INDEPENDENT CHALLENGE First, imagine a situation in which you run into an old friend of ‘yours, and then prepare a short conversation with him or hen Focus on the greetings that you've learned in this lesson, and see ifyou can use the dialogue as a model to ask about friends, family, and so on, Donte afraid to use the glossary a diction, ary, or an online reference, such as wwvwshabdkosh com, for help, OF course, you're not quite able to string together many sentences vet, but that's okay: Just explore new words. Another great resource that you should know about as a stt- dent of Hindi is wwew.avashy.conyhindiscripttutoratsn, This is ‘site developed for the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London. It will help you learn Devanagari through tutorials and tests, and it will also show you how to vwtite each letter Use this exercise to start your Hindi journal, which ean even be a separate section of your notebook, Write down all the ‘words and phrases that you use, and keep this journal as a place to record new vocabulary and phrases that you find. For example, you could add a certain niimber of Hindi words to your joumnal every day, write a few sentences ahout your life, ‘or even jot down some vocabulary vou learned at the local Ine dian restaurant, If you record all of this in your journal, you'll be surprised how useful a language learning too! it becomes! LESSON aw oRae ast 2) | Have a Big Family. mera parivar bara hai this eson, oul stn in am x conversation abot fais pull gora picture ofa piel Tada fay and learn plenty afc veers. You earn the pl of nouns, possessive pronouns, andthe rb ove” Youll learn bow to use jective: But ist let'start wih vocabulary warm-up 2A, VOCABULARY WARM-UP wah? ‘kaun-kaun? Who all? ART we Mg B] mera ck bhai hai. Thave a brother. area ¥ vastay me really ‘ore (wet) ‘katt (bad) quite (big) aie ae aur kot anybody else free bial sure, of course Ta antadal ee ces retire m., maiti-pit parents (“mother- father,” formal) at a oelte i rie ee ie el ten Ne ea een te eiteral Ee oN cee pation od eee ee 1 wok 9 6 BE ohh & ee 7 aa 8 3 ft un 2 8 mah s 40OR ce & o WM nm € 5 Wim ple & 10 8H das 90Savita and Rakesh are newcomers in a Delhi college, After a brief introduction, they start talking about thei families, Hindi ‘afte: rear wba, an qrerer oRtare fa) 8? Saviti: accht Rakes, kya tumhira pavivar ditt ms hai? WSR a, Wr wha wis Fe Rakes: nab, mera parivae giv me ha ‘after often t wtaata #7 ‘Savitl: parivar me kaun-Kaun hat? arden ay uftare wer #1 a gt ang ste ata wed 2 ate oar of) ‘merd parivar bari hal. mene do Bhat aur tn Pahane ha aur mba BA ha ‘after area qrerer ofa erat wer 8 ear vuftare # atte whe +f a? Savita: vastay me tumbr3 parva katt bar ha. ky Dasivir mé aur kot bhi hai? weber Merge, Harmen fh By ata ay arar—ard) af ote ar at az sty ar AAT ate Ger Perl mse # ‘Rakes: bitkul, mere dds-dic DOT hal. gv mé mere cic-cict bi ha aur unke do bete aur ek bet ha ur tumbte ktne bhi-bahan har? ar: er aftare ot wher 21 er Rig ger am 2 ate aay 8, eld aes sf Saviti: mer parivartochots hai, mer sirfek baat hai ue mi-bap he, ko bahan nah hai wee: A al ute we € ote ww asa wid) & te et wet Rakes: mere do chofe bhi haf aur ek bahnan eof hat aur do bart. ‘wftar omen, al gH wat a2 el? Savill: acche, totum sabse bare ho? wee: of, ford wer @ we a asl wh 8s ‘Rakes: hi, main sabse bor bhat hi, par do bahné bay? hak Ra Aer ang wer &, ae anh eRe A 81 mes ba choy ha, vo abi ktm sraea #9 afar baa ata te eee afi [akes: gjkal bare parivarkoval gv mba, Sahar me nal Savita: Well Rakesh, is your family in Delhi? Rakesh No, my family si the village Who's in your family? CWho do you have in the family?) Rakesh: 1 have a big family 1 have two brothers and three sisters, and my pares, oo. Savltaz You really do have quite a big family. Ts there anyone else in your family? Do you have anybody else inthe Faily2") Rakesh: Sore, I have grandparents, t00. My pel and aunt are als in the lage ‘They have two sons and a daughter: How many brothers and sisters do ou have? Savita: My family is small, {jost have one brother and parents, I dont have any Rakesh: have two younger brothers, younger Sisten and fo older sisters Savita: So, you're the oldest one? Rakesh: Yes, I'm the oldest brother, but I have lwo alder sisters Savita: My brother is younger: He's in school, Rakesh: These days big families are only in villages, not in cities. 2C, VOCABULARY ‘feat? ‘uftare m. ‘ata m. {esson2 itne? How many? parivar family aly village “oy Bing seatmd WU 1g 189 Mya De Ajuey Hg e are 1‘a ahr awn who aI bara big, older vier choy small, younger ‘ag m. bhai ‘brother were, bbahan sister vert tumbara your ar ‘ert my ae kor somebody re / dae sie /keval only wad aT sabse bard the oldest We pie but aH om. skal school meen, Sohar city ‘term. beta son ae, bet daxighier arar—arh im. caci-eaet 2D, KEY PHRASES ARE uRare agr # ‘mes parr bait i ART ww ng 8) ‘mera ek bhai, wud al ag &) use do bh ha. want ww aga ty) ‘hamart ek bahaa hai, AR ahd nf—aea at 2) mere koT hat-bahan na ht wre FST kar hors atte eh aur kahit site 1S aur kat Fr bitkut Hindi uncle andl aunt ‘on father’s side Thave a big fay. Thave one brothen. He has n90 brothers. We havea sister I don’t have any brothers or sisters quite big, big enough anywhere else anybody else sure, of course ‘wa YR subse senda the most beautifid Wa Gl sahse bard the biggest / the oldest ‘welweT? abi kab? Where all?/ Where exactly? reT-eTEl m.daedadr paternal grandparents ‘arar—arel m,cactctet ——_patemal aunt and cle Ths fein are ery oat ta op fn rad et think Ing about this new vocabulary. When the Interrogaive word is reat eye ges exten croplaa 6 te question 95, Bircats tauriam means ‘wtho ll” oF “who exactly” and 28 pe ka abl means “where allexacly” Answers to ques- tins th doubled nterroeatieescnualy reales alle mare information. YE kor means “somebody” or “anybody.” It can also be used ax an acjective—for-exanple, STE ‘OT bot kim (some job” or “any job") and BIE AFT kot larka (’some boy" o "any boy’. IY kak appears ia a negative sentence, it means “nobody*—for example, aT GY. ab i a tai (here is nobody there) and #@f ISS TET @ val kt Ink ta a (here is no bey there). 2M aur means “and,” but in combination with other wordy takes on a aig diferent ‘meaning—for example, S31 aur kot (anybody else) and Se 2 suka (anywhere ese), Wit inerrogative, Maur has similar meaning’ M7@-@ aorkaun (who else) and AN eT aur Kah Gvhere ele), 2E, CULTURE NOTE 1 eee eet ee eee eae ee eee ten rae it's elpal to know a fee Important terms that are used alk eet ice ee eee Ata bol (pe spent) is used forthe standard Hind language The term 1g eat hindustint (Hindustani) is used for the every- day languages which s actualy a mixture of Mind and 3 wo eee eer ec 1 lage ee elit tae eA cbc Urdu, sich is spoken predonsinatly in Muslim Paki, has eee eee eee eee eer ee ee ered ae tele ‘Ure and Hind, a you know, is writen in Devanagar. Hind nd Urdu are so smilr that, wales Arabic, Posi, or Sans Toanwords are intentionally wed, the two langages are com- pletely mutually inteligble. lesson z wy viog swsued wow |g Be MEyA Lae sueyAlthough both television and the movie industry have made stan dard Hindi popular throughout the Hindi speaking area, there are till many dialeets of Hindi spoken in differen. parts of Tn Listed below are the five main groups of dialects = afeaah ata pesinr totsf (Western dialects), including FPA babies, A-eeA bul, and BHRATAY haya = AT aHraf por tots (Easter dialects), including rae avai and ARTE chats + STORCH just (Rajasthani dialects), including ureaT nara and FAT) mean i819 paar (Mountain dle. inclading PEAT xv and AMA humaya fran sina Ghar dalet), including ISIE binpart and ‘ere mai 4 ms If you're going to travel through India, it's important to know that these dialects are very different from one another and ave, in fact, not mutually intelligible. However, standard. Hindi Which is taught in this course, is known by everyone in the Hin, di-speaking region, 2F. GRAMMAR )- Plurals ‘The endings for plural nouns vary depending on the gender of that noun. Let's start with masculine nouns, Masculine nouns ‘ending in ~8if~& change to We et besa (Son) ‘SAT larks (boy) 2 bate (sons) ‘ASS laske (boys) All other masculine nouns—those that end in consonants ot other vowels—remain the same in the plural: “BRT dost (Iriendifriends) ‘IBY Sahar (city/cities) ‘Some masculine nouns ending in -81T-& are actually Sanskrit loanwords, and they remain the same in the plural, Of course, you won't recognize these at first, but you'll get a better sense of them as you learn more Hindi. Also, nouns ending in 81-4 and {ndicating familial relations remain the same in the plural hind TomTaa kingykings) PAT clea (uncle/uncles) Now let's take alookat mining nouns. Feminine nouns ending sn-¥ and + change total iy in the paral. Keepin mind that the long - 1 gets shortened to -8-i in the plural, and don't forget that the ending is nasal ‘SfEae betiya daughters) ‘afteifnadiy& (rivers) Fei bet laughter) ed nad ver) ‘There areata few feminine nouns that end in-2-58, The — “yr of these nouns isnasalized inthe pra, becoming ay ‘Gen cia bid) faa iri birds) All other feminine nouns take the additional ending -& -¢ in the plural fa iii (books) sar phase anguages) ‘Fra Kitab (book) “TST bhisa (language) Just note that if feminine noun ends in along o, itis shortened in the plural ‘We vadha (bride) radhus (brides) 2, Adjectives Am adecive isa word that desribes a noun, uch a big” ot Aeaaiat tu Hil her are two uate Opes secures: pee eee cae a eet el eae a a eeeaeten ar aera: pee ae They avo agree in something called case, but dont worry about Margy Well ome besc es kai, avec i ong -3IT -@ in the masculine singular form are variable. For examy igoka he pier of endings on 681 ba (ig oer) and cha mal) Lesion ou wiog.araund wou |g 12> apy iG “huwes a © 92H |sme no bot oa “Re a ‘aer act ae ae ad afeal cab baretee ban beth (oderson) ler daghtes)(ldeesons) (older Sater) ‘Biel ee Bre) aah ole weg utdt afta choth abet cht ache Sahar che mdigh (salle) (sll sve)—_ (ama ites) (small iver) All other adjectives—those that end in consonants or other vow- cls—are invariable, so they remain unchanged in all forms. Ex amples of invariable adjectives are Q-a€ sundar (beautiful), 7 ‘suram (warm), and @Te al (red, sno 5-56. HP fal we we gu gee atl sundar Sahar sundarnadi —sundarSahar sundae nadia (beautify) (beautiful iver) —(hesmtiful ities) (beautiful rivers) were ea ea aa oy ae wari ‘garam des garam hava garam des gram hava (vam country) (warm wind) (sarmountries) (atm winds) There are, however, a few adjectives ending in -Afl—in the mas culine singular that are invariable. Some examples are bath (excellent), UEAT ehatiys (worthless), and HAI nds (alive) Hindi does not have special forms or the comparative (bigges) and superlative (bigges, but it does have ways ta express the Concepts. ck, they are not very complicated, so'you can ican them ht au An adeeb on cance ‘comparative meaning, depending on eontexe For example, the adjective BIET cha can mean ‘small and “smaller” Compare these two sentences, paving careful attention to the word order in ind! ing eran wp wher wee B]—_Ramnagar isa small city ramnagae ek ehota Sahar ha wer feel & Bter 21 unnagar dil se chot hai Rammagaris smaller than Delhi. ("Raamagar Dethi- ‘han small is") Asyou can see, the postposition Ws, which you learned in Les fon can be iranslated into English as “than"The word order is-fiat noun 4 second noun + te + adjective + verb, Another tay 0 mabe a comparison ig woo an exten inveriable des tive, such as SUT 3800 or RE adh (more. Again, note the sword order. afar yen & sere Sita is taller than Radha. cad) &1 si Raha se (Sita Radha-than more ya amb a tall") fect rag @ yarat Delhi is more beautiful than Yak EL diwmbatse ——Muombat. (“Delhi Murnbai- ‘988 sndar bs. thare neore beautfl i.°) A third way 10 make a comparison is 1o use the invariable adjec- tive {HH kam (less), This makes a negative comparative, as the ‘word "Tess" suggests Reo grag don Delhi is tess beauutiful than Bax BI dil mumbarse Mumbai. (Delhi ‘kam sundar ba Mumbai-thar less beautiful is.") ‘The superlative is formed with the word Wal sabse, which literally means “than all." Take a look at the following ex: amples, as usual paying careful attention to word order ort wad arar @1 Sanjay is the tallest. sanjay sabe lamba ha (Sanjay thareall tal is.) Pere TNT A GYRE Kerala is he most beautiful ‘ro VI herald bhirat me ‘state in India. (“Kerala India- sabe sundar ya hi inthancall beautiful state is.") Lesson 2 vou eq esr Bir 9 Hm aR 2+ 3. Possessives The possessives in Hindi are like adjectives because they vary ac cording tothe gender and the number of the noun they describe. You've already seen Meters ny) and TT pk (Sou) in Lew son 1, and now you'll learn all the others, Let's start, though, with FRAT kis Gvhose), because it shows the relevant end ings. Notice that these are the same endings as the ones you learned for variable adjectives, 2 sins. sn. MPL a Reet fea frat era isk ist kiske sat forer@t eI? kiska bela? Whose son? Pare BA? ski be? Whose daughier? fom 42? kiske tec? Whose sons? rowel AAT? Kista? — Whose daughers? And here are all the possessives. The subject pronoun that each possessive is associated with is also given, Keep in mind that gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) refer o the person or thing possessed, not to the possessor. So, ifyou're a woman, you'd use the masculine plural possessive your possessions are masculine plural M.SING, FING. Mm RPL Harmen Hime mere A met G(you) aa When Were Alter aE v0 FeO ska THA usk HS uske GT he, she, it) uskt ‘eyah —geTwTiska-GATAskT GB iske | AD (he, she, i) kt ethan eT en) vend (we) hhamara—hamart ‘hamaet Tum grrr rere vee ou) umbact—— cumba ‘umhi Pirate aire ro omep — arewr ames) rh arct (you) aka apie ike ipl Avelthey) SeTunka SrPunki TAG unke Trblunki Aye (they) THT inka PTaVinks GTB nko ETA ink ‘Asyou sw in Lesson 1, thre are two forms of third-person sb Jeet pronouns: ft ve and M8 yb (he, se and it) and 8 ve and ‘Fee the) Again, te diference is proumity othe speaker 1 ahand 9 yeare used when the subect is nearby, and 48 vo and ie are used when the subject is farther away. Similar the possessive pronouns make this distinction, 20 GST wk tse and SH wkt mean hin” “het” or "ts" for sgmeone or Something that is farther away, and HO isk, $e ike, and iit mean “his” cher of ls” for someone or something thats nearby the umes true withthe paral Teak TS une, ond S-TV unk, which mean “thet foc shove who ae ar ther awa, and $46 ink, $4 ike, and $18 nl, which mean “their for those who are nearby AM ae Grae BL My sister is beautiful. ‘net bahan sundae a ‘senor afar war th is jan és big. ska piv ba a we 22 eae TB (Our sons are at school. Tama bc cE a ager Para for we 1 thas kth mez par ba wre rat Rat 31 ‘unk haga ind ha Your book is on the table. Their language is Hindi ‘There is another possessive pronoun, SAT apaa / aTAY apat / HE apne / SUP apni, which is called the reflexive possessive ‘There is no precise English equivalent, but it can mean “my own,” *her avin,” and so forth, depending on the subject of the sentence. This special possessive is used when a noun belongs 10 the subject of the sentence, Compare the fllowing examples. In the (a) examples, the subject and the possessor are the same, 80 the reflexive possessive is used. lesson2 z ? iFy a # any # am in my (om a Moreh get gi (ovnd shop. b. 8 a8 gore hey are in my ‘ve mer] dukiin mé at. “ a, az 648 gH we YE] Hes in his class vo apn aks mi hal ob oe parr By Wear inks cia ‘ham uskt kaks& me CS 4 Expressing “Have™ with Family Members Hindi does norhave an equivalent ofthe verb to have, so tases diferent types of constructions to express posses os ous sip: For ratonship ems Hind cee poses which ‘enn vary dopendigg onthe gender ofthe posesed along ih the verb SY hont il ad # ha) So the possesive nT have a sit’ feminine, regardless of what the gender ofthe spooky is. Here are a few examples: kaa pan a8 ve aes 81 red ek behan ha Thave a sister We have alone brother. He has two brothers. 2G. READING Now practice reading the following text. Y ing text. You might find a few words that are unfamiliar to you, but the translation will help. See how well you can read the Devanagari without the aid of the transliteration. Take it line by line, and don't worry if you' ‘quite an experi yet! ak wa 2 ‘aeftoal eye F 1 ere fare Y al 2 | A wetter leh site werer Rare A i-f 2 eran esl ae sae arai—ftat ata sn ha, par unke doa. K& pagost acche parosi hat aur aeche dost bhi This is the Foshi family. In the Joshi family, there's Mr Satish Joshi, his wife, Mrs. Kamla Joshi, and their two girls, Vimla ‘and Radha, They don't have a son. Both Vimla and Radha tare in school. Radha is older than Vimla, Mr. Satish Joshi ‘and his family are in Delhi, but his parents are in the village. They have land and a farm there. His neighbors in Delhi are ‘Mr. Pant and his family. Both families are good neighbors, ‘and they ave good friends, 100. 2H, CULTURE NOTE 2 ‘Traditional Indian families are usually big, and very often three generations live together under the same roof. This isnot always the case, of course, Modern families in India vend to be smalle with fewer children, Stil, itis typical for older people to liv ‘with their adult children snd their families, rather than om their ‘own or In assisted living communities, “The Hindi language has a very rich vocabulary for relationship terms. There is a whole range of terms 10 specify the precise familial relation a person has to a speaker. For example, Hindi differentiates between the maternal uncle, FAT mand, and the paternal uncle, aA cied. There are even different terms for the father’s older brother, Th a0, and his younger brother, AVall ech. The terms for nephews and nieces brother's children are Welott—wfto bhajs-sat, tor's children are STMT bhijacbhip. Similarly, the father's sister is 9 bua, and the mother's sister is MTA mous. Mater nal grandparents ate called “W4I-AT#Yndnd-nant, and paternal ‘grandparents are @Tal—aTe} daca-daa, India has 3 long tradition of big families. A joint family, as itis called in Tndian society, can even consist of more than fifteen ‘members, Often, three and sometimes even four generations live tunder the same roof. Usually, in such families, parents live with their sons and unmarried daughters. If the sons are married, their family and their children also live with the grandparents. Such big families are typical of rural India, The main reason behind such large joint families is agriculture. To keep the age cultural land together, rather than divided among the brothers, lesson 2 es ia aH | 2 ibe ny vey weg mpased grow 7all the members of the family live together as one unit, ‘This tradition is slowly dying out as more and more people look toward the cities and adopt more urban lifestyles. In fact, such families have become a rarity in modern wrban Indian soci- ty In urban centers, a family usually consists of three or four people—the parents and one or two children, The population explosion in India sine the 1980s has alarmed policy makers, wh bave begun to consider salgiest-contal Population growih, In the 1570s for example, sete sponsored Information programe were launched to educate peor sbost thebenelits ofa small family. Slogans such as @Yet Wares ho paisa parr (all fanalyhappy fay) and 84 @I—BaTe el ham do—hamae do (the two of us out Iwo) besaine very popular Aste result ofouch messages eile thecltleshave change, end te educated sector athe population has slated having smaller filles, Regardless, Indl ha the second largest population in the word wth about 1 bilion ‘nhabitans The only county sith a larger population i Chie Which has about 1.3 billion fahabtants an the next closest i the United Stats, with (a mer) 300 milion inhabitants Yous tea ure nfo cn te nan rly yes vce tate trwsndlanchid.comindian family structure lim, exERaISES Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the adjective provided sear Ger @Q__ané 8? GS) kyammhare do ha hat ars) bose viet aaq aga 81 (ze) uskr chow bahan ‘bahut____hai, (sunday carrer Ref eee Y__uRRare € 1 (ote) sjkal sie Saharm&___parivar hal (ehoia) aren ig Rare wed AD) mers ba parvae mbsubse hai. lamb) ese, war qa afar @__ #1? 4S) moan, yg tm stse_ ho? (bag) fear amet erefeal__#? ora xya spk rs a? (ace Hing 2, Change the number of the underlined word or phrase in each sentence. Ifyou see a singular, make it plural. you see « plural, make it singular. And don't forget to change the verb, to. oar et east A #1 mort bos skol me hai b, ora at ergfbaf 1 unk do lkiy hat 8 -mee Agr Ge TE #1 bao saa aut sundae ma a a. 997 Pa 1 mee park ect 9 Baa As oRRare & giv me kev un paivacba Choose the carect possessive from the options given a am tie ¢1 (sae, wad, saa) tam Rae Ta (kd, uke, ust) b,__ at arg 1 (ome, RB, wea) _ doo hana mere, ws) em me Pra 2? (qrare, EA, STAI joa yah iia a? Gumi, haa, 39k) 4.6 east 1 (Gra, AR, aE yah_ sha at unk, ce, fae) c. wRare a) gefoal &) (om, anor, saa porivarme "db lghiy ha. (amare, pk unk) fader ea T wad oor t1 et, sre, eA) Pera skal me sabse acc hai. (mer, unkr, tmbre) wt Tvanslate the following sentences into Hindi. «4. Delhi is a beautiful city b, Asia is bigger than Europe. «, We don't have a sister 4, How many brothers and sisters do you have? fe, My brothers are very tall ANSWER KEY Exercise 1: a a@ bare; b. eae sundar; ¢. BYE chote; d. wat Jamba; ¢. #@ bare; f. aes ae Bnercise 2: 82 eas A B | merebye skol me ut b. eA age By unkiek laki hai. c. wel gee rae ard {bard Sahar bahut sundat nah hai. day We ®i mez at Mabe hate. fa 4 aba eee Rare @ va me teal ek paiva ha lesson? so wlvg stayed wiow |g 18> albyjh ie Kqued Be © 900K |3° Exercise 3: a Garr uski;b. AY mere: ©. GET tuk hamara;e. Stat unk, f, ART mera b Exercise 4: feof gy Yee Tew él ek sandr shar ta ae ah ap yon a cm er ene eas eee Z fine BEnkan at mere ha bat lambe ha. ape! indi INDEPENDENT CHALLENGE Prepare a conversation with a new friend. Tel him or her about your family, and ask about his or her family: You can also ex- [pand the conversation by including uncles, aunts, and so forth. Use the words you have learned in this lesson and the previous lesson. Don't forget the special construction to express “have” ‘with family relationship terms. And, of course, record your ‘work and any new words you find in your journal lesson wy bing wauvd Bow |g 18k BEAR BR Key Big e sary |