w a 1 oe. . | a + ouategie 00) ‘oals. Implementing the strategic plan is much more important than the eee a a Strategy, (© Review and Monitoring of the Plan: In the end or last stage of planni rocess comes the monitoring. Monitoring is defined as the periodic pais selected information to check the performance of a regional plan from the Point ee view of achievement of the planned goals. The purpose of review or monitoring is a keep the development of an area under careful watch for the attainments of the given objectives. Through monitoring there is a continuous review, continuous updating the database, continuous updating the forecasts and assumptions therein, continuous improvement in the understanding of the sub-regions, and continuous revision of the recommendations. The monitoring ensures that the strategies remain appropriate and acceptable to the people of the region (Chandna, 2014, 75) 3. TYPES OF REGIONAL PLANNING Planning as process involves the determination of future course of action, that is why, what, when and how to take action. Planning is very important for successfulness and the effective performance of an organization not only for organizations but also for individuals, Thus, planning is the function that determines in advance what should be done in future in order to improve existing conditions. It consists of selecting the interprise objectives, polices, programmes, procedures and other means of achieving these objectives. The process of planning may be classified into different categories on the different basis, such as : (1) nature of planning, (2) length of planning period, (3) organizational background, (4) purpose of planning, (5) spatial extent, (6) aims of planning and so on. Thus, however, following are some of the much significant types of planning : Short term and Long term planning. Sectoral and Spatial planning, Single level and Multi level planning Economic planning and Social planning, Public secter and Private sector planning, and pha e hd Utilitarian planning. (1) Short Term and Long Term Planning On the basis of temporal life span of the planning process, planning may be of two types : (a) Short term planning, and (b) Long term planning. (a) Short Term Planning: When planning is done under some emergency or critical situation, it may have only short period objectives to achieve, it is called short term planning. For example, the plans executed for the development of effected areas from flood, drought, earth quake or other disasters fall under this category. The short term planning does not require special or major change in the structure of social,20 Regional Planning and Development economic or regional structures. Time period for short term planning is generally below one year. (b) Long Term Planning: If the planning is futuristic, it may have long range Objectives to achieve and may be termed as long-term planning. Tennessee Valley Project in the U.S.A., Damodar Valley Project in India, master plans of metropolitan areas etc. are the example of long-term planning, which are working for many years, (2) Sectoral and Spatial Planning On the basis of concentration of planning on an economic sector or spatial extent, planning in classified into two broad categories of : (a) sectoral planning, and (b) spatial planning, (a) Sectoral Planning: Sectoral planning refers the planning activity concentrating only on one of the sectors of economy such as agriculture, industry, transport and communication, services etc. It includes planning for each such sector independent of other sectors of economy. Hence in real sense it is not coordinated planning. Examples include agricultural planning, industrial planning, educational planning, population planning, sanitation planning, transport planning etc. (b) Spatial Planning: The planning activity concerned with reorganization of space or region is termed as spatial planning. Town planning, metropolitan area planning, country planning, area planning and regional planning fall under this category of planning, Each spatial planning restricts its shares of action to a specific spatial unit. Town planning and metropolitan area planning are concerned mainly with the planning urban systems while the country planning has its core in the entire countryside. Area planning is concerned to the planning of the entire area including the both urban and rural areas. Regional planning is a type of area planning. (3) Single Level and Multi Level Planning On the basis of size and hierarchy of regions, a planning process are classified into two categories : (a) single level planning, and (b) multi level planning. (a) Single Level Planning: In the base of single level planning, the decision are taken over national level and the process is centralise. In this case territorial levels appear only at the implementation stage. For example, in India, the planning process has mostly been centralized and single level sectoral planning has been going for a long time. (6) Multi Level Planning: In multi level planning process, the national territory is divided into small territorial units, their number depends upon the areal size of the country and its administrative, geographical and regional structure. The concept of multi level planning may be defined as planning for a variety of regions which together form a system and’ sub-ordinate sub-system. In such planning, lower level planning provides bases for higher level planning, Similarly higher level regional plans provide framework for lower level area plans. In multilevel plans there is directed participation of the people in the planning process. Thus, passing through various stages the objectives of the national planning reach the grass-root level. In this planning system everyAproaches, Processes and Types of Regional Planning 24 regional unit whether large or small, constitute a system and hence i planning process becomes more effective. pI - Ina large country like India having physical, economic and socio-cultural disparities can play a very important role in socio-economic transformation. In India, five stages of multilevel planning has ben recognized which are : (i) national level planning, (ii) state level planning, (iii) district level planning, (iy) black level planning, and (v) village fevel planning. (4) Economie Planning and Social Planning Based on population characteristics, planning process may be classified into two groups : (a) social planning, and (b) economic planning. (a) Social Planning: Social planning refers a process for planning social services programmes, services and policies. Many government agencies are engaged in large scale development research and planning to address various social problems. The term ‘social planning’ is used usually to describe the planning is also known as ‘neighbourhood planning’ if it takes place in community settings. At the agency level, most social workers are likely to engage in social planning. Recent sociological studies have prove that there are social aspects of population planning also important. | Tradition, caste system, religious values, joint family system, educational system, vested interests are some of the important characteristics which contribute to inactivity within the realm of planning and development. The aims of social planning include : (i) to bring change or reform social institutions; and (ii) to solve social problems like alcoholism, poverty, terrorism, etc. Ultimately social planners aims to create healthier communities. Although all communities face some difficulties, social’ planning sees collaboration as not only effective but necessary. v (b) Economic Planning: Economic planning is a mechanism of resources between and within organizations in solving the economic problems of the community. Economic planning determines the future course of action for utilizing various resources in a best possible way. Thus, economic planning may be defined as a mechanism for proper allocation of resources in an efficient manner, It helps to achieve consistency among different economic objectives. Economic planning is a powerful instrument for eliminating instability which is a necessary concomitant ofa free market economy. It makes possible for optimum utilization of the country’s resource. There are various forms of economic planning that vary considerably based on their specific procedures and approach. Economic planning includes the planning for developing employment opportunities, increasing income, standard of living, etc. ‘ublic Sector and Private Sector Planning On the basis of participation of public and private sectors in planning process, Planning in classified into two categories : (a) Public sector planning, and (b) Private Sector planning : __ (a) Public Sector Planning: Planning that is formulated, managed and implemented by the government or its agencies is known as public sector planning. In