Unit- 3

IEEE Standards and LAN

Technology

Sandeep Sahu
Assistant Professor,
VIT-Bhopal, University, Sihore
School of Computing Science & Engineering
 IEEE Standards

• IEEE 802 specifies to a group of IEEE standards.

• IEEE standards 802 are used for controlling the Local
Area Network and Metropolitan Area Network.
• The user layer in IEEE 802 is serviced by the two
layers- the data link layer and the physical layer.
Frame Format of Classic Ethernet IEEE 802.3
Frame Format of Classic Ethernet IEEE 802.3
 Frame Format of Classic Ethernet 802.3

➢ Classic Ethernet frames can be either of Ethernet (DIX) or of IEEE 802.3 standard. The
frames of the two standards are very similar except for one field. The main fields of a
frame of classic Ethernet are:
➢ Preamble − It is the starting field that provides alert and timing pulse for transmission.
In case of Ethernet (DIX) it is an 8 byte field and in case of IEEE 802.3 it is of 7 bytes.

➢ Start of Frame Delimiter (SOF) − It is a 1 byte field in an IEEE 802.3 frame that

contains an alternating pattern of ones and zeros ending with two ones.

➢ 11000011 DATA11000011

➢ Destination Address − It is a 6 byte field containing physical address of destination

stations.
Continued..

• Source Address − It is a 6 byte field containing the physical address of the

sending station.
• Type/Length − This is a 2 byte field. In case of Ethernet (DIX), the field is
type that instructs the receiver which process to give the frame to. In case of
IEEE 802.3, the field is length that stores the number of bytes in the data
field.
• Data − This is a variable sized field carries the data from the upper layers.
The maximum size of data field is 1500 bytes.
• Padding − This is added to the data to bring its length to the minimum
requirement of 46 bytes.
• CRC − CRC stands for cyclic redundancy check. It contains the error
detection information.
• The generally uses specifications of IEEE 802 are:
• IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)
The IEEE 802.3 standard determines the CSMA/CD access control protocol.
The best known scheme for controlling a local area network on a bus
structure is carrier sense multiple action with collision detection
(CSMA/CD).
• IEEE 802.4 (Token Bus)
IEEE 802.4 describes a token bus LAN standards. In token passing methods,
stations connected on a bus are arranged in a logical ring. In this method
only the station having token (token holder) is being permitted to transmit
frames.
• IEEE 802.5(Token Ring)
IEEE 802.5 describes the token ring standards. In a token ring a special bit
pattern, called the token, circulates around the ring whenever all stations are
idle. The sequence of token is determined by the physical locations of the
stations on the ring.
 Difference between IEEE 802.3, 802.4 and 802.5
S. No. IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.4 IEEE 802.5
Topology used in IEEE
Topology used in IEEE 802.3 is Bus Topology used in IEEE 802.5
1. 802.4 is Bus or Tree
Topology. is Ring Topology.
Topology.
Size of the frame Frame format in IEEE 802.5
Size of the frame format in IEEE
2. format in IEEE 802.4 standard is of the variable
802.3 standard is 1572 bytes.
standard is 8202 bytes. size.
There is no priority given in this It supports priorities to In IEEE 802.5 priorities are
3.
standard. stations. possible
Size of the data field is 0 to 1500 Size of the data field is No limit is of the size of the
4.
bytes. 0 to 8182 bytes. data field.
It can handle short It supports both short and
5. Minimum frame required is 64 bytes.
minimum frames. large frames.
Efficiency decreases when speed Throughput & Throughput & efficiency at
6. increases and throughput is affected efficiency at very high very high loads are
by the collision. loads are outstanding. outstanding.
Modems are required in Like IEEE 802.4, modems are
7. Modems are not required.
this standard. also required in it.
Protocol is extremely Protocol is moderately
8. Protocol is very simple.
complex. complex.
LAN Technologies
IEEE standard for LANs
HDLC frame compared with LLC and MAC frames
 Ethernet
● It is associated with the cables and give the specification of the cable.

● Ethernet describes a technology for cabled data networks that connect software and/or hardware
with each other.

● It is also sometimes referred to as LAN technology.

● It enables data exchanges between end devices.

● These could be computers, printers, servers, routers, or others.

● When combined into a local network, these devices establish connections via the Ethernet protocol

and can exchange data packages with one another.

● The current and most widely distributed protocol is IEEE 802.3.

 Thick Ethernet

● Thick Ethernet was the first commercially available form of cabling supported by Ethernet.

● It is technically known as 10-BASE-5.

● Here, 10 is the maximum throughput, i.e. 10 Mbps, BASE denoted use of baseband

transmission, and 5 refers to the maximum segment length of 500 metres (1,600 ft).

● This type of cabling allows 100 stations to be connected to it by vampire taps.

● The stations share a single collision domain.

contd...
 Structure of Cable

● The coaxial cable of thick Ethernet is 0.5 inches in diameter and usually has a yellow outer
PVC coating.

● The coaxial cable has a stiff inner copper conductor for transmitting signals.

● This is covered by an inner insulation.

● This insulator is encased by a closely woven braided metal outer conductor that acts as a
shield against noise.

● The outer conductor is enclosed by the yellow PVC outer coating.

 Network Design
● The thick Ethernet is deployed using bus topology.

● The 10-Base-5 co-axial cable forms the shared bus.

● Up to 100 stations may be connected to it by vampire taps through AUI

(attachment unit interface) cables.

 Thin Ethernet

● Thin Ethernet, popularly known as thinnet, is among the family of Ethernet standards that
uses thinner coaxial cable as a transmission media.
● It is technically known as 10-BASE-2.
● Here, 10 is the maximum throughput, i.e. 10 Mbps, BASE denoted use of baseband
transmission, and 2 refers to the maximum segment length of about 200 metres (precisely
185 metres).

● This type of cabling allows a maximum of 30 stations to be connected to it by BNC

connectors with 50 centimetres minimum gap between subsequent stations.

 Features of Cable and Network
The salient features of 10-BASE-2 Ethernet cabling are −
● 10-BASE-2 use RG-58 A/U coaxial cable.

● It is thinner, more flexible, more economic and easier to install than the coaxial cable used
in thick Ethernet.
● The cable has 10 Mbps transmission speed.
● The maximum segment length is 185 m and the minimum gap between stations is 50 cm.
● The maximum number of stations that can be connected is restricted to 30.
● Thinnet uses Manchester coding.
● A low-to-high transition in the middle of the bit period is encoded as binary 0 while a high-to-
low transition in the middle of the bit period is encoded as binary 1.
● It uses BNC T-connector for connecting with the stations network interface card (NIC) and
also for joining cables.
● The thin coaxial cable is terminated by a 50 ohm resistor at both the ends.
Thin Ethernet network is shown in the following diagram
 Ethernet Throughput

● Throughput of a system refers to the rate of processing of a task there by generating results.

● Ethernet is a set of technologies primarily used in LANs, whose primary data units are frames.

● The throughput of Ethernet is measured by the rate of successful delivery of frames over a
communication channel.
 Ethernet IEEE 802.3
● Ethernet is a set of technologies and protocols that are used primarily in LANs.

● It was first standardized in 1980s by IEEE 802.3 standard.

● IEEE 802.3 defines the physical layer and the medium access control (MAC) sub-layer of

the data link layer for wired Ethernet networks.

 IEEE 802.3 Popular Versions
There are a number of versions of IEEE 802.3 protocol. The most popular ones are -
IEEE 802.3: This was the original standard given for 10BASE-5. It used a thick single coaxial
cable into which a connection can be tapped by drilling into the cable to the core. Here, 10 is
the maximum throughput, i.e. 10 Mbps, BASE denoted use of baseband transmission, and 5
refers to the maximum segment length of 500m.
IEEE 802.3a: This gave the standard for thin coax (10BASE-2), which is a thinner variety
where the segments of coaxial cables are connected by BNC connectors. The 2 refers to the
maximum segment length of about 200m (185m to be precise).
IEEE 802.3i: This gave the standard for twisted pair (10BASE-T) that uses unshielded twisted
pair (UTP) copper wires as physical layer medium. The further variations were given by IEEE
802.3u for 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-T4 and 100BASE-FX.
IEEE 802.3i: This gave the standard for Ethernet over Fiber (10BASE-F) that uses fiber optic
cables as medium of transmission.
 Types of Ethernet
1. Classic/Standard Ethernet
2. Switch Ethernet
3. Fast Ethernet
4. Gigabit Ethernet
 802.3 MAC frame

Minimum: 64 bytes (512 bits)

Minimum and maximum lengths Maximum: 1518 bytes (12,144 bits)
➢ Example of an Ethernet address in hexadecimal notation

➢ The least significant bit of the first byte defines the type of
address.
➢ If the bit is 0, the address is unicast; otherwise, it is multicast.
➢ The broadcast destination address is a special case of the
multicast address in which all bits are 1s.
 Classic/Standard Ethernet
● Classic Ethernet is the original form of Ethernet used primarily in LANs.

● It provides data rates between 3 to 10 Mbps.

● It operates both in the physical layer and in the MAC sublayer of the OSI model.

● In the physical layer, the features of the cables and networks are considered.

● In MAC sublayer, the frame formats for the Ethernet data frame are laid down.

● Classic Ethernet was first standardized in 1980s as IEEE 802.3 standard.

The common varieties of classic Ethernet are -
● Thick coax (10BASE-5)
● Thin coax (10BASE-2)
● Twisted pair (10BASE-T)
● Ethernet over Fiber (10BASE-F)
 Frame Format of Classic Ethernet
➢ Classic Ethernet frames can be either of Ethernet (DIX) or of IEEE 802.3 standard. The frames
of the two standards are very similar except for one field. The main fields of a frame of classic
Ethernet are −
➢ Preamble − It is the starting field that provides alert and timing pulse for transmission. In
case of Ethernet (DIX) it is an 8

➢ byte field and in case of IEEE 802.3 it is of 7 bytes.

➢ Start of Frame Delimiter (SOF) − It is a 1 byte field in an IEEE 802.3 frame that

contains an alternating pattern of ones and zeros ending with two ones.

➢ Destination Address − It is a 6 byte field containing physical address of destination

stations.
• Source Address − It is a 6 byte field containing the physical address of
the sending station.

• Type/Length − This is a 2 byte field. In case of Ethernet (DIX), the field is

type that instructs the receiver which process to give the frame to. In case

of IEEE 802.3, the field is length that stores the number of bytes in the

data field.

• Data − This is a variable sized field carries the data from the upper layers.
The maximum size of data field is 1500 bytes.

• Padding − This is added to the data to bring its length to the minimum
requirement of 46 bytes.

• CRC − CRC stands for cyclic redundancy check. It contains the error
detection information.
Bridged Ethernet
Switched Ethernet
Full-Duplex Ethernet

A network with and without a bridge

➢ Collision domains in an unbridged network and a bridged network

➢ Switched Ethernet
Full-duplex switched Ethernet