The Universit of the. South Pacific SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND PHYSICS MM 222: FLUID MECHANICS SOLUTION 2019PARTA Q.Al. Absolute Pressure - The actual pressure at a given position, It is measured relative to absolute vacuum (ie., absolute zero pressure). fe le Gage Pressure - The difference between the absolute pressure and the local atmospheric pressure. Most pressure-measuring devices are Calibrated to read zero in the aimosphere, and so they indicate gage pressure QAz The rotational stability of an immersed body depends on the relative locations of the center of gravity G of the body and the center of buoyancy B, which is the centroid of the displaced volume. An immersed body is stable if the body is bottom-heavy and thus the point G is below the point B, as shown the figure below. A rotational disturbance of the boy in such cases produces a restoring moment 6 return the body to itsoriginal stable position. : An immersed body whose center of gravity G is above point B is unstable, and any disturbanée will cause this body to turn upside down. { A body for which G and B coincide is neutrally stable. For such bodies, there is no tendency to overturn. | Example: submarine Q.A3. 3 @ diva =VeA a (3x? +o y+ Zone) | =6x+10xy+3y27 | =6(1) +10(1)(2) +3023)" Q.Ad. Prototype is the full size structure employed in the actual engineering design. The prototype operates under the actual working conditions. Model is a system by whose operation the characteristics of other similar system can be ascertained. Experimental observations made on a model bear a definite relationship to the prototype. Model, a mechanical analog of the prototype, is generally a small scale replica of the prototype. However, in some eases, a model may be even larger or of the same size as the prototype, depending upon 3 the need and purpose. For example, the performance of a carburetor and a wrist watch is tested on a large scale model. Model tests on mechanical engineering equipment such as pumps, compressors and turbines to ascertain the performance of actual units.QAs. For horizontal venturi meter, AOR CS = 4 }Q.A6. For laminar flow, the velocity profile is parabolic with the maximum velocity recorded at the center. In a turbulent flow, because of the agitated motion, the higher-energy fluid elements from the center of the pipe are pumped close to the surface. Hence, the average flow velocity near the wall is larger for a turbulent flow in comparison with laminar flow. Q.Az. Pressure Drag (Fo psu) is that part of the drag that is due directly to the pressure on an object, Itis often referred to as form drag because of its strong dependency on.the shape or form of the object, Pressure drag is 1 function of the magnitude of pressure and the orientation of the surface element on which the pressure force acts. 2. : Friction Drag (Fo fri) is that part of the drag that is due directly to the shear stress on the object. It is function of not only the magnitude of the wall shear stress, but also the orientation of the surface on which it acts. Friction drag is zeto for a flat surface normal to the flow, and maximum for a flat surface parallel to the flow since the friction drag in this case equals the total shear force on the surface. Therefore, for parallel flow over a flat surface, the drag coefficient is equal to the friction drag coefficient. Friction drag is strongly dependent on viscosity, and increases with increasing viscosity. 2 ‘Mach number M, defined as the ratio of local flow velocity V to the local speed of sound a. M=Va Z ‘The increase in area results in increase in velocity. 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