Ministry of Education and Science of the Kyrgyz Republic

Osh State University

"Faculty of World Languages and Cultures" Department of
American Studies and Translation

SIW
“The extension of the English
vocabulary".

Performed by a group student EIR1-22(ENU)

Sarykova Erkinai
Checked by: Jyldyz Karimova
 Plan:
Introduction

1. Vocabulary

2. Old English

3. Middle English

4. Modern English

5. English vocabulary today

Conclusion

List of links and literature

Introduction

Today I'm going to talk about -"The

extension of the English vocabulary".
English is a west Germanic language with
its origin in England; it is most closely
related to German and Dutch.
Historically, English is divided into four
periods: Old English (450-1066), Middle
English
(1066-1500), Early Modern English (1500-
1700) and Late Modern English (1700 to
the present).

About using
Vocabulary is an important part of a
language. As long as language is used for
human communication, the language will
remain as a living language. A language that
is no longer used as a means of
communication is considered as a dead
language. English is a living language that
undergoes some developments in in terms of
its grammar and vocabulary. Old English
belongs to synthetic language and Modern
English is grouped into analytic language.
Synthetic language uses inflection as the rule
of its grammar and analytic language uses
word-order such as the order of subject,
predicate, object, and adverb.
The development of Old English
vocabularies can be traced back from the
pronunciation differences and spelling of Old
English and Modern English as it is depicted
by following examples. Old English
vocabularies example are "cu"
"hâlig", and "gân", while in Modern English
period the vocabularies are changed into
"cow", "holy", and "go".
Beside of its pronunciation and spelling, the
semantic meaning of Old English is also
different from that of the modern ones.
"Nice", for example, means 'good' in Modern
English but in Old English it is defined as
"foolish". The development of English
vocabularies relates to the history of English
and its nation. Baugh states that the history
of English focuses on the history of Old
English, Middle English, and Modern English.

Old English
In the ancient ages from about 400-1066
England was for a long time under the colony
of the Romans, Jutes, Anglo-Saxons and
Danes. The Jutes and Anglo-Saxons spoke
Low German respectively the ancient English
too, and thus this language developed. It was
recognized that the Low German language
developing in Britain was becoming a new
language called English. Only this language is
closely related to the Germanic languages
which are far from English today. This
language was called Old English. Old English
dictionaries are also referred to as Native
English because they are the progenitors of
modern English. "feder-father", "módor-
mother", "fif-five", "wif-wife", "cild-child',
"hüs-house", and "kinn-chin' From those
examples, it can be seen that there are some
differences in pronunciation and spelling of
Old English and Modern English.
Some of Old English vocabularies that are
still in use today are as following
"man", "woman", "child", "eat", "drink",
"sleep", "play", "walk", "go",
"love". "life", and "death". Those example
shows that the most-used vocabularies are
derived from Old English.
Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000
to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected
language just like modern German.
Therefore, nouns, pronouns, adjectives,
verbs, and adverbs had complex endings or
vowel changes or both, which differ greatly
from the language that we use today. The
characteristics can be summarized as
followes:
1. Vocabulary was small;
2. The small number of borrowings came
from Latin and Scandinavian;
3. Vocabulary was full of endings.

Middle English
Since Norman invasion in 1066, Norman who
uses France starts to rule in England. France
is only used in upper class society and
people in general do not use it as a means of
communication. Common people still uses
English however there are a lot of France
words that are adopted into English.
Almost all of human life aspects are
influenced by France vocabularies. At the
beginning, only daily vocabularies that are
found in daily conversation such as the word
"beef", "mutton", "pork", and "veal". France
vocabularies gradually influenced all human
life aspects in England. In 1154, France
vocabularies start to influence English
literature. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400), a
well-known classic poet in England with his
Canterbury Tales uses a lot of France words.
The adoption of those France words into
English does not only take place at that
moment but it still happens up to the 20th
century. The word boutique and discotheque
are examples of France words that are
adopted into English. France words that are
adopted into English during 1150-1500
contain words relate to administration and
offices, religion, law, military, fashion, food,
education, medicine, art, and social life.
In addition to pronunciation and spelling
changes as a language phenomenon in the
Middle English, the adoption of Latin words
into English is also essential.
The adoption of Latin words is triggered by
The Renaissance from Italy.
Middle English retained much few
inflections. Endings of nouns and adjectives
marking distinction of number, case and
often of gender lost their distinctive forms.
The same is true of the verb. If we say that
Old English was a language of full endings,
Middle English was one of leveled endings.
The main characteristics are:
1. It had a comparatively large vocabulary;
2. It had absorbed a tremendous number of
foreign words mainly from French and Latin;
3. Word endings became leveled.
Modern English
Modern English era, English vocabularies
have been standardized through the issue of
books and English dictionaries that become
the standardized pronunciation or received
pronunciations. In this era, grammar is also
standardized, for example, the emergence of
English Dictionary in 1755 by Dr. Johnson and
also Noah Webster in 1828. Later on English
Grammar by Robert Lowth in 1762 entitled A
Short Introduction to English Grammar.
English vocabularies in modern era is
acknowledged as cosmopolitan vocabularies
because it adopts many words from
languages across the globe, for example,
those are borrowed from American Indian
such as "chipmunk",
"moose" , and "racoon". English vocabularies
borrowed from Dutch are
"brandy", "golf', and "wagon. English
vocabularies borrowed from Italy are "opera",
"piano", and "vulcano". English vocabularies
borrowed from Spanish are "alligator",
"cargo", and "mosquito". English vocabularies
borrowed from Greek are "acme", "acrobat",
and "anthology". English vocabularies
borrowed from Russian are "steppe",
"drosky", and "rubble".
English vocabularies borrowed from Persian
are "spinach", "paradise", and
"jessamine". There are more and more
English vocabularies that are borrowed from
other languages, namely, Hebrew, Arabic,
Hungarian, Indian, Malay, Chinese, Javanese,
Australia, Tahiti, Polynesian, West Africa, and
Brazilian.
The formation of Old English vocabularies is
somehow different from those of modern
ones. Old English vocabularies are formed or
expanded simply by adding affix to its base.
By affixation (adding prefix or suffix), a word
may be expanded up to 100 words, this is
also called as a resourcefulness Vocabulary.
For example, a word mod may be added by
suffix and it becomes "modig", "modignes",
"modigian", "modfull", "modleas" by adding
prefix, mod becomes "unmod", "beahmod",
"madmod", "ofermod".
An example of the addition of prefix and suffix
are glamodnes and gemodod. Affixation is
commonly found in Modern English
vocabularies.
Affixation in English only happens
approximately on 7-8 words at the most.

Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary

Today.
New words sweep in at a rate much faster
than at any other historical period of time.
New words are being invented or introduced
every day to express new things and new
changes in society, both material and
intellectual. Meanwhile, they are coined and
used to arouse public attention and interest.
In time they gain acceptance and become
part of the English vocabulary. Generally,
there are three main sources of new words:
the rapid development of modern science
and technology; social, economic and
political changes; the influence of other
cultures and languages. Gozzi, the author of
New Words and Changing American Culture
(1990), studied 160 pages of entries from
12.000 Words and discovered that science
and technology terms make up
approximately 45 percent of new words,
words associated with lifestyle constitute 24
percent, and social and economic terms
amount to more than 11 percent.
Rapid growth of science and technology
breeds such new words as green revolution,
astrobiology, astro-chemistry in biology and
chemistry; space.
Social, economic and political changes bring
about an increasing number of new words.
There are new words relating to food like fast
food, TV dinner, megavitamin, soy milk.
Granny glasses, pant suit, hip huggers are the
result of people's changing view of clothing.
We also find music terms: disco, punk rock,
soul music; words concerning television and
films: talk shows, family movies, boob tube
and the like. Changes in politics and
economy supply such words as petropolitics,
Watergate, the fourth world, stagflation,
demand-pull and so on.
The development in education gives us open
university, pass-failing grade, telequiz, etc.
Women's liberation leaves us chairperson,
girlcott, Ms and the like. The drug culture
forces Mary Jane, soft drug, headshop into
English.
The influence of other cultures and
languages can be felt in many different fields.
English has borrowed a host of terms
concerning cuisine like stir frying, pita bread,
tahini, felafel from Middle East. Some black
nationalists wear dashikis to emphasize
African roots. Mao jackets and Nehru jackets
add to the vocabulary of American fashion.
Martial arts from the Far East also find their
way into English vocabulary such as aikido,
kungfu, dojo and black belt. These are just a
few new words. But they will suffice to show
the nature of present-day English vocabulary
and the trend of vocabulary growth.
Conclusion

Borrowing has played a vital role in the

development of vocabulary, particularly
in earlier times. Though still at work now,
it can hardly compare with what it did in
the past. According to Thomas Pyles and
John Algeo (1982), borrowed words
constitute merely six to seven percent of
all new words. In earlier stages of English,
French, Latin, Greek and Scandinavian
were the major contributors.
List of links and literature :

1.
https://ru.scribd.com/document/531581375/
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%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC

2.
https://otherreferats.allbest.ru/languages/c0
0207020.html
3.
https://studylib.net/doc/7830826/vocabulary
-expansion
4.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English