense of. G Relax your mind, stucly with purposes and let success unfold. 139 *Phrases and Sentence Openers for Expressing Emotions [felt a mix of emotions, ranging from... My heart swelled with, It was a day filled with both joy and... At times, | couldn't help but feel. The highs and lows of today left me... Emotions bubbled up inside me, creating a blend of... There were moments of overwhelming happiness, along with... At certain points, a wave of [emotion] washed over me, accompanied by... For specific emotions expressions, revisit pages 114-117. Phrases and Sentence Openers for Reflecting on Experiences Thad the opportunity to... One of the highlights was... found myself in a situation where... A challenging moment occurred when... Reflecting on the day, I realized... ‘An unexpected opportunity presented itself when... Navigating through [specific situation], |. The day unfolded, offering me the chance to... ‘Among the various experiences, one that stood out was... I unexpectedly found myself immersed in Phrases and Sentence Openers for Interactions and Relationship Spent quality time with... Had a heart-to-heart conversation with... The people around me made today... Shared laughter and stories with. Felt a deep connection with. Phrases and Sentence Openers to Express Personal Insights I'm grateful for... Counting my blessings, | appreciate... A small but significant moment of happiness was... Today taught me to appreciate... Found joy in the simple pleasures of... I've come to understand that... Today's experiences shed light on... I've learned something valuable about... Realizing the importance of. Phrases and Sentence Openers for Future Plans Looking forward to... In the days to come, | hope to... Setting a goal for... Dreaming about... As | move forward, | plan to. G Relax your mind, study with purposes and let success unfold. 140 "aPhrases and Sentence Openers for a Closure ‘As I pen down these thoughts, | can't help but feel. "Closing the day with a sense of..." "Grateful for the moments that made today..." “Reflecting on the day, | carry with me..." "Signing off for now, looking forward to what tomorrow brings."