" 12 GATE Civil Engineering (Previous Years Solved Papers 1990-1994) Rig Solid Mechanics Structural Analy RCC Structures and Prestressed Concrete... Design of Steel Structures .. Geotechnical Engineering ... Fluid Mechanics & Fluid Machines 35 Environmental Engineering ... Irrigation Engineering Engineering Hydrology .. Transportation Engineering .... Geometics Engineering 63 Engineering Mathematics 68 MADE fi st] PoeUNIT. CONTENTS Properties of Metals, Stress & Strain 3 Shear Force and Bending Moment 3 Principal Stress and Principal Strain 3 Bending and Shear Stresses. 4 Deflection of Beams 4 Torsion of Shafts and Pressure Vessels 4 Theory of Columns & Shear Centre 41. Properties of Metals, Stress & Strain 1.1. The maximum value of Poisson's rato for an elastic material is (@) 0.25 (b) 05 (©) 075 (04 [1991 : 1 Mark] 1.2 A cantilever beam of tubular section consists of two materials, copper as outer cylinder and steel as inner cylinder. Itis subjected to a temperature rise of 20°C and Ghengg, > Shug THE Stresses developed in the tubes will be (a) compression in stee! and tension in copper (b) tension in steel and compression in copper (6) no stress in both (@) tension in both the materials [1991 Brera need 2.1. A beam having a double cantilever attached at mid span is shown in the figure. The nature of force in beam ‘ab’ is Mark] Lengths oo =f de (@) Bending and shear (©) Bending, shear and torsion (6) Puretorsion (@) Torsion and shear [1991: Mark] 2.2. Acantilever beam curved in plane is subjected to lateral loads will develop at any section (@) bending moment and shearing force. (b) bending moment and twisting moment (@) twisting moment and shearing force. (d) bending moment, twisting moment and shearing force. [1994 : 1 Mark] Solid Mechanics 3. Principal Stress and Principal Strain 3.1. Afailure theory postulated for metals is shown in ‘a two dimensional stress plane. The theory is called (a) Maximum distortion energy theory (b) Maximum normal stress theory (c) Maximum shear stress theory (d) Maximum strain theory [1991 : 1 Mark] 8.2. Which of the following Mohs circles qualitatively correctly represents the state of plane stress at a point in a beam above the neutral axis, where itis subjected to combined shear and bending compressive stresses? a (ensie) (tense) (crust OXY (tense) (a) \ } NLU? [1993 : 1 Mark]al GATE Previous Years Solved Papers : Sire | MADE EASY 4.1. For a given shear force across a symmetrical 1 section, the intensity of shear stress is maximum atthe (@) extreme fibres (b) centroid of the section (c) at the junction of the flange and the web, but onthe web (A) at the junction of the flange and the web, but onthe flange [1991, 1994 : 1 Mark] 4.2. Tho maximum bending stress induced in a steel wire of modulus of elasticity 200 kNimm? and diameter 1 mm when wound on a drum of diameter 4 mis approximately equal to (2) 50Nimme (©) 100 Nim (©) 200 Nimm? (2) 400 Nim? [1992 : 1 Mark] Bre 5.1 A cantilever beam of span L is subjected to a downward load of 800 KN uniformly distributed over its length and a concentrated upward load P, at its free end. For vertical displa zero al the free end, the value of Pis fement to be (@) 300kN. (©) 500 kN. (6) 800 KN (a) 1000 kN [1992 : 2 Marks 6.2. Inareal beam, atan end, the boundary condition of zero slope and zero vertical displacement exists, In the corresponding conju boundary conditions at this end will be (@) shear force = 0 and bending momen (b) slope = 0 and vertical displaceme’ (c) slope = 0 and bending moment = (d) shear force = 0, and vertical displacement = 0 te beam, the =0 [1992 : 1 Mark] 5.3 A simply supported beam of span length L and flexural stiffness Erhas another spring support at the centre of stiffness K as shown in figure. The central deflection of the beam due to a central concentrated load of P would be pe (9) GeEr=KE _P ©) (ager72) (Pe Py © | | (4aer)\K) —? ok © Were" [1998 : 2 Marks] 5.4 Acantilever beam of span / subjected to uniformly Gistibuted load wer unit length resting on a rigic prop at the tip of the cantilever. The magnitude of the reaction at the prop is 2 @ aw! ) gu! 3 ,4 () Su @ [1994 : 2 Marks] PROren ened 6.1 A thin cylindrical vessel of mean diameter D and of length‘L’ closed at both the ends is subjected to a water pressure 'p. The value of hoop stess and longitudinal sttess in the shell shall be respectively ta) 22, 20 ) 22, pd @ 2t At ©) 4t' 8t © Bt BE @ t | at [1991 : 2 Marks] Theory of Columns & Shear Centre 7.1. The korn area (core) of a solid circular section lumn of diameter, D, is a concentric circle of diameter, 0, equal to @e oe @? @¢ [1992 : 2 Marks]MADEEASY | Solid Mechanics 7.2 The axial oad carrying capacity of along column of given material, cross-sectional area, A, and lenath, Lis governed by (@) strongth ofits material only (0) its flexural rigiclity only (6) its slenderness ratio only (@) both flexural rigiity and slenderess ratio [1992 : 1 Mark] EESEIEEE solid mechanics 14 (0) 12 (0) 21 @ 22 @) 34 5.2 (2 5.3 (2) 54 ©) 61 (@ 74 [EEEEENENEY sotia mechanics ee eee an w he range of Poisson's ratio (1) is, Os usos ® he magnitude of extension in the beam due to change in temperature is Lav, where, L = length of the beam = cofficiont of thermal expansion T= change in lemperature SG ccpoe:> Ose) (Mopper (A) see {As free extension in copper is more than steel, 50 equilibrium will develop compressive stress in copper and will develop tensile stress in steel Note: As itis not given whether the two material form a composite section of not, so we will reat If assumed connected: 7.8 When a column is fixed at both ends corresponding Euler crtical load is wel 2m EL oF © * an’Er 4 ET © in xy plane plese oad 'P'-> along 22 axis * Sobending, twisting momentand shearing torce. EEA (@ et ‘A’ be a point in a beam above the neutral 3. Principal Stress and Principal Strain axis, @ Theory ‘Two dimensional stress plane 3.5 9, Compression ‘ension Plane stress diagram of point ‘4 resents, Ge ‘Shear stress diagramMADEEASY | Solid Mechanics The intensity of shear stress is maximum at 3 centroid of the section = Sea ca fae loow ML 7 E— Wm? = 2 x 10° Nimm? 12%. 22905 00 Nimm? Crum Ce ome sows ‘ et foe ond, the vertical downward displacement due to UDL should be equal to upward displacement clue toload P. wi Pe Ber” 3ET 3,3 = = 2a = 3x20 Pp 8 a = 300kN fe The end conditions in & conjugate beam vil be such that i areal beam at a support has non zera slope or detection, th conjugate beam wil have non zeo SF or BM respectively. Slope =0 SF=0 Dellecion=0, BM = Eye be 2 oe 12 reaction due to the spring be R Now, 1 ae 1 By compactibility condition pe a8ET — Pe a8E7 (1 2 2 = alts |. fo Li" ager} ~ 48er (s8etxHt) Pe > 8\Caserk } ~ 4867 PEK © 48ET+ KE R 4, sea” K” A8E1+KE mae a henner [pesnafilesoage Let Ris the prop-reaction at the tip of a cantilever beam, Doflection at B = 0 wit RE El 361 3 = R= Swi 8 6. Torsion of Shafts and Pressure Vessels ome po Longitudinal stress, o, = >8] GATE Previous Years Solved Papers | MADE EASY (a) “ \ Eulers critical load, P, = D L Hoop stress, «, = 22 7. Theory of Columns _& Shear Centre Then, ley @ ant Kern of a column is that area through which if “ Pos resultant load passes then there will be no resultant tension anywhere on the section of column For a solid circular column section, kern is also a 2 circular sectionwith diameter of ker, d= 7 and D maximum eccentricity = 5 Za » sel we p= EEA > Py nEA = Pas a :. The axial load carrying capacity of long column depends on both slenderness ratio and flexural rigialty.UNIT CONTENTS 1 Determinacy and Indeterminacy 10 Influence Line Diagram and Rolling Loads 10 Methods of Structural Analysis 11 Matrix Method of Structural Analysis 11Structural Analysis Determinacy and Indeterminacy 1.1. The beam supported by links and loaded as shown in the figure is (a) stable and determinate (b) unstable (0) stable and indeterminate (d) unstable but determinate [1991 : 1 Mark] wn in the figure is 1.2 Aplane structure she (a) stable and determinate (b) stable and indeterminate (6) unstable and determinate (@) unstable and indeterminate [1992 : 1 Mark] 1.3. Aplane frame ABCDEFGH shown in figure has clamp support at A, hinge supports at G and H, axial force release (horizontal sleeve) at C and moment release (hinge) at E. The static (D,) and kinematic (0,) indeterminacies are b, (@ 4 3 1 (2 2 @1 14 [1992 : 2 Marks] 1.4. The plane frame shown in figure is |e A {a) stable and statically determinate (b) unstable and statically determinate (0) stable and statically indeterminate (4) unstable and statically indeterminate [1993 : 2 Marks] 1.8. The kinematic indeterminacy of the plane frame shown in figure is (disregarding the axial deformation ofthe members) 2 Hoge ° Z x (a7 (b) 5 6 (a) 4 (1993: 1 Mark] 1.6. The kinematic indeterminacy of single bay portal frame fixed at the base is (a) One (b) Two (c) Three (d) Zero [1994 : 1 Mark] 1.7, Abeam fixed at the ends and subjected to lateral loads only is statically indeterminate and the degree of indeterminacy is (a) One (b) Two (o) Tvee (¢) Four [1994 : 1 Mark] esas Pu ee 2.1. Influence line for redundant structur obtained by (a) Castigliano’s theorem (b) Muller Bresiau principleMADE EASY | Structural Analysis lu (c) Unitload theorem (d) Maxwell-Bett’s reciprocal theorem [1994 : 1 Mark] Cerne 3.1. Themoments at the ends A and Bol a beam AB where end Ais fixed and Bis hinged, when the end B sinks by an amount A, are given as SETA SETA seIa oe ° @r pO) SETA SEIA seia ©) “e e @) ~e ° [1991 : 1 Mark] 3.2. A cantilever beam of span L is subjected to a icad Wata distance ‘a from support. tis desired to obtain the vertical displacement at the free end by unit load method. The expression for deflection is @ ya {fle Dl—) a ) y= [Mees ae © y= (tea a wo y= [Mala a, [1992 : 2 Marks 3.3. Methods of indeterminate structural analysis may be grouped under either force method or displacement method. Which of the groupings given belowis correct? ‘Group: Force Method) | Group. (Displacement Method) | 1B Mobos of tie moments | 2 Moment dsirsuton meio {@ Slope. datlection method | 3, Maran abulon meted ? Gonestentdfomaton anes | °° Mattad of tres moran W Nomentasroutonmetnes | & Slope dctn mation [1993 Marks] 3.4 3.5 3.6 The fixed end moment of uniform beam of span / land fixed at the ends, subjected to a central point load Pis af oF Al rl oF oF [1994 : 2 Marks] Asingle bay portal frame of height hfixed at the ipase is subjected to horizontal displacement A at the top. The base moments developed is proportional to 1 OF © eB 1 Op (¢) None ofthese Consider all members are prismatic. [1994 : 2 Marks] Match the following methods with appropriate analysis {a) Strain energy method (©) Complementary energy method (¢) Muller Breslau Principle (d) Kani's method of analysis (Influence for redundant structures (i) Dofloction of near structures {ii) Deflection of non-linear structures (iv) Analysis of multistoreyed frames [1994 : 2 Marks} Wen eur 44 42 Inalinear elastic structural element {@) stitiness is directly proportional to tlexibilty (6) stiffness is inversely proportional to flexibility (6) stitness is equal to flexibility (@) stiffness and flexibility are not related [1991 : 1 Mark] The ratio of the stiffness of a beam at the near ‘end when the far end is hinged tothe stifiness of the beam at the near end when the far end is fixed is (a) 12 (©) 3/4 1 (a) 43 [1994 : 2 Marks}2| GATE Previous Years Solved Papers : | MADE EASY 4,3 Inalinear structural element (@) stiffness is directly proportional to flexibility (b) stiffness is inversely proportional to tiexibilty (6) stiffness is equal to flexibility (d) stiffness and flexibility are not related [1994 : 1 Mark] 4.4. In flexibility method, the unknown quantities are whereas in stiffness method the unknown quantities are. [1994 : 1 Mark] EESIIIEN structural analysis 11) 12 (@) 18 ©) 14 @ 18 3.2 (b) 33 (0) 34 ) 35 ) 36 4.5 (Sol) [EEEEENENEY structural analysis CnC m noe 1 4.8 Flexibility of structure may be defined as the force and stiffness. @ force caused displacement caused for, of structure may be defined as for......displacement [1994 : 1 Mark] 16 (0) 1.7 (b) 21 (o) 3.1 @ 41 () 42 (b) 43 (0) 44 (Sol) @ ECC 2 Formuie) Le xe soaxmeo b,=0 ot (Indeterminate of degree 1) Note : Link will carry only axial force (Aa, BB’, CC’) FBD: P ea R R x All reactions are parallel, but the structure is stable only for vertical loading, Note : unstable ‘or general loading the structure is verminacy met 8i-r, =@X7)+(B+2+1)-(Bx8) [1 (at 6) +2(at a] =0 => The structure is stable and determinate, [EIEN @y Cantitever Methoa) D.=30-R Where isthe number of release in a structure x 2-[1(atB)+2 (atc) +1 (ast) +2280) =0MADE EASY | “MESSED Intomal Roller AN Structural Analysis a TWwo intra forces are released at neal rol {bending momenta axial tore) Re? (By Cantilever method) Degree of static indeterminacy, D.= 30-8 Dg= 3x 2-1 (atH)~1 (at G) 1 (at 1 (ato) Ds=2 (Ox by simple counting of DOF's of joint) Degree of kinematic indeterminacy, D,= {at B) +3 (at D) + 8 (at A) + 1 (ath) +1 (at G) +4(atc) + {at 2) It members are considered inextensible, then D, = 19- Number of inextensible members Hence best possible option is (c) (By Formula) Static indeterminacy, D,= 3m+ 1-3-1, = (Bx 7)4(B+242)-Bx8) [tat +1 (a B)=2 Kinematic indeterminacy, , failure willbe initiated by the yielding of tension steo! Note: When ¢ = ¢,, both crushing of concrete and yielding of steel occur simultaneously. kone FA Direct Bending" Combined compression stress) stuss P Pe an er =0 1 _# 46,400 75.8 10" => e=104.72mm 156 = 0 tb) In post-tensioned, one wire loss due to elastic shortening willbe zero Incase of multiple wire post-tensioning, usvally tendons are not stretched simultaneously. Moteover, the first tendon that is stretched is shortened by the subsequent stretching of all the other tendons, and the last tendon is not shortened by any subsequent stretching Therefore in multiple wire, stress loss of prestressing is more if the wires are tensioned one after another Ew Post, Post 8(Poos tye in ~ For fully counteract the effect of external load, M= Pecos 8 uM ecos8 Hence prestressing force (P) depends upon Mand e.UNIT CONTENTS 1 Structural Fasteners 23 CompressionMember 23 Beams 23 Plate Girders and Industrial Roofs 23 Plastic Analysis 23Design of Steel Structures 1.1. The effective section ofa filet weld is represented by a triangle ABC with sides S,, S, and S, such thal S, > S, > S,. Ifthe allowable shear stress in weld material ist, the resistance of weld per unit iongthis Ss, \ “SS @) St (b) Sr (©) Sr (d) Sr [1992 : 1 Mark] 1.2. Agroup of rivets at a joints subjected to in plane torsion moment M. The rivets have finished areas of cross-section A{i = 1, 2....n) and distances ff = 1, 2, 0,0) from CG of the rivet group as shown in figure. The shear force developed in #* rivet is proportional to fr (a) area of cross-section, A, only (©) distance from OG of group, r,anly (6) both , and r, (@) Polar moment of inertia of group of area A [1992 : 1 Mark] 2.1 The wiathto thickness rato limitations on the plate elements under compression in steel members are imposed by I$ 800 : 1984 in order to avoid {@) t00 large a detection of the element before reaching yield stress too large a detection of the member before reaching yield stress (0) local buckling of the element before reaching the yield stress (4) fabrication difficulties [1993 : 1 Mark] 3.1. Which one of the following factors does net affect the lateral buckling strength of a steel I-section undergoing bending about its major axis? (a) Boundary conditions at the onds (b) Radius of gyration about the minor axis of the section {c) Radius of gyration about the major axis of the section (d) Laterally unsupported length of the compression flange [1993 Eker en 4.1 Aplate girder section is made by groove welding stress-free web plate to two stressttee flange plates. After cooling of the wolds to the room temperature, the residual stress would be {a) tonsile atthe fre edges of the flanges {b) compressive al the free edges of the flanges (c) compressive at the flange web intersection {d) zero everywhere + Mark] [1993 : 1 Mark] 5.1. Number of independent displacement modes {sway mechanisms) for the given frame with the load shown in figure is/are 4 (a2 [1991 : 1 Mark]24 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers | MADE EASY 5.2. Equilibrium condition, yield conditions (M< M,) and mechanism conaition (formation of a plastic collapse mechanism) are the conditions to be satisfied by any correct plastic analysis results. Which of the above conditions does the statical methods of plastic analysis consider? (@) Equilibrium condition alone (b) Equilibrium and mechanism conditions (©) Yield and mechanism conditions (4) Equiliorium and yield conditions [1993 : GEEEEIEEN Design of steel structures 11) 12 (6) 24 @) 34 () 44 EEEEEEEEISN Design of steel structures | Structural Fasteners | Hew “eA Deseable CX 188 Acceptable because ‘offal throat thickness -~ silt > clay (b) the soil contains equal proportions of sand, sill and clay (6) the soil contains unequal proportions of the throe constituents such that clay > silt> sand (d) there is no information regarding the rel proportions of the three [1992 : 1 Mark] 2.4 Write True/False in the answer book. ‘Tho’ ine inthe plasticity chart soparates organic clays from inorganic clays. [1992 : 1 Mark] 2.8 Write True/False in the answer book Asoil having a uniformity coefficient smaller than ‘about 2 is considered ‘uniform’ [1992 : 1 Mark) 2.6 The swelling nature of black cotton soils primarily due to the presence of {@) Kaolinite {c) Montmorillonite (©) Ite (@) Vermiculite [1993 : 1 Mark] Be 3.1. The coefficient of permeability of a soil is 5x 10° cmisec for a certain pore fiuid, If the viscosity of the pore fluid is reduced to half, the coefficient of permeability wil be (a) 5x 10% cmisec (b) 10x 10 cm/sec (©) 25x 10% cm/sec (d) 1.25 x 10° cm/sec [1991 : 1 Mark] 3.2. The difference between the tree water levels in ‘two wells 48 m apartin an aquifers 0.6 m. It took aninterval of 8 hours between detecting the traces. of a tracer material atthe two wells in succession. The porosity of the aquifer is 25%. The coefficient of permeability of the aquifer is... emisec. [1991 : 2 Marks] 3.3. Write True/False in the answer book, Effective stresses in a sand layer below alake do not alter as the level fluctuates [1994 1 Mark] Se Pann 4.1 Along a phreatic line in an earth dam {@) the total head is constant but not zero (0) the total heads everywhere zero (6) the pressure head is everywhere zero (4) None of the above [1991 1 Mark]28 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers | MADE EASY 4.2, The numberof flow channels and head drops is 4 and 12 respectively. If the difference in the upstream and downstream water levels is 3 m, what is the discharge per meter width of a sheet pile wall, if k= 0.1 mis? [1992 : 2 Marks) 4.3. Write True(False in the answer book Flow ines and equipotential lines in a flow net are orthogonal to each other. [1994 : 1 Mark] 4.4. Write TrueiFalse in the answer book Water pressure is atmospheric at all points on a phreatic line. Phreatic line is, therefore, an equipotential line. [1994 : 1 Mark] Exe 5.1. The zero-air voids curve is nor-linear owing to (@) the standard proctor test data of dry density and corresponding water content plotting as, anorlinear curve (b) the dry density at 100% saturation being a non-linear function of the void-ratio (c) the water content altering during compaction (d) the soil being compacted with an odd number of blows [1992 : 1 Mark] Econ teed 6.1. Terzaghi’s one-dimensional consolidation theory assumes that (@) evs. p relationship is linear (b) evs. log,9p relationship is linear (0) pys. log;ge relationship is linear Pp (d) @ v8, logy © relationship is linear [1991 6.2. The coefficient of consolidation is used for (@) establishing the duration of primary consolidation (©) estimating the increment (€) determining the depth to which the soil is stressed when loads are appiiad on the surface of a soll deposit (a) determining the preconsolidation pressure for soll deposits known to be over consolidated [1992 : 1 Mark] Mark] mount of settlement for a load 6.3. Write True/False in the answer book Fifty per cent of the consolidation at a site subjected to a stress level of 200 kPa occurred in twomonths. Ifthe site had been loaded to 400 kPa, fifty per cent of the consolidation would occur in four months, [1994 : 1 Mark] AR eee 7.1. White Truo/False in the answer book It the Mohr circle for a given state of stress lies entirely bolow the Mohr envelope for a soil, hen tho soil will bo unstable for that stato of stross. [1992 : 1 Mark] 7.2. Anuncontined compression test yielded a strength of 0.1 Nimm®, Ifthe failure plane is inclined at 80" tothe horizontal, what are the values of the shear strength parameters? [1992 : 2 Marks] 7.3. Inadrained triaxial compression test conducted con dry sand, failure occurred when the deviator stress was 218 kNim? at a confining pressure of 61 kNim®, What isthe effective angle of shearing resistance and the inclination of failure plane to major principal plane? (a) 34°, 62° (b) 34°, 28° (6) 40°, 25" (a) 40°, 65° [1998 : 2 Marks) 8. Retaining Wall/Earth Pressure Theories 8.1. The earth pressure for the design of bridge abutments is taken as {@) active thrust (b) passive thrust {¢) thrust in at rest condition (d) None of the above [1993 : 1 Mark] 8.2. A vertical wall 6 m high above the water table, retains a 20° soil slope, the retained soil has a unit weight of 18 KNim®, the appropriate shear strength parameters are C = 0 and @ = 40° The cootticiont of active earth pressure to be used in estimating the active pressure acting con the wall is [1994 : 2 Marks}MADE EASY | Geotechnical Engineering | 29 Stabi Pipa en 9.1. For the til slip citcle shown in figure, calculate the factor of safety. [(Givon: weight of the soil = 846 kNim, unit weight of soil = 19 kN/m? 6, = 20kNim] [1993 : 2 Marks] 9.2. Write Tiue/False in the answer book. The problem of slope stability analysis assuming circular slip surfaces and considering equilibrium of the free body as a whole is statically determinate [1994 : 1 Mark] ee eee 10.1 Tho ullimate bearing capacity of a surface strip fooling on clay, according to Terzagh’s theory, is (a) 57C (0) 5.146 ©) 4,8 (9c Where, C-Unit cohesion q,-Unconfined compressive strength, and B~ Width of footing [1991 : 1 Mark] °° ety ° inl @ iii 1. Flexible footing on Cohesive soil 2. Rigicl footing on Cohesive soil 3. Rigid footing on Cohesionless soil 4. Flexible footing on Cohesionless soil Codes: ABCD @ 3 2 1 4 fo) 3 2 4 14 2 3 1 4 @ 2 3 4 4 [1991 : 2 Marks) 10.3 Write Truc/False in the answer book. The derivation of the ultimate bearing capacity of a strip footing is an extension of the case of passive earth pressure on a rough wall [1992 : 1 Mark] 10.4 Increasing the depth of foundation in saturated clays results in an increased ultimate bearing capacity for strip footings (a) because the bearing capacity factor, N, decreases (b) because the bearing capacity factor. N,, increases as the depth increases (c) the term in the bearing capacity equation, QN, increases with depth (d) because the angle of intemal friction decreases as the depth of foundation increases [1992 1 Mark] Da 14.1 In which one of the following conditions, is the pile system as shown in figure highly inappropriate? Loose @) sand Loose ©) send Cay Loose fil ) Dense sand Soft clay30 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers : | MADE EASY Loose Sol (a) Har rock [1993 : 1 Mark] EESEIEN seotechnical Engineering 1A (Sol)1.2 (Sol) 1.8 (Gol) 1.4 (Sol) 2.4 25 (S0l)26 (c) 3.1 (b) 3.2 (Sol) 3.3 4.4 (S01)5.1 (b) 6.1 (@) 6.2 (2) 63 8.1 (6) 8.2 (Sol) 9.1 (Sol) 9.2 (Sol) 10.1 Wt (©) 12.4 (Sol) FEEEEEIEEY ceotectnical Engineering a In loosest state Solids are to be arranged in cubical array in which each solid surrounded by 6 spheres Total volume of solids _nna? 6 ‘Assume 1mx 1mx 1 mcube [Solid diameter = aj ala 1 Total number of spheres = 3 z Teal voume ofcube =m Teal voune of clés « Bases Teal volume void (X= 1- 0828-0477 28 994 oars For densest state Solids are arranged Rhombohedral array in which each solid is surrounded by 12 neighbouring solids 0 = 035 Pao ST oe 12.1. A sampling tube has an inner diameter of 72mm and an outer diameter of 75 mm. The area ratio. is [1991 : 2 Marks} (Sol) 2.2 (Sol) 2.3 24 (Sol) (Gol) 4.1 (6) 4.2 (Sol) 4.8. (Sol) (Sol) 7.1 (Sol)7.2 (Sol) 7.3 (A) (@) 10.2 (a) 10.8 (Sol) 10.4 (c) 5 2.65% 10 > WG = es = wx265=047x1 = w= 017 Ems shrinkage limit (w,), plastic mit (w,) and liquid imit (,) are 24.5%, 27% and 38% respectively Liguid (245%) (27%) (28%) Consistency index, WW _ 38-30 _ 425, W,—Wp 38-27 Also, Liquidity index,MADE EASY | Geotechnical Engineering la 1 - ae Ee Sw Wp Itisa general nomenclature, ite write Sity Sand Consist. | Description | To i then it means sand content is more than the sil taia | teva = x Similarly in case of ‘sandy silty clay Paste | verrson | 0925 | 075-100 cay > sit> sand sot 02508 | osoo7s] ERS vocimmsut | 050.075 | 025050 TRUE sit 0754.00 | 00025 Semé-soté | Very si conta | ot r Plasticity sold | Hardon index ve hed | = <0 (— We) +. Sail is in plastic state. as. We know that porosity, 2. Classification of Soils and Clay Minerals ERs Group index = 0.2a+0.005ac + 0.01 ba P35 940-4 %P-15440=b 0, - 409 20=6 Ip -10420=0 max Prax Cmax par = 20) Where %P is the percentage of soll passing Bu sieve Nate: The group index value of sis vary inline range of0-20 Ems. tence itis false. ec) Plasticity Chart Eos TRUE For soil tobe well graded C, > 4 for gravels and greater than 6 for sand. A poorly graded soil is either uniform or gap graded If unitormity coefficient (C,) < 2, sol is uniformly graded. This means curves will become almost vertical depiciting same size of all grains in the soil Ps Montmorillonite has a large affinity for water, because of this, clay soil containing monimorilonite mineral are susceptible to substanlial volume changes. They swell as the water gains entry info the latice structure and shrink the water is removed. In a molt stat, montmorilenite is highly plastic and has litle internal friction. In India elay sols containing montmorillonite mineral, are known as Black Cotton Soil. Note: Monimorilont is also called Smectite32 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers | MADE EASY Bee Ea» ot os 1 = ka fy iy Fk = = Sxt0%x te we 10 x 10-5 em/sec ding to Darey’s law, V= i Ve ki V= flow velocity i = hydraulic gradiont = AIL ye Ho 428 Te Wo know hat Seepage vaety v son = omeyad as neve kx ox re kat a = 0.25x. e = kx 28 mesma ~ G = ke agnamiee T aazemites iis op flow ine which follows the path of base parabola kis astteam ine. The pressure on this Ine is abnoephere (zero) and below this Ine ures hydrostatic, So pressure heads z2r0 Eels. Ny= 4, Ny= 12: h=3m,k=0.1 mis N, 4 = kh = 0.13% q i 3x5 1 misim True Ease Falso 100% equipotent ine (Wh nead oss) Top fow ine 2010 pressure (atm pressure) Drainkge torbiankot Itis top flow line which follows the path of base parabola, Itis a stream line. The pressure on this line is atmospheric (zero) and below this line pressure is hydrostatic. Ecos Ge Terzaghi’s assumes that coefticient of compressibility is constant, Honce © vs. p relationship is linear. Cm ‘As we know, 1 St Vp rif G For a given degree of consolidation U, time factor T, has a certain value, depending upon the boundary conditions governing the problem. :. The time required for a soil to reach a given .gree of consolidation can be calculated by knowing the length of drainage path and coefficient of consolidation. FalseMADE EASY | Geotechnical Engineering pea ee EAM soi. If the Mohr circle for a given state of stress lies ly below the Mohr envelope for a soil, then ho soil will be stable for that state of stress EE. For unconfined compression test =0 enti Now, é low = 45°48 Ne 6 $ co = ages = so = 4549 o Now, + Nimm? 2etan(s0°) on > 2tanso" (0419 Nimm? Shear strength parameters c and @ are 0.0419 Nimm? and 10° respectively Em . (ico. 4) 6, = og tan [as4$ +2ctan( asad Now a, = 218kNim? 6, = 81 kNim? o, = 218+61 279 kKNim? Also. *) 2] ¥{ ase4® = 279 = stan’ | 45 +3) = tan?[ases® 2 a tan( 45°48} = 2.190 ¢ o 042 - 498 45°43 = 64.91 ‘AL rest’ earth pressure exist when wall earth system is rigid that is when no movement is ‘occurring as in case of deep basement wall or the U-shaped abutment of bridge. Els. H=6m B= 20" y= 18kNim? c= 0,02 40" = cosa) 2088-6085 B= co8% | cosB+ cos p—cos® a | c0s20°- Yeas® 20 cos" 40 cop c0s20° + Vos? 20° cos” 40 = 0.9397 x 238848 _ EBs. ‘As we know, Factor of safety, Cur _ Resisting moment F= “l= = Reluating moment Now, C, = 20kNim? darx0 _ 2xRX9X70 360° 360 = 10.995 m og _ 20%10.995%9 Fog = OXI S85 %S 444 Eso. True34 GATE Previous Years Solved Papers | MADE EASY none ke Ha Uitimate bearing capacity for a strip footing is a= ON, + DN, + 0.5 98N, But for C-soil, a=ON, Here, N, = bearing capacily factor = §.7 = qa87C ‘TRUE I is Rankine's Theory which is not in syllabus row] ) he bearing capacity factors, N,N, have n relation with depth and depend upon angle of internal friction only. As per Terzaghi’s theory oN, +4Ny +38, “ For clay, Ny, N, N, From () a=57e+4 =5.7¢-+y0, Hence, ultimate bearing capacity for strip footing ncreases with depth because qN, = YD/ increases with depth ee © Negative skin friction may oceur in option (c) because of presence of loose fil 12. Soil Stabilization & Soil Exploration [EE ss — 2, Sampling Tube ‘cuting Edge o, 9 -— 0, —+ Area Ratio, 0 - De 75? -72" A= BSF 100 BA | 5 oF 72 8UNIT Fluid Mechanics & Fluid Machines \ / I CONTEN 1, Fluid Kinematics 36 2. Fluid Dynamics & Flow Measurements 36 3, Flow Through Pipes 36 4. Boundary Layer Theory, Drag and Lift 36 5. Turbulent Flow 36 6. Dimensional Analysis 36 7. ImpactofJetsandTurbines 37 8. Hydraulic Pumps 37. 9. Open Channel Flow 377 Let the x and y components of velocity in steady, two dimensional, incompressible flow be linear ‘unction of x and y such that Vz (ars by)i+ (ex + dy) where a, b cand dare constants. for which the flow is itrotational is, he condition [1994 : 2 Marks] Fluid Dynamics & Flow Measurements 2.1. Inanominal90" viangularnotch discharging unde invariant head, the errr inthe estimated discharge clue to 2% error in the vertex angie is. [1991 : 2 Marks] Me The head loss due to sudden expansion is expressed by ) ae [1992 : 1 Mark] 3.2 The procedure to folow in solving for discharge when A, head loss) L (pipe length), Dtinside diameter), v (kinematic viscosity) and Mwall roughness) are given, is to (@) assume a f (tition factor), compute V, R (Reynolds number), k/D, look up for f and repeatifnecessary (b) assume a R, compute toh (@) assume a compute, Vagain ete (@) assume a 0, compute V, R, « KD, ete. 10k up for compute Xk up, ete. [1994 1 Mark] 3.3 Brar (a) by assuming the head loss is the same through each pipe ing pipe problems are usually solved Fluid Mechanics & Fluid Machines (b) by equivalent lengths {c) by assuming the elevation of the hydraulic grade line at the junction point and tying to satisty continuity (d) by assuming a distribution which satisfies continuity and computing a direction [1994 : 4, Boundary Layer Theory, Drag and Lift 4.1 A smooth fiat plate is in a parallel flow stream. The ratio of the drag over the upstream half of the plate to that over the entire plate is... Assume the average skin friction coefficient is proportional to (Rey 4 Mark] 2 [1994 : ena 5.1 An old pipeline which has relative roughness of KiD = 0.005 operates at a Reynola’s number which is sutficiently high for the flow to be beyond the range of viscous influence and the corresponding f = 0.03. If through further aging, the relative roughness is doubled and the corresponding f= 0.087%, the powerincrease required to maintain 4 Mark] the same rate of flow would be about (a) 25% (0) 50% (6) 75% (a) 100% [1993 : 2 Marks] Gears 6.1 An 1: 50model of an ogee spillway crest records an acceleration of 1.5 m/sec’ at a certain location. The homologous value of acceleration in the prototype is. [1991 : 2 Marks] 6.2. The number of x parameters needed to express the function FIA, V, fp, L) = O are (as (b) 4 3 @2 [1994 1 Mark]MADE EASY | Fluid Mechanics & Fluid Machines | 37 eee eu 7.1 Animpulse turbine (a) always operates submerged (©) makos use of a draft tubo (©) operates by intial complete conversion to kinetic energy (@) converts pressure head into velocity head throughout the vanes [1994 Ea 8.1 Water is to be lifted by a net head of 150 m. Identical pumps each with specific speed of 30 and rotational speed of 1450 rpm with design discharge of 0.2 m*/sec are available. The minimum number of pumps required is [1991 : 2 Marks] Mark] Pores 9.1 The conjugate depths ata location in a horizontal rectangular channel, 4 m wide, are 0.2 m and 1.0m. The discharge in the channelis..... m/sec. [1991 : 2 Marks] 8.2. The discharge froma spllway on ahorizontal oor is 8 cumecs per meter width Ifthe depth before the jump of 50 om, the depth atter the jump in metres wil be [1992 : 2 Marks) 9.3. Adischarge of 1 cumec is flowing in a rectangular channel one meter wide at a depth of 20 cm. The bed slope of the channel is (a) mild (6) critical (0) steep (@) adverse [1992 : 2 Marks] 9.4 Aright angled triangular notch is used to measure the flow ina flume. Ifthe head measured is 20 em and C,= 0.62, neglecting the velocity of approach, the discharge in ltres/second is [1992 : 2 Marks] 9.5 Wator flows in arectangular channel ata depth of 4.20 mand a velocity of 2.4 mis. A local rise in the bed of 0.60 m will cause (a) the surface to rise (b) the surface to fal (0) a stationary jump to form (4) asurge to travel upstream [1993 : 1 Mark] 9.6 The hydraulic jump always occurs from (@) aM, curvetoaM, curve (0) aH, curve toa H, curve {c) below normal depth to above normal depth (4) below critical depth to above critical depth [1994 : 1 Mark]38 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers: [Z| MADE EASY EEE Fluid mechanics & Fluid Machines 14 ¢ ol) 2.1 (Sol) 3.1 (d) 3.2 (a) 33 (A) 4.1 (SoL)6.1 (@ 6.1 (Sol) 6.2 (a) 7.4 (0) 81 (Sol) 91 (Sol) 92 (Sol)93 () 9.4 [Solj95S (@) 96 (A) EERE Fluid mechanics & Fluid Machines EEEso! Given 7 = (av by) + (or+ oy} = us art byand v= or+ ay For itrotational flow, the rotational component of ‘Thehead loss dueto sudden expansion h, is given by, velocity should be zero, (w-%) > =0 he= o,= 29 > cab Where V, and V, are velocities at sections before required condition is = b and after enlargement respectively. coco |e , Given, hy LD. v&k 21 Step-1: Assume f Step-2: Calculate V ©) 60 \2) > Step-3: Calcuiave Re =~ a= Zen2G-ter sec” (6/2) 2tan(6/2) Now on the basis of value of Re, determine if the 20°; = 18° flows laminar or turbulent = 18x 4 Step-4: Now determine, discharge and by back 780 subsituion, check the vale off aQ see"), (1.82) Step-5: Assume f value closer to actual and Q ~ etanase “i180 ) repeat. = 42-0004 cae 700 enor = 92x 400=3.14% an oy Q \ Pane na \a ® \ Here we hav a3 pipe branch network, Continuity equation Q, + Q, = Q,MADE EASY | Fluid Mechanics & Fluid Machines | 39 Eien ee ee a Given average skin friction coefficient G« Re," LIUILULL — 2 As same wicth = B Foy = Drag force on upstream half ofthe plate * (Re) o 1 e x tpx A, xU! we DP z 1 agrees a = 2 nox a xuex 22 49 ve Gr) lal drag force on the plate - xtxpx A, xU2 (A, = 2A) (Pe? 2PM On) mr Cua le « ave 2od = f= 08h, % increase in power required 100 (Poh) 08h, 08h, Eso. According to Froude Law 100 = 25 (Fm = Ap (v) (4) Vig), Wea), Yo (4) v, te), (i) = 15 mis? Ee AAV tw 0)40 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers: [Z]_| MADE EASY Pee ne In impulse turbino, all the available energy is converted into kinetic energy or velocity head by passing itthrough a contracting nozzle at the end of penstock Ina reaction turbine however, only a part of total energy is converted to kinetic energy before the runner is reached. Option (a), (b) and (4) correspond to reaction turbine, Parnas Eas. Tolal head, H= 150 m, Specific speed, V, = 20, N= 1450 rpm, Q= 0.2 m/s Number of pumps, =? n= SB H ap _ 1450402 ot Hee0%1m Head it capacity ofeach pur. He eet m Nurnbert pumps reqied 1E0 =2.49 =3 pumps 60.21 Carn The relation between critical depth and conjugate depths for a rectangular channel aq? = Walt Yo) 2y2 = Yavalvr+ Ye) = 4.339 m/sec Note: For critical flow condition, F=1 This formula for critical depth is valid only for ractangular section, Eas. FTL yyolyyt 7 Yvelhs*¥e) 2x8? aar ~ 2S¥2(0-5+ ye) = y8+0Sy,~26.005 =0 Yp= 4.864 m, ~5.364m So, Yo = 4.864m ne] ye 2b SE = 3[-1Vircex7a? | Yo = 0.0m WRONG] Ye A 5 soRREC yea fer? | [coRRECT] Ew er pe. oFMADE EASY | Fluid Mechanics & Fluid Machines (sana) = 3.569 (Supercritical) :. Steepsiope. isin %= | gai) y,= 0.2m Since y, > y, hence steep slope. Note: For y, > Yq 5 > 5. yng 2 Eads. Jn= qand a= Scag HP? tan ase Now, H=20m=0.2m o,=062 a= Px062x PROBix(0.2)" xt =0.0262 m*fs = 26.2 ips Baw ped 5 = HL (~ Rectangular channel) lan 28 aret ia So, the flow before the hump is subcritical 2.4% D987 14996m Fora given uls specific energy, (E,) B= 12+ oe Laptitgi® 7 Az (Ad), E,>E, 3 pve 5-5 +82 ‘Subertieal region Supercritical region Eee & & Fy Whenever CDL is crossed to achieve ahigher NOL there must be a hydraulic jump. Baw \When flow condition changes from supercritical (Fr >1) to suberitical (Fr < 1), hydraulic jump occurs. Hydraulic jump always ocur from below critical depth to above critical depthUNIT Environmental Engineering VV at CONTEN 1. WaterDemand 43 2. Quality Characteristics of Water 43 3. WaterTreatment 43 4, Sources of Water Supply, Distribution System and Well Hydraulics 43 5. Quality and Characteristics of Waste Water 44. 6. Design of Sewers and Sewerage System 44 7, Treatment ofWasteWater 44 8. Airand Noise Pollution 44Environmental Engineering 11 The population of a city at previous consecutive Consus yoar was 4,00,000, §.68,500, 7,76,000 and 10,98,500. The anticipated population at the next census to the nearest §,000 would be [1991 : 2 Marks) CTiioamenee ema 24 2.2 2.3 2.4 he pH of water admitted into a treatment plant was 6.0 in the morning. Consequent to inflow of raw water from a different source, it changed to 8.0 in thenext 24 hours. Assuming linear variation in ime of the hydrogen ion concentration, the time mean pH value of the water over this 24 hour period is [1991 : 1 Mark] Methemoglobinemia, the ‘blue baby’ syndrome is caused by consuming water containing excess o (@) fluoride (©) phosphate (6) nitrate (a) nitrite [1992 : 1 Mark] tarciness of water is caused by the presence of which of the following in water? (a) Chlorides and Supihates (b) Calcium and Magnesium (©) Nites and Nitrates (@) Sodium and Potassium [1992 : 1 Mark] Bacteriological examination of drinking waler for Escherischia Coliforms (E.Coli) is performed because (@) they are pathogenic causing intestinal diseases (b) their presence indicates viral contamination of (©) they are used as indicator organisms for probable presence of pathogens (d) they represent unique indicator organism for sewage pollution [1993 Mark] Pam 3.1 The clariflocculator is the unit in which of the following things will occur {a) Floc formation and its subsequent removal by fitation {(b) Floc formation and its subsequent removal by sedimentation (¢) Floc formation and its subsequent removal by decantation (4) Removal of bacteria by filtration and chlorination [1992 : 1 Mark] 3.2. A small filler of 0.05 m depth removes 90% of particles present in water, Ithe particles removal required is 99%, what should be the depth of fiter? (a) 0.10m (b) 0.50 m (c) 0.75m (4) 1.00 m [1992 : 2 Marks] 4, Sources of Water Supply, Distribution BRC uUC ROU cried 4.1. The volume of water that can be released by gravitational effects from a unit volume of an aquifer is its (a) specific storage (b) specific yield (c) specific capacity (d) specific porosity [1991 1 Mark] 4.2. The difference between the free water levels in two wells 48 m apart in an aquifer is 0.6m. Ittook aninterval of 8 hours between detecting the traces. of a tracer material at two wells in succession. ‘The porosity of the aquifer is 25%. The coefficient of permeability of the aquifer is cm/sec, [1991 : 2 Mark] 4.3. The actual volume of water that can be extracted by the force of gravity from a unit volume of aquifer material is known as [1994 : 1 Mark]a4 GATE Previous Years Solved Papers | MADE EASY 5. Quality & Characteristics of Waste Water 5.1 The reoxygenation coetticient K of stream is 0.30 at 20°C. Its K value al 32°C is likely to be. [1991 5.2. Arapid test to indicate the intensity of pollution in river water is (@) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (b) Dissolved Oxygen (c) MPN (d) Total Dissolved Solids Mark] [1992 : 1 Mark] 5.3 The ullimate BOD of the waste water whose S day BOD (BOD), and rate constant (base e) are respectively 150 mg/L and 0.23/day is (@) 80mg/L (o) 150mgi. (©) 120mgh (@) 220mgi. [1992 : 2 Marks] 5.4 High COD to BOD ratio of an organic pollutant represents (@) high biodegradability of the pollutant (b) low biodegradability of the pollutant (©) presence of free oxygen for aerobic decomposition (d) presence of toxic material in the pollutant [1993 : 1 Mark] 6. Design of Sewers and Sewerage System 6.1 Acombined sewer is one which transports (@) domestic sewage and storm water (b) domestic sewage and industrial wastes (c) domestic sewage and over head flow (d) domestic sewage, industrial wastes and storm [1991 : Mark] 6.2. A20cmdiameter sewer is laid ata slope of 0.004 and is designed to carry a discharge at a depth of 10 em with Manning's = 0.014, the design discharge is. [1991 : 2 Marks] ean 7.1. A township is to treat §,00,000 litres of sewage per day which has a 5 day BOD of 180 ppm. An oxidation pond is used for the purpose. The effluent can have a BOD of 15 ppm. The loading is to be 40 kg of 5 day BOD per heclare per day. The required area of the pond is. [1991 : 2 Marks] 7.2. Ticking fers are used to romove (a) suspended solids {(b) colloidal solids (©) organic matter (4) pathogenic ba [1992 : 1 Mark] 7.8. Symbiosis, the beneficial association between algae and bacterias used for treatment of waste water in the following unit? {a) Activated sludge (b) Rotating biological disc (c) Anaerobic digestor {d) Oxidation pond [1992 : 2 Marks) 7.4 Activated sludge is the {(@) aerated sludge in the aeration unit (b) sludge settled in the humus tank (c) sludge in the secondary tank atter aeration and rich in microbial masses (d) sludge in the secondary tank atter aeration and rich in nutrients [1993 Pen 8.1 Inanatmosphere under super-adiabatic lapse rate conditions, the emission from a chimney produces: plume described as 1 Mark] {@) Coning (©) Loting (6) Looping (a) Fumigation [1991 : 1 Mark] 8.2. During temperature inversion in almosphere, alt pollutants tend to (a) accumulate above inversion layer (b) accumulate below inversion layer (c) disperse laterally (d) disperse vertically [1993 : 1 Mark]MADE EASY | Envi nmental Engineering [45 [REED Environmental Engineering 1a Gol) 2.1 (Sol) 22 (6) 23 (b) 24 (©) 34 (b) 32 (@) 41 (b) 4.2 (Sol) 4.3 (Sol) 5.1 (Sol) 6.2 (b) 5.3 (d) 5.4 (b) 61 (d) 6.2 (Sol) 71 (S)72 ©) 73) 74 (©) 81 ©) B82 (0) EERIE Environmental Engineering TH]. 2am = 10% Sol. 6.498 8 ment o Mean of H*] = 10° + 10" Since the method is not mentionedin the question, 2 hence the question is solved by incremental eons ane increase method. This is done because 10" 107) + This method gives results between the results 2 given by the arithmetic increase method and 1.01% 10° the geometric increase method. “2 ‘+ The method is considered to be the best for 505 x 10 any city, whether old or new. $0, Mean of pH = log (0.505 x 10°8) yecr iwownent_["noreane + | #800001 5.59500 2 | Sseso0 L soo00 w= 2X BY 3 2 = 222822.29| = 82000 Poa Rarnexe erty For ont pa Rrnke Mtdy 2 10,98,500 + 232833.33 + 82000 = 1413393,33, The anticipated population at the next census tothe nearest 5000 would be 1415000, Given, initial pH value = 6.0 after 24 hour, pH = 8.0 2 Tene (ts) log(0.505) + 6 0.2967 + 6 = 6.296 Ee The nitrates represent the ully oxidized organic matter, and such waters may not be harmful However, the presence of too much of nitrate in water may adversely affect the health of infants, causing a disease called methemoglobinemia called “blue baby disease AEE Tie Tndleation Parmisaibte lira mo) ‘Free | indicates recent plaion 0.18 2. Orgarie_| indeatos quantiy of nitogon | 0.3 Smmona | before dacorpossion hae 3.naste | Indeats party decomposed | NIL 4. nirate | Indeates od population 45 rat (ly oxiced. Free ammnia + Organic ammonia Kje[dah] Ammonia (b) Hardiness is caused by the presence of salts of multivalent cations in water, But for all practic purposes, itis attributed to Ca** amd Mg** only,46 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers | MADE EASY Itis because the presence of other cations in most of the walers is generally negligible, Be Pathogenic bacteria are tested and counted with great difficulty hence coliform bacteria are tested and counted which themselves are harmless aorobic lactose fermenters but their presence or absence indicates the presence or absence of pathogenic bacteria Poms (b) Clarilocculator is a unit in which the floc formation and its subsequent removal by sedimentation takes place. Peieehcence! vs The coagulation sedimentaion plant is known as clatiflocculator. It consists of 4 units: 1. Feeding device: For adcition of wagulantinto raw water 2. Mixing basin: For thorough mixing and agitation, 3. Flocculation tank: For consolidation of the floes formed. 4, Sedimentation tank: For settlement 0: flocculated particles. me Efficiency of small fiter is given by n= 100(1- 9) 2. = constant d = depth of fiter = 90 = 100 (1 ~ eAx0%8) 2 = 46.05 = 99 = 100(1-@4#e5*4) d= 01m BcueuC Rea ced (b) Specific yield is defined as volume of water released under gravity effect to the total volume of water, Pio 1. Specific storag removed from a unit volume of a confined aquifer for a unit drop inhydraulic head [L*]. . Specific yield: itis the ratio of volume of water released under gravity effect by saturated soil to the total volume of soil . Specific capacity: iis the discharge per unit drawdown in the well |. Specific porosity: Porosiy isthe fraction of volume Of voids aver the total volume of a material. And there is no term called as specific porosity. Seepage velocity, vs It is the volumeof water Distance between wells v, ‘6 Time of tracer = 8 avin v Also, n Where aischarge velocity and n= porosity V= 8x025 Now, according to Darey’s law Ve i = 15= kx = 18x{ = k= 120m" = k= 3.33cmisee as Specific yield The specific yield of an unconfined aquifer is the ratio of volume of water which will flow under saturated condition due to gravity effect to the total volume of aquifer (V). = 0.30(1.016)*2-20 = 036MADE EASY | Em nmental Engineering (b) Dissolved oxygen is used as an indicator of the health of a water body, where high discolved oxygen concentration mean high productivity anc loss pollution Test used to measure DO of treshwater systems is Winkler method. Ths testis performed on site as delay between sample colection and testing may result in an alteration in oxygen content of samole. Hence itis a rapid test to indicate the intensity of pollution 1, For detailed experimental procedure of Winkler’s Method, Environmental Engincering, Vol. 1. SK Garg, CH 15 (Laboratory Experiments) @ BOD, = L(1-e*) 160 = L125) > L = 219.5 mg/l = 220 mgil ss 6. Design of Sewers and Sewerage System <1 A combined sewer refers to a single sewer of a larger diameter which transports domestic sewage, industrial wastes and storm water. Eos 1. Itis economicalbecause two separate sels of conduits are reequired in case of separate sewarage system. 2. During non-monsoon season, silting may take place in combined sewers. 3. Incombined sewarage system, the capclty of treatment plant required in more 4. Incase of flooding, more insanitary conditions will prevail in case of combined sewers, | 47 CE. Given, depth of partial flow, d= 0.10m of « d= 2f1-cos® 2-5] = 85) a= 180" Ful sacton Parialy filed ee sta retin sostscin te Area of partially filed circular Sewer section, (a _ sina) a - 350°" an} nD*( a sina) @ (360° an | (0.20) ( 180° _ sin180) 4 (360° 2x (0.207 1 4 2 o.o1s7 Dosign discharge, Gav 1 Epp2i8 ig)" a2 (nF? (9) «id pe « _alP Now P > 360° 1 > AIP £_ a,P ~ a) 5 £ _ [y__360°sine R maa | 5 p= pls 260%sint80° LTT ax 180° n= 2-920 905 a4 Design discharge q= av = atin? ig)!”48 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers | MADE EASY 1 ei : = 0.0157x (0.05)*'*(0.004)"* q aia (2.09"(0.004)' = 9.626 x 10° m/sec = 9.626 lit/sec 7. Treatment of Waste Water sa ‘Sewage produced = 500000 litfday 5 day B.0.D of sewage = 150 mgllit 8.0. of effluent = 15 mafit 8.0.0. removed by pond = (150-15) = 135 ppm Sewage removed, per day = 5,00,00 x 135mg = 678x108 mg =67.5kg Itis given that organic loading = 40kgiHalday Sewage consumed clarea = SeWeae consimed organic loading STS _1.6875Ha 40 Emo he trickling fillers are now almost universally adopted for giving secondary treatment to sewage. These are used lo remove the organic matter present in the sewage @ ® Inoxideton pol the algae (which aremicrocopie plant) whe growing inthe presence of sung produce oxygen by the action of photosynthesis andthis angen suzedby bactariaor oxidizing + Tho ond products of otgaic mata oxsizod by bacteria (vi, CO, NH, PO, H,0) are reauired by algae to grow and produce oxygen between algae and bacteria known as symbiote relationship. Hae The settled sludge, secondary setting tank contains a large concentration of highway active aerobio micro-organisms, hence is known as 0 (ii) cD) (iv) activated sludge. A portion of activated sludge is recycled to the head of the aeration tank to be mixed again with the sewage being treated, Ee Looping plume Occurs in super adiabatic environment. Which produces highly unstable environment because of rapid mixing. Higher stacks are needed. Neutral plume Upward vertical when ELR Coning plume When wind velocity > 32 kmihr & when clouds are present Also occurs under sub-adiabatic condition, (ELR < ALR) Environment is slightly stable. Fanning plume Under extreme inversion conditions Emission will spread only horizontally High rising stacks are needed,MADE EASY | Environmental Engineering 149 (¥) Lofting plume When there exists a strong super adiabatic LR. above surface inversion Such plume has minimum downward mixing as ts downward motion is prevented by inversion but upward mixing will be rapid and turbulent a GF (vi) Fumigating plume When inversion layer occurs at a short distance above the top of the stack and super adiabatic conditions prevail below the stack. Pollutants can nol escape above the top of the slack because of inversion layer. Trapping plume When inversion layer exists above the emission source as well as below the source. Naturally the emitted plume wili neither go up nor down. Pio * ELR: The Environment Lapse Rate (ELR). is the rate of decrease of tempeture with altitude in the stationary atmosphere at a given time and location * ALR: When a pocket of artiicially heated air {i.e., automobile exhaust or stack gas) is emitted into the environment it rises up, expands, becomes lighter and gets cooled, ‘This internal temperature change (decrease) which occurs within the rising parcle can be theoretically calculated by assuming the cooling process to be adiabatic. This rate of decrease of temperature with heightis called adiabatic lapse rate. vs cae) When the temperature of the environment ncreases with altitude, then the lapse rate becomes inverled or negative from its normal state, Negative lapse rate occurs under condition, usually referred to as inversion, a stale in which the warmer air lies over the colder air below. The radiation inversion is a phenomenon occurring from the unequal cooling rates for the earth and air above the earth. Such an inversion in the environment helps in formation of fog when air is wel, and simultaneously catches gases and particulate matter, as it stops their upward lifting, thereby creating concentration of pollutants in our close environment,UNIT Irrigation Engineering co EN 1 Design of Stable Channels 51 2. Design & Construction of GravityDams 51 3. Theories of Seepage, Spillways and Miscellaneous 51/ Irrigation Engineering aed 1.1, Lacey's scour depth for a stream carrying a discharge of cumees per meter width having a silt factor 1.2 is [1992 : 2 Marks] Seo 2.1. The live storage requirement for a reservoirs to bbe determined by (@) topographical survey (b) annual demand (©) double mass curve analysis (d) mass curve analysis [1998 : 1 Mark] Pe ear) Plead 3.1. Inasyphon aqueduct, the most severe condition of uplifton the floor ocours when (@) the canal and drainage run full (b) the canal runs fll the drainage channels ary, and the water table is atthe stream bed (6) the canal is dry, the drainage floor is at HEL andthe water table s atthe HFL of the drainage flow (a) the canal runs full; and the drainage is ary [1991 : 1 Mark] 8.2. For the head regulator, the most severe condition of uplift pressure on the floor occurs when (2) the flow in the river is at flood level and canal is running at full supply depth (b) the canal runs empty and the river flow is at high flood level (¢) the canal runs at full supply depth and the fiver flow is at pond level (d) the canal runs dry and the river flow is pond level [1992 Mark] 3.3 3.4 3.5 Inconnection with the design of a barrage, identity the correct matching of the ctiteria of design (4), (8), (C), (D) for the items of design (i) (i). (id, (iv) respectively ltem of design () Width of waterway (i) Level and length of downstream floor (ii) Depth of downstream sheet piles and total length of floor {iv) Barrage floor thickness at different locations Criteria of Design ‘A. Hydraulic jump considerations B. Lacey's wetted perimeter and discharge capacity of the barrage as determined by appropriate weir formulae C. Uplift pressure distribution as determined by Khosia's theory D. Lacey’ scour depth and exit hydraulic gradient (@) A.B.C.D (BAD. (@) B.AC.D [1993 : 2 Marks} When a canalis passed under the drainage such that the full supply level of the canal does not touch the underside of the supporting structure, the cross drainage work is called a [1994 : 1 Mark] ‘The ratio of the rate of change of discharge of an outlet to rate of change of discharge of the parent channel is defined as [1994 : 1 Mark]52 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers | MADE EASY EXE irrigation Engineering V1 Sol 2.1 (a) 3.1 (c) 3.2 (b) 3.3 EXE trisation engineering Pre kod Eso. Lacey's scour depth, off) of Pare kone a Bae To find the storage requirement or volume to be present in any reservoir, a plot of accumulated supply vs. ime is superimposed with accumulated demand vs. time, The storage requirements and the depletions from the storage are then analysad with the help of this, Refer: Design of balancing reservoir in environmental engineering, Pee ear) icles @ Syphon aqueduct can be accomplished by passing the canal over the drainage. If HFL of drain is suficiently below the bottom of canal, so drainage water flows freely under gravity, the structure is known as aqueduct. Buti HFL of drain is higher than canal bed and water passes through aqueduct barrels under syphonic action, the structure is Known as syphon aqueduct. Hence most severe condition of uplift on tloor occurs when: Canalis dty and drainage flooris at HFL and water table is at HFL of drainage flow. Because at this, condition downward force on floor due to canal flow is minimum and upward force on floor dus to 3.4 (S0l)3.8 (Sol,) syphonic action of drain will be maximum, Em ‘Ahead regulator receives water from parent and allows the water to an offtake. Observing this caso, the parent is river and the offtake is main canal Worst condition of uplift will be due to maximum head causing the flow which will be obtained in case (b). Em Width of waterway is obtained by Lacey's wetted perimeter, which is given by P=475V0 2. Level and length of downstream floor is decided according to the characteristics of hydraulic jump. 3. Depth of shest piles must be upto the level of scour depth below the river bed. 4, Barrage floor thickness should be sufficient, to counteract the uplift pressure EEMso. ‘Super passage (Standard EEE so. Floxibility of outlet Fe aia Where qis discharge through the outlet Qis discharge parent “ESE 1. Proportionality: Outlet is said to be proportional when the rate of change of outlet discharge equals the rate of change of channel dischargeMADE EASY | Irrigation Engineering 53 ala, dQiQ 2. Senitivity (S): It is the ratio of rate of change of discharge through an outlet to the rate of change othe waler surface lvelof distbulry channel wrt the normal depth ofthe flow in Le., Flexibility, 5. a aGly Where G = Gauge reading (G = Owhen q=0UNIT CONTENTS 1. Precipitation and General Aspects of Hydrology 55 2. Floods, Flood Routing and Flood Control 55Engineering Hydrology Ren Sue eed ceed 1.1 Atropical cyclone in a northern hemisphere is a. wind stream with (@) high pressure zone of anti-clockwise rotation (b) high pressure zone of clockwise rotation wise rotation (©) low pressure zone of anti-cloc! (d) low pressure zone of clockwise rotation [1991 1 Mark] 1.2, The ratio of total channel length to the discharge areais called [1994 : 1 Mark] 1.3. The Thiessen polygon is (@ a polygon obtained by joining adjoining raingauge stations (b) a representative area used for weighing the observed station precipitation (6) used in the construction of depth area curves (a) the descriptive term for shape of a hydrograph [1994 : 1 Mark] 2. Floods, Flood Routing and Flood Control 2.1. The standard project flood is (@) same as the probable maximum flood (b) same as the design flood (6) smaller than the probable maximum flood (2) larger than the probable maximum flood by a factor implying safety factor [1991 : 1 Mark] 2.2 Dickens formula predicts maximum flood discharge, Q, in terms of the area, A, and the coeflicient, ¢, as Q= cA”. The value of mis: (@) 0.25 (b) 050 (©) 067 (@) 075 [1992 : 1 Mark] 2.3. Match the following: 24 25 2.6 {@) Coriolis costficient (b) Khosia’s curves (©) Gumbel's method (d) Manning's coefficient 4. Perched aquifer 2. Prediction of flood peaks 3, Weis and barrages 4, Velocity distribution 5. Open channel low [1992 ‘The design flood for a culvert should be preferably {@) the probable maximum flood {b) oblained from statistical considerations, say a flood of 50 years return period (c) the highest observed flood (4) obtained froma flood formula [1993 : 1 Mark] 2 Marks] A temporary coffer dam is to be built to protect, the § year construction activity for a major cross. valley dam. If the coffer dam is designed to withstand the 20 year flood, the risk that the structure will be over topped in the third year exactly is [1994 1 Mark] Alinear reservoir is one-in which {a) the volume varies linearly with elevation (b) the storage varies linearly with time (6) the slorage varies Iinearly with the outflow rate (d) the storage varies linearly with the inflow rate [1994 : 1 Mark]56 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers | MADE EASY EQEEIIEN Ensineering Hydrology 1 (©) 1.2 (Sol) 1.3 (b) 4.1 (c) 4.2 EEE Engineering Hydrology uronic ied eed C) Topical cyclone has low pressure at its eye, and due to CORIOLIS force it tends to have anticlockwise rotation in Northen Hemisphere. Sol. Drainage density (b) Thiessen Polygon Method: In this mothod the rainfall recorded at each station is given a weightage on the basis of an area closest to the station p- PAS PAL tot Pads we AFA EA, where, P,, Py. P, are the rainfall data of areas Ay, Ay. Ay The Thiessen-polygon method of calculating the average percipitation over an area is superior to the arithmetic average method. 2. Floods, Flood Routing and Flood Control ta he standard project flood is the flood that would result froma severe combination of meteorological and hydrological factors. It is smaller than probable maximum flood (MF) Standard project flood ~ 40-60% of PMF. Catchment area in km? Dicken’s constant 43 (S0l)4.4 (b) 45 ( ol) 4.8 (0) Ww Ged Ona * Inglis formula: n= 0.8 + Ryve's formula: * Diken’s formula: EEEso. (A- 4: B-3 : 0-2: D-5) * Coriolis coefficient is used to account for the effect of a non-uniform velocity distribution + Khosla’s curve is sued for design of weir and barrages on permeable foundation * Gumbel’s method is used for estimation of dosign flood for a particular return period, * Manning's equation is used to measure velocity in open channel flow. Bae Design Flood: The design flood for a structure such as @ bridge or culver isthe flow that the structure must be designed to pass safely itis specific to the location of the proposed structure and itis usually specified by its ‘return period’ EEGs. Probability of occurrence, 14 Po 550 119 Probabiliy ofnon-oceunence = 1-54 = 2 Risk thal the structure will be overlapped in exactly third years 19191 20 “20 “20 = 0.0451 = 4.51%UNIT CONTENTS 1, Highway Geometric Design & Planning 58 2. Traffic Engineering 58 3. Highway Materials 58 4, Pavement Design 58Transportation Engineering 1. Highway Geometric Design & Planning 1.1. Transition curve is provided in horizontal alignment (@) to increase the radius of curvature (b) to facilitate the application of superelevation (¢) to counteract the centritugal force developed (d) to prevent vehicle from skidding laterally [1991 : 1 Mark] 1.2 If the design speed is 80 kmph, perception reaction time 8 seconds and coefficient of friction 0.5, the sate stopping sight distance is, [199 1.3. Given the sight distance as 120m, the height o the drivers eye as 1.5m, the h as 15 cm and the grade difference of the intersecting gradients as 0.09, the required length of the summit parabolic curve is [199 1.4. The important factor considered in the design o summit curves on highways is (@) comfort to passenger (b) sight distance (©) superelevation (d) impact factor Marks] ght of the obstacle Marks] [1992 : 1 Mark] 1.5 Thess curves of 150 m radius for a design speed of 60 kmph with a coefficient of friction 0.15 is [1992 : 2 Marks) ‘elevation needed on ahorizontal circular 1.6 A road is passing through a hilly area with horizontal curve. If the superelevation provided is 1in 10. and the coefficient of lateral friction is 0.16, the minimum radius of the horizontal curve which the vehicles f can negotiat 40 kmph in metres is safety at a speed of [199 Pet ean) 2.1 Moving car observer method is a pro Marks] {@) to find the traffic flow of trafic stream {b) to estimate the traffic capacity of a road section (6) to carry out origin destination studies (6) toidentty accident prone locations on highway [1991 : 1 Mark] 2.2. Desire lines are drawn based on (a) spot speed studies (b) trafic volume studies (6) accident studies (4) origin and destination studies [1992 : 1 Mark] 2.8. The POU (passenger car unit value for car on an urban road is (a 0s (30 (&) 10 (@) 40 [1992 : 1 Mark] 3.1. The result of ring and ball softening point test on asphalts is given in terms of {@) viscosity (©) time () flow (@) temperature [1991 : 1 Mark} 3.2 The temperature to be maintained for the determination ofthe penetration value of bitumen is a) 15°C (©) 25°C (9 4c (@) wore [1992 : 1 Mark} Peery 4.1. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) (a) is ameasure of soil strength (b) is a procedure for designing flexible pavements (c) is amethod of soil identification {d) is ameasure to indicate the relative strengths of paving malerials [1991 : 1 Mark]MADE EASY | Transportation Engineering | 59 4.2. The position of base course in a flexible pavement is (@) over the sub-base (b) below the sub-base (c) over the sub-grade but below the sub-base_ (d) over the wearing course when renewal of surfaceis needed [1991 : 1 Mark] 4.3. The Modulus of Subgrade Reaction is evaluated from (@) plate bearing test (b) CBR test (©) direct shear test (d) triaxial test [1992 : 1 Mark] 4.4. The load transfer to lower layers in flexible pavements is by (@) bending action of layers (b) shear deformation (©) grainto grain contact (d) consolidation of subgrade [1992 : 1 Mark] 4.5. For laying bituminous carpet over water bound macadam road surface, one has to apply a (@) tack coat (b) seal coat (©) bitumen grout (@) slurry coat [1992 : 1 Mark] EEEEEIAN Engineering Hydrology 1A (0) 1.2 (Soll) 1.8 31 ) 32 () 41 W) 42 @ 43 4.8 (Sol) EESEEEIEGE Engineering Hydrology ighway Geometric Design & Planning 6 Transition curve is provided in horizontal alignment to () introduce gradually the centrifugal force bbetween the tangent point and the beginning of the circular curve, avoiding a suciden jerk on the vehicle. (id) enable the driver turn the steering for his own comfort and security (li)enable gradual introduction of the designed superelevation and extra widening of pavement (Sol) 1.4 (b) 1.6 4.6. Ina cement concrete pavement dowel bars are used in {a) longitudinal joints (©) construction joints (@) dummy joints (d) expansion joints [1992 : 1 Mark] 4.7 A contraction joint is provided in concrete pavementto| {@) prevent contraction of the pavernent {b) permit cracking atthe joint (6) lower the bending moment in the pavementin order to reduce pavement thickness (4) lower the temperature gradient across tho depth of the pavement [1993 1 Mark] 4.8 Aplate bearing test was carried out ona subgrade using a 76 om diameter rigid plate. A deflection of 1.25 mm was caused by a pressure of 0.84 kg/om?. The modulus of subgrade reaction in kgfem? is [1993 : 2 Marks} (Sol) 1.6 (Sol)21 (@) 22 (d) 28 (b) @ 44 ©) 45 @ 46 W@ 47 &) at the start of the circular curve. {v)improve the aesthetic appearance of the road. *ESE Superelevation is provided to counteract Contrtugal force. The transition curve faciltates ‘gradual introduction of superstevation. So, the appropriate answer is obtion (6) Eas Stopping sight distance, = (0.278V1) +" S80 = (0.278V1)+ 55760 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers | MADE EASY fore, V= 80kmihr reaction time, t= 3 sec coefficient of friction f= 050 S80 = (0.278x80x3) + (82) 264x080 = 66.72 + §0,39=117.11m rve is greater than sight ‘engi of una uve, UL length of summit parabolic curve = NS ‘so (a+ San? = 0.09 (120)? (V2x750 + 920.157 = 249,36 m > sight distance Hence our assumption is correct, so, length of summit curve is 249.36 m. Peieacnentccad * For SSD calculations, the driver's eye is assumed as 1.2 m and the height of the obstacle is taken as 15 m. ence NS? 120° ee 44 0.09% 44 = 294.55 m > SSD (120m) This answer is for standard caso of H= 1.2m and h=0.15m me centrifugal force will act upwards, against gravity and hence a part of the pressure on tyres and springs of vehicle suspensions is relieved. So there is no problem of discomfort of passengers The only problem in designing summit curves is, to provide adequate sight distance. The stopping sight distance or the absolute minimum sight distance should invariably be provided at all sections of the road system and also on summit Also members, the valley curves are designed ‘as per comfort condition and headlight sight distance criteria Es Design of superelevation: . - 278) ravi = gy (9. oy? «Oe 38) BT 150 2g = 0.1062> 0.07 Provide, -@ = 0.07 and check for riction “ > 007+ f= 60)” lsé) = 007+ f= A807 9.81% 150 f=0.118<0.18 (0K) Hence, provide superelevation = 0.07 sol, f= 016 V= 40 kmph v Now e+ f= Te If Vis in kr, then, = e+f= v iA| 61 MADE EASY | Transportation Engineering (40) 140.10= = O1+0 127R Solving, we get R= 48.45m (a) he origin and destination study provides the basic data for determining the desired directions of flow. On the basis of these studies, desire ines are drawn. Thickness of desire lines is directly proportional to the traffic between the two points, (b) The POU may be considered as measute of the relative space requirement of a vehicle class compared to that of a passenger car under a specified set of roadway, trattic and other conditions. If the addition of one vehicle of a particular class in the tratfc stream produces the same effect as that due to addition of one passenger car, then t! Considered equivalentto the passenger car with a PCU value equalto 1.0 Be ne ring and ball test is usually useful for determining the softening point of bitumen and softening point is the temperature at which substance attains a particular degree of soltening under specified conditions, Ee he penetration test determines tehardness o sotness of bitumen by measuring the depths in tenths ofa milimetre to which a standard loaded neecle will penetrate venicallyinfve seconds The sample is mainlained at a temperature of 25°C, ® at vehicle class is Pio fornia bearing ratio represents the strength of paving materials in terms of crushed fornia which has a CBR value of 100. * CBR value can also be greater than 100 for well-compacted areas. Cem) Flexible pavements are those, which on the whole. have low or negligible flexural strength and are rather flexible in their structural action under the loads. A typical flexible pavement consists of four ‘components 1, sollsubgrade 2. sub-base course 3, base course 4, surface course as shown in figure. Surace course To Bove Course Subbase Course er sot sure 19 testis used to determine the supporting power of subgrade for use in pavement design by using relatively larger diameter plates, ‘The plate bearing test was originally devised to find the modulus of subgrade reaction in the Westergaara!s analysis for whee! load stress in coment concrete pavements. ome ae Bituminous tack coat is the application of bllurinous materiel over an existing pavement surface which is relatively impervious like an pavement or a pervious surface lke the WEM which has already been treated bya prim coat62 | me (b) Contraction joints are provided to permit the contraction of the slab and regulate the position of crack. The slab is weakened at certain locations (contraction joints). So cracking occurs a pre-determined locations Cs The modulus of subgrade reaction for 76 om diamoter rigid plate, P_ 0.84 kg A 0.125em* = 6.72kg/om* GATE Previous Years Solved Papers | MADE EASY Modulus of sub-grade reaction for standard plate of radius 75 om, ka, _ 8.7276 a 75 6.81 kg/cm? Piha vs * Westergaard defined modulus of subgrade reaction as: k A where, Ais deflection (taken as 0.125 cm) pis pressure sustained by the rigid of diameter 75 em ata deflection of 0.125 cm.UNIT. Geometics Engineering ie) Na a SNae 1. Fundamental Concepts of Surveying and Linear Measurement 64 2. Compass and Traverse Surveying 64. 3, Levelling and Contouring 64 4, Tacheometric, Curve, Hydrographic and Plane Table Surveying &Theory of Errors 64.Geometics Engineering PRU Renee T UIC) Cae acid 1.1. The required slope correction for alength of 60m, along a gradient of 1 in 20 is (@) 7.50cm () 70cm (©) 0.750m (@) 5.50cm [1990 : 2 Marks] 1.2 The length of a base line measured on ground at an elevation of 300 metres above mean sea level 's 2250 mettes. The required correction to reduce to sea level length (given the radius of earth is 6370 km) is [1991 : 2 Marks] 1.8 Aline measured on a uniform slope with a 30m tape pulled witha force of 5 kg. The length of the ine was found to be 525.80 m. The temperature at the time of measurement was 30°C and the tape is correct at 24°C when there is no pull. Determine the horizontal distance between the end points of the line, The difference of levels of the two ends of the line is 9.14 m. The coef expansion of the material of the tape is 0.00001 per °C. Cross-sectional area of the tape is 2 mm? and ils modulus of elasticity si 21 x 10° kg/em®. [1993 : 2 Marks] 2. Compass and Traverse Surveying 2.1. True meridians at different places coverage (@) trom South Pole to North Pole (b) 187!rom equator to North and South Pole (c) from North Pole to South Pole (d) None of the above nt of thermal [1990 : 2 Marks] 2.2 Two points P and Q located on a map have the following coordinates Pla (a) §3.85m (b) 34.89m (c) 34.98m (d) 12.89m [1991 : 2 Marks] 2.3 The quadrental bearings of the lines AB and CA are §30°E and §70°E, The included angle CAB is [1991 : 2 Marks] Tees) 3.1. While levelling in an undulating terrain, it is preferable to set up the instrument on {@) the top of summit (0) the bottom of a valley (6) one side of the slope {@) atatiocation [1992 : 1 Mark] 3.2. The rise and fall method provides an arithmetic, check on {@) back sights and fore sights (0) intermediate sights (6) back sights and intermediate sights (d) back sights, intermediate sights and fore sights [1992 : 1 Mark] 8.3. Aline of levels has been run from a bench mark of elevation 23.47 m and ends at another bench mark of elevation 23.50 m. The sum of the Backsights is 16.26 m and that of the Foresights is 16.29 m, The closing error is. [1993 : 2 Marks] een ae ere ey OUR cS Le A aca 4.1Tho resected position of plane table station trom three known position is unreliable, if the station lies Latitude (Dy [40m | +20m Departure(O) [-20 m]+30m The length of PQ is [1990 : 1 Mark] 4.2 Setting outa curve using two theadolite methods involves withMADE EASY | Geometics Engineering (@) Linear measurements only (b) Angular measuremens only (6) One linear and one angular measurements (d) One linear and two angular measurements [1990 : 1 Mark] 4.8 Systematic errors are those errors (@) whose effects are cumulative and can be determinerd (0) on circumference of circumscribing circle (6) outside the great triangle (@) inthe centre of the circumscribing circle [1990 : 2 Marks) 4.4. Til of the staff in tachometric survey increases the intercept if itis (@) away trom the telescope pointing up the hill (b) towards the telescope pointing up the hill (c) away from the telescope pointing down the hil None of above [1990 : 2 Mark] 4,8. The tangont distance fora circular curve of length 180 metres joining two straights meeting al an external deflection angle of 30° is [1991 : 2 Mark] ring EEEEIEEE ceometics Engin 11 (a) 1.2 (Sol) 1.8 3.3 (Sol) 4.1 [EEEEEIENEY ceometics engineering ee er ae ur) De cas He 1=60m tan0 = 35 = cos @ = 0.9988 Siope correction = L(1 - cos 8) (Sol) 2.1 (b) 2.2 (Sol) 4.2 (b) 43° (@) 44 4.6 Anallactic lens provided in a tacheometeris a (a) cone () convexlens (c) plano-convex lens (4) plane lens [1992 : 1 Mark] 4.7 The tangential method of tacheometry is {a) slower than stadia hair method (©) faster than stadia hair method (©) prefers involves less computations to get reduced distances (@) preferred as chances of operational error are less compared to stacia hal method [1992 : 1 Mark] 4.8 The following observations of an angle 'P’ are made as P = 30°28’40", 3P = 91°25/58”, AP = 121°54'30" The most probable value of a angle P"is @19 (o) tet (1124 (a) 4: 1224 [1992 : 2 Marks] (@) 23 (Sol) 3.4 & 3.2 (d) (2) 4.5 (S0l)4.6 (0) 47 (@ 48 ib) Where L = Measured distance Hence, Slope correction = 60(1 0.9988) =7.49em~7.5em Note: Slope correction is always n sol AL Mean sea level correction, G,= ~ Where = Radius of earth h = Altitude above MSL L = Measured length 2250300 =-0,106 m 6370 x 1000 0.10866 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers | MADE EASY sot. [23 fa “Temperature conection y = be (r= 1) = 525.80 x 0.00001 x (30 - 24) = 0,0315 m w TF Pullcorreetion 70 NN ” — (P=R)L s 10" = eis ie (5-0)x525.80 NX = xt )x2n10F \ se = 0.0626 m wo Slope correction a = -L (1 = c08 0) wo 70" + Ly + by 70" + 90° + 60° = 200" . 9.14 SPO 525.80 = 0 = 0° 59° 45.69" Hence, slope correction 525.80 (1 ~ c0s0°59'45.69") = -0.0795 m Total correction = 0.0146 m Correct horizontal distance = 525.8 + 0.0146 = 525.8146 m ®) For small surveys, tue meridians at diferent places are assumed to be parallel to each other, In actual, they converge from equator to North and South Pole Em Length of PQ, L= q[le- La}? +(O>- Oa)? ((40- 20 + (-20- 30° = 53.85m 3. Levelling and Contouring ® BS — EFS = Ri As 2Rise - 2Fall also provide check on intermediate sight. ~3Fall = Last RL First RL Hence, this provides a complete check on intermediate sights also. sol. BBS - BFS = 16.26- 16.29 = -0.03m Last RL—First RL = 23.0-23.47 0.03 m Error = -0.03 ~ (0.08) = - 0.06 m nae cree) ea ee edd Coss The resected position of plane table station from three known position is unreliable, ifthe station ies on the great circle passing through the three known position, ®MADE EASY | Geometics Engineer | 67 measurements are taken, * One theodolite is set at the point of curvature and the other at the point of tangency. Ge Assystematic error is an error that under the same condition will always be of same size and sign. hey follows some definite mathematical or physical law, and a correction can be determined and applied. They are of constant character and are regarded as positive or negalive. heir offectis cumulative. Ge 1. Tilt of staff away from the telescope pointing up, beni owl = woe anf = ses Tanna T= =e ® 286.48 tan 15° 676m Gao An additional convex lens is provided between the eyepiece and the object glass at a fixed 2, Tiltot staff towards the telescope pointing up the distance from the object glass. These lens are hil called anallatic lens. ‘The purpose of providing anallatic lens is to make additive constant equals to zero, io Ty In case of tangential method, the stadia hairs are not used, the readings being taken against the horizontal cross-hait, To measure the staff intercept, two paintings of the instruments are, therefore, necessary. This necessitates 3. Tittof staff away from teh telescope pointing down measurement of vertical angles twice for one the hil single observation Hence, itis a slower method. ae To find the normal equation of P, 1xP = 30°28'40" “ 3x 3P = 2701745" (ii) 4x 4P = 487° 38'0" «iy bo On adding ea. (i, (i) and (it Hence, the intercept a'b’ formed is greater than 26P = 702°2425" abwhen toh staftis tilted away from the telescope = P = 90°28'37.88" pointing up the hil.UNIT. Engineering Mathematics XII CONTENTS 1 Linear Algebra 69 2 Calculus 69 3, Differential Equations 69 4. Laplace Transforms 70Engineering Mathematics Pare) 1 -2 -1] 4.1. Therank of the matrix A=|-3 3 0 |is L2 2 4] (@) One (0) Two (¢) Tee (@) None of these [1994 : 1 Mark] 12 Trotigenvectas ottnematix| ', |] sae (a) (1,0) (b) (0,1) (©) (1.1) (a) (1,1) [1994 : 1 Mark] 2 8 1313, 1 3 1313. 5) 13, 3 13) [1994 : 2 Marks] Pare sino 2.1The limit of [Lt =O so 0 ©) @ aly al= (a) 1 (b) 0 (= (d) None of these [1994 : 1 Mark] 2 250 2.2 Thetunetion, y= x? +S, at r=5 (@) Maximum (©) Minimum (6) Neither @1 [1994 : 1 Mark] 2.8 The volume generated by revolving the area wunded by the parabola y* = 8x and the line x= 2about y-axis is iy 128m 5 Os ©) 28m 127 oF () None of these [1994 : 1 Mark] 2.4 The directional derivative of (x, y)= 2x? + 3y® + 22 at point P(2, 1, 3) in the direction of the vector 2 is 4 4 @ ) -JE , 8 6 (c) 4 (d) - 4 [1994 : 1 Mark] 2.5. The integration of flogxdx has the value (@) («logx-1) (b) logx~x (©) x(log x- 1) (d) None of these [1994 : 1 Mark] 3. Differential Equations 3.1. The necessary and sufficient condition for the differential equation of the from Mix, y) dk + Mx, y) dy= 0 to be exact is ) 2M _ aN (@) M=N ©) ay | @M_ aN aM _#N Oye ary [1994 : 1 Mark] 3.2 Thodiforontal equation hyd EL p£L sy =0 is dx’ dx’ {@) Linear of Fourth order {(b) Non-linear of Fourth order (c) Non Homogeneous (d) Linear and Fourth degree [1994 : 1 Mark]70 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers: [Z| MADE EASY eee 4.1. The Laplace transform of the function (9) = e#when t> O and where ais a constant is ® Ga) ©) Gra) 1 8 (era [1994 : 1 Mark] © ( (s-a)' [EEIIIEN Ensineering mathematics 11 (0) 12 (6d) 13 (0) 21 (@ 22 () 23 @) 24 () 25 () 34 32 (@) 41 (a) GESEEEIEEE Engineering Mathematics Perea rary ao IA] =0 = lA) <3 And as 2 x 2 minor of 3 x 3 mattixis not equal to zero, Hence rank of matrix [A] is two. (ed) Matrix formed by the co-factor of [A] is, Ne 3 1-2 1-5 Now, fork=0 ~ “ 1A [ 4] ata [5 -3] Soe =-3-10=-13 ty = [-113 5/13 [x] L213 3/13, = {|r Eigen vectors (1. 1] Pr Fork=2 [ 4 )-(] Bee -1 -AIhx} Lo. We know that im S22 oy tim 208 io Eigen vector [-1, t] ort, ©)MADEEASY | Engineering Mathematics ln Ege Ee yo 24280 vita Axi +6yj + 22k . Veinasg = 81 +6) +k (-1) = Y _ ax 260/ 3) Directional derivative in the direction of vector & wy = (aojeogc@ 7 Xoo E 250 . they x= - 2S EE 2 logx.dx Now £Y = ons 250% 2% fies * = Jlogxtde ot fies e 0 FY = 9x5 4500 a? oF =14>0 250 attain minimum value the funetion y= 0] 20) The volume generated by revolving the area bounded by the parabola y = 8x and line x= 2 about y-axis is m2 ree [sea = Nel a, - avBxZ lap" =5.33 = logxf x-f[ 325) [vaso = toga fxd = xlog x= ‘The differential equation Mate + Nay = 0 is said to be exact when am _ an ay oe ‘The aifferential equation dy ody Er % pL eky=0 has av ae order Four’ but degree ‘ene’ As all derivative consist one degree so we can say the differential equation is linear,