IPSHONT/301/4/2020

Tutorial Letter 301/4/2020

Writing/Editorial and Reference Style Manual

IPSHONT

Year modules
Hons BCom
Hons BAdmin
Hons BA

Codes of paper:

IOP4861 HRIOP84
IOP4862 HRIOP85
IOP4863 HRIOP86
IOP4864
IOP4865
IOP4866
IOP4867
IOP4869

Department of Industrial and Organisational

Psychology
BARCODE

IMPORTANT INFORMATION:
This tutorial letter contains important information about your module

2
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

Page

1 INTRODUCTION AND WELCOME ............................................................................................... 3

1.1 Short Answers ............................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Essay questions ............................................................................................................................ 5
1.3 Main headings and subheadings ................................................................................................... 6
2 WRITING EDITORIAL STYLE ...................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Language use ............................................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Spelling ....................................................................................................................................... 10
2.3 Hyphenation ................................................................................................................................ 11
2.4 Punctuation ................................................................................................................................. 11
2.5 Capitalisation............................................................................................................................... 11
2.6 Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................. 11
2.7 Quotations................................................................................................................................... 12
2.8 Numbers ..................................................................................................................................... 13
2.9 Footnotes .................................................................................................................................... 14
2.10 Units of measurement ................................................................................................................. 14
2.11 Statistics/mathematics ................................................................................................................. 14
2.12 Tables and figures ....................................................................................................................... 14
2.13 Appendix ..................................................................................................................................... 16
3 EXAMPLES OF REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 16
3.1 Basic method of citation .............................................................................................................. 16
3.2 Special cases .............................................................................................................................. 19
3.3 Multiple citations .......................................................................................................................... 20
3.4 Citation of a particular part of a source ........................................................................................ 20
3.5 Citations of a particular part of electronic material ........................................................................ 21
4. REQUIREMENTS FOR REFERENCES ...................................................................................... 21
4.1 General requirements ................................................................................................................. 21
4.2 Styles of the reference list ........................................................................................................... 23
4.3 Examples of references ............................................................................................................... 26
5 REFERENCES............................................................................................................................ 42
APPENDIX: LIST OF ALL EXAMPLES OF REFERENCES GIVEN IN 4.3 ........................................... 43

2
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

1 INTRODUCTION AND WELCOME

Dear Student

The assignments for postgraduate students are usually in the form of short questions or essays. As in the
case of books, journal articles, master's theses and doctoral dissertations, your answers or essays are
scientific writings and must comply with certain requirements. These requirements are explained in this
tutorial letter. For more detailed discussion and examples, you can consult the original reference sources
listed in the reference list of this tutorial letter. The requirements that will be discussed in this tutorial letter
are as follows:

 The structure of answers to assignments,

 writing/editorial style,
 citation of references in the text, and
 style of the reference list.

With regard to writing/editorial style, citation of references in the text and the style of the reference list, the
Department of Industrial and Organisational Psychology follows the style of the 6th edition of the Concise
rules of the American Psychological Association [APA] (2010) and the Psychological Society of
South Africa [PsySSA] (Plug, 1993).

Sections 2, 3 and 4 of this tutorial letter are based on the requirements discussed in American
Psychological Association [APA] (2010) and Plug (1993). For the sake of clarity and the readability
of this tutorial letter, with its many guidelines and numerous examples, individual citations are not given,
only in the case of quotations.

STUDY THIS TUTORIAL LETTER THOROUGHLY BEFORE COMPLETING AND SUBMITTING AN

ASSIGNMENT.

You will receive credit for the correct writing style and marks may be deducted if the APA6 requirements
are not met.
If you adhere to the requirements laid down in this tutorial letter, you can rest assured that your work will
satisfy the required technical scientific standards.

Best of luck for successfully completing your Honours degree

Your lecturers

3
 IPSHONT/302/4/2020

1.1 Short Answers

If you need to write a short answer to a question, look at the marks that the question is worth. For
example:

 1 or 2 marks

Length of answer: one word, a few words, or one sentence.

 5 marks

Length of answer: a few paragraphs and no more than half a page (typed).

 10 to 20 marks

Length of answer: one to two typed pages.

Always number your answers clearly to match the question number given. Leave at least one to two
lines open before starting the answer to a new question. Clearly mark and underline the question number
to indicate where your answer starts.

Read the question carefully and answer it directly and concisely. For example, if you are asked to
give examples only for certain concepts, give only examples and not definitions (only answer the
question).

NOTE: long answers do not mean more marks; in fact, if you waffle, are vague or repeat information,
marks may even be deducted.

The answer may require headings and subheadings for legibility. You should leave a blank line between
two paragraphs to improve your structure.

There is no need for the following when giving short answers to questions:
o a table of contents
o an introduction
o a detailed discussion of the topic
o a summary/conclusion

It may sometimes be necessary to include a reference list – the lecturers will indicate when references
and a reference list is needed.

VERY IMPORTANT: Use your own words when answering a question - do not copy entire sentences or
paragraphs from your prescribed or recommended books or articles. This is no proof of your knowledge of
or insight into the subject matter. You may only copy definitions directly but then the referencing should
be done correctly to avoid plagiarism.

4
 IPSHONT/302/4/2020

1.2 Essay questions

If you need to write an essay when answering a question, look at the marks that the question is worth.
For example:

 30 to 45 marks

Length of answer: three to five typed pages (approximately one page for every 10 marks).

 50 or more

Length of answer: 12 to 15 pages unless the lecturer explicitly specifies a number.

For this type of essay, you need to:

 Always read the question attentively and plan a rough outline for your answer.
 The answer definitely requires headings and subheadings for legibility.
 Leave a blank line between paragraphs.
 Answers should be divided into the following broad sections: title page, table of content,
introduction, main text and summary or conclusion.

Cover page

On the cover page, you should include the following: the topic, module code, assignment information, your
name, surname and student number.

Table of content
For the table of content you need to provide the numbered headings and subheadings of your essay
together with the relevant starting page numbers.

Introduction
Capture and focus the attention of the reader with a relevant and interesting introductory paragraph. State
the general focus of the essay and formulate an objective you would like to achieve in this essay (eg:
the objective of this essay is to……). Structure the layout of the assignment to follow.

(Use your own structure with headings and sub-headings to logically lead the reader through your
essay/assignment).

(So from the introductory paragraph it should be clear WHAT this assignment is about, WHY this essay is
important; WHAT the objective of the assignment is and HOW you are going to achieve the objective).

Main text

This forms the main part of your essay, discussing the topic under several main headings and
subheadings; building arguments (substantiated with scientific resources), stating hypotheses, mentioning
research results, and systematising and integrating the relevant information to answer the question.

5
 IPSHONT/302/4/2020

Summary/conclusion
Every essay or chapter of a thesis or dissertation must end with a summary or conclusion that condenses
the main points of your discussion logically or briefly (half a page or less).

Reference list
All the references cited in the text must appear in a reference list and those in the reference list should
be have been used in text. Please see section 4 below on the correct formatting of the reference
list (APA 6).

1.3 Main headings and subheadings

Make use of headings and subheadings to provide structure and flow to the content. In many cases,
this forms part of your answer and you will gain marks for a good structure.

Rather use too many than too little headings. Lecturers get frustrated when an answer fills the whole
page with no headings, no paragraphs and no lines between paragraphs. This applies to typed or hand
written answers.

To illustrate this, consider the following hypothetical answer from an assignment:

What is meant by the concept "validity"?
Briefly define the various types of validity and give an example of each.

Example of unstructured answer

The validity of test scores refers to the extent to which they satisfy their intended purpose, that is does
the test measure what it is supposed to measure. The criterion-related validity of a test is defined as
the extent to which its scores accurately predict scores on the relevant criterion. The correlation
coefficient thus obtained is known as the validity coefficient. We can distinguish between two kinds of
criterion-related validity, namely predictive and concurrent validity. Predictive validity refers to the
accuracy with which a test predicts some future behaviour of individuals, for example job performance.
Concurrent validity concerns the accuracy with which a test identifies or diagnoses some current
behaviour of individuals, for example diagnosing personality disorders. Content validity refers to the
universe representativeness of the test content. It is evaluated on logical grounds by experts, for
example, are the items in a particular test measuring verbal ability, a representative sample of all items
from the population of items that can be used to measure this ability? Construct validity is the extent to
which a test indeed measures the theoretical construct it purports to measure, for example intelligence.

Example of structured answer

1. VALIDITY
1.1 Definition
The validity of test scores refers to the extent to which they satisfy their intended purpose, that is
does the test measure what it is supposed to measure.

1.2 Types of validity

Different types of validities can be identified, namely criterion, content and construct validity.

6
 IPSHONT/302/4/2020

1.2.1 Criterion related

The criterion-related validity of a test is defined as the extent to which its scores accurately
predict scores on the relevant criterion. The correlation coefficient thus obtained is known as the
validity coefficient. We can distinguish between two kinds of criterion-related validity, namely
predictive and concurrent validity.

1.2.1.1 Predictive validity

Predictive validity refers to the accuracy with which a test predicts some future behaviour of
individuals, for example job performance.

1.2.1.2 Concurrent validity

Concurrent validity concerns the accuracy with which a test identifies or diagnoses some current
behaviour of individuals, for example diagnosing personality disorders.

1.2.2 Content validity

Content validity refers to the universe representativeness of the test content. It is evaluated on
logical grounds by experts, for example, are the items in a particular test measuring verbal ability, a
representative sample of all items from the population of items that can be used to measure this
ability.

1.2.3 Construct validity

Construct validity is the extent to which a test indeed measures the theoretical construct it purports
to measure, for example intelligence.

NOW ASK YOURSELF:

If you were the lecturer, which answer would you prefer to mark, especially if you have to mark a few
thousand of them, and sometimes very late at night. Furthermore, imagine having to read four or five
questions per assignment. We are sure that you will agree that the structured answer is much better.

The structured answer is far more understandable, simply because headings, subheadings and spaces
between different paragraphs were used.

Be sure to structure your answer according to the format shown for the structured example and not the
unstructured example.

1.3.1 The numbering system

It is customary to provide numbers to main headings and subheadings. We recommend the use of the
alphanumeric system.

The main headings and first level subheadings are usually capitalised. Subsequent subheadings are
in lower case (APA 6).

Number the main headings in your text from 1. The first subheading will be 1.1 and the first subheading
under 1.1 will be 1.1.1. Follow the same procedure for the second and subsequent main headings
and their respective subheadings, for example, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.2.1, 2.2.2, 2.2.3, 2.3, 2.4; 3, 3.1, 3.2,
3.3, 4.

7
 IPSHONT/302/4/2020

Clearly indicate the number of the question at the very top. Then start your own numbering and do
not incorporate the question number of an assignment in your numbering system.

1.3.2 Levels of subheadings

Avoid too many levels of subheadings. More than three levels are not recommended as it becomes
complex and may cause confusion, for example, 3.1.5.4 or even 5.1.2.4.3. Use small letters in
parentheses beyond the third level, for example a, b, c, and d. If these subheadings require further
subheadings, use small Roman numbers in brackets, for example, i, ii, iii, iv and v.

When it is not necessary or logical to number, make use of bullets.

1.3.3 When not to use numbers

If you have only one subheading under a main heading or under another subheading, do not allocate
a number to it; rather use a dash or an asterisk. Subheadings are only numbered if there are more
than one.

1.3.4 Examples of headings and subheadings

Quickly page through this tutorial letter, looking only at headings and subheadings for an example of
how headings and subheadings can be used.

2 WRITING EDITORIAL STYLE

This section describes important aspects of writing style that you should adhere to for any academic
writing.

Please always proofread your work after you have completed it before submitting it. Lecturers may
deduct marks for assignments/theses/dissertations that have not been properly proofread.

2.1 LANGUAGE USE

Important issues regarding the stylistic requirements, tenses, and non-sexist language are discussed in
this section of the tutorial letter.

2.1.1 Stylistic requirements

An essay, thesis, dissertation, or research paper is a presentation of research results or facts and therefore
the language used should be grammatically correct, precise, logical, direct, concise and clear. It should be
written in a formal style and in the third person. When you refer to yourself, use an expression such as
"the author" or “the researcher”.

2.1.2 Tenses
Refer to accepted knowledge in the present tense.

Use past tense to describe an event that occurred at some specific time in the past. “Use the past
tense to express an action or a condition that occurred at a specific, definite time in the past, as when
discussing another researcher’s work and when reporting on your results” (APA, 2010, p. 34).

8
 IPSHONT/302/4/2020

Use the present perfect tense for events that have occurred over an unspecified time in the past, up
to the present.

The following is applicable only to a thesis, dissertations, or research papers:

 Describe your methods and your results in the past tense.
 Refer to information in your work in the present tense.
 Discuss your findings and conclusions in the past tense.

2.1.3 Non-sexist language

Avoid using language that could be regarded as sexist or discriminatory in other respects. You can do this
by using the plural form. For example, “employees indicated that they are satisfied with the leadership in
their organisation” rather than “the employee indicated that he/she is satisfied with the leadership in his/her
organisation”.

2.1.4 Stylistic examples

A few examples are given below to illustrate some common stylistic challenges, and how to address them.

Wordiness: The following expressions can be simplified to make sentences clearer and easier to
comprehend (American Psychological Association [APA], 2001, p 27; Plug,1993, pp. 13-14):

Instead of: Write: Instead of: Write:

a considerable number of many in many cases often
at the present time now it has been found by more more found
accounted for by the fact that because prior to before
based on the fact that because take into consideration consider
on the grounds that because the present study this study
owing to the fact that because there were several students several students
despite the fact that although who completed completed
for the purpose of for or to was of the opinion that believed
give rise to cause with the exception of except for

Redundancy. Eliminate unnecessary words. In the following examples, the italicised words are
redundant and should be omitted:
 They were both alike
 a total of 68 participants
 Four different groups saw
 Instructions, which were exactly the same as those used
 absolutely essential
 has been previously
 found small in size
 one and the same
 same in close proximity
 completely unanimous
 just exactly
 very close to significance
 period of time

9
 IPSHONT/302/4/2020

 summarise briefly
 the reason is because
(APA, 2001)

 a total of 20 subjects
 consensus of opinion
 definitely proved
 during the course of
 exactly the same fewer in number
 in order to
 it is of interest to note
 that it is obvious that
 on a daily basis
 period of time
 the field of psychology
 the question as to whether
 the results would seem to indicate
 actual(ly) / definite(ly) / in fact / indeed / needless to say l really
(Plug, 1993)

2.2 SPELLING

Words must be spelled correctly; if necessary, use a dictionary to check the spelling and abbreviation
of nontechnical words. The spelling of names of authors must be correct.

To ensure the correct spelling of psychological terms you could use one or both of the following
dictionaries:

Terminology Bureau, Department of National Education (1978). Dictionary of Psychology. Pretoria:

Government Printer.
Gouws, L. A., Louw, D. A., Meyer, W. F., & Plug, C. (1986). Psigologiewoordeboek (2nd ed) Johannesburg:
McGraw-Hill.

The Psigologiewoordeboek also contains an English-Afrikaans word list.

Below is a list of common terms and their current (as of 2001) preferred spelling. Please also note the use
of capital letters.
 database
 DOI
 e-journal
 e-mail
 FTP
 Internet
 LISVERV
 online
 PDF
10
 IPSHONT/302/4/2020

 SGML
 URL
 Web

2.3 HYPHENATION

Use a dictionary, especially for nontechnical words. Keep the following principles of hyphenation in mind
for compound words:
 Do not use a hyphen unless it serves a purpose.
 In general, compound adjective rules are applicable only when the compound adjective
precedes the term it modifies. If it follows the term, a hyphen is unnecessary. For example:
t-test-results but results from t-tests.
 Most words formed with prefixes can be written as one word, with a few exceptions. For example:

Aftereffect, coworker, posttest, pre experimental but pro-Freudian, post-l970 self-esteem, anti-intellectual,
co-occur.

2.4 PUNCTUATION

In textual discussion, punctuation must be used correctly in order to make the author's meaning clear and
to promote clear understanding. Punctuation of literature citations in the text and the reference list are
discussed elsewhere in this tutorial letter.

2.5 CAPITALISATION

Apart from the first word in a sentence and proper names, also begin the following words with a capital
letter:
 Major words in the names of specific institutions, but not generic names.
 Department of Industrial and Organisational Psychology, Unisa has two industrial psychology
departments.
 Titles of tests, but not the word test or scale when it refers to subscales of tests. For example:
Senior South African Individual Scale but Verbal Reasoning subtest of the SSAIS, 19 Field Interest
Inventory but Performing Arts scale of the 19FII.
 Nouns followed by a symbol denoting a specific item in a series or group.
On Day 2 of Experiment 3, During Trial 5, Chapter 4 page 77 but row 2 column 15.
 Names given to factors derived from a factor analysis and names of variables to describe an
experimental design or interaction.
Spatial perception (Factor 3), Factors 5 and 6
Gender x Work Experience interaction

2.6 ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations are not used in the text except in parentheses. In the Unisa editorial style manual it clearly
explains that full stops are no longer used in abbreviations.

11
 IPSHONT/302/4/2020

Abbreviation of a long term used several times is justified. Write out the term the first time with its
abbreviation in parentheses; after that use the abbreviation only.

Use of abbreviations in the following cases are acceptable:

 Titles: Mr Mrs Ms Dr Prof
 Names of countries (eg SA, UK, USA) and the American states (eg CA, DC, MN, NY) as well as
names of organisations (eg HSRC, CSIR).
 Note that most capital letter abbreviations and acronyms do not have full stops.
 Latin abbreviations (cf, et al., etc, eg, ie, viz, vs). Latin abbreviations should only be used
in parentheses; use the English translation of Latin terms in the text. Use et al. only in
bibliographical references.
 Units of measurement
Cm Db g kg
Km L m mm

 The percentage sign when a percentage is expressed in numbers (eg 75%) but not
when it is expressed in words (eg five percent).
 Standard statistical terms when used in tables and parentheses.

ANOVA F H0 H1
K-R 20 M MS MSE
N N p r
r2 R R2 SD
SE SEM SS t
Z

2.7 QUOTATIONS

Quotations support or elucidate the text and are given verbatim, in their exact original form; any
grammatical, spelling or printer's errors are retained. Always cite the source of a quotation (see sec 3.4).
Use quotations sparingly and avoid lengthy quotations.

Short quotations (up to about 30 words) are incorporated in the text and enclosed in double quotation
marks.

Longer quotations are set off or indented from the text as a free-standing block with no quotation
marks. Quotations may be shortened by the use of ellipsis. Three ellipsis points (...) are used to indicate
material omitted within a sentence. Four points indicate any omission between two sentences within a
quotation. Do not use ellipsis points at the beginning or end of a quotation.

Use brackets, not parentheses, to enclose material (eg additions or explanations) inserted in a quotation
by someone other than the original author.

If you wish to emphasise a word or words in a quotation, change these words into italic print,
followed immediately by "[italics added]".

If you spot an error in the quotation, insert "[sic]" immediately after the error.
12
 IPSHONT/302/4/2020

2.8 NUMBERS

A few rules should be kept in mind regarding the use of numbers in text. Use words to express:
 the numbers zero to nine, for example eight items, four responses,
 any number that begins a sentence, title or heading, for example: Ten employees participated…,
 common fractions, for example: two-thirds of the sample,
 numbers below 10 that do not represent precise measurement and that are grouped for comparison
with numbers below 10, for example:
 one-tailed t-test
 seven words each
 three conditions

Use figures to express:

 numbers of 10 or greater, for example 120 items, 10 responses,
 numbers that immediately precede units of measurement, for example a 5mg dose, with 10.5cm,
80 pages, 15th trail, etc,
 numbers that represent time, dates, ages, sample or population sizes, exact sums of money,
scores and points on a scale and actual numerals, for example 5 years, 5 subjects, 3 weeks ago,
R4 each, 12:30, scored 4 on a 5 point scale, 1 April 2020,
 numbers that represent percentages, rations, fractions and decimal quantities, statistical and
mathematical functions, percentiles and quartiles, for example more than 5%, multiplied by 2, a
ratio of 15:1, divided by 3, 5th percentile, 1st quartile,
 numbers that denote a specific place in a numbered series, each number in a series of four or
more and numbers that refer to pages, chapters, tables or figures, for example standard 10, 1, 3,
5 and 7 items respectively, see page 70, refer to chapter 7, see Table 9, and
 numbers below 10 that are grouped for comparison with numbers of 10 or higher in the same
sentence, for example 3 of the 15 subjects, the 7th of the 10 items.

Use a combination of figures and words to express:

 rounded large numbers, for example almost 2 million people, a budget of R5 million,
 successive numbers, for example 2 two-way intersections, 10 five-point scales, the first 10 items,
twenty 6-year olds,
 numbers, less than one expressed as decimals should be preceded by a zero and a full stop, for
example a correlation of 0.65,
 statistical concepts in textual discussion use the term and not the symbol, for example the means
were… (not the Ms), the standard deviation is … (not the SD is),
 use the word percent in text and not the symbol (%), for example almost 20 percent of the sample,
 numbers with five or more digits on either side of the decimal have their digits separated into groups
of three, for example 10 000 employees and p=0.000 01,
 do not space four digit numbers, for example 1500 employees and p=0.0001,
 use Arabic (1,2,3...) numbering rather than Roman (i, ii, iii …) except when Roman numbering is
the accepted terminology, for example Type I error.

13
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

2.9 FOOTNOTES

Keep footnotes to the minimum. They are no longer used for citation of references, but only to provide
additional information indirectly relevant to the text, for example, to acknowledge sponsors, or to define
less well-known concepts that could cause confusion.

2.10 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

All references to physical measurements should be expressed in metric units. The metric system is based
on the International System of Units (S1).
For example
 The subject was seated 850 mm from the screen,
 use the metric symbol when it appears with a numeric value, but spell out the unit in text, for example
4 m but distance was measured in metres,
 use capital or lower-case letters as appropriate (consult your dictionary) for example hard disk of
425 Mb (for Megabytes),
 make full names of units plural when appropriate, but do not make symbols of units plural, for
example measured in metres but 5m, and
 use a space between a symbol and the number to which it refers, except for measures of angles
and percentages, for example
550 m, 220C, 200angle, 65%.

2.11 STATISTICS/MATHEMATICS

There is no need to cite a reference for a commonly used statistical technique. Give the formula only
if it is new, rare or essential to your report.

When reporting inferential statistics (eg t, F or chi square tests) include sufficient information to
permit the reader to understand you clearly (APA, 2001, p. 138) for example:
For the auto kinetic movement illusion, as predicted, people highly hypnotizable (M = 8.19, SD = 7.12)
reported perceiving the stationary fight as moving significantly more often than did the other
participants (M = 5.26, SD = 4.25), t(60) = 1.99, p = 0 .05. The high-hypnotizability group (M =
21.41, SD = 10.35) reported significantly greater occurrences of extreme, focused attention than did
the low group (M = 46.24, SD = 11.09), t(75) = 2.19, p < 0.05.

"Space mathematical copy as you would space words: a+b=c is as difficult to read as words
without spacing; a + b = c is much better" (APA, 2001, p. 145).

If equations are displayed in the text, start them on a new line and double space twice above and
below the equation. N umber them consecutively, with the number in parentheses near the right
margin of the page.

2.12 TABLES AND FIGURES

A table is an efficient way to present a large amount of data in a small amount of space - it is easier to
understand when presented in a well-designed table.

14
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

Similarly, a figure conveys at a quick glance an overall pattern of results - like the old saying "one picture
is worth more than a hundred words."

A complete discussion of the requirements of tables and figures for a research paper is found in the APA
Publication manual (APA, 2001, pp. 147-175; APA 2010, pp. 125-150 [Tables]; APA, 2001, pp. 176-202
and APA 2010, pp. 150-167 [Figures]) and Plug (1993, pp. 33-36 [Tables]; pp. 36-37 [Figures]). A
summary checklist for Tables and Figures from APA 2010 is provided below.

Before you create tables or figures, look at any recent publication (thesis, dissertation, journal article)
in industrial psychology or psychology to see how it is done correctly.

Table checklist (APA, 2010, p. 150)

 Is the table necessary?
 Does it belong in the print version of the article, or can it go in an online supplemental file?
 Are all comparable tales in the manuscript consistent in presentation?
 Is the title brief but explanatory?
 Does every column have a column head?
 Are all abbreviations explained, as well as special use of italics, parentheses, dashes, boldface,
and special symbols?
 Are the notes in the following order: general note, specific note, probability note?
 Are all vertical rules eliminated?
 Are confidence intervals reported for all major point estimates? Is the confidence level – for
example, 95% - stated, and is the same level of confidence used for all tables and throughout
the paper?
 If statistical significance test is used, are all probability level values correctly identified? Are
asterisks attached to the appropriate table entries only when needed (as opposed to stating exact
probabilities?) When used, is a probability level assigned the same number of asterisks in all
tables in the same paper?
 If all or part of a copyrighted table is reproduced or adapted, do the table notes give full credit to
the copyright owner? Have you received written permission for reuse (in print and electronic form)
from the copyright holder and sent a copy of that written permission to the journal editor with
the final version of your paper?
 Is the table referred to in the text?

TABLE HEADING FORMAT:

Note that for table headings, the number of the table is in the first line without a full stop at the end,
mixed case and normal letter type, followed by the table heading in the next line in italics and without
a full stop at the end and placed at the top of the table. For example:

Table 2
Descriptive statistics and reliability of the subscales

Figure checklist (APA, 2010, p. 162)

 Is the figure necessary?
 Is the figure simple, clear, and free of extraneous detail?
 Is the figure title descriptive of the content of the figure?
15
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

 Are all elements of the figure clearly labelled?

 Are the magnitude, scale, and direction of grid elements clearly labelled?
 Are figures of equally important concepts prepared according to the same scale?
 Are all figures numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals?
 Are all figures mentioned in the text?
 Has written permission for print and electronic reuse been obtained? Is proper credit given
in the figure caption?
 Have all substantive modifications to photographic images been disclosed? Are the figures
being submitted in a file format acceptable to the publisher?
 Have the files been produced at a sufficiently high resolution to allow for accurate reproduction?

FIGURE HEADING FORMAT

Note that for figure headings, the number of the figure is in italics with a full stop at the end,
followed in the same line with the figure heading (in normal letter type) and placed below the figure.
For example:

Figure 1. The structural model

2.13 APPENDIX

An appendix is used to provide the reader with detailed information (a statistical formula, a large table, a
newly-developed questionnaire, a computer program, etc) that would be distracting in the text. An
appendix is placed after the reference list.

All information such as definitions, hypotheses, research results, conclusions and evaluations that are
not your own, must be acknowledged by referring the reader to the work of the author or authors
concerned. This must be repeated wherever the information is used, for example in another sentence,
under new headings or in subsequent paragraphs.

A reference in the text means that you have read or studied the work cited. Do not cite works
you have not read.

3 EXAMPLES OF REFERENCES

3.1 BASIC METHOD OF CITATION

Use the author-date method of citation, that is, insert the surname of the author and the year of publication
in the text at an appropriate point. It must be repeated in subsequent paragraphs and under new
headings.
For example:

Note that according to the American Psychological Association (APA) 6th edition writing style guidelines
(APA, 2010, p.14) “Past tense (eg “Smith (1999) showed”) or present perfect tense (eg “researchers
have shown”) is appropriate for the literature review and the description of the procedure if the discussion
is of past events. Stay with the chosen tense. Use past tense (eg “anxiety decreased significantly”) to
describe the results. Use the present tense (eg “the results of Experiment 2 indicate”) to discuss
implications of the results and to present the conclusions”.

16
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

3.1.1 One author

Cite the name and date, for example Christensen (1994) described... or in a review of studies ... attitudes
(Guion, 1973).

If the name of the author occurs in textual discussion, only the date is cited in parentheses (first example
above). Otherwise, both the name and date appear in parentheses (second example above) and form
part of the sentence (full stop after the final parenthesis)

3.1.2 Two authors

If a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text, for
example: Katz and Kahn (1978) view organisations as open systems and according to Katz and Kahn
(1978)... or research has shown … (Katz & Kahn, 1978) ….

Link the names with the word "and" in textual discussion, but with an ampersand (&) when they appear
in brackets, in a table, and in the reference list – see example above.

3.1.3 Three, four or five authors

If a work has three, four or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs.
In subsequent citations of the same reference include only the surname of the first author followed by "et
al.”, for example: Moreland, Eyde, Robertson, Primoff, and Most (1995) found
Moreland et al. (1995) concluded or… as found in previous studies (Moreland, Eyde, Robertson, Primoff,
& Most, 1995).... taxonomy of tests (Moreland et al., 1995).

Read the NOTE at 3.1.4 which is also applicable here.

3.1.4 Six or more authors

If a work has six or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author followed by "et al." for the first
and subsequent citations.
NOTE: If two references with three, four, five and six or more authors with the same date reduce to
identical forms, cite the surnames of the first author and as many of the subsequent authors as
are necessary to clearly distinguish between the two references, followed by "et al."

Because both references in the example below are abbreviated as Guilford et al., ( 1954), the reference
should be cited with as many subsequent authors as necessary to make it uniquely identifiable.... (Guilford,
Christensen, et al., 1954) and ... (Guilford, Kettner, et al., 1954).

Suppose you have entries for the following references (APA, 2001, p. 209):
Kosslyn, Koenig, Barret, Cave, Tang and Gabriel (1992) and Kosslyn Koenig, Gabriel, Marsolek and
Daly (1992)
In text you would cite them, respectively, as

Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, et al. (1992) and Kosslyn, Koenig, Gabrieli, et al. (1992)

3.1.5 Edited book

Always refer to the author or authors of the specific chapter concerned in an edited book, not to the editor.
For example

17
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

a. Chapter
When the source is a chapter written by Guion in a book edited by Dunnette and Hough, the correct
citation is for example: Guion (1991) mentioned that performance measurement …

Complete information - author, title of the chapter, name of the editor, and name of the book – is then
given in the reference list.

b. Article/Reading
Always refer to the author or authors of the reprinted article concerned, not to the editor or editors of the
book. For example, when the source is an article by Nadler and Lawler in a book compiled by Hackman,
Lawler and Porter, the correct citation is:
... developed a diagnostic approach to study motivation (Nadler & Lawler, 1977). Complete information is
given in the reference list.

3.1.6 Secondary sources

When the source you are using cites information by other authors, you wish to mention without
consulting the original sources, indicate clearly that the author of your source cite this information, for
example: ... the principles according to Baker, Crocker and Algina, and Hambleton and Swaminathan (as
cited in Wolfaardt, 1990) are ...

In the reference list you would mention only Wolfaardt (1990), the article you read, and not the
other three references, you did not read. Also, omit the dates of sources you did not consult.

Avoid excessive use of this type of citation; rather consult the original source if applicable, especially
in the case of a thesis or dissertation.

3.1.7 Electronic sources and locator information

Electronic journal publication has become much more prevalent as publishing in the electronic
environment increases the efficiency of the publication process. In general, it is recommended that
you should include the same elements, in the same order as you would for fixed-media sources and add
as much electronic retrieval information as needed for others to locate the sources you cited. Two such
elements are the uniform resource locators (URLs) and digital object identifiers (DOIs). Given the full
URL below, it provides the parts as indicated:
http://www.apa.org/monitor/oct00/workplace.html

the protocol (http:), the host name (www.apa.org), the path to the document (/monitor/oct00/), file name
of the specific document (workplace.html)

The DOI system provides a means of persistent identification for managing information on digital networks
(see http://www.doi.org). The DOI is intended to enable easy identification and use of trustworthy
electronic content by promoting the cooperative development and application of a sustainable
infrastructure (http://www.crossref.org/). A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration
agency to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the internet. The DOIs in
the reference list function as links to the content you are referencing. Also, see section 4.3.9 of this tutorial
letter.

18
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

Example of journal article reference with DOI:

Morey, C. C., Cong, Y., Zheng, Y., Price, M., & Morey, R. D. (2015). The colour-sharing bonus: Roles
of perceptual organization and attentive processes in visual working memory. Archives of Scientific
Psychology, 3, 18–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/arc0000014

3.2 SPECIAL CASES

3.2.1 No author or anonymous author

If there is no author, use the first few words of the entry in the reference list (usually the title) and the year
in the text citation:
... (A manual of style, 1993).

Only if a work is designated as "Anonymous" cite the word "Anonymous" in the text.
... (Anonymous, 1992)

3.2.2 Groups as authors

If the author is a lengthy corporate name, it must be spelled out in the first citation, but may be
abbreviated in the second and subsequent citations.

First citation: ... (American Psychological Association [APA], 2001). Second and subsequent citations: ...
(APA, 2001).

3.2.3 Authors with the same surname

If reference is made to two or more authors with the same surname, to avoid confusion, citations in the
text should include their initials, even if the year of publication differs. Plug (1993) gives the following
example:
A. B. Nel (1986) and C. D. Nel (1987) both used the test developed by C. D. Nel and M. Parker (1982).

3.2.4 Personal communication

Personal communications may be personal or telephone conversations, letters, memos, electronic
communication (eg E-mail), and the like. Because they do not provide recoverable data, personal
communications are cited in the text only and are not given in the reference list. Obtain the person's
permission for the citation. Give the initials and surname of the person together with an exact date
if possible.

According to CH Smith (personal communication, 16 March 1984) the PAQ...

A cautionary note regarding the citation of E-mail communications: Because it is possible to send an
E- mail note disguised as someone else, authors are responsible for the accuracy of such references,
which includes verifying the source of E-mail communications before citing them as personal
communications in manuscripts.

3.2.5 Court cases

Cite the name of the case and the year of the decision, or all years given (in the case of two or
more years), for example State v Jones (1986).

19
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

A reference to a court case not included in the South African Law Reports should name the specific
court in which the case was heard, and the date(s) of the hearing (Plug, 1993).

3.2.6 Unisa study guide

Remember that the study guide is not a scientific resource but only a guide on how to work through
the module content. Treat a Unisa study guide as a book with one or more authors. In the citation,
leave out titles of authors that might be used in the study guides.

It is incorrect to state that a correlation of 0.75, for example means that there is a 75% relationship
between X and Y (Wolfaardt et al., 1990).

Because this source has six authors, the surname of the first author is followed by "et al.”, even at the
first citation (see sec 3.1.4).

3.2.7 Website
When citing a website only without referring to a specific document, it is sufficient to give the address (eg
http://www.unisa.ac.za). In this case, no reference entry is needed.

If specific content from a website is referenced, the same author-date style should be used to reference
the website. Sometimes the author can also be a group or agency. If the author is unknown, you can use
the title of the website. If no specific date for the content is displayed, one can look at the last date that
the website was updated. The date is not necessarily the copyright date of the website. If the date is not
known at all, replace the date with n.d. (eg American Nurses Association (n.d.) revealed that …).

3.3 MULTIPLE CITATIONS

3.3.1 Same authors, different dates

Multiple citations of the same author are arranged in chronological order, separated by commas, without
repeating the author's name for each work, Place in press citations last.

Recent studies (Schmidt & Hunter, 1980, 1981)...

3.3.2 Same authors, same date

In citing more than one paper by the same author in the same year, the suffixes a, b, c, et cetera, are
added after the year, for example Studies (Terpstra, 1981a, 1981b).

3.3.3 Different authors

If different authors are cited at the same point in the text, the citations are arranged alphabetically
according to the authors' surnames, separated by semicolons, for example ... (Crocker & Algina, 1986;
Hambleton & Cook, 1977; Hambleton & Swaminathan, 1985;
Hambleton et al, 1978).

3.4 CITATION OF A PARTICULAR PART OF A SOURCE

Citation of a particular page, chapter, figure, table or equation should be made at the appropriate point
in the text and not in the reference list. Because material within a book is often difficult to locate,
authors should, whenever possible, give page numbers in books to assist readers. Page numbers
are always given for direct quotations.
20
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

 Short quotations
According to Anastasi (1963, p.135) test validity can be defined as "what the test measures and how
well it does so".

 Long quotations
Kerlinger (1986, p.175) presents the following as the definition and purpose of statistics:
“Statistics is the theory and method of analysing quantitative data obtained from samples of
observations in order to study and compare sources of variance of phenomena, to help make
decisions to accept or reject hypothesized relations between the phenomena, and to aid in making
reliable inferences from empirical observations.”

NOTE: Refer back to section 2.7 for the requirements for short and long quotations.

3.5 CITATIONS OF A PARTICULAR PART OF ELECTRONIC MATERIAL

To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the page, chapter, figure, table, or equation at the appropriate
point in text. Always give page numbers for quotations. Note that the words page and chapter are
abbreviated in such text citations, for example (Cheek & Buss, 1981, p.332) and (Shimamura, 1989, chap.
3).

For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number, if available,
preceded by the paragraph symbol or the abbreviation para. If neither paragraph nor page numbers are
visible, cite the heading or sub heading and the number of the paragraph following it to direct the reader
to the location of the material, for example (Myers, 2000, p.5) and (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section,
para.1)

Also, refer to 3.1.7 and relevant websites provided there for information on referencing of electronic
sources.

A reference list consists of the works that specifically support a particular essay/article/thesis/dissertation.
References cited in the text must appear in the reference list, and each entry in the reference list must be
cited in the text.

Do not call a reference list a bibliography - it is not one. It only covers the sources you have consulted,
it is not a complete list of all possible sources on the topic.

4. REQUIREMENTS FOR REFERENCES

4.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

The general requirements for reference lists are given below. Make sure that you comply with them.
Specific examples are given later.
 References must be correct and complete. Check them carefully against the original publication
if you don't want future researchers to be annoyed at you as a writer responsible for supplying
incomplete or inaccurate information.
 The heading for a reference list is REFERENCES.

21
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

 It stands alone at the end of an essay/article/thesis/dissertation; therefore, the heading is not

given a number following the main heading numbers in your text.
 All entries in the reference list are arranged in alphabetical order by the surname of the author
(or title in case of no author).
Smit precedes Smith
MacArthur precedes McAllister which in turn precedes M'Carthy

When a prefix is part of the surname, alphabetise accordingly:

De Beer is listed under D
Von der Ohe is listed under V

 Authors with the same surname are arranged alphabetically according to their initials.

 Names are listed in inverted order: surname followed by the initial(s). In the case of multiple
authors, inverted order for all names is used, separated by commas and an ", &" before the
last name.
 Always give the names of all authors - never use "et al." in a reference list.
 Several works by the same first author are cited according to the following rules:
- One-author entries are arranged in the numerical order of publication date.
Christensen, L. B. (1991)
Christensen, L. B. (1994)

- Single author entries precede multiple author entries beginning with the same surname.
Mauer, K. F. (1987)
Mauer, K. F., & Watkins, M. L. (1994)

- References with the same first author and different second and/or third authors are arranged
alphabetically according to the surname of the second author.
Mauer, K. F., Marais, H. C., & Prinsloo, R. J. (1991)
Mauer, K. F., & Retief, A. I. (1985)

- Several references to the same author(s) are arranged chronologically according to the year of
publication.
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1980)
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1981)

- References to the same author published in the same year are arranged alphabetically
according to title (excluding a or the). The letters a, b, c and so on, in parenthesis, are placed
immediately after the year.
Terpstra, D. E. (1981a)
Terpstra, D. E. (1981b)
 Group authors are arranged alphabetically according to the first significant word. Human Sciences
Research Council
The full name must appear in the reference list, not an abbreviation - in the above example HSRC (see
sec 2.6).
 Entries in the reference list are not numbered.
 Books and journal articles are mixed up in the reference list; they are not grouped in any way.
22
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

 Secondary sources which were not consulted are not included in the reference list (see sec 3.1.6).
 Personal communications are not listed (see sec 3.2.4).

4.2 STYLES OF THE REFERENCE LIST

All references should be presented in the style discussed in this section. Examples are given later.

4.2.1 General format

Book
Author, A. B. (Date). Title of work. Place: Publisher.
Antonovsky, A. (1979). Health, stress and coping. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Chapter in edited book

Author 1, A. B., & Author 2, C. D. (Date). Title of chapter. In A. Editor (Ed.), Title of book
(pp. xxx-xxx). Place: Publisher.

Antonovsky, A. (1987). Health promoting factors at work: The sense of coherence. In R. Kalimo, M. A.
El-Batawi, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Psychological factors at work and their relation to health (pp. 153-
167). Geneva: World Health Organization.

Journal article
Author 1, A. B., Author 2, C. D., & Author 3, E. F. (Date). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume
number(issue number), xx-xx.
Van der Westhuizen, S., & Ramasodi, E. (2016). Work-related sense of coherence scale: Reliability and
validity of scores in a South African sample. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 26(3), 216-220.

 Author or editor
All authors or editors of the work, with surnames and initials are given in inverted order. Only when the
reference is to the book as a whole, is/are the editor(s) moved to the author position.

 Date
Year of publication, in parenthesis.
(1994) Books and professional journals
(1993, August) Meetings, conferences, popular monthly magazines, and newsletters
(1995, July 24) Daily and weekly papers/popular magazines
(in press) Any work accepted for publication but not yet printed
(1923/1961) Republished works
(n.d.) No date

 Title
The title of the book, article or chapter in italics.
Enclose additional information necessary for identification, for example (2nd ed.), (Ed.), et cetera,
in parenthesis immediately after the title.

23
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

In the case of edited books, give the inclusive pages of the specific chapter or article in parenthesis
after the title, preceded by the abbreviation "pp.”.

If the title is in a foreign language, give the title in that foreign language, followed by an English translation
in brackets.

Enclose a description of the form of the work in brackets (after any parenthetical information) if necessary
for identification and retrieval, for example (APA, 2001, p. 228):
[(English translation)][Brochure][Film][CD][Computer software]

In the case of articles, enclose non-routine information that is important for identification and retrieval
in brackets immediately after the title, for example (APA, 2001, p. 227):
[Letter to the editor] [Special issue] [Monograph] [Abstract] (CD-Rom] [(English translation)]

 Publication data
o Books
City of publication: publisher's name.
Give the official two-letter US Postal Service abbreviation for states/territories of the USA only in the case
of less well-known cities (see table 1). Give only essential, intelligible parts of the publisher's name - leave
out information such as: Publishers Co.Inc. Ltd. & Sons all initials and first names which are not required
to identify the publisher. However, retain the words Books Press.

If two or more publisher locations are given, give the location listed first in the book or, if specified,
the location of the publisher's home office (APA, 2001, p. 217).

o Journals
Journal name (in full), volume number, issue number (optional), inclusive pages. Table 1
Abbreviations for US states and territories
Alabama AL Missouri MO
Alaska AK Montana MT
American Samoa AS Nebraska NE
Arizona AZ Nevada NV
Arkansas AR New Hampshire NH
California CA New Jersey NJ
Canal Zone CZ New Mexico NM
Colorado CO New York NY
Conneticut CT North Carolina NC
Delaware DE North Dakota ND
District of Columbia DC Ohio OH
Florida FL Oklahoma OK
Georgia GA Oregon OR
Guam GU Pennsylvania PA
Hawaii HI Puerto Rico PR
Idaho ID Rhode Island RI
Illinois IL South Carolina SC
Indiana IN South Dakota SD
24
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

Iowa IA Tennessee TN
Kansas KS Texas TX
Kentucky KY Utah UT
Louisiana LA Vermont VT
Maine ME Virgnia VA
Maryland MD Virgin Islands VI
Massachusetts MA Washington WA
Michigan MI West Virginia WV
Minnesota MN Wisconsin WI
Note: Adapted from APA (2001, p. 218).

4.2.2 Punctuation
Use full stops to separate the major subdivisions of a reference citation, namely, author, date, title,
publication data. Also, place full stops after an author's initials.

Use commas within subdivisions, that is, between an author's surname and his/her initials, between
co- authors, between city/place of publication and state where applicable and as separators between
journal name, volume number and inclusive pages. The APA convention is to insert a comma preceding
the "&" before the last author, while PsySSA does not. Follow the PsySSA style in your reference list. Use
a colon between the city/place of publication and the publisher's name.

Use brackets for extensions, qualifications, or interpretations of each subdivision or of the entire
entry. Use “p.” or “pp.” when providing page numbers.

4.2.3 Capitalisation
Capitalise entries according to the following:

 Book, article, or chapter titles:

Capitalise the initial letter of the first word only, with exceptions according to common usage, such
as capital letters for names, first word of a title within a title, and first word after a colon or dash.

 Journal names:
Capitalise the initial letter of all major words.

4.2.4 Italics
The titles of books and names and volume numbers of journals are italicised when typeset for print. If
you cannot use italics, for example handwritten work, underline them.

4.2.5 Arabic numerals

Use Arabic numerals for all numbers in reference lists, even if the book or journal concerned makes use of
Roman numerals.

4.2.6 Abbreviations
Journal names are NEVER abbreviated - they are written out in full.

25
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

Acceptable abbreviations in reference lists of books are the following (APA, 2001, p. 217; Plug, 1993, p.
22):
chap.
Chapter
ed. edition
Rev. ed. revised edition
2nd ed./3rd ed. second/third
edition
Ed./Eds.
Editor/Edi
tors Trans.
Translator
(s)
n.d. no date
p./pp. page/pages
Vol. Volume (as in Volume
4) vols volumes (as in 4
volumes) No. Number
Pt. Part
Suppl. Supplement
Tech. Rep. Technical Report

NOTE 1: Vols is a contraction (not abbreviation) and therefore do not take a full stop (Plug, 1993, p.
22).

NOTE 2: You may follow the Unisa editorial style (ie no full stops) in assignments, but remember
to follow the APA and PsySSA style when submitting an article for publication.

4.2.7 Indentation
Always start below the third letter of the first word if the reference is longer than one line (see examples
in sec 4.3). This is called a hanging indent.

4.3 EXAMPLES OF REFERENCES

Now that you have read the general requirements and the style of the reference list, it is time to illustrate
these two aspects with examples.

Note that examples are given here, as they would appear in print, that is, italics are used where
applicable. At present APA and PsySSA require that in manuscripts submitted for publication, the relevant
parts must be underlined to indicate italics in print. Use the underlining convention for handwritten
assignments and italics if you use a word processor package.

NOTE: A list of all the examples of references listed here is given in the appendix to make it easier for
you to locate a specific example in the future.

26
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

4.3.1 Books and book chapters

Book, one author, seventh edition
Christensen, L. B. (1997). Experimental methodology (7th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Note that first editions of books are never identified as (1st ed.).
Text citation: See section 3.1.1.

Book, two authors, second edition

Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1978). The social psychology of organizations (2nd ed). New York: Wiley.
Text citation: See section 3.1.2.

Book, two editors, second edition of a multivolume work

(Plug, 1993, p. 23)
James, P. H., & Knoble, U. M. (Eds) (1977). Introduction to the psychology of education (2nd ed., 5
vols). New York: Educational Books.

 Books containing separate contributions by different authors are usually compiled by an editor
or editors. If the reference is to the book as a whole, list the editors in the author position,
followed by (Ed.) for one editor, or (Eds.) for more than one.
 Additional information about the work, such as the specific edition cited, or the number of volumes
in a multivolume work, is enclosed in parentheses immediately after the title.

Edited book: chapter

Guion, R. M. (1991). Personnel assessment, selection, and placement. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough
(Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 327-397). Palo Alto, CA:
Consulting Psychologists Press.

 This example indicates that you cited Guion (see sec 3.1.5 a).
 Note that when the editor's name is not in the author position, the surname and initials are not
inverted.

Edited book: article/reading

Nadler, D. A., & Lawler, E. E. (1977). Motivation: A diagnostic approach. In J. R. Hackman, E. E. Lawler
& L. W. Porter (Eds.), Perspectives on behavior in organizations (pp. 26 -38). New York: McGraw-
Hill.

 This example indicates that you cited Nadler and Lawler (see sec 3.1.5 b).
 Only when the reference is to the book as a whole, is (are) the compiler(s) moved to the
author position, followed by (Ed.) or (Eds.).

Book, no author
A manual of style. (1993). (14th ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

 Note that the title moves to the author position (see sec 3.2.1).
 A work designated as "Anonymous" is alphabetised by the word "Anonymous".

27
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

Book, group as author

American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

 Always mention the date next to the word "Copyright" or the symbol © on the back of the title
page, in this case, 2001. The fact that mention is also made that this particular book is the 5th
printing,
 1995, is not important.
 When the author and publisher are the same, use the word "Author" as the name of the publisher.
 Text citation: See section 3.2.2.

Book, revised edition

(APA, 2001, p.249)
Rosenthal, R. (1987). Meta-analytic procedures for social research (Rev. ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Monograph in a titled series

Preller, A. C. N. (1972). Die geskiedenis van die psigologie. Sielkunde-biblioteek, Nr. 24. Pretoria:
Van Schaik.

 The series serves as the title.

Burger, L. (1992). Coping with repetitive natural disasters: A study of the Ladysmith floods. Reports
from the Psychology Department, No. 26. Pretoria: University of South Africa.
(Plug, 1993, p.25).

Brochure, corporate author

University of South Africa. (n.d.). The faculty of economic and management sciences [Brochure].
Pretoria: Author.

 Note the (n.d.) for no date.

 In brackets, identify the publication as a brochure.

Several volumes in a multivolume edited work, publication over period of more than one year
(APA, 2001, p.250).
Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959-1963). Psychology: A study of science (Vols. 1-6). New York: McGraw-Hill.

 In text, use the following parenthetical citation: (Koch, 1959-1963).

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

(APA, 2001, p.250)
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th
ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

28
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

 In text, cite the name of the association and the name of the manual in full at the first mention in
the text; thereafter, you may refer to the traditional DSM form as follows:
DSM-III (1980) third edition
DSM-III-R (1987) third edition, revised
DSM-IV (1994) fourth edition

Non-English book
(APA, 2001, p.251)
Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1951). La genèse de l’idèe de hasard chez l’enfant [The origin of the idea of
chance in the child]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

 If the original version of a non-English book is used as the source, cite the original version. Give
the original title and, in brackets, the English translation.

Freud, S (1961). Die traumdeutung [The interpretation of dreams]. Frankfurt: Fisher.

 Give the title in the original language, to prevent readers from requesting a book that they might
be unable to read. If many readers will be unable to understand the title, an English translation
of the title may be supplied in brackets as above (Plug, 1993, pp.23-24).

English translation of a book

(APA, 2001, p.251)

Laplace, P.-S. (1951). A Philosophical essay on probabilities (F.W. Truscott & F.L. Emory, Trans.).
New York: Dover. (Original work published 1814).

 If the English translation of a non-English work is used as the source, cite the English translation.
o Give the English title without brackets.
 In text, cite the original publication date and the date of the translation: (Laplace, 1814/1951).

English translation of an article or chapter in an edited book, volume in a multivolume work,

republished work
(APA, 2001, p.254)

Freud, S. (1961). The ego and the id. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.). The standard edition of the
complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 3-66). London: Hogarth Press. (Original
work published 1923).

 If the English translation of a non-English work is used as the source, cite the English translation.
Give the English title without brackets.
 To identify a translator, use "Trans.", and place the translator's name after the editor's name.
 In text, use the following parenthetical citation: (Freud, 1923/1961).

29
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

Entry in an encyclopaedia
(APA, 2001, p.254)

Bergmann, P.G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp.501-
508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

 If an entry has no byline, begin the reference with the entry title and publication date.

Unisa study guide

Wolfaardt, J. B., Viviers, A. M., de Wit, E. J., Tustin, C. M., Vosloo, S. E., & Von der Ohe, H. (1990).
Research methodology and psychological measurement (Study Guide I for IPS201-C). Pretoria:
University of South Africa.

 Put the name of the paper/course in the title position.

 The information in parenthesis is a description of the form of the work - it is not the title.
 Text citation: See section 3.2.6.

4.3.2 Journal articles

Journal article, one author
Guion, R. M. (1973). A note on organizational climate. Organizational Behavior and Human
Performance, 9, 120-125.

 It is optional to insert the issue number in brackets next to the volume number. However, always
try to make a habit of giving the number when it is available. This facilitates the search of a
source in a library, especially when volumes are still unbound. It also covers you as an
author if you are uncertain whether issues of the journal are individually or continuously paginated.
 Note that it is unnecessary and not customary to include the words "Vol." for volume and
"pp," for pages as they are self-evident by appearance.
 Note that the volume number is also in italics.

Journal article, two or more authors

Blake, R. R., & Mouton, J. S. (1982). A comparative analysis of situationalism and 9,9 management by
principle. Organizational Dynamics, 10(4), 20-43.

 Always give the issue number in parenthesis next to the volume number if the pages of each
issue are numbered from 1 onwards, as is the case with this journal.

Journal article, three to six authors

(APA, 2001, p.240)
Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos, E. D., & White, L. A. (1993). Role of early
supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449.

 Text citation: See section 3.1.3.

30
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

Journal article, more than six authors

(APA, 2001, p.240)
Kneip, R. C., Delamater, A. M., Ismond, T., Milford, C., Salvia, L., & Schwartz, D. (1993), Self- and spouse
ratings of anger and hostility as predictors of coronary heart disease. Health Psychology, 12, 301-307.

 In text, use the following parenthetical citation each time (including the first) the work is cited:
(Kneip et al., 1993). (see sec 3.1.4.)

Journal article in press

(APA, 2001, p.241)
Zuckerman, M., & Kieffer, S. C. (in press). Race differences in face-ism: Does facial prominence imply
dominance? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

 Do not give a year, a volume, or page numbers until the article is published. In text, use
the following parenthetical citation: (Zuckerman & Kieffer, in press).
 If another reference by the same author (or same order of authors for multiple authors) is included
in the list of references, place the in-press entry after the offpress (published) entry. If there is
more than one in-press reference, list the entries alphabetically by the first word after the date
element, and assign lower-case letter suffixes to the date element (eg, in press-a).

Journal article, same authors, different dates

Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1980). The future of criterion-related validity. Personnel Psychology,
33(1), 41-60.
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1981). Employment testing: Old theories and new research findings.
American Psychologist, 36, 1128-1137.

 Note the chronological order by date (see sec 3.3.1).

Journal article, same author, same date

Terpstra, D. E. (1981a). The organization development evaluation process: Some problems and
proposals. Human Resources Management, 20(1), 24-29.
Terpstra, D. E. (1981b). Relationship between methodological rigor and reported outcomes in
organization development evaluation research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66(5), 541-543.

 Note the suffixes "a" and "b" next to the year to identify the particular reference cited (see sec 3.3.2).

Entire issue of a journal

Hambleton, R. K., & Van der Linden, W. J. (Eds.). (1982). Advances in item response theory and
applications [Special issue]. Applied Psychological Measurement, 6(4).

 When citing an entire issue of a journal, for example a special issue, give the editors of the
issue and the title of the issue. If the issue has no editors, move the issue title to the author position.

Journal article; periodical without volume number's

Brown, S. (April/May 1992). The spirit of South Africa. Habitat, 109, 223-224, 226, 228.

 Give all the page numbers on which the article appears whenever page numbers are
discontinuous as is the case here.
31
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

Journal published annually

Jones, L. V., & Appelbaum, M. I. (1989). Psychometric methods. Annual Review of Psychology, 40, 23-43.

 Treat annually published series such as the Annual Review of Psychology that have specified,
regular publication dates as journals, not books.

Citing an abstract only

Sackett, P. R. (1989). I/O Psychology: The state of the practice. Psychological Abstracts, 76, 17332.

 Give the abstract number, rather than the page number.

 If the title of the journal does not include the word "Abstracts", place "Abstract" in brackets after
the title.

Journal article in popular magazine

Weekly Magazine
Alfonso, T. (25 September 1997). Ek stap op Diana se laaste roete. Huisgenoot, 8-9, 11.

 Give the exact date of publication, including month and day (when applicable).
 Note the discontinuous page numbers.

Bi-monthly magazine
Truter, S. (24 September 1997). Klein dinamiet. [Sarie praat met Mary Holroyd]. Sarie, 30-32.

 Give the exact date of publication, including month and day (when applicable).

Monthly magazine
Living life to the full - in a wheelchair. (October 1997). Essentials, 33-34.
What stress type are you? (October 1997). Woman's value, 32-33.
Toerien, W. (September 1997). Great expectations of the classic red blends. Wine, 4(12), 24-28.

Daily/Weekly newspaper article

Smith, W. (October 25, 1997). Williams driven by the will to win. Pretoria News, p.7.

 Precede page numbers for newspaper articles with "p." or "pp."

 When an article has no author, move the title to the author position.
 In text, use a short title for the parenthetical citation.

Special correspondents. (October 25, 1997). Lockerbie not an issue. Pretoria News, p.1.

 When "correspondent" is indicated as the author of the article, mention it as such in the
author position, as is done in the case of "Anonymous."

Monthly newspaper article

Azar, B. (1994, August). Computers create global research lab. APA Monitor, pp.1, 16.
Locke, E. A. (1995, July). The importance of self-esteem [Letter to the editor]. APA Monitor, p.5.

 Note the "[Letter to the editor]" as nonroutine information that is important for identification of
this source.
32
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

Monograph bound separately as a supplement to a journal

(APA, 2001, p.244)
Battig, W. F., & Montague, W. E. (1969). Category norms for verbal items in 56 categories: A replication
and extension of the Connecticut category norms. Journal of Experimental Psychology Monographs,
80(3, Pt.2).

 Give the issue number and supplement or part number in parentheses immediately after the
volume number.
 When the monograph is bound into a journal with continuous pagination, just insert the
word "Monograph" in brackets between the title and the journal name.

Journal supplement
(APA, 2001, p.246)
Regier, A. A., Narrow, W. E., & Rae, D. S. (1990). The epidemiology of anxiety disorders: The
epidemiologic catchment areas (ECA) experience. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 24(Suppl. 2), 3-14.

 Give the supplement number in parentheses immediately after the volume number.

Non-English journal article, title translated into English

(APA, 2001, p.246)
Zajonc, R. B. (1989). Bischofs gefühlvolle Verwirrunggen über the Gefühle [Bischof's emotional fluster
over the emotions]. Psychologische Rundschau, 40, 218-221.

 If the original version of a non-English article is used as the source, cite the original version.
Give the original title, and in brackets, the English translation.
 Use diacritical marks and capital letters for non-English words as done in the original
language (umlauts and capitals for the nouns in this example).

English translation of a journal article, journal paginated by issue

(APA, 2001, p.247)
Stutte, H. (1972). Transcultural child psychiatry. Acta Paedopsychiatrica, 38(9), 229-231.

 If the English translation of a non-English article is used as the source, cite the English translation.
Give the English title without brackets.

Citation of a work discussed in a secondary source

Refer back to the example in section 3.1.6. Your entry in the reference list in this case would be:
Wolfaardt, J. B. (1990). Achievement test item analysis: A comparison of traditional and modern methods.
South African Journal of Psychology, 20(4), 282-286.

4.3.3 Research and technical reports

Research and technical report
McCormick, E. J. (1974). The application of structured job analysis information based on the Position
Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) (Report No. 9). Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, Occupational Research
Centre.

33
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

Taylor, T. R. (1979). A multivariate approach to the prediction of behaviour towards attitude objects:
I. Literature survey (Pers 287). Johannesburg: National Institute for Personnel Research.

 Identify the report by its series number in parentheses after the title.

Report available from the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)

(APA, 2001, p.257)
Mead, J. V. (1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that novice teachers bring
with them (Report No. NCRTL-PR-92-4). East Lansing, MI: National Center for Research on Teacher
Learning. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 346 082).

 Give the ERIC number in parentheses at the end of the entry.

4.3.4 Proceedings: conferences/symposia/meetings

Published proceedings, published contribution to a symposium, article or chapter in an

edited book
Vale, C. D. (1985). Design of a Microcomputer-based adaptive testing system. In D.J. Weiss (Ed.),
Proceedings of the 1982 Item Response Theory and Computerized Adaptive Testing Conference
(pp. 360-371). Minneapolis, MN: Computerized Adaptive Testing Laboratory, Department of Psychology,
University of Minnesota.

 Capitalise the name of the conference or symposium, which is a proper name.

 If no editors are named, give the title Proceedings of... directly after the title of the
contribution, without the word In.

Unpublished paper presented at a meeting/conference

Hough, L. M. (1987, August). Overcoming objections to the use of temperament variables in selection.
Paper presented at the 95th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, New York.

Poster session
Wolfaardt, J. B. (1994, October). An animated approach to teaching graphical data displays in statistics.
Poster session presented at the International Conference on Computer-Assisted education and Training
in Developing Countries, Midrand, South Africa.

 Omit the words "poster session" and italicise the conference name when your source is the
conference proceedings:

Wolfaardt, J. B. (1995). An animated approach to teaching graphical data displays in statistics. In P.

M. Alexander (Ed.). Papers delivered at the International Conference on Computer-Assisted Education
and Training in Developing Countries (pp. 259-264). Pretoria: University of South Africa.

4.3.5 Doctoral dissertations and master’s theses

Dissertation
Mauer, K. F. (1976). The assessment of human resources utilization. Unpublished D.Litt et Phil
dissertation. Rand Afrikaans University, Johannesburg.

34
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

 Give the name of the city only if it does not form part of the name of the university.

Thesis
Leary, M. B. (1985). The development of a biodata inventory for classification and selection purposes
in a communications organization. Unpublished M.Com thesis. Pretoria: University of South Africa.

Doctoral dissertation abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International

Wolfaardt, J. B. (1982). The design and evaluation of work sample tests for Black artisan aides in
the mining industry [Afrikaans text] (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pretoria, South Africa, 1981).
Dissertation Abstracts International, 46(12), 4961B.

Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) and obtained on

university microfilm
(APA, 2001, pp.260-261)

Bower, D. L. (1993). Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals: Characteristics of referring

and nonreferring supervisors. Dissertation Abstracts International, 54(01), 534B. (University Microfilms
No. AAD93-15947)

 If the microfilm of the dissertation is used as the source, give the university microfilms number
as well as the volume and page numbers of DAI.
 For a master's thesis abstracted in Masters Abstracts International and obtained on
university microfilm, also use the format shown here.

4.3.6 Unpublished works

Unpublished manuscript
Cameron, S. E. (1981). Educational level as a predictor of success. Unpublished manuscript.
Ulbricht, H. W. (1993). Personality and selective migration. Unpublished manuscript, Human
Resources Laboratory, Chamber of Mines Research Organization, Johannesburg.

 The key issue is to indicate where the unpublished manuscript can be obtained if at all possible.
 For a publication of limited circulation, given in parentheses immediately after the title a name
and address from which the publication can be obtained.

Manuscript in Progress or submitted for publication but not yet accepted

(APA, 2001, p.263)
McIntosh, D. N. (1993). Religion as schema, with implications for the relation between religion and
coping. Manuscript submitted for publication.

 Do not give the name of the journal or publisher to which the manuscript has been submitted.
 Treat a manuscript accepted for publication but not yet published as an in-press
reference.
 Use the same format for a draft or work in progress, but substitute the words "Manuscript
in preparation" for the final sentence. Use the year of the draft you read (not "in preparation")
in the text citation.

35
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

Unpublished raw data from study, untitled work

Wolfaardt, J. B., & Tustin, C. M. (1990). [Achievement of students on the research methodology paper
in the examination and subsequent supplementary examination]. Unpublished raw data.

 Do not underline the topic; use brackets to indicate the material is a description of content, not
a title.

4.3.7 Reviews
Review of a book
Sale, F. (1992). [Review of the book Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed.,
Vol.1)]. Personnel Psychology, 45(1), 182-187.

Burmeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The self-knower: A hero
under control]. Contemporary Psychology, 38, 466-467.

 If the review is untitled, use the material in brackets as the title; retain the brackets to indicate
that the material is a description of form and content, not a title.
 PsySSA still includes the name of the author of books reviewed.
 Identify the type of medium in brackets (film, book, television program, etc).

Review of a motion picture

(APA, 2001, p.265)
Kraus, S. J. (1992). Visions of psychology: A videotext of classic studies [Review of the motion picture
program Discovering Psychology]. Contemporary Psychology, 37, 1146-1147.

 If the review is untitled, use the material in brackets as the title; retain the brackets to indicate
that the material is a description of form and content, not a title.
4.3.8 Audiovisual media

Film, limited circulation

(APA, 2001, p.266)
Harrison, J. (Producer), & Schmiechen, R. (Director). (1992). Changing our minds: The story of Evelyn
Hooker [Film]. (Available from Changing Our Minds, Inc., 170 West End Avenue, Suite 25R, New
York, NY 10023)

 Give the name and, in parentheses, the function of the originator or primary contributors (in
this example, Harrison and Schmiechen, who are, respectively, the producer and the director).
 Specify the medium in brackets immediately after the title (in this example, the medium is film;
other non-print media include videotapes, audiotapes, slides, charts, and works of art).

 Give the location and name of the distributor (in this example, because Changing Our Minds is
a small establishment, a complete address is provided).

Yuley, C. J. (1993). Training counselling psychologists [Set of 12 video recordings]. Institute for
Counselling Psychology, University of Manchester.

36
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

Television broadcast
Robinson, F. (Executive producer). (1995, August 31). Agenda/Newsline. Johannesburg: South African
Broadcast Corporation.

Television series
Reid-Ross, L. (Producer) & Binge, H. (Director). (1995). The syndicate. Cape Town: Cape Waterfront
Television.

Single episode from a television series

Van Jaarsveld, J. (1995). Episode 5: Risiko! (K. Roets, Director). In M. Goldsmid (Producer),
Woestynblom. Johannesburg: Quantum Produksies.

 Place the name of the script writer in the author position and use this name in the text citation
(eg, Van Jaarsveld, 1995).
 Give the director of the programme as parenthetical information after the programme title.
 Place the producer of the series in the editor position.

Music recording
Veerman, J., Keizer, J., & Tuijp, J. (1997). Wedding Bells [Recorded by J. Keizer, & C. Smit]. On BZN
Pearls [CD]. The Netherlands: Mercury Records BV.

 1997: Date of copyright.

 Wedding Bells : Title of song
 CD : Compact Disk (medium of recording)
 Add the recording date as the last element, if different from copyright date.
 Recording by artist other than writer: Indicate immediately after title: "[Recorded by A.B. Singer]."
 Music recording on-line

Veerman, J., Keizer, J., & Tuijp, J. (1997). The pearl of Surabaya: The Song [Recorded by BZN].
[CD, available in WAV format]. The Netherlands: Mercury Records BV. Retrieved from http://www.bzn-
online.com

Audio recording
Anastasi, A. (Speaker). (1994). One hundred years of psychological testing. (Audio Recording No. 92-332
[2 cassettes]). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

 Give the name and function of the originators or primary contributors (in this example, Anne
Anastasi, who is the speaker).
 Specify the medium in brackets immediately after the title (in this example, the medium is a
cassette recording). Give a number for the recording if it is necessary for identification and
retrieval. Use parentheses if a number is necessary. If no number is necessary, use brackets.

 Give the location and name of the distributor (in this example, American Psychological
Association).

37
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

4.3.9 Electronic media

Electronic sources include aggregated databases, online journals, websites or webpages, newsgroups,
web- or e-mail-based discussion groups, and web- or e-mail-based newsletters.

In text, electronic correspondence, such as E-mail messages and conversations via bulletin boards
and electronic discussion groups, is cited as personal communication (see sec 3.2.4).

Guidelines on electronic referencing can be found at the following websites of APA:

http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2012/06/electronic-references-in-apa-style-at-your-fingertips.html

http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/11/how-to-cite-something-you-found-on-a-website-in-apa-
style.html

General form for electronic references

Entire website (as mentioned in section 3.2.7)

When citing an entire website, it is sufficient to provide the website address only in the text.
Example:
Frequent areas of confusion regarding references can be clarified by the frequently asked questions on
APA style cite (http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/index.aspx).

Online document
When an online document does not fall into a defined category like an online journal article, the following
general format could be used:

Author, A. A. (date). Title of document [Format description]. Retrieved from http://URL

The format description in brackets is only used when the content of the webpage is something out the
ordinary like a blog or discussion forum.
The following examples are taken from: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/11/how-to-cite-
something-you-found-on-a-website-in-apa-style.html

Here’s an example where no author is identified in this online news article:

All 33 Chile miners freed in flawless rescue. (2010, October 13). Retrieved from
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39625809/ns/world_news-americas/

And here’s an example for a webpage where no date is identified:

The College of William and Mary. (n.d.). College mission statement. Retrieved from
http://www.wm.edu/about/administration/provost/mission/index.php

38
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

Document available on university program or department Web site

Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and education: New wine in new
bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures. Retrieved from Columbia University, Institute
for Learning Technologies Web site:
http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html

 If a document is contained within a large and complex Web site (such as that for a university
or a government agency), identify the host organization and the relevant program or department
before giving the URL for the document itself. Precede the URL with a colon.

Online abstract
(APA, 2001, pp.271-277)
Meyer, A. S., & Bock, K. (1992). The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: Blocking or partial activation?
[On- line]. Memory & Cognition, 20, 715-726. Abstract from: DIALOG File: PsycINFO Item 80-16351

 Do not end a path statement with a full stop, because stray punctuation in a path will hinder
retrieval

Online journal article

(APA, 2001, pp. 271-277; APA, 2010, pp. 187-189) (see also 3.1.7)

DOI
Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status and the survival times of
terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

No DOI
Light, M. A., & Light, I. H. (2008). The geographic expansion of Mexican immigration in the United States
and its implications for local law enforcement. Law Enforcement Executive Forum Journal, 8(1), 73-82.

URL
Wheeler, D. P., & Bragin, M. (2007). Bringing it all back home: Social work and the challenge of returning
veterans. Health and Social Work, 32, 297-300. Retrieved from http://www.naswpressonline.org
Article in an Internet-only journal (see 3.1.7)
Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being.
Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a.
Retrieved from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html

Article in an Internet-only newsletter

Glueckauf, R. L., Whitton, J., Baxter, J., Kain, J., Vogelgesang, S., Hudson, M., et al., (1998, July).
Videocounseling for families of rural teens with epilepsy -- Project update. Telehealth News,2(2).
Retrieved from http://www.telehealth.net/subscribe/newslettr4a.html1

 Use the complete publication date given on the article.

 Note that there are no page numbers.

39
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

 In an Internet periodical, volume and issue numbers often are not relevant. If they are not used,
the name of the periodical is all that can be provided in the reference.
 Whenever possible, the URL should link directly to the article.
 Break a URL that goes to another line after a slash or before a period. Do not insert (or allow
your word-processing program to insert) a hyphen at the break.

Electronic data file or database

(APA, 1994, pp. 220-221)
National Health Interview Survey - Current health topics: 1991 - Longitudinal study of aging (Version
4) [Electronic data tape]. (1992). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics [Producer and
Distributor].

 Give as the authors the primary contributors (eg, the designers of the survey or study).
 Give as the date of publication the year copies of the data file or database were first made
generally available.
 Give the title, and, in brackets immediately after the title, identify the source as an electronic data
file or database. (If the work has no title, in brackets provide a complete description of content,
including the year the data were collected.)
 Give the location and name of the producer (the person or organisation that encoded the data)
and the location and name of the distributor (the person or organisation from which copies of
the file can be obtained). In parentheses immediately after the names, write "Producer" and
"Distributor", respectively.

Abstract on CD-ROM
(APA, 1994, p.221)
Meyer, A. S., & Bock, K. (1992). The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: Blocking or partial activation? [CD-
ROM]. Memory & Cognition, 20, 715-726. Abstract from: SilverPlatter File: PsycLIT Item: 80-16351

Bower, D. L. (1993). Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals: Characteristics of referring and
nonreferring supervisors. [CD-ROM]. Abstract from: ProQuest File: Dissertation Abstracts Item: 9315947

Computer program, software or programming language

Harvard Graphics 3.0 [Computer software]. (1991). Mountain View, CA: Software Publishing Corporation.

 Do not underline names of software, programs, or languages, ie no italics.

 Treat references as unauthored works, except when a specific person has proprietary rights to
the software.

WordPerfect V6.1 User's guide [software manual]. (1994). Orem, VT: Novell Applications Group.

 Note that the manual, not the program, is referenced here. In the case of a commercially available
book for computer software, use the style for books, eg:
 Simpson, A. (1995). Mastering WordPerfect 6.1 for Windows - Special edition. (2nd ed). San
Francisco: Sybex.
 Note how this example differs from the one above: Italics is used for the title and "[software
manual]" is not mentioned.

40
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

Wolfaardt, J. B. (Designer). (1995). Computer-based study material for research methodology IPS201-C
[computer software]. Pretoria: University of South Africa.

 (Designer) informs the reader that the author designed, but did not program the CBI lesson.

4.3.10 Court cases

(Plug, 1993, p.26)
State v. Jones (1986). South African Law Reports, (4), 34-42.

 Text citation: See section 3.2.5.

4.3.11 Acts
This is not exactly APA style, but incorporates other styles. A few examples are provided.

Act on its own

Employment Equity Act, No 55 (1998).

 When the act is cited for the first time in the text, it should be done as in the example above.
The number can be omitted in all the citations of the act afterwards.

Act as published in the Government Gazette

General format:
Name of act, Number (Date). Government Gazette, volume number (Issue number).

Examples:
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, No 108 (1996). Government Gazette, 378 (17678). Labour
Relations Act, No 66 (1995). Government Gazette, 366 (16861).
Basic Conditions of Employment Act, No 75 (1997). Government Gazette, 390 (18491).

Act published as a book

Unemployment Insurance Act, No 30 (1966). Pretoria: Government Printer.

41
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

5 REFERENCES
American Psychological Association. (1994). Publication manual (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Plug, C. (1993). Guide to authors: South African Journal of Psychology (2nd ed.). Pretoria: Psychological
Association of South Africa.

42
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

APPENDIX: LIST OF ALL EXAMPLES OF REFERENCES GIVEN IN 4.3

Books and book chapters

1. Book, one author, sixth edition

2. Book, two authors, second edition
3. Book, two editors, second edition of a multivolume work
4. Edited book: chapter
5. Edited book: article/reading
6. Book, no author
7. Book, group as author
8. Book, revised edition
9. Monograph in a titled series
10. Brochure, corporate author
11. Several volumes in a multivolume edited work, publication over period of more than one year
12. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
13. Non-English book
14. English translation of a book
15. English translation of an article or chapter in an edited book, volume in multivolume work,
republished Work
16. Entry in an encyclopaedia
17. Unisa study guide

Journal articles

18. Journal article, one author

19. Journal article, two or more authors
20. Journal article, three to five authors
21. Journal article, six or more authors
22. Journal article in press
23. Journal article, same authors, different dates
24. Journal article, same author, same date
25. Entire issue of a journal
26. Journal article; periodical without volume numbers
27. Journal published annually
28. Citing an abstract only
29. Journal article in popular magazine
30. Daily/Weekly newspaper article
31. Monthly newspaper article
32. Monograph bound separately as a supplement to a journal
33. Journal supplement
34. Non-English journal article, title translated into English
35. English translation of a journal article, journal paginated by issue
36. Citation of a work discussed in a secondary source

43
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

Research and technical reports

37. Research/technical report

38. Report available from the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)

Proceedings: conferences/symposia/meetings

39. Published proceedings, published contribution to a symposium, article or chapter in an edited

book
40. Unpublished paper presented at a meeting/conference
41. Poster session

Doctoral dissertations and master’s theses

42. Dissertation
43. Thesis
44. Doctoral dissertation abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International
45. Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) and
obtained on university microfilm

Unpublished works

46. Unpublished manuscript

47. Manuscript in progress or submitted for publication but not yet accepted
48. Unpublished raw data from study, untitled work

Reviews

49. Review of a book

50. Review of a video

Audio-visual media

51. Film, limited circulation

52. Television broadcast
53. Television series
54. Single episode from a television series
55. Music recording
56. Cassette recording

Electronic media

57. General form for electronic references

58. On-line abstract
59. On-line journal article
60. Electronic data file or database
61. Abstract on CD-ROM
62. Computer program, software or programming language
44
 IPSHONT/301/4/2020

Court cases

63. Court case

Acts

64. Act on its own

65. Act as published in the Government Gazette
66. Act published as a book

©
UNISA 2020

45