Introduction to Big Data: Big data refers to extremely large and complex data sets that cannot be

processed by traditional data processing systems. This data is characterized by its volume, velocity,
and variety. Big data can come from various sources, such as social media, internet activity,
customer transactions, sensor data, and more.

Characteristics of Big Data: The key characteristics of big data are:

1. Volume: Big data refers to extremely large data sets that can range from terabytes to
petabytes in size.
2. Velocity: Big data is generated at a high speed, and it requires real-time processing and
analysis.
3. Variety: Big data comes in various forms, such as structured, semi-structured, and
unstructured data.

Types of Big Data: There are three types of big data:

1. Structured: Structured data is organized and stored in a specific format. Examples include
data from a relational database.
2. Semi-structured: Semi-structured data is partially organized and can be processed using
tools such as XML and JSON.
3. Unstructured: Unstructured data is not organized and can be in the form of images, videos,
social media posts, and more.

Traditional versus Big Data: Traditional data processing involves the use of relational databases
and structured data. However, big data requires the use of distributed computing systems such as
Hadoop, Spark, and NoSQL databases to handle large volumes of data.

Evolution of Big Data: The evolution of big data can be traced back to the early 2000s when
Google first published its research paper on the Google File System. Since then, big data has
evolved to include a range of technologies and tools, including Apache Hadoop, Spark, and more.

Challenges with Big Data: The main challenges with big data are:

1. Data volume: Managing large volumes of data can be a daunting task.

2. Data velocity: Processing data in real-time can be challenging.
3. Data variety: Dealing with unstructured and semi-structured data can be complex.
4. Data veracity: Ensuring data accuracy and quality can be difficult.

Technologies available for Big Data: There are several technologies available for big data,
including:

1. Apache Hadoop: An open-source software framework used for distributed storage and
processing of large data sets.
2. Apache Spark: An open-source distributed computing system used for processing big data.
3. NoSQL databases: A non-relational database that can handle large volumes of unstructured
and semi-structured data.

Infrastructure for Big Data: The infrastructure for big data includes:
 1. Storage: Big data requires large-scale distributed storage systems, such as Hadoop
Distributed File System (HDFS) and Amazon S3.
2. Processing: Big data requires distributed processing systems, such as Hadoop and Spark.

Use of Data Analytics: Data analytics involves using tools and techniques to extract insights from
data. Big data analytics can help organizations make better decisions and gain a competitive
advantage.

Desired Properties of Big Data System: The desired properties of a big data system are:

1. Scalability: The system should be able to handle large volumes of data.

2. Flexibility: The system should be able to handle various types of data.
3. Fault tolerance: The system should be able to handle failures and continue to operate.
4. Security: The system should be secure and protect data privacy.
5. Real-time processing: The system should be able to process data in real-time.
6. Cost-effectiveness: The system should be cost-effective and provide value for money.

Introduction to Hadoop, Core Hadoop components, Hadoop Eco system, HivePhysical Architecture, Hadoop
limitations, RDBMS Versus Hadoop, Hadoop Distributed Filesystem, Processing Data with Hadoop, Managing
Resources and Application with HadoopYARN, MapReduce programming
Introduction to Hadoop: Apache Hadoop is an open-source framework used for distributed storage and
processing of large data sets. It was created by Doug Cutting and Mike Cafarella in 2006 and is maintained by
the Apache Software Foundation. Hadoop is designed to handle big data by using a distributed file system and a
distributed processing system.

Core Hadoop components: The core components of Hadoop are:

1. Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS): A distributed file system used to store large data sets across
multiple machines.
2. MapReduce: A distributed processing system used to process large data sets in parallel.

Hadoop Eco system: The Hadoop ecosystem includes several additional components and tools that work
together with Hadoop to provide a complete big data solution. These components include:

1. Hive: A data warehousing system that provides SQL-like querying capabilities for big data.
2. Pig: A high-level scripting language used for analyzing big data.
3. HBase: A NoSQL database that provides real-time access to big data.
4. Spark: An open-source data processing engine used for processing big data in real-time.
5. Mahout: An open-source machine learning library that runs on top of Hadoop.

Hive Physical Architecture: Hive is a data warehousing system built on top of Hadoop that provides SQL-like
querying capabilities for big data. The physical architecture of Hive consists of three main components:

1. Metastore: Stores metadata about the data stored in Hadoop.

2. Query engine: Executes SQL-like queries on Hadoop data.
3. Driver: Interfaces with the user and translates SQL queries into MapReduce jobs.

Hadoop limitations: Despite its many benefits, Hadoop has several limitations, including:
 1. Slow processing: Hadoop processes data at a slower speed than traditional databases due to its
distributed nature.
2. Complexity: Hadoop requires a high level of technical expertise to set up and manage.
3. Data consistency: Hadoop does not guarantee data consistency, which can lead to data loss or
corruption.

RDBMS Versus Hadoop: Relational database management systems (RDBMS) and Hadoop serve different
purposes. RDBMS are designed to handle structured data, whereas Hadoop is designed to handle unstructured
and semi-structured data. RDBMS is also better suited for handling transactions and real-time data processing,
whereas Hadoop is better suited for batch processing and big data analysis.

Hadoop Distributed Filesystem: The Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) is a distributed file system used to
store and manage large data sets across multiple machines. It consists of two main components:

1. NameNode: Stores metadata about the files and directories in HDFS.

2. DataNode: Stores the actual data in HDFS.

Processing Data with Hadoop: Hadoop processes data using the MapReduce paradigm, which involves dividing
large data sets into smaller chunks and processing them in parallel across multiple nodes. MapReduce consists of
two main stages:

1. Map: Processes the input data and produces intermediate results.

2. Reduce: Aggregates the intermediate results to produce the final output.

Managing Resources and Application with Hadoop YARN: Hadoop YARN (Yet Another Resource Negotiator) is a
resource management system used to manage resources and applications in a Hadoop cluster. It consists of two
main components:

1. ResourceManager: Manages the allocation of resources to applications.

2. NodeManager: Manages resources on each node in the cluster.

MapReduce programming: MapReduce programming involves writing programs in Java or other programming
languages that implement the MapReduce paradigm. MapReduce programs consist of two main parts:

1. Mapper: Processes the input data and produces intermediate results.

2. Reducer: Aggregates the intermediate results to produce the final output

Introduction to Hive Hive Architecture, Hive Data types, Hive Query Language,Introduction to Pig, Anatomy of
Pig, Pig on Hadoop, Use Case for Pig, ETL Processing, Datatypes in Pig running Pig, Execution model of Pig,
Operators, functions,Data types of Pig.
Introduction to Hive: Hive is a data warehousing system built on top of Hadoop that provides SQL-like querying
capabilities for big data. Hive uses a SQL-like language called HiveQL to query data stored in Hadoop.

Hive Architecture: Hive architecture consists of three main components:

1. Metastore: Stores metadata about the data stored in Hadoop.

2. Query engine: Executes SQL-like queries on Hadoop data.
3. Driver: Interfaces with the user and translates SQL queries into MapReduce jobs.

Hive Data types: Hive supports several data types, including primitive types (e.g., int, string, float) and complex
types (e.g., arrays, maps, structs).
Hive Query Language: HiveQL is a SQL-like language used to query data stored in Hadoop. HiveQL supports a
wide range of SQL-like operations, including SELECT, WHERE, JOIN, and GROUP BY.

Introduction to Pig: Pig is a high-level scripting language used for analyzing big data. Pig is built on top of
Hadoop and uses MapReduce for processing data.

Anatomy of Pig: Pig consists of four main components:

1. Pig Latin: A high-level scripting language used to write Pig programs.

2. Pig engine: Translates Pig Latin programs into MapReduce jobs.
3. Execution environment: Runs Pig programs on Hadoop.
4. User-defined functions: Allow users to extend Pig's functionality by writing their own functions.

Pig on Hadoop: Pig runs on top of Hadoop and uses MapReduce for processing data. Pig is designed to make it
easier to process big data by providing a high-level language and abstracting away the complexities of
MapReduce programming.

Use Case for Pig: Pig is used for a wide range of big data processing tasks, including ETL (extract, transform, load)
processing, data analysis, and machine learning.

ETL Processing: Pig is commonly used for ETL processing, which involves extracting data from various sources,
transforming it into a usable format, and loading it into a target system.

Datatypes in Pig: Pig supports several data types, including primitive types (e.g., int, float, chararray) and complex
types (e.g., tuples, bags, maps).

Execution model of Pig: Pig uses a dataflow execution model, where data is processed in a series of operations
called Pig Latin statements. Each Pig Latin statement represents a single operation on data.

Operators, functions, and data types of Pig: Pig provides a wide range of built-in operators and functions for
processing data, as well as the ability for users to define their own custom functions. Pig supports several data
types, including primitive types (e.g., int, float, chararray) and complex types (e.g., tuples, bags, maps).

Introduction to NoSQL, NoSQL Business Drivers, NoSQL Data architectural patterns,Variations of NOSQL
architectural patterns using NoSQL to Manage Big Data, Introductionto MangoDB
Introduction to NoSQL: NoSQL stands for "not only SQL," and it refers to a family of non-relational databases
that provide flexible and scalable storage options for big data. Unlike traditional relational databases, NoSQL
databases do not use a fixed schema, which makes them more suitable for storing unstructured or semi-
structured data.

NoSQL Business Drivers: The main drivers for adopting NoSQL databases are scalability, flexibility, and
performance. NoSQL databases are designed to handle large volumes of data, provide fast and efficient access
to data, and allow for flexible schema design.

NoSQL Data Architectural Patterns: NoSQL databases support several data architectural patterns, including key-
value stores, document databases, column-family databases, and graph databases. Each pattern is designed to
handle different types of data and use cases.

Variations of NoSQL Architectural Patterns using NoSQL to Manage Big Data: NoSQL databases can be used to
manage big data in several ways, including data storage, data processing, and data analysis. NoSQL databases
are designed to scale horizontally, which means that they can handle large volumes of data by adding more
nodes to the cluster.
Introduction to MongoDB: MongoDB is a popular NoSQL document database that provides flexible and scalable
storage options for big data. MongoDB uses a JSON-like document model for storing data, which makes it
suitable for storing unstructured or semi-structured data.

MongoDB Architecture: MongoDB architecture consists of several components, including a database server, a
data storage engine, and a query processing engine. MongoDB uses a distributed architecture that allows for
horizontal scaling, which means that data can be scaled by adding more nodes to the cluster.

MongoDB Data Types: MongoDB supports several data types, including primitive types (e.g., string, integer,
boolean) and complex types (e.g., arrays, embedded documents, object IDs). MongoDB also supports geospatial
data types for storing location-based data.

MongoDB Query Language: MongoDB provides a query language called MongoDB Query Language (MQL),
which is used to retrieve and manipulate data stored in MongoDB. MQL is similar to SQL but uses a JSON-like
syntax.

MongoDB Use Cases: MongoDB is used for a wide range of big data use cases, including web and mobile
applications, real-time analytics, and internet of things (IoT) applications. MongoDB is also commonly used for
data processing and analysis in combination with big data technologies such as Hadoop and Spark.

Mining social Network Graphs: Introduction Applications of social Network mining,Social Networks as a Graph,
Types of social Networks, Clustering of social Graphs DirectDiscovery of communities in a social graph,
Introduction to recommender system
Mining Social Network Graphs:

Social network mining refers to the process of extracting and analyzing data from social networks. Social
networks are typically represented as graphs, where the nodes represent users, and the edges represent
relationships between users. Social network mining has many applications, including recommendation systems,
fraud detection, marketing analysis, and social science research.

Social Networks as a Graph:

Social networks can be represented as a graph, where nodes represent users and edges represent relationships
between users. Social network graphs can be undirected or directed, weighted or unweighted, and can have
multiple edges between nodes.

Types of Social Networks:

There are several types of social networks, including:

1. Friendship networks
2. Communication networks
3. Collaboration networks
4. Content-sharing networks
5. Location-based networks

Clustering of Social Graphs:

Clustering is the process of grouping similar nodes together in a social network graph. Clustering can be based
on various attributes, such as degree, centrality, or community structure. Clustering is useful for understanding
the structure of social networks and identifying groups of users with similar interests or behaviors.
Direct Discovery of Communities in a Social Graph:

Community detection is the process of identifying groups of nodes that are more densely connected to each
other than to the rest of the network. Community detection can be based on various algorithms, such as
modularity optimization or spectral clustering. Community detection is useful for understanding the structure of
social networks and identifying groups of users with similar interests or behaviors.

Introduction to Recommender Systems:

Recommender systems are used to suggest items to users based on their past behaviors or preferences.
Recommender systems are commonly used in e-commerce, social media, and online advertising. Recommender
systems can be based on various algorithms, such as collaborative filtering, content-based filtering, or hybrid
approaches. Recommender systems can be used to improve user engagement, increase revenue, and enhance
customer satisfaction.