origin of Quantum Mechanics € Compton Effect: When a beam - : ofmonochromatic X-rays of wavelength Ais scattered by a light element (e.g. carbon), it is dt & erate y 7 ana aa! is observed that scattered X-rays have maximum intensities at two wavelengths 2 and 4’ (4' > A). The inti an ited Pee ae sce nee a wavelength 4. is called unmodified radiation whereas radiation 7, at wavelength is called m liation. This phenomenon is known as Coinpton Effect andthe wavelength difference Coinpton Ef 4 ~2 iscalled Compton shift. This shift is independent of wavelength A of the incident beam and the nature of the scatterer but depends on the angle of scattering. — Experiment: ; A beam of monochromatic X-rays is allowed to fall ona block of graphite and the intensities of thescattered X-rays are measured as a function of wavelength of X-rays, at different scattering angles. syObserver Graphite block Figure : Expetimental setup to study compton effect For each angle of scattering (other than zero) two peaks occur at two different wavelengths. Figure : Variation of intensities ofseatered light sa fntion of wavelength for various seatering angles (¢)Origin of Quantum Mechanics 7 7 . inci -rays onthe mater ee Seer areean, waves, If vis the frequency of te incident oe mal |. Hence, the seattered x. then they cause electrons in the material to oscillate at Lata Bain, electors should radiate X-ray, radiation should consis ofsinglefequeneyy (or single WON TAN tion should not vary with scattering uniformly in all directions and hence, wavelength of the scattered angle, Assumptions: inci aoe Compton applied Einstein’s quantum theory of light with that assumption that the incident photons posses momentum inaddition to energy. » 1. The beami of incident monochromatic X-rays of frequency v consists of streams of photons each of energy ¢ = hy and momentum P = ee , travelling along the direction of the beam with velocity ‘c’. c y 2. The scattering is due to the elastic collision between photon and the fre ron at rest. Hence, the conservation laws of energy and momentum hold good in the scattering process. Explanation: ‘We consider a beam of monochromatic X-rays of frequency v and wavelength 2, be incident on a target electron. Let, the incident photon after suffering clastic collision with the firee electron, is scattered through an angle @ and the electron recoils in a direction @ with the direction of incidence. Incident photon : E, = me? — myc? = Iv — hv! Figure : Phenomena showing compton effect 3) From the equation (3) we can obtain the compton shift to be Sk 2 A-AzAd me! °°50) = 2, (1-cos 4) where, 024264" is Compton wavelength, ~~)ga yrigin of Quantum Mechanics = @ Conclusions: ; () Compton shift is independent of the wavelength of incident radiation and ofthe nature of the scattering material. Soln. Soin, Gi) Compton shift depends on the scattering angle ¢. (ii) Largeras the rest mass ofthe scatterer is smaller. v a 14—%(1-cos#)=1+a(1-cos¢) Vv mee Relation between v and v' Relation between 0 and g: cot = (1+a)tan$ Kinetic energy of the recoil electron: = 2 Ech hy wy» 08S py ae I+a(I-cos¢) (1+) a” cos” Limitations: () Compton effect does not interpret anything about unmodified wavelength. . (i Ithas been observed tha infensities of modified x-rays are greater than the intensities of unmodified X-rays for the lighter elements, But itis reverse for heavier elements. Compton theory doesnot interpet anything about it. Example 11. Show that the maximum recoil energy ofa free electron ofrest mass m, when struck by a photon ofwavelength 4 is given by i 242 Fo, SE AT PQA where, A, isthe Compton wavelength of the electron: ‘The recoilelectron in the Compton seattering has kinetic energy. Een(y-v)= he dase AS 2 . nagpan ta tviti 2, CAREER-ENDEAVOUR / Example 12. A beam of 7 -radiation having photon of energy 510 keV is incident on a foil of aluminium. Calculate the wavelenth of radiation at 90° and also the energy and direction of the emission of the corresponding electron. Energy ofa photon of frequency vis €= /iv = s. Here, e= 510 keV = 510%10? x1.6x107° 7 he __6.6x10°4 x3x108 he 6.62107 x3 x10 9.426107! m ‘The wavelength ofthe scattered radiation i, i