Chapter 3 Chemical Formulae and Equations Activity 3.1 2 To determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide Aim: To determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide ‘Materials: 1¢ em magnesium ribbon and sandpaper Apparatus: Crucibie with lid, tongs, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, pipe-clay triangle and electronic balance. Procedure: 1. Accracible and its lid are weighed. 2. A 10 cm length of magnesium ribbon is cleaned with sandpaper to remove the oxide layer on its surface. 3. The ribbon is coiled loosely and is placed in the crucible. The crucible with its lid and content are weighed 4, The apparatus is set up as shown in fig ire below. >. The crucible is heated strongly without its lid. 3. When the magnesium starts to burn, the crucible is covered with its lid. 7. Using a pair of tongs, the lid is carefully raised a little at intervals. 8. When the buming is complete, the lid is removed and the crucible is heated strongly for 1 to 2 minutes. ¥. The crucible with its lid still on is allowed to coo! to room temperature. 10. The erucible with its lid and content are weighed again. 11. The processes of heating, cooling and weighing are repeated until a constant mass obtained is recorded. «8 Crucible T ‘Magnesium coil t Pipe-clay Heat triangle Figure Determining the empirical formula of magnesium oxide Resuits: Description ‘Mass (g) Crucible + lid Crucible + lid + magnesium Crucible + lid + magnesium oxide Magnesium ‘OxygenCalculation: Relative atomic mass: © = 16, Mg = 24] Element ‘Magnesium, Mg Oxygen, O Mass(g) Number of moles of atoms ‘Simplest ratio of moles Based on the calculation, __moles of magnesium atoms combine with __moles of oxygen atoms. Therefore, the empirical formula of magnesium oxide is iscussion: 1. The purpose of rubbing the magnesium ribbon with a sand paper before using it is to remove the oxide layer on the surface of magnesium ribbon. 2. Magnesium reacts with oxygen in the air to form white fumes, magnesium oxide. Magnesium + Oxygen —> magnesium oxide Below are the precautions taken in this activity: (a) The lid is removed at intervals to allow oxygen to enter the crucible and react with magnesium. (b) The crucible is then quickly covered with its lid to prevent the white fumes of magnesium oxide from escaping. This would affect the accuracy the mass obtained. (©) Heating, cooling and weighing are repeated until a constant mass is obtained to ensure that the magnesium ribbon reacts completely to form magnesium oxide. 4, The method can also be used to determine the empirical formulae of oxides of other high reactivity metals such as calcium oxide, aluminium oxide and zine oxide. 5. Ifthe white fumes are released into the environment, the results obtained is not accurate and could affect the determination of the empirical formula. 6. Failure to properly react all the magnesium with oxygen is the possible source of error. Possible improvements that could be made for subse juent experiment by reacting magnesium in a pure oxygen environment, Conclusion: ‘The empirical formula of magnesium oxide isExperiment 4.1 Reaction of Group 1 metals with -vater Aim: To investigate the chemical properties of Group | metals in their reactions with water. Problem Statement: What are the chemical properties of Group | elements, when they react with water? ‘Materials: Small pieces of lithium, sodium and potassium, distilled water, red litmus paper and filter paper Apparatus: Basin, small knife and foreeps Hypothesis: Going down the group, the reactivity of alkali metals with water will increase. Variables: (a) Manipulated: Type of alkali metal (b) Responding: Reactivity of alkali metal with water (c) Fixed: Size of alkali metal Procedures: 1. A-small piece of lithium is cut out using a knife. 2. The oil on the surface of lithium is removed by rolling it on a piece of filter paper. 3. The lithium is then placed slowly onto the water surface in a basin with the help of forceps. 4. All changes that occur are recorded 5. When the reaction stops, the solution formed is tested with a piece of red litmus paper. 6. Step | to 5 are repeated using sodium and potassium respectively to replace lithium. Observa 3 Alkali metal Observ: ‘Lithium Lithium moves slowly on the water surface with a soft ‘hiss’ sound. A colourless solution that turns red litmus paper blue is formed. Sodium — | Sodium melts to become a small sphere, moves rapidly and randomly on the water surface with a ‘hiss’ sound. A colourless solution that turns red litmus paper bine is formed. Potassium | Potassium melts to become a small sphere, burns with a lilae flame, moves very rapidly and randomly on the water surface with ‘hiss’ and ‘pop’ sounds. A. colourless solution that turns red litmus paper blue is formed. Discussion: 1. The alkali metals fizz and push around on the water surface like a hovercraft due to the liberation of hydrogen gas as they reaet with water. Lithium, sodium and potassium react with water to produce a colourless was ‘hissing’ sound) and an alkaline solution (metal hydroxide) that turns red litmus paper blue. Hence, lithium, sodium and potassium exhibit similar chemical properties. 3. The observations also show that the reactivity of the alkali metals in their reactions with water increases from lithium > sodium > potassium. 4, Alkali metals react with water to produce a metal hydroxide sotution (an alkaline sotution) and hydrogen gas. 2Li (s) + 2H2O (1) > 2LiOH (aq) + Ha (g) 2Na (s) + 2H20 (1) > 2NaOH (aq) + Eh (g) 2K (8) + 2H.0 (1) > 2KOH (aq) ~ He (g) Conelusion: The alkali metals exhibit similar chemical properties in their reactions with water. The reactivity of alkali metals increases down Group 1 3Experiment 5.1 Properties of ionic and covalent compounds Aim: To compare the solubility of ionic and covalent compounds in water and organic solvents. Problem statement: What are the difference in solubility of ionic and covalent compounds in water and organic solvent? ‘Materials: Magnesium chloride erystals, diethyl ether, cyclohexane and distilled water. Apparatus: Dropper, spatula, 10 em? measuring eylinder and test tubes. Hypothesis: Ionic compounds soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvent while covalent compounds soluble in organie solvent but insoluble in water. Variable (a) Manipulated: Type of solute. (b) Responding: Solubility of ionic or covalent compound. (c) Fixed: Volume of water, volume of cyclohexane, temperature of solvent Procedures: 1A quarter spatula of magnesium chloride crystals are placed in a test tube. 5 cam? of distilled water is added to the test tube. 3. The mixture in the test tube is shaken well. 4. All the changes are recorded. 5. Steps | to 4 are repeated using liquid eyclohexane to replace distilled water. 6. Steps 1 to S are repeated using 5 em’ of diethyl ether to replace the magnesium chloride crystals. Results: Solubility in water and organic solvents Substance Observation Inferences Solubility in water Solubility in cyclohexane Magnesium chloride | The white solid The white solid does | Magnesium chloride dissolves in water to | not dissolve in is soluble in water but form a colourless cyclohexane. insoluble in solution, cyclohexane. Diethyl ether Two layers of The colourless liquid | Diethyl ether is colourless liquids are | dissolves in insoluble in water but formed. eyleohexane to form | soluble in colourless solution. | eyelohexane.Discussion: 1. Magnesium chloride, as an ionic compound, is © soluble in water, but ‘* insoluble in cyclohexane (organic solvent) 2. Diethyl ether, as a covalent compound, is * insoluble in water, but # soluble in cyclohexane (organic solvent) Conclusion: Ionic compounds are usually soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents while covalent compounds are usually insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.Experiment 6.3 Relationship between pH and molarity of acid Aim: To investigate the relationship between the concentration of hydrogen ions, H* and pH value of acid. Problem statement: What is the relationship between pH values and the molarity of an acid? ‘Hypothesis: The higher the concentration of hydrogen ion, H’, the lower the pH value of the acid Variables: (a) Manipulated variable: Concentration of hydrogen ions, H~ (b) Responding variable: pH values (c) Controlled variable: Type of acid Materials: Hydrochloric acid with concentrations of 0.1 mol dm, 0.01 mol dm? and 0,001 mol duv* Apparatus: 100 em? beaker, 50 em? of measuring cylinder and pH meter Procedure 1. 20cm? of hydrochloric acid, HC! of different concentrations is poured into three beakers 2. The pH value of each hydrochloric acid, HCI is measured with the pH meter. 3. The readings are recorded in table below. Results: Concentration of hydrochloric acid, HCI (mol dm*) OL 0.01 0.001 ‘Concentration of hydrogen ions, H~ (mold mr) OL 0.01 0.001 pH 1 2 3 Discussion: 1. Molatity measures the number of moles of acid in 1 dm of solution. 2. When an acidic solution is diluted, concentration of hydrogen ions, H” decreases, pH increases and the degree of acidity of the aqueous solution decreases, Based on table above, increasing the molarity of an acid decreases its pH value. Reason: Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. When the molarity of hydrochloric acid increases, + the number of moles of hydrochloric acid dissolved in 1 dm’ of solution increases + more hydrochloric acid molecules ionize to hydrogen ions + the concentration of hydrogen ions also increases + the pH value decreases Hence, increasing the molarity of an acid will decrease its pH value. 4. When the concentration of hydrogen ions, H™ increases, pH value decreases and the acidity of the aqueous solution increases. Conclusion: The higher the concentration of hydrogen ion, H”, the lower the pH value of the acid. The hypothesis can be aceepted.Activity 6.4 To study the chemicai reactions of acids with metals Alm: To study the chemical reactions of acids with metals. ‘Materials: 2.0 mol dm? hydrochloric acid, 2.0 mol dar” ethanoie acid, magnesium powder Apparatus: Test tubes, spatula, test tube holder, Bunsen bumer, stopper, evaporating dish, filter funnel, filter paper and wooden splint. Procedure: 1. About 5 cm’ of dilute hydrochloric acid is poured into a test tube. One spatulaful of magnesium powder is added to the acid. A lighted wooden splint is brought to the mouth of the test tube to ignite the gas liberated. All observations are recorded. The unreacted magnesium is filtered out. The filtered is evaporated until one-third of the original volume remains. The hot solution is allowed to cool for crystals to form. The crystals formed are removed by filtration and dried by pressing the crystals between sheets of filter paper 9. The features of the erystals are noted and recorded, 10, Steps | to 9 are repeated using dilute ethanoic acid to replace dilute hydrochloric acid. 2 aawE Observations: Acid Observation Hydrochloric acid | The grey solid dissolves to form a colourless solution. A colourless gas that bums with a ‘pop’ sound is produced. White crystals are obtained, Ethanoie acid | The grey solid dissolves to form a colourless solution. A colourless gas that bums with a ‘pop’ sound is produced, White crystals are obtained. Discussion: 1. Magnesium is a reactive metal. 2. Reactive metals react with acids to form salts and hydrogen. Unreactive metals such as copper and silver do not react with dilute acids. 2 HCI (aq) + Mg (8) > MgCl (aq) + He (2) 2. CHsCOOH (aq) +Mg (8) + Mg(CHsCOO) (aq) + He (2) 3. The hydrogen gas liberated can be identified using a lighted wooden splint. Hydrogen gas burns with a ‘pop’ sound. 4. The white erystals are magnesium chloride and magnesium ethanoate, They dissolve in water to form colourless solutions. ‘Conclusion: An acid reacts with a reactive metal to produce a salt and hydrogen gas.Activity 6.7: Preparation of Stock Solution and Standard Solution Preparation of Stock solution Aim: To prepare a 100 cm’ of 1.0 mol dm* of sodium hydroxide solution ‘Materials: Distilled water and solid sodium hydroxide ‘Apparatu: lectronic balance, filter funnel, 250 cm* volumetric flask, dropper, wash bottle, 250 em’ beaker and glass rod. Procedure: 1 Bey ay 10, ‘The mass of solid sodium hydroxide is determined needed using the formula, n = 2. The mass of solid sodium hydroxide is weighed by using electronic balance and a beaker. 10 cm? of distilled water is added into the beaker. The mixture is stirred with a glass rod until all the solid sodium hydroxide is completely dissolved in the distilled water. The sodium hydroxide solution is transferred into a 100 cm? volumetric flask via a filter funnel. ‘The beaker is rinsed with distilled water and measured all the remaining solution is transferred into the volumetric flask. The filter funnel is rinsed with a little distilled water and transferred into the volumetric flask. The filter funnel is removed. Distilled water is added until it approaches the calibration mark on the volumetric flask. Distilled water is added slowly by using dropper until the meniscus level is aligned exactly on the calibration mark of the volumetric flask. The volumetric flask is closed using a stopper. The volumetric flask is shake well by inverting several times until the solution is homogenous. \ / 5 oid sum (Bz @) tose pistitea Sodium hydroxide, NaOH Glass rod ¢ De Fier fel (Bay stirs Caltration <5, Volumetne soar Hoes Ge (a) Add distilled water () Dissolve the solid (©) Transfer the solution into a volumetric flask os Meniscus: level of ‘mark solution (® Close the volumetri flask with __(e) Add distilled water until (@ Rinse the filter funnel with a stopper before shaking calibration mark distilled waterActivity 6.8 Preparation of standard solution using dilution method from stock solution) Aim: To prepare a 100 em* of 0.1 mol di’ of sodium hydroxide solution ‘Materials: Distilled water and 1.0 mol dm? sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH from activity 6.7. Apparatus: 100 em® volumetric flask, dropper, filter funnel, pipette, wash bottle, pipette filler and 100 em? beaker. Procedure: \ Pipette [— Stock solution Calibration ‘Volumetric- mark D> ani k= (@) Pour stock solution from () Take out calculated volume of | (¢) Transfer 7, cm of solution Activity 6.7 into a beaker solution, ¥, cm* with a pipette into a volumetric flask ‘Stopper—p | (D Close the volumetric flask and shake (e) Add distilled water slowly (@ Add distilled water until the ‘well by inverting it several times ‘with a dropper solution level approaches the “until the sofution is homogenous calibration mark 1. The volume,V;, of 1 mol dm? sodium hydroxide solution is calculated by using: MV: =M:V2 2. Vj of | mol dir® sodium hydroxide solution is taken out with a pipette and transferred into 100 cm? volumetric flask. Distilled water is added slowly by using dropper until the meniscus level is aligned exactly on the calibration mark of the volumetric flask. 4, The volumetric flask is closed using a stopper. The volumetric flask is shake well by inverting several times until the solution is homogenous. Discussion: 1, A beaker cannot accurately measure the volume of desired standard solution. 2. A pipette has been accurately calibrated and the volume of the solution that comes out of the pipette is as shown on the pipette label. Hence, no need to remove the last drop of the solution in the pipette.Activity 6.13 The neutralization of sodium hydroxide solution with hydrochloric acid using titration method. Aim ; To determine the end point during the neutral:zation of sodiu.n hydroxide solution with hydroehloric acid using acid-base titration, ‘Materials :125ml_odium h; droxide, 125ml hydrochioric acid 6.1 mol dm’, distilled water, shenolphthalein, Apparatus: Pipette 2Sml, burette $9 ml, conical flask 100ml, barette clamp, retort stand, 2 beaker 100 ml, dropper, pipette filler Procedure: Sia es peer ae i [cede ieee, suc Soden /Nibtisdacon Lyons * plempkin 1, A clean burette was rinsed with a small amount of 0.1 mol day? hydrochloric acid, HCL. 2. The burette was clamped on a retort stand 3. The burette was filled with 0.1 mol dm’ hydrochloric acid. The meniscus level of the acid was adjusted to a reading at ‘0° or slightly below dhe “0° metk 4, The initial burette reading is recorded. 5. 25.0 cm’ of sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution was pipetted into a conical flask, 6. Two drops of phenolphtalein were added to the sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution and the solution was shaken well. 7. The conical flask with its content was placed below the burette. A piece of white tile was placed below the conical flask. 8. The hydrochloric acid, HCI was added carefully ind slowly from the burette into the conical flask. The conical flask was swirled throughout the process of titration. 9. When the colour of mixture tumed paler, the hydrochloric acid, HCI was added a drop ata time while swirling the flask. The change in colour of mixture was observed. 10, The addition of hydrochloric, HCI was stopped as soon as the solution in the conical flask tured colourless. 11, The final burette reading was recorded. 12. Steps 1 to 11 were repeated twice. The readings were tabulated 10Data and Obsavation: Titration I 1 Ir Final burette reading (cm) Thitial burette reading (cm) Volume of HCI needed (ci?) Calculation: (Show your working steps) 1. The average volume of acid used is _ _ ‘The chemical equation for the neutralization in this reaction is __ Thus, based on the equation, mol of HCl reacts with _____mol of NaOH 3. The number of mole of HCl used in this experiment is _ . 4. Thus, the number of mole of NaOH used in this experiment is Discussion. 1, A white tile is used in this activity so that the colour change in the solution in the solution in the conical flask can be clearly observed. The burette should be washed with distilled water followed by acid to ensure that water does not dilute the acid, Similarity too, the pipette should be washed with distilled water, followed by alkali 3. The conical flask should not be washed with alkali to ensure that no alkali remains in the flask before NaOH is added 4, Operational zefinition for the end point in this activity is a point where the colour of the solution in the conical flask changes from pink to colourless when hydrochloric acid, HCI is titrated into the conical flask containing sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH. 5S. The white tile is used to enable the change in colour of the solution in the conical flask to be seen clearly. 6, There must be no bubble of air trapped in the jet ofthe burette because it will causes the reading of the volume will not accurate. Concln ‘The end point of neutralisation between an acid and an alkali can be determined by titration method, ‘The molarity of sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution in this activity is aActivity 6.20 Preparation of a soluble salt from the reaction of an acid and a metal oxide Aim: To prepare copper (II) nitrate by mixing an acid with a metal oxide. ‘Materials: 2 mol dm" nitric acid, copper (II) oxide and filter paper. Apparatus: 100 em? measuring cylinder, filter funnel, evaporating dish, Bunsen bumer, tripod stand, retort stand and clamp, beaker, glass rod, spatula and wire gauze. Procedure: 1. A measuring cylinder is used to measure 50 em? of 2 mol din? nitric acid into a beaker. The acid is carefully heated ‘A spatula is used to add copper (I1) oxide powder bit by bit with stirring to the hot acid until some of it no longer dissolves. ‘The unreacted copper (Il) oxide powder is removed by filtration. The filtrate is poured into an evaporating dish. 4. The salt solution is gently heated to evaporate the solution to one-third of its original volume to obtain a saturated solution. The hot saturated salt solution is allowed to cool for crystallization to take place. 6. The crystals formed are filtered out, washed with a little cold distilled water and dried by pressing the crystals between sheets of filter paper. Spatula Excess of copper(I) oxide, CuO 50 cu warm ofnitnic acid, HNO, Wash: bottle ‘Salt crystals Filter /, Papers Day salt crystals Figure 6.40 Apparatus set-up to obtain copper(I) nitrate crystal, Cu(NO.), 2Observations: 1 ‘The black copper (II) oxide dissolves to form a blue solution. 2. Blue crystals of the copper (I1) nitrate are obtained. Discussion: 1. Copper (I) oxide is a base and it neutralises the nitric acid according to the following equation CuO (s) + 2HNOs (ag) ———* Cu(NOs) (aq) ~ H20 () 2. Excess copper (II) oxide is used to ensure that all the nitric acid is completely reacted. 3. The acid is heated to speed up the reaction, 4. The first filtration is to remove excess copper(II) oxide. The second filtration is to obtain copper(II) nitrate crystals. 5. The reaction between nitric acid, HNO: and copper(II) oxide, CuO is a neutralization reaction because salt and water are produced. 6. Another base to replace copper (II) oxide is copper (II) hydroxide. (Cu(OH)2 (s) + 2 HNOs (ag) ———> Cu(NO3)2 (aq) = 2420 (1) 7. The copper (II) ion causes the solution to acquire a blue colour. ‘Conclusion: ‘A copper (II) salt can be prepared by an acid-base reaction, BActivity 6.24 To prepare insoluble salts by precipitation method ‘Aim: To prepare insoluble salts by precipitation method / double decomposition reaction, Materials: 0.5 mol dny* lead (I) nitrate solution, 0.5 mol dv? potassium iodide solution and filter paper. Apparatus: Beakers, filter funnel, retort stand and clamp, glass rod and 100 cm*measuring cylinder Procedure: 1, About 20 cm’ of 0.5 mol dar? lead (ID) nitrate solution is measured into a beaker. 2. About 20 cm‘ of 0.5 mol dm? potassium iodide solution is measured and mixed with the solution in the beaker. The mixture is stirred with a glass rod. 3. The precipitate formed is removed by filtration. The precipitation is then washed with distilled water and dried by pressing it between sheets of filter paper. Discussion: 1. Lead (II) iodide is a yellow insoluble solid. 2. Lead (ID) iodide is formed according to the following equation. ‘Chemical equation: Pb(NOs)> + 2KI > Pbl; + 2KNO; Tonic equation: = Pb* = + 2F > Pbb ‘The filtered lead(II) iodide salt, Pb rinsed with distilled water to remove potassium nitrate that might be struck to the surface of lead(II) iodide. 4Experiment 6.10 To identify the cations present in aqueous solutions. Aim: To identify the cations present in aqueous solutions. Problem statement: How to identify the cations present in aqueous solutions? ‘Hypothesis: Types of cations present in a solution can be identified through observations of the cation tests Variables: (a) Manipulated: Types of cations present in aqueous solutions (b) Responding: Observation made (c) Fixed: Volume of aqueous salt solution ‘Materials: | moldm? solutions of: aluminium nitrate, ammonium chloride, magnesium nitrate, calcium nitrate, lead(II) nitrate, zine nitrate, iron (I1) sulphate, iron (111) chloride, copper (I1) sulphate, 2.0 moldnr* sodium hydroxide solution, 2.0 mold ammonia solution and red litmus paper. Apparatus: Test tubes, beakers and dropper. Procedure: ‘Moist red eeeee [], litmus paper ° > drops of aqueous alkali i -No precipitate S Va = B Preciptate dissolves L) geese 2m‘ of salt solution fa -Precipitate does not [ dissolve in excess ‘aqueous alkali Figure 6.55 Steps in identifying the cations in aqueous solutions A. Using sodium hydroxide solution to test for metal cations 1, About 2 cm’ of aluminium nitrate solution is poured into a test tube. 2._A dropper is used to add sodium hydroxide solution drop by drop to the solution in the test tube. The mixture is shaken after each addition of alkali. 3. Any changes that occur are noted. 4, Ifa precipitate is produced, the addition of sodium hydroxide solution is continued until in excess The mixture is shaken well after each addition of alkali. 5. Observation on whether the precipitate dissolves in excess alkali is noted. 6. Step | to 5 are repeated using each of the cation solutions listed in table below to replace aluminium nitrate solution B. Using ammonia solution to test for metal cations L. Step I to 6 in section A are repeated using ammonia solution to replace sodium hydroxide solution. 2. The results are recorded in a table. a5‘Observations: Cation solution | Cation Observation Sodium hydroxide Ammonia solution solution ‘Aluminium nitrate | AP | White precipitate. White precipitate. Dissolves in excess alkali | Insoluble in excess alkali. to produce a colourless solution. Calcium nitrate Ca®* | White precipitate. ‘No precipitate. Insoluble in excess alkali Copper (I) sulphate | Cu™ | Blue precipitate. Blue precipitate, Insoluble in excess alkali, | Dissolves in excess alkali to produce a | dark blue solution. Iron (i) sulphate | Fe | Green precipitate. Green precipitate. Insoluble in excess alkali. Insoluble in excess alkali. Tron (II) chloride Fe™ | Brown precipitate. ‘Brown precipitate. Insoluble in excess alkali. | Insoluble in excess alkali Lead (Il nitrate Pb™ | White precipitate. White precipitate. Dissolves in excess alkali | Insoluble in excess alkali. to produce a colourless solution. ‘Magnesium nitrate | Mg™ | White precipitate. White precipitate. Insoluble in excess alkali. | Insoluble in excess alkali. Zine nitrate Zn | White precipitate. White precipitate. Dissolves in excess alkali | Dissolves in excess alkali to produce a to produce a colourless | colourless solution. solution. ‘Ammonium chloride [NH __| No precipitate. No precipitate. Discussion: 1, Sodium hydroxide solution is a strong alkali, providing a high concentration of hydroxide ions. Hence, it is able to precipitate all the metal cations used. 2. The weaker ammonia solution is unable to ionize fully to provide a high concentration of hydroxide ions needed to precipitate caleium ions. 3. Transition metal cations form coloured precipitate, whereas non-transition metal cations form white precipitate. 4, Aluminium hydroxide, lead (II) hydroxide and zinc hydroxide dissolve in excess sodium hydroxide solution due to their amphoteric property, that is, they exhibit both acidic and basic properties. 5. Copper (II) hydroxide and zine hydroxide dissolve in excess ammonia solution because they are able to form complex ions with ammonia molecules. Conclusion: ‘Most metal ions can be precipitated in the form of metal hydroxides 16Experiment 7.3 Factor of rate of reaction (Temperature) Aim: To investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction. Problem statement: How does temperature affect the rate of reaction? ‘Hypothesis: An increase in temperature will increase the rate of reaction. Variable: (a) Manipulated: Temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution (b) Responding: Rate of reaction (c) Fixed: Volume and concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution, volume and concentration of sulphuric acid, size of conical flask Materials: 0.2 mol dar* sodium thiosulphate solution, | mol dm sulphuric acid, white paper with a mark °X” at the centre. Apparatus: 150 cm* conical flasks, $0 cm’ measuring cylinder, 10 cm’ measuring cylinder, digital stopwateh ( electronically operated with an accuracy of 0.01 s), thermometer, Bunsen bumer, tripod stand, wire gauze. Procedure: [Thermometer Conical flask 50 cm? of sodium -50 cm of sodium ‘ioephate soktion aicnighrae ecleal / 5.cm of sulphuric acid vider __ —-—wite paper $0 cm? of 0.2 mol di? sodium thiosulphate solution is measured using a measuring cylinder and poured into a conical flask The temperature of this solution is measured using a thermometer. The conical flask is placed on top pf.a piece of white paper with a mark ‘X° at the centre. 3 em’ of 1 mol dmv? sulphuric acid is measured using a 10 em? measuring cylinder. The sulphuric acid is then poured quickly and carefully into the conical flask and a stopwatch is started immediately. The mixture in the conical flask is swirled a few times. The conical flask is the placed back on the white paper. The mark ‘X” is viewed vertically from the top through the solution, as shown in diagram, The stopwatch is stopped immediately once the mark *X” disappears from sight. The time t required for the mark ‘X° to disappear from sight is recorded. Steps | to 9 are repeated using 50 cm’ of 0.2 mol dm sodium thiosulphate solution at 40 °C, 45°C, 50 °C and 55 °C respectively by heating the solution as shown in diagram before 5 em? of 1 mol dav* sulphuric acid is added. All other conditions remain unchanged. RYN 2 yea s wvResults: Experiment ‘Temperature (°C) Time, t (3) T TL IIL wv Vv Interpreting data: 1. Use the data obtained to plot a graph of rate of reaction, = against temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution, NaS Based on the graph, state the relationship between rate of reaction and the temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution, NazS2Os. Discussion: 1. Tonic equation for the reaction between sodium thiosulphate solution. : and sulphuric acid, H>SO4 faq) + 2H(aq) > S(s) + $O2(g) + H:0(1) 2. In this experiment, if hydrochloric acid of the same concentration is used to replace sulphuric acid, the rate of reaction will become lower. This is because hydrochloric acid is a strong monoprotic acid whereas sulphuric acid is a strong diprotic acid. Hence, the concentration of hydrogen ions in hydrochloric acid is only half the concentration of hydrogen ions in sulphuric acid. 3. (a) From the graphs plotted, the following inference can be deduced: “Temperature increases linearly with ==." (b) Rate of reaction o> (c) Hence, rate of reaction increases linearly with temperature. 4, The temperature increases, the rate of reaction also increases. 5. The rate of reaction approximately doubles for every 10 °C rise in temperature. Conelusion: ‘When the concentration of a reactant increases, the rate of reaction also increases. Hence, the hypothesis can be accepted 18