2022 IEEE 6th Conference on Information and Communication Technology (CICT-2022)

5G Enabled VANET Architecture Incorporating

Security and Trust Management Mechanism
Priyanka Das Sangram Ray Dipanwita Sadhukhan Mahesh Chandra Govil
NIT Sikkim, India NIT Sikkim, India NIT Sikkim, India NIT Sikkim, India
priyankadashelp@gmail.com sangram.ism@gmail.com dipanwitasadhukhan2012@gmail.com govilmc@gmail.com
2022 IEEE 6th Conference on Information and Communication Technology (CICT) | 978-1-6654-7312-5/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/CICT56698.2022.9997842

Abstract—Recent advancements in the contemporary digital era The sophisticated services and applications of VANET invokes
leads researchers to deem and develop VANET technology fundamental functions such as-
integrated with 5th Generation (5G) network which inducts
both Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) and Vehicle to Vehicle • Security
(V2V) communication to amplify its requirements in Intelligent • Quality-of-Service
Transportation Systems (ITS). For procurement of seamless
incorporation of 5G and VANET, various system architecture and • Efficient Performance
issues are addressed. However, owing to mobility of the vehicles,
openness nature of the network and traditional network structure Similarly, some of these applications demands advanced se-
of VANET, security of end users and flexibility of the network curity whereas others demand for high-bandwidth and low-
are major concerns that are need of the hour to be addressed latency [3]. Thus, the inclusion of enhanced technologies
for widespread of deployment/adoption of 5G Enabled VANET. claims for 5G Enabled VANET.
Therefore, this paper provides an architecture wherein the exist-
ing security requirements as well as the 5G security standards
coexists to bear a secure 5G Enabled VANET paradigm. It also
focuses on various security issues that are needed to be considered
to enable a secure and efficient amalgamation of 5G and VANET
that lays out a trust management mechanism to improve the
overall performance of the 5G Enabled VANETs.

Index Terms—5G, Vehicle, Vehicular Adhoc NETwork (VANET),

Intelligent Transport System (ITS), Security, Trust Management Fig. 1. Key Features of 5G Enabled VANET.

The deployment of transformed 5G Enabled VANET can not

I. I NTRODUCTION
V EHICULAR AD-HOC NETWORK (VANET) is a pro-
gressive technology which is receiving limelight in both
academia and industry as it is foreknown and envisioned to
ease prevailing transportation issues and will open the door
for ample spectrum of applications in Intelligent Transport
System (ITS). Primarily, VANET is interpreted and virtualized
as a sensor network where the vehicles functions as the
sensor nodes. These sensor nodes are not confined to a certain
geographical area as the nodes are nomadic in nature. Each
of the vehicular nodes (sensors) of the network act as routers
which communicate with other vehicular nodes that are within
their radio coverage via wireless communication optimizing
the routing of vehicular traffic [1]. Although, VANET enables
enhanced characteristics, services and applications, inevitably
the network incurs several security threats, risks and vulnera-
bilities. The security protocols of VANET must assure that
the cardinal security functionalities such as confidentiality,
availability, integrity, authentication and non-repudiation are
achieved [2]. Additionally, privacy of the driver’s information
must be guaranteed so that no adversary entity get access of
the data.
only improve the internet broadband service, but also it will
enable several new services, applications and use cases. The
data transmission rate of 5G network is upto 10gbps (giga bits
per second) and provides ultra low-latency of 0.001s (second)
or even less. 5G Enabled VANET permits high mobility and
allows bandwidth of 1000x per unit area [4]. The key features
of 5G Enabled VANET are depicted in Fig. 1.
The 5G Enabled VANET ensures to provide end-to-end se-
curity for all the vehicles connected to the network which in-
cludes core-network security, access vehicle security, terminal-
security. However, deployment of 5G Enabled VANETs has
several challenges as mentioned below [5] -
• Higher Computational costs.
• Low Tolerance for Error occurrence.
• The unbounded size of the network might lead to con-
gestion and collision issues.
The vehicular nodes that are receiving data are needed to trust
the sender. Thus, a trust management trade-off is vital for
establishing the vehicular nodes’ anonymity.
Trust in 5G Enabled VANET is dynamic and subjective in
nature where trust refers to a set of relationships among the

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 2022 IEEE 6th Conference on Information and Communication Technology (CICT-2022)
participating entities who perform the operations in the 5G
Enabled VANET. Trust management plays a significant role
in resisting the 5G Enabled VANET from possible active and
passive attacks. The vehicular nodes involved in resisting the
network from such attacks must set-up mutual trust among
themselves to operate smoothly. It is one of the primary chal-
lenge as a recipient vehicular node needs to guarantee user-
authenticity and trust-ability of the received messages before
replying to them [6]. It is assumed that each vehicular node
is furnished with a trust mechanism to take such decisions.
There are two types of trust management mechanisms. They
are-
• Trust management mechanisms based on static infrastruc-
ture.
• Trust management mechanisms based on dynamic infras-
tructure.
As mentioned above, 5G Enabled VANET is dynamic in
nature. Thus, the trust management mechanism established for
the same is based on dynamic infrastructure.
A. Motivation and Contribution
After an extensive survey, it is determined that the existing
VANET schemes are mostly deployed in context of 3G/4G
communication technology. But in the present time-frame, the
promising advancements employed due to 5G communication
technology is a hot topic. This motivate us to propose a
5G Enabled approach for existing VANET architecture with
sound and proficient features. Additionally, trust establishment
among the vehicles in the 5G Enabled VANET is also a crucial
aspect and the same is highlighted in the paper.
The significant contributions of the paper are mentioned as
follows:
• To overcome the limitations of 3G/4G communication
technologies in VANET, we have coined an architecture
based on 5G communication technology which ensures
to cover wide range of area with maximum bandwidth
and minimum latency.
• Trust is established among the vehicles of the network
(5G Enabled VANET) that fabricates to improve the
performance of authentication mechanism.
B. Organization of the Paper
The rest of the paper is organized as per the following fashion:
Section II outlines the related Literature of last decade to
show the several technical shortcomings and advances of the
existing schemes. Section III depicts the proposed approach
to enable 5G for existing VANET architecture. Similarly,
Section IV describes the Trust management mechanism for
the proposed 5G Enabled VANET set-up. Further, Section
V shows the Security Analysis of the Trust incorporated 5G
Enabled VANET. Lastly, VI gives the closing of the paper.
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II. LITERATURE REVIEW
There are several studies in reference to VANET, 5th Genera-
tion communication in VANET paradigm and Trust Manage-
ment mechanism of VANET that has been published over the
years [7–17]. In this section, we review some of these existing
literature of last decade.
In the year 2012, Chim et al. [7] introduced a navigating
scheme for the VANET infrastructure which used the informa-
tion collected from the vehicles in the road to direct the drivers
to desirable destinations in a distributed manner with context
to real time scenario. To achieve a sound navigation system a
tamper-proof device is incorporated in each of the vehicles
which sends the request for master-secret. Thus, this trait
might result in critical security issues in case if the tamper-
proof device is compromised. Furthermore, the scheme is not
defensible against insider attack. Later in the year 2013, Cho
et al. [10] proposed another navigation scheme for VANET
framework on the basis of the concept of multi-signature
for mutual authentication and identity-based cryptography
rather than the use of master-secret used in the scheme [7].
The authors of [10] claimed that their scheme achieves the
security functionalities and is efficient in nature. However,
data consistency feature is not fabricated in the scheme [10]
which is one of the necessary feature that assures the message
legitimacy.
In view of the disadvantages of existing scheme in the year
2014, Li et al. [11] presented another scheme which ensures to
attain Conditional-Privacy-Preservation and Non-Repudiation
for the network. The authors of [11] stated that message
legitimacy is preserved unlike the scheme [10]. Unfortunately,
in the scheme [11] the enormous excessive load of traffic does
not fulfill the conditions of a dynamic VANET. Therefore,
in 2015 Zhao et al. [12] proposed a scheme that achieves
Privacy-Preservation utilizing blind certificates. To procure the
blind certificate the drivers should register to a local trusted-
authority (LTAs) which is later acknowledged by the Road
Side Unit (RSU). Thus, the real identity of the drivers are
preserved.
However, as the 4th Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0) was
coined in the year 2016 which focused on merging the
physical and digital world in such a way that might open
doors for potential advancements. Hence, keeping in view
of the recent advancements of Industry 4.0 existing VANET
communication framework evolved into 5G Enabled VANET
infrastructure with significant features such as new signal-
processing models, network-virtualization, etc. Additionally,
5G Enabled VANET was expected to be adequate for better
performance in the essence of data traffic. Therefore, in the
same year Yu et al. [13] presented a 5G Enabled VANET
to enhance the network-capacity and computing-capability of
the system with efficient services in which Device-to-Device
communication is one of the notable technology supported
by 5G Enabled VANET. Unfortunately, one of challenge of
the scheme [13] is interference between various Device-to-
 2022 IEEE 6th Conference on Information and Communication Technology (CICT-2022)
Device (D2D) (here device means vehicles) communications
as well as between Device-to-Base-Station and D2D commu-
nications. As a result, in 2017, Dong et al. [14] proposed
another architecture entitled as 5G Enabled Smart Collabora-
tive Vehicular Network (SCVN) for high density urban traffic
and high speed railway. According to the authors of [14],
the proposed architecture solves issues such as bandwidth-
aggregation, intensive frequent-handover. Likewise, in the year
2018 Khan et al. [15] also proposed an 5G architecture
to assure proper resource-utilization and extensible network-
management for futuristic Intelligent Transportation Systems
(ITS). The holistic architecture was proposed to circumvent
frequent-handovers among the devices (vehicles) and Road
Side Unit (RSU) in network. The authors of [15] claimed
to provide features such as improved throughput, minimum
transmission-delay and reduced control-overhead. But because
of the highly flexible nature of 5G Enabled VANET, Yang et
al. [16] stated it might be the pivotal point between cyber-
space and real-space. Cyber-attacks in cyber-space may cause
feasible damage to real-space in the network such as privacy-
leakage, traffic-congestion, etc. Hence, [16] developed a com-
munication technology for 5G Enabled VANET framework
deploying Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC)
and cellular-parallel-hybrid technologies for network. How-
ever, the security analysis of [16] is not exemplified to reveal
its proficiency. Hence, in the year 2020 Wang [17] introduced
another scheme for 5G Enabled VANET to establish a hybrid
Device-to-Device (Device here means the vehicles) mutual
authentication mechanism in which grouping signature based
algorithm is used for authentication. The authors of [17]
reveals that performing the security analysis it is shown that
their scheme [17] is efficient in nature and preserves privacy.
In addition to it, establishing trust in 5G Enabled VANET is
significant requirement to prevent potential malicious attacks
during the mutual-authentication phase. Trust-establishment in
5G Enabled VANET ensures security features such as user-
anonymity, defensible against replay attack, etc.
Thus, in the year 2021, Li et al. [8] proposed a novel
distributed trust-establishment model for VANET with im-
plementation of block-chain technology (ensures consistency
of trust among the vehicles across various regions) along
with the combination supremacy of active-detection (enables
to filter malicious vehicles in the network). The authors of
[8] claims that their scheme holds a advantageous feature,
that is to detect malicious vehicles. Similarly, very recently
in the 2022 Gayathri et al. [9] also coined a probabilistic
as well as deterministic based trust-establishment scheme
for VANET in which they determine the legitimacy of the
messages exchanged on the basis of the trust-level. But both
the schemes [8, 9] highlights on the VANET paradigm rather
than 5G Enabled VANET which is need of the hour to realize
the ITS.
Hence, our paper focuses on two primary features which are
ensuring security as well as establishing trust management
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mechanism for 5G Enabled VANET architecture.
III. PROPOSED APPROACH TO ENABLE 5G FOR
EXISTING VANET ARCHITECTURE
5G Enabled VANET paradigm is a web of interconnected
vehicles which connect all the aspect of life to the network-
system at the time of driving on the roadways. The evolution of
5G Enabled VANET enables multiple vehicles to communicate
via which they can transmit and exchange vital information
ensuring that the required advanced features (as mentioned
earlier) are satisfied.
The proposed approach to enabled 5G for existing Vehicular
Ad-hoc Network is sketched in Fig. 2. The detailed descrip-
tion of the participating entities which plays a vital role in
communication/cooperation as well as coordination among all
autonomous vehicles of the architecture are described below.
There are five set of entities in the 5G Enabled VANET
framework which are Road Side Unit (RSU), On Board Unit
(OBU) embedded on each of the vehicle, Trusted Authority
(TA), Fixed 5G Base-Station and Global Reputation Center
(GRC).
1) Road Side Unit (RSU): In the 5G Enabled VANET
there exists a stationary entity named as RSU which are
placed alongside the roads that are connected directly to
the 5G Base-station. Additionally, the RSUs acts as the
backbone that ensures to send and receive data among
the interconnected vehicles of the 5G Enabled VANET
framework.
2) On Board Unit (OBU): The OBU is incorporated
to each of the vehicles in the network. Each OBU
embedded vehicle can communicate with other OBU
embedded vehicle and also with the RSU.
3) Trusted Authority (TA): TA has outstanding storage
and computing capacity. Two primary functions of TA
are mentioned as follows:
• Registration of Vehicles: It is essential for all
the vehicles to register itself to the local TA be-
fore connecting to the 5G Base-Station. The local
TA records the fundamental information of each
vehicle. Further, the local TA stores the security
specifications, a pseudo-identity as well as a private
key into the OBU embedded vehicle. To defend
against adversarial attacks, this TA will create a
new pseudo-identity and a private key for the valid
vehicle which has applied for updating.
• Reputation management: The TA is also responsi-
ble to supervise the reputation score of each vehicle
established on basis of the feedback given from
other vehicles. The vehicles only which has higher
reputation score could receive the Credit Reference
(CR) that is valid for a time-period [18].
4) Fixed 5G Base-Station: The fixed 5G Base-Station
that are located at hotspots or intersection points can
communicate with the stationary RSUs placed beside
 2022 IEEE 6th Conference on Information and Communication Technology (CICT-2022)
Fig. 2. Propose approach to enable 5G for existing VANET Architecture.
Fig. 3. Zoom-in view of coverage area of RSU 1
the road. It is assumed that 5G Base-Stations are able to
furnish better network-coverage with higher bandwidth
which relay the exchanged messages among V2V as well
as vehicles to TA.
5) Global Reputation Center (GRC): The database of
GRC stores all the vehicle’s reputation information for-
warded by the TA. The primary function is to facilitate
the TA of other areas to procure the reputation-scores of
recently joined-vehicles to the network.
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Accordingly, these communication can be divided into two
sub-groups namely, Vehicle to Vehicle communication and
Vehicle to Infrastructure communication [19].
• Vehicle to Vehicle Communication (V2V): In Vehicle
to Vehicle communication, each of the vehicle bears
information with reference to the movements of all the
other neighbour vehicles. Data are aggregated from all the
vehicles and broadcasted in the network. Delay might not
be a concern but security of the vehicles and securing
of the exchanged messages among those vehicles as
well as their connectivity is a primary concern factor as
these criterion depends on the neighbour vehicles. Thus,
V2V assures fast-association and minimum latency for
communication.
• Vehicle to Infrastructure Communication (V2I): In
the wireless V2I architecture also named as Vehicle to
RSU (V2R), vehicle communicates with the Road Side
Unit (RSU). The RSUs broadcasts warnings of upcoming
changes in the road such as traffic signals, limitations
in speed, etc. V2I uses mechanisms such as Global
Positioning System (GPS), WiMax for scattering the
information from the RSU.
• Hybrid: Hybrid communication is a combination of
both subsets V2V and V2I paradigm. This architecture
ensures better performance as compared to the above two
mentioned communication mechanisms.
IV. TRUST MANAGEMENT IN 5G ENABLED VANET
In earlier communication mechanisms such as 2G/ 3G/ 4G the
potential adversarial attacks that conspired are illegal-cloning,
 2022 IEEE 6th Conference on Information and Communication Technology (CICT-2022)
spamming messages, broadcasting faulty messages, etc. But in
5G Enabled VANET, privacy preservation is a prime concern
[18]. Therefore, a Transitive Trust-Extended Authentication
mechanism is proposed that ensures the location privacy of
the vehicles in the 5G Enabled VANET.
The proposed scheme consists of seven phases which are :
1) Setup Phase
2) Login Phase
3) General Authentication Phase
4) Password Change Phase
5) Transitive Trust-Extended Authentication Phase
6) Key Updating Phase
7) Key Revocation Phase
Fig. 4. Transitive Trust Relationship in 5G Enabled VANET
While the Step 1-4,6-7 are identical to the existing literature
[20, 21], our contribution lies in the Step 5, i.e Transitive
Trust-Extended Authentication Phase [22] that is described in
details as follows.
Initially, let us assume three vehicles in the 5G Enabled
VANET as depicted in Fig. 4. where the vehicles are sub-
divided into three subsets: Law Executor (LE), Mistrustful
Vehicle (MV) and Trustful Vehicle (TV). Authorized public
bus or police van can be assumed as LE which is trustful per-
manently that acts as a mobile Authentication Server (AS)[20,
21].
The other two OBU incorporated vehicles are mistrustful.
The below mention steps depicts how all the vehicles in the
network are authenticated and upgraded from MV to TV by
establishing the trust.
1) Firstly, the first MV, OBUi upgrades to be a trustful
vehicle once it is authenticated by it nearest LE.
2) After, OBUi is authenticated successfully it obtains the
parameters and acts as a interim LE which can further
authenticate the other mistrustful vehicle, OBUj
Thus, trust is established among all the vehicle in the network
by performing the TTR operations as depicted in Fig. 5. Since,
all the vehicles bears a Transitive Trust Relationship with all
the other vehicles in the network, they can be grouped together
by following the group characteristic as shown in [23] to
enhance the location privacy of the vehicles.
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Fig. 5. Flow-chart of Transitive Trust Relationship (TTR) operation of 5G
enabled VANET
Therefore, the proposed scheme assures location privacy in 5G
Enabled VANET.
V. SECURITY ANALYSIS OF THE TRUST
INCORPORATED 5G ENABLED VANET
Security functionalities satisfied by the trust embedded 5G
Enabled VANET are [24]:
1) Confidentiality [25]: It is a set of rules that restricts to
limited access on specific resources. Encrypting the ex-
changed messages among the OBUs and RSUs ensures
confidentiality in the 5G Enabled VANET architecture.
2) Integrity [26]: Integrity among the OBUS and RSUs are
ensured in 5G Enabled VANET infrastructure by signing
the messages exchanged among the entities (RSUs and
OBUs).
3) Reliability: Bulk of data is transmitted across the 5G
Enabled VANET infrastructure that might be conflicting
and duplicated in nature which is a major concern to
maintain the reliability. Thus, incorporating trust among
the vehicle plays a significant role to uphold the relia-
bility.
4) Anonymity: Under the proposed approach during the lo-
gin phase, the original ID of any user is transformed into
an pseudo ID which is based on random number/nonce.
Hence, a malicious attacker is unable to identify the orig-
inal ID without the knowledge of random number/nonce
selected by OBU.
5) Privacy of location of the vehicles: In case, a malicious
attacker intercepts the messages of certain time-period,
it is nearly impossible to track the actual location of
the vehicle since the dynamic-identification anonymity
feature is used. As well as grouping-characteristic [23]
as mentioned earlier which is used during the TTR
operations also plays a vital role to preserve the location
privacy of the vehicular nodes.
 2022 IEEE 6th Conference on Information and Communication Technology (CICT-2022)
6) Mutual authentication to rule out spoofing attack:
During the authentication procedure, LE to verifies
whether the OBU is legitimate and vice-versa, if so
spoofing attack is ruled out.
7) Resists replay attack: If an intruder tries to intercept the
exchanged messages and impersonates as a legal OBU
by replaying those transmitted messages, the LE wont
permit the request as the replayed messages’ nonce will
be different. Additionally, the OBU also rechecks the
random number transmitted by the LE.
8) Faster error detection: During the login phase, the
OBU shall immediately identify an error if an adversary
gives a wrong user-ID and password.
Thus, we have analysed that the proposed approach of in-
clusion of 5G technology to existing VANET architecture
out performs with wider coverage area in comparison to the
existing 3G/4G vehicular infrastructure. In addition to it, the
conclave of key features such as high-bandwidth, low latency,
etc. of 5G technology to the pre-existing VANET framework is
significant trait of this manuscript. Another remarkable feature
of this proposed approach is ensuring the privacy of location
of the vehicular nodes due to the incorporation of Transitive
Trust Relationships in 5G Enabled VANET.
VI. CONCLUSION
In ITS scenario, privacy preservation of interconnected ve-
hicular nodes of 5G Enabled VANET is a dominant aspect
for transmitting vital information among V2V as well as
V2I. In this paper, TTR conception is utilized to ensure the
privacy preservation of the location of the vehicles in 5G
Enabled VANET. From the security analysis it is revealed that
security objectives such as anonymity, mutual authentication
to rule out spoofing attack, faster error detection, etc. are
preserved. In future, trust incorporated 5G Enabled VANET
shall be implemented following all the aforementioned phases
mentioned in Section IV and exemplifying it with use case
scenario.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work is supported by Ministry of Education, Government
of India.
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