240 GHAPTERY FUNCTIONS AND MODELS 55, (a) Using the relationship distance = rae «me withthe radius ras the distance, we have r(t) = 60 (b) A=ar? > (Aor)(t) = A(r()) = #(600)? = 3600702. This formula gives us the extent of the rippled area (incm?) at any time t 57, (a) From the figure, we havea right triangle wit legs Gand d and hypotenuse s stig By the Pythagorean Theorem, +68 =s# > s=J(d)= VET (b) Using d = rt, we get d = (30 km/h) (t hours) = 30¢ (in km). Thus, d= oft) = 30 Tighthowe Sowing (©) (Foa)(t) = f(a(t) = s(30t) = BOF 36 = FOF TB. This function represents the distance between the lighthouse and the ship as function ofthe time elapsed since noon. 20) 4 © ¥ 7 7 7 7 it ift0 ift>0 oY ‘Starting with the formula in par (b), we replace 120 with 240 to reflect the oof different voltage. Also, because we are starting 5 units to the right of t= 0, ‘we replace ¢ with ¢ — 5, Thus, the formula is V(t) = 24041(t — 5). G1. If f(x) = myx + b; and g(x) = myx + by, then (F002) = SlaCe)) = flomax + ba) = mamas + ba) + bx = mma + mba +b So f 0g isa linear function wit slope m,n 63. (a) By examining the variable terms in g and h, we deduce that we must square g to get the terms 4x” and 4 in h. If we let S(2) = 2? +6, then (f 0 9)(2) = f(o(2)) = f(2z +1) = (2+ 1)? te= de? + 4e + (146). Since h(x) = 42? +4 +7, we must have 1 +e =7. Soe = 6 and f(z) = 2? +6. (b) We need a function g so that f(g(2)) = 3(o(2)) +5 = h(x). But h(a) = 32" +342 = 3a" +2) +2 =3(2? 42-1) +5,sowesee that g(2) = 2" +2—1 65. We need to examine h(—2) Nz) = (S09) ~#) = f(o(-z)) = S(a(z)) [because giseven] = (2) ‘i(2), is an even function. Because h(—2) apr comes eng tp Rd y mt cpe ip D e n ed y ye npre sk e t eS ET Se ah cps Cigar re lad cao pan aSECTION1A EXPONENTIALFUNCTIONS C25, 1.4 Exponential Functions a Lid ws t@D=b-opree oabebe (a) #(28)¢ = 08 2408 = 160" 6u')* _ 6)" _ 1296" _ gree 3) O20)" =H 2 = oy SP = Se = SR = ois 5) S@)=H, b>0 YR (0) (O,o0)_(@) See Figures 40), (0), and Aa), espectvey 7. All ofthese graphs approach 0 as 2 —+ —20, all of them pass through the point syo0'y (0, 1), and all of them are increasing and approach oe as 2 —+ oc. The larger the base, the faster the function increases for x > O, and the faster it approaches 0 as Note: The notation “z —+ 20” can be thought of as “x becomes large” at this point. ‘More details on this notation are given in Chapter 2, 9, The functions with bases greater than 1 (3* and 10*) are inereasing, while those with bases less than 1 [(3)* and (;5)*] are decreasing. The graph of (3)* isthe reflection ofthat of 3* about the y-axis, and the graph of (+4)" is the reflection of that of 10* about the y-axis. The graph of 10* increases more quickly than that of 3* for x > O, and approaches 0 faster as r+ =c0, ° ‘1. We start with the graph of y = 4* (Figure 3) and shift it 1 unit down to obtain the graph of y = 4* = 1 43, We start wit the graph of y = 2* y y (Figure 16), reflect it about the y-axis, and then about the z-axis (or just rotate 180° to hhandle both reflections) to obtain the graph of | y q y= -27*, Ineach graph, y =O isthe + horizontal asymptote apr comes eng tp Rd y mt cpe ip D e n ed y ye npre sk e t eS ET Se ah cps Cigar re lad cao pan a25 CQ GHAPTER1 FUNCTIONS AND MODELS 45, We stat with the graph of y = e* (Figure 16) and reflect about the y-axis to get the graph of y -*. Then we compress the graph vertically by a factor of 2to obtain the graph of y -e-* and then reflect about the z-axis to get the graph of 17, (a) To ind the equation ofthe graph that results from shifting the graph of y = e* 2 units downward, we subtract 2 from the original function to get y = e* (b) To find the equation ofthe graph that results from shifting the graph of y = e* 2 units to the right, we replace x with 2 — 2 in the original function to get y = &°-”) (©) To find the equation ofthe graph that results from reflecting the graph of y = e* about the z-axis, we multiply the original function by =1 to get y = -e* (4) To find the equation ofthe graph that results from reflecting the graph of y = e* about the y-axis, we replace 2 with —2 in the original function to get y (©) Tofind the equation of the graph that results from reflecting the graph of y = e* about the z-axis and then about the ‘y-axis, we first multiply the original function by —1 (to get y -e*) and then replace 2 with =: in this equation to gety == 49, (a) The denominator is zero when 1 — the function f(z) = Fy has domain (x |= # £1 120, 1) U(=1, 1) U (1,20). (Te demir alo 22h nin fe) = 1 hes dain (222) 21 Usey = CO withthe poins(1,6)an4(8,2). 6 {] miaizcr > a= (Je = 42P = b=2 [sinced > 0] andC= “The function is f(x) = 3 +2". s('=1) _ BI f(z) = 5% then = 25, 2 = 24 in, f(24) = 244 in = 57 in = 48 g(24) = 2% in = 2"*/(12- 5280) mi ~ 265 mi apr comes eng tp Rd y mt cpe ip D e n ed y ye npre sk e t eS ET Se ah cps Cigar re lad cao pan aSECTION14 EXPONENTIALFUNCTIONS C27 21. The graph of g finally surpasses that of f at x ~ 35.8. 28. (@) “ (b) Using a graphing calculator, we obtain the exponential Is ceune f(t) = 36.89301(1.06614)* (©) Using the TRACE and zooming in, we find thatthe bacteria count D doubles from 37 to 74 in about 10.87 hours. 51. (Fifteen days represents 3 hale periods (one half periods $ days). 200 (8) = 25 mg (b) tn enous, there willbe /5 hal if periods. The intl amounts 200 mg, so the amount remaining after ¢ days is y = 200 (3)'“* mg, or equivalently, y= 200-2-/ mg, 200 (©) t= 3.woeks =21 days = y= 200-2-7% = 10.9 mg (4) We graph ys = 200 - 2"? and ye = 1. The two curves intersect at 1% 38.2, so the mass will be reduced to 1 mg in about 38.2 days. o 0 38, From the table, we see that V(1) = 76. In Figure 11, we estimate that V 38 (half of 76) when ¢ ~ 4.5. This gives usa halflife of 4.5 — 1 = 3.5 days. 38. Let O correspond to 1950 to get the model P = ab, where a ~ 2614.086 and b ~ 1.01693. To estimate the population in 1993, lett {3 to obtain P ~ 5381 million, To predict the population in 2020, let = 70 to obtain P ~ 8466 million. apr comes eng tp Rd y mt cpe ip D e n ed y ye npre sk e t eS ET Se ah cps Cigar re lad cao pan a28 CHAPTER’ FUNCTIONS AND MODELS a. From the graph, it appears that fis an odd function (f is undefined for x = 0). ‘To prove this, we must show that /(—z) = ~f(2) 2 en (ou) le ae ae oa) = eto te an =1 Trees “Team oh Sm SEG on 2 “Tyrer = Se so J is an odd function, 4.5 Inverse Functions and Logarithms 4. (a) See Definition 1 (b) It must pass the Horizontal Line Test 3. f is not one-to-one because 2 # 6, but f(2) = 2. =S(6). 5, We could draw a horizontal line that intersects the graph in more than one point. Thus, by the Horizontal Line Test, the function is not one-to-one, T. No horizontal line intersects the graph more than once, Thus, by the Horizontal Line Test, the function is one-to-one. 9. The graph of f(z) = 2x — 3 isa line with slope 2. It passes the Horizontal Line Test, so f is one-to-one. Algebraic soluion: fry # x2, then 2x1 #222 => 2er—3~2e2—3 => flexi) F S(z2),50 f is one-to-one 48. (2) =1—sinz, (0) =1 and g(x) = 1, 909 isnot one-to-one. 18. A football will tain every height h up to its maximum height twice: once onthe way up, and again onthe way down Thus, even if, does not equal, f(¢:) may equal f(t) s0 fis not 1-1. 15. (a) Since fis 1-1, f(6)=17 = s7*(17)=6. (b) Since fis 1-1, J") =2 = JQ) =3. 17, First, we must determine 2 such that g(2) = 4. By inspection, we see that if x = 0, then g(2) = 4. Since gis 1-1 (g is an increasing function), it hasan inverse, and g~*(4) = 0. (F = 32) for F: C432, This gives us a formula for the inverse function, that is, the Fahrenheit temperature F asa function ofthe Celsius temperature C. F > =459.67 => 2C+32>-45967 = $C > 491.67 = C > -273.15, the domain ofthe inverse function. By=f@)=14 VIF (21) > y-l=VIFE = y=? =243r = (yt -2=32 = 2 = }(y—1)? - §. Interchange x andy: y = $(x- 1)? — 3. So f-"(z) 1)? = 4. Note that the domain of f-* isz21. apr comes eng tp Rd y mt cpe ip D e n ed y ye npre sk e t eS ET Se ah cps Cigar re lad cao pan a