Choose a topic

- Speeches outside the classroom:

o determined by the occasion, the audience, and the speaker’s
qualifications
- Speeches inside the classroom:
o Students have significant freedom in choosing topics  Advantage as it
allows students to talk about matters of personal interest
o among the various aspects of preparing for a speech, selecting a topic is
particularly challenging and causes a lot of frustration or difficulty for
students.
o Teachers find it surprising when students who regularly chat with their
friends become mentally paralyzed when doing public speaking
o Potential topics: Subjects you know a lot about, subjects you want to
know more about
- Subjects you know a lot about
o Most people communicate effectively when discussing familiar subjects.
o Encouragement to draw on one's knowledge and experiences when
choosing a speech topic.
o Everyone possesses information or experiences suitable for a speech.
- Topics you want to know more about
o a topic you already have some knowledge or expertise but not enough
o no matter how silly or irrelevant it may seem
- Brainstorming:
o personal inventory
 Think about your own experience, interests
o |Clustering: people, places, things, events, processes, concepts, natural
phenomena, problems, plans, and policies
o Internet search:
 Exploring search engines, online databases, and reference portals
 Browse through subject-based websites, online encyclopedias, or
specialized platforms
o To inform and to persuade
 Informative speech: enhance the audience’s knowledge
 Persuasive speech: Change or structure the attitudes and actions of
the audience
Example:
 Topic: renewable energy
Genral purpose: to inform
Specific purpose: to inform the audience about the environmental and
economic advanatages
+ Guideline for specific purpose statement
- Tip 3: avoid figurative language in your purpose statement
- Tip 2: express your purpose as a statement, not as a question
- Write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase
- Make sure your specific purpose is not too vague or general
- Limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea
Question to ask about your specific purpose
- Does my purpose meet the assignment
- Can I accomplish my purpose in the time allotted
- Is the purpose relevant to my audience
Sentence completion
- When your general purpose is to
General purpose: To inform
Specific purpose: to inform the audience about the factors determining the value of a
baseball card
Central idea: The factors that determine the value of a baseball card are the fame of
the player, the age of the card, the rarity of the card, and the physical condition of the
card

General purpose: to inform

Specific purpose: to inform the audience about the mechanism of the spiciness of our
body
Central idea:
- The reason why we get burnt after eating spicy food is that certain compounds
in spicy food activate sensory neurons
- Describe the neurological response from our brain, and mouth to extreme heat
 - biological and psychological factors that affect individual responses to
spiciness
o biological factors: genetic factors
o Psychological factors: Enjoyment of thrill, individual preferences, pain
perception and tolerance
Imagine that you are preparing a classroom persuasive speech in favor of forgiving
student loans for anyone who spends two years working in the mountainous area.
Write an essay in which you formulate an audience-analysis questionnaire for your
class and explain how you would use the results of each question in writing your
speech

Fixed question
1. How many year do you expect to earn enough money to pay for student loans
after graduation?
a. 1 year
b. 2 years
c. 3 years
d. 4 years or more
2. What is Your expected income after graduation
a. <10 M
b. 10-15M
c. 15-20 M
d. > 20M
3. Is there any employment opportunity in mountainous areas that can attract
college graduates?
a. Yes
b. No
4. On a scale from 1-5, should the government provide more benefits for the
newly-graduates working in the mountainous area for 2 years
5. Other than forgiving student loans, which benefits college students may look
for when working in mountainous areas for 2 years?
6. How university and college can promote and encourage undergraduate student
to participate in this program?
 Doing library research
- Librarians: an expert in their own field, trained ain library use, and research
method, help to find the way, locate spurce, track down a specific piece of info
- Doing library research: encylopedias, quotations, yearbooks, biographical aids,
reference books
- Database: newpapers and periodical database”
o 3 major databases: ProQuest, LexisNexis, World News Digest
o In Vietnam database: Vietnam Academic Journa database, Vietnam
Digital library
Search the internet
- Specialized research resources
o Government resources: contain government documents and publications,
government portal, vietnam news agency, ministries and agencies
o Wikipedia: biggest encyclopedic in human history, should be a source of
basic information, should not rely as the sole research source
Evaluating internet documents
- Prinited publication
- Internet document
- Criteria to evaluate document: authorship, sponsorship, recency
o Authorship: is the author clearly identified, qualitifation, objective or
biased
o Sponsorship: responsible for the content of a document on the internet,
check for their reputation for their experitse and objectivity, be wary of
groups that many sound respectable but in fact are not
o Check its refererences
Interviewing
Before the interview: define the purpose of the interview (what information needed),
decide whom to interview (go to the leader first), arrange the interview (go to the
workplace of the target audience to request the interview), decide whether to record
the interview, prepare your question (avoid types of question, craft question that are
sensible
During the interview: dress appropriately, be on time, repeat the purose of the
interview, set up the recorder, keep their interview on track, listen carefully, don’t
overstsy your welcome
Start early, make a preliminary bibilography, take note effectively
Think about ypur material as you research
- Experts advice that you use internet to supplement, not to replace, liabrary
research: T
 Example:
+ Tips to using example
- Use example to clarify your ideas
- Use examples to reinforce your ideas
- Use examples to personalize your ideas
- Make your examples vivid and richly textured
- Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples
Statistics : a powerful tool
- When used properly, statistic makes us feel more secure in the knowledge
- We need tp ensure our ststistic accurately reflect the group
Tips to use statistics
- Use statistic to bring ideas to life, make them more tangiable
- Insert statistic only when they are needed, easy to grasp
- Always cite the sources of your statistics
- Take the time to explain what they mean and how the average
Testimony:
- Expert testimony: testimony from people who are recognized expert in their
field
- Peer testimony: caputure their lived experience of dealing with a me
Quoting: repeat the words that someone has said or written, most effective when they
are brief, when they convey your meaning well
Paraphasing
- Tips of using testimony
Chapter 9: Organizing the body of the speech
Strategic organization: putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a
particular result with a particular audience
Talking first about the body of the speech: is the longest and most important part,
usually prepare the body first  it is easier to create an effective introduction after
knowing what to say in the body
Main points:
- Specific purpose
- Central Idea
- Main points
Strategic order of main points
- The most effective order depends on three things: your topic, your purposes and
your audience
- Chronological order: used in speeches explaining a process or demonstrating
how to do something
- Spatial Order: almost used in informative speeches
- Casual Order: show a cause -effect relationship (one dealing with the cause one
with the effects)
- Problem-solution order: the first shows the existence and seriousness of a
problem and the second presents a workable solution to the problem
- Topical Order: topical order result when you divide the speecjh topic into
subtopics
Tips of preparing main points
- Keep main points separate
- Try to use the same pattern of wording for main points
- Balance the amount of time devoted to main points

Supporting materials
Connectives: A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the
relationships among them
Transitions: A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought
and is moving on to another.
Internal Previews: A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know
what the speaker is going to discuss next.
Internal Summaries: A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the
speaker’s preceding points
Signposts: A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or
that focuses attention on key ideas.
 Introduction:


 Attention grabber: "Imagine walking into school every day, filled with
fear and anxiety, not because of the workload or exams, but because of
the threat of bullying.”
 When I was a little kid, I had also experienced this feeling beofore.
Speaking from my experience, it is one of the memory that i
 Statement of purpose: "Today, I want to address the serious issue of
school bullying and its devastating effects on students."
 Statistics:
 Example: "According to the National Center for Education Statistics, one
in five students reports being bullied at school."
 Example: "Furthermore, a study published in the Journal of Educational
Psychology found that victims of bullying are at a significantly higher
risk of experiencing depression and anxiety."
 Examples:
 Personal story: "I recently spoke with a classmate who shared how they
were constantly ridiculed and physically intimidated by a group of peers.
It's heartbreaking to see the toll it's taking on their confidence and mental
well-being."
 News: By VnExpress International daily news, Just last month, a tragic
incident occurred in our neighboring town, where a student took their
own life after enduring relentless bullying at school. This serves as a
stark reminder of the devastating consequences of unchecked bullying."
 Testimony:
 Expert opinion: "Dr. Johnson, a child psychologist, emphasizes that
bullying can have long-lasting effects on a child's self-esteem and mental
health, often leading to issues such as depression, anxiety, and even
suicidal thoughts."
 Personal testimony: "I recall a friend confiding in me about their
experience with bullying. They described feeling isolated and helpless,
afraid to speak up out of fear of revenge. It's heartbreaking to witness the
impact it has on their daily life and sense of safety."
 Conclusion:
 Restate importance: "School bullying is a serious problem that demands
our attention and action."
 Call to action: "Let's work together to create a school environment where
every student feels safe, respected, and valued."
 Final thought: "Remember, bullying thrives in silence and ignorance.
Let's break the cycle by speaking out, standing up for one another, and
fostering a culture of kindness and empathy in our schools."
Problem-solution order
New year, new me: A new year’s resolution which is to improve my health
- Last year, I had some problems related to my physical health due to my poor
diet and lack of time for exercising
- Due to my poor diet, I suffered some problems related to my digestive system, I
lost appetite in almost everything I ate, lost weight and my skin looked so bad
- Due to insufficient time spent exercising, I feel inactive and my muscles
weaken and also have high blood pressure
To deal with these problems, I decided to spend more time on my health in this year
- Have a consistent timetable for exercising., three times per week I take up
running as my regular exercise. To boost my motivation, I signed up for a
running competition in this July
- For my diet, I take up a habit of nly eating fresh produces not the packaged
ones and do the grocery shopping twice every month; Drink 3 bottles of water
everyday

Chapter 11
- 3. Establish credibility and goodwill
- Credibility is the audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to
speak on a given topic
- Goodwill: the audience’s perception of whether the speaker has the best interest
- 4. Preview the body of the speech
- Preview statement: a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies
the main point to be discussed in the body
- Usually come at the very end of the introduction
- Provide a smooth lead-in to the body of the speech
- Signal that the body of the speech is about to begin
- Give specialized information – definitions or background

5. Sample introduction with commentary

- a positive and engaging image to capture the reader’s attention
 - A solution-oriented tone, empowering students to take charge
- Previewing the main points
- Personable and engaging tone, connecting directly with the student audience
- Engaing call to action, encouraging the reader to delve deeper into the guide
Tips for the introduction
- Relatively brief (10-20%)
- Possible introductory materials
- Be creative
- Don’t worry about the exact wording
- Work out in detail
- Don’t stat talking too soon
The conclusion
- Crescendo ending
- Dissolve ending
- The last chance to drive home your ideas
- Strong note that reinforces main points and leaves a positive impression on
listeners
- Both the crescendo and dissolve endings mus tbe worked out with great care
Chapter

Hello guys, it’s my pleasure to stand here today and share with you something I have
gained in my love life.
- Use examples in a speech is that they put abstract ideas into concrete terms that
listeners can easily understand
- Statistics arent the most effective type of supporting material because they are
difficult to manipulate or distort
- It is not always better to cite exact number rather than to round statistic up or
down
 CHAPTER 9
- Prepare the body first, introduction latter
- Most speeches should contain from two to five main points
- The most effective order for the main points of a speech depends upon the topic, the
specific purpose, and the audience
- Chronological organization is used primarily for informative speeches
- Chronological Order: follow a time pattern
- Spatial Order: from top to bottom, left to right, front to back
- Causal Order: a cause-effect relationship
- Problem-solution order: the existence of a problem  a solution
- Topical Order: have topial subdivision are the reasons why a speaker believe in a certain
point of view
- Connective: a word or phrases that connects the ideas of a cpeech and indicates
the relationships among them
- Transition: a word or phrases that indicates when a speakers had finished one
thought and is moving on to another
- You will seldom need an internal preview for each main point in your speech
- Signpost: a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech
or that focus attention on key ideas
- ording to your textbook REVIEWING MENTALLY what a speaker has said is a way to avoid
becoming distracted in a speech
- Four causes of poor listening: not concentrating, listening too hard (for details), jumping to
conclusions, gocus on delivery, and personal appearance
- Extemporaneous speech: a carefully prepared speech that is presented from a brief
set of notes
- The difference between informing and persuading is like the difference between teaching
and advocating
- The most important early step in the process of developing a successful speech is
formulating THE SPECIFIC PURPOSE
- Tips for formulating the specific purpose statement:
o Write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase, not as a fragment
o Express your purpose as a statement, not as a question
o Avoid figurative language in your purpose statement
o Limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea
o Make sure your specific is not too vague or general
- One of three brainstorming procedures
o Make an inventory of your hobbies, interest, skills, beliefs
o Clustering to list the first topics that come to mind in several categories
o Use an internet subject directory, encyclopedia, or similar reference site
to help you scan possible topics
CHAPTER 13
- Objects and models
- Photographs and drawing
- Bar graph: show comparision among two or more itemss
- Chart: useful for summarising large blocks of information
Daily exerices is good for improving health
With so many option and limitless information available
Get confused and overwhelmed with what ultimately work out for you
Don’t worry, I have got your back
Check out the 5 exercises you can do for ultimate fitness
Combine them into a routine, although simple, but powerful to keep you in shape for
the rest of your life
Lunges: start with taking a step forward with the right leg, and bend the right knee as
you do so, stopping when your thighs is paralled to the ground, repeat with the left
leg. Complete 3 sets of 10 reps

Pushups: start in a plank position, shoulder pulled down and back, bend your elbow
and begin to lower your body down to floor, extend your elbows and return to the star
Complete 3 sets of as many reps as possible
Drop down to your knee

Squats: standing straight, extend feet wider than shoulder-width, push your hips back
and bend your knees as if you are going to sit in a chair, drop down until your thighs
are parallel to the ground, bring your arms in a comfortable position, pause for 1
second and returing the the starting position

Burpees: start to squat down, when your hands reach the ground, turn into a pushup
position, stand up straight, bringing your arms above your head, and jump

Plank: begin in a pushup position with your hand and toes firmly planted on the
ground, your back straight, take deep and controlled breaths while maintainign
tension throughout you entire body
 Three purposes
- Be brief: 2-3 mins, if the speaker is well-known
- Make sure your remarks are completely accurate
- Adapt your remarks to the occasion
- Adapt remark to the main speaker: don’t shower the speaker with excessive
praise, not reveal embarrasing details of their personal life
- Adapt remarks to the audience: highlight audience’s achievement and relevant
to the topic
- Try to create a sense of anticipation and drama
- Speeches of presentation
- Two matters in a speech: the audience is not familiar with the award explain
it briefly
- Tips for speech: be prepared, highlight achievements or qualities, use positive
language, end on a high note
- Speech of acceptance: Know your audience, keep it concise and focused,
practice, be authetic and sincere, acknowledge and thanks offers
- Commemorative speeches: speeches of praise or celebration, with the aim in
such speeches is to pay tribute to others  arouse and hieghten their
appreciation or admiration for the person, ideas.