rye. Direction ‘ = Hon: Read thy 20 minutes to comaieee a i z 1 ts 804 compiciely: aban ches is often, sl # in desert areas, but it is highly variable, An ansual rainfall of And rowndiater seg ats he Hits of a dower, The impact of rainfall upon the vente depressions where watereas cane ot Me Geer is greatly Influenced by landforms. Flats and the landecere sollest are common features, but they take up only « small part of Arid lands, sy eee , wprisingly, contain sone of the world’s largest river systems, such as the Murray = ‘ustralia. the Rio Grande in North Amerieg, the Indus in Asta, and the Nile in Afriga Nese rivers and river systems. ” bee arid zone, They an ey Usems af hoown as “exogenous” because thei source le outside the the tema Ae asian if in soe of the driest prs of the werd. For cen vratee ogc ns of the Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates, for exsmnpe, have brows fertile wi and inhabitants of their lower valleys. Today. river discharges are increasingly cemtrolied by human intervention, creating a need for in greemnents; ‘The filling of the Ataturk and other dams in Turkey has drastieally reduced flows in the Euphrates, with potentially serious consequences for Syria and Iraq, The flow of exogenous fivers varies with the season. The desert sections of long rivers respond several months after gain has fallen outside the desert, so that peak Nlows may be in the dry Season. This is useful for irrigation, but the high temperatures, low humidities, and different day con, can present difficulties with Jengths of the dry season, compared to the normal growing mational river=basin some crops. Regularly flowing rivers and streams that originate within arid lands are known as “endogenous.” These are generally fed by groundwater springs, and many issue from limestone massifs, such a the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Busaltic rocks also support springs, notably atthe hal Al- Arab on the Jordan-Syria border. Endogenous rivers often donot reach the $e8 but drain inte inland basins, where the water evaporates or is lost in the ground, Most \lesert streambeds are” normally dry, but they occasionally receive large flows of water and sediment. Deserts contain large amounts of groundwater ‘when compared to the amounts they hold stores such as Jakes and rivers. But only small fraction of groundwater enters | cyole—feeding the flows of streams, maintaining lake levels, and being recharged through surface flows and rainwater. In recent years, groundwater has beeome an.ent soconssiiaod erat rountnmter ty stoned nthe pre apes en olaus of vost ‘se waters carbon or te she openings ilaned tenis Rewerers and seen oF padionont 4 kno as 3 Tecra pro, eer ES jncs and conglomeration. are innporcast potential snes of gprentaasct AA¥S ‘may also be stored im limentanes whan joins and crecks hae been tenet #6 $9 ck Most limestone and saneistooe aquiery are dep and extesive tal may Sestal BieSae wemiors than are not beitiy rechargd. Most shallow aquifers in’sand and gravel dopasiie mS ‘ower viclds, but they casi be rapidly recharged. Soine Gey aquifer are Known 6 “Tees waters. The term “Toss” deserihor watcr that iss een present for several vbausan Foi, THK aquifers became satutatest mors than 10,000 years age andl ane no onger being recharsed Water docs ot remain Ammabile in an nquifor but cast scep out at speings of Teak iio ower agsifors. The rate of movernent may he very slow: mi the tn plan, the memento Se salty) epen his stil not reached equititinium after 70 years of being tapped The snirierel ‘ontent of groundwater normally increases with the depth, but even quite shallow aquafers San Be faghly saline. = . ct_and write the Jetter of vour el ‘peavided. 1 = According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of the Nils River? "A, The Niles flow in its desert sections is at its lowest during the dry season. B. The Nile'souraes ace located in.one of the most arid zones of the worl C. The Niles perigdic Acoding hinders the growth of some crops. D. The Nile's annual floods bring fertile silts and water to its lower v 2. The word "drastically" paragraph two of the passage is closest in meanings to ‘gbviewsly —_‘B. severely C, unfortunately D. capidly Paragraph 5 supports all of the following statements) about the groundwater in deserts EXCE! A. A-small part of the groundwater helps maintain lake levels. B. Most of the groundwater is not recharged through surface water, “C. The groundwater is increasingly used as a souree of freshwater, D. The groundwater is consistently found just below the surftee © The word “fractures” paragraph six of the passage is closest in mining to ‘A.streams — B- storms C.crtcks —- Dvearthgaikes Which of the following ‘statements does ‘the passage suppor's about water becomé:a source of drinking water but can be used for in the indwater in the desert cannot al forms of Water a dlyD. Desert 6 that Which on one of the following satewenr is Seromg” A. The flow or, i : TeROENOUS rivers varie with in th + ThE Rio Gra hice e : rents the Wi sea caters A y “- Ground water j 2 ae ms 4S.an important soutse of fresh ‘ater for desert dwellers D. Endo, "BENOUS Tivers often do Rot reach the sea but drain in 10 fijund basin, Instruc (Paragraph 4, tin 8 “they” (paragraph 5) line 1) 7 9 “streambeds' (Paragraph 4, ling §) = Two: Sy sti IU: Write the words in brackets in the most appropriate forms of the future Sense (willshall, be going to, simple present or present continuous form) (4%) Fm just writing to tell you that I'm going away tomorrow on a schoo! {rip to. Wales. I'm very excited’ We ==... [leave] at 7.30 a.m, and we comeback on Wednesday at going to be camping at a big outdoor activity Genre, in big tents. | 2 = [share} a tent with Ela, Mel, Samira, Lucy and Amy, and they all love to talk We'll be talking every night until four or five, I'm sure! 1 don't think anyone fget]_much sleep! At the activity center there are lots of things you can do and 1 2255 [0] try surfing, 1 think it will be tots of fim! By the time I next see you, U1) Jnaveslearned How ta surf, 1 bope, ao) we ranigo surfing togetner nei samen " woke all do have persona! memories in the course of life. But we have some collective sop | country. Now, it is more than a year since COVID-19 first «ase a mt)