Chapter5 Air Conditioning Summer & Winter Air Conditioning Cycles by Assoc. Prof. Hany ElsawySummer Air Conditioning Cycles > Summer air conditioning: In most of the places the summer season is hot and humid. Hence, in order to provide comfortable conditions to the occupants during summer, it is required to supply cold and dry air to the occupied space. This req es systems wherein the hot and humid air cam be cooled to temperatures lower than the dew point temperature, so that the water vapor im air can be removed by condensation, and the resulting cold and dehumidified air supplied to the conditioned space in required quantity for providing thermal comfort. Thus it can be seen that a typical summer air conditioning system requires a refrigeration system that reduces the temperature of the air to temperatures much lower than the surroundings. Of course, in some areas such as deserts, the summer is hot and dry. Air conditioning systems for these hot and dry climates also requi cooling of air below the ambient temperatures, however, in stead of removing water vapor it may be required to add water to the air supplied to the conditioned space.Summer Air Conditioning Cycles > Cooling Load Typical sources of heat and moisture, which are commonly called cooling loads are: ‘¢ Transmission heat gain from outdoors through the roof, exterior walls, and glass windows or skylights. (Sensible) ¢ Transmission heat gain through the ceiling, interior partition walls, and the floor. (Sensible) Solar radiation heat gain through glass windows or skylights. (Sensible) * Internal heat generated lights in the space. (Sensible) © Internal heat and moisture generated by people, appliances, and equipmentin the space. (Sensible & Latent) * Heat gain from air infiltrating into the space from outdoors. (Sensible & Latent) Other common sources of heat and moisture include: * Heat gain from outdoor air deliberately brought into the building for ventilation purposes. (Sensible & Latent) © Heat generated by the fans and motors in the system. (Sensible)Summer Air Conditioning Cycles Oo] — Fan collunit extract air False ceiling Discharge ., fatorncand Discharge plenum air grille extract air grilleSummer Air Conditioning Cycles etree ir 7 fase cen / a Discharge sf Discharge plenum airgille terminal units OA ducted to Facant plenum near [re ari ce) A separate air system is provided to supply fresh ventilation air to the space.Summer Air Conditioning Cycles 1. Full Fresh Air Conditioning System Exhaust air Return air Conditioned Cooling coil Space (R) Outside air Ea (Fresh air) mM > Room Load (Qz) s . Qr=Qrst Qe. kW =1n,(hp—hs) kW > Room Sensible Heat Ratio (RSHR) rsur = 285. __Ges__ x Qe Qrst Ore ns Fara! to rooms Supply air—tresh air Tcl Rne). ths =m, > Cooling coil capacity (Q¢.c) Qc = ting ho — hs) kW or TR > Moisture removed through cooling coi My = ms(Wo — Ws) ke/s ture added through space Dry bull tempernire, 9C «(Wa — Ws) ke /sSummer Air Conditioning Cycles 1. Full Fresh Air Conditioning System Exhaust air Return air Conditioned Space (R) Cooling coil Outside supply air Tr» RHy (Fresh air) ° > Grand Sensible Heat Ratio (GSHR) snr = 202) ___ Gees) Qcc — Rcavs) + Ceca) 16 sm, oom Note that: io alee Cooling coll capacity= Room Load + Ventilation Load . Qce = Ont Qrresh air Qc = Tits(he — hs) + 7g (ho — he) Qee = ms(hy — hs) > Bypass Factor: BP Humidity ratio, kevkeas => > Contact Factor: CF = CF + BPF = Dry bulb temperature, °C =>Summer Air Conditioning Cycles 2. Summer AC cycle with return air Exhaust air Return air Conditioned Space (R) __ |Recirculated R Tp | air Cooling coil Outside air supply air Tr» RHy (From ad my Ones Gay condition recirculated air +freshair Ths = Mig + Thy Room Load (Q,) Qr=Ons+ Qn. kW = tn(hp— hs) kW Room Sensible Heat Factor (RSHF) Qas_ Oras Qn Ors + One Cooling coil capacity (Qc.c) Qec=ms(Au—hs) kW ingly timgT, Mixing condition: Ty = @#t#*#=To thgtMy Humidity ratio, kavkge D>Summer Air Conditioning Cycles 2. Summer AC cycle with return air Exhaust air SG creutared — a Conditioned Mp | air Cooling coil Space (R) Outside air (Fresh air) _ ting io ‘Mixing condition Moisture removed through cooling coil my = m,(Wy — Ws) ke/s Moisture added through space My = ts(We—Ws) ke/s Note thi Cooling coll capacity= Room Load + Ventilation Load — Oce= Ont Orrest at Qc = tits (ag — hts) + titg(Itg— hg) Qec = mr.(he — hs) + ms(hy — hp) Qco = tits(hay — hs) ByPass Factor: BPF ~ 1 Ta2e ee Dry bulb temperature, °C => 1 Contact Factor: CF = Humidity ratio, kavkge D>Summer Air Conditioning Cycles 2. Summer AC cycle with return air Exhaust air Return air Conditioned Space (R) Recirculated R Cooling coil Outside air supply air Tr» RHy (From ad my Ones Gay condition a a, | 0 (Ws fine} Humidity ratio, kevkeas => Grand Sensible Heat Factor (GSHF) Rca) Qcas) Oce ~ Ocas)+ Ceca Te onL-Rline Humidity ratio, kevkeas =>Summer Air Conditioning Cycles 3. Summer AC cycle with return and bypass air Exhaust air Return air Conditioned Space (R) Recirculated Outside air (Fresh air) it, Supply air Tr» RHe Mixing condition condition Moisture removed through cooling coil My = (iit + Mae )(War — Wi) ke/s 2 Moisture added through space og an y= nse Ws) bas ee Humidity ratio, kevkeas =>Summer Air Conditioning Cycles 4. Summer AC cycle with return air and Reheating Exhaust air Return air Conditioned Space (R) | Recirculated R Map| air Cooling coil Heating coil Outside air Tr, RHe (Fresh air) Titg M o Mixing condition Supply airrecirculatedair + freshair Ms = Mg + Tay Room Load (Qn) 1 Qn = Qas+ Qnt kw > = Tits(hg— hs) kw a: a Room Sensible Heat Factor (RSHF) Tine (5-8 line) Qrs Qrs Qn Onst Ons Cooling coil capacity (Qc.c) Occ = tits(ew— hy) kW Heating coil capacity (Qx1.c) Quc = tias(hs— hy) kW Dry bulb temperature, °C => on O-RlineSummer Air Conditioning Cycles 4. Summer AC cycle with return air and Reheating Exhaust air Return air Conditioned Space (R) __ |Recirculated Tr) air Cooling coil Outside air (Fresh air) ~ Tr» RH, tity rk» RHR Mixing condition Moisture removed through cooling coil ity = Masa — Wi) ke/s a SHE Moisture added through space Porallel to room the ete) My =™ms(Wr—Ws) ke/s Humidity ratio, kevkeas =>Summer Air Conditioning Cycles 5. Summer AC cycle with Bypass air Exhaust air Return air Conditioned Space (R) Outside (Fresh air) Tr, RHe Supply air=fresh air + Bypass air RSF = =. Qe QastQrr tits = th, + tng + Room Load (Qn) CS 4 Qr=Ons+ Qn, kW 1 é = tng(he— hs) kW me K| 3 tard tooo : Room Sensible Heat Factor (RSHF) line (5-8 fine) q Qrs_ Ars s z Cooling coil capacity (Q¢.c) Qcc = Mo(ho — hy) kWSummer Air Conditioning Cycles 5. Summer AC cycle with Bypass air Exhaust air Return air Conditioned Space (R) Outside air Tr» RHa (Fresh air) 9 Qas 1 QR Moisture removed through cooling coil fa tiny = tng(Wo — w1) s/s me K| Paral toroors Tne (8 Tne) Moisture added through space Thy = Mm, (WR — Ws) ke/s Dry bulb temperature, °C =>Winter Air Conditioning Cycles 1. Simple Winter Air Conditioning System (Full Fresh Air System) Exhaust air : Scum at Conditioned Heating coil Space (R) Outside . supply air Ta» RHp (Fresh air) - Ones Gey Supply air=freshair © Ms = Mg Room Load (Qn) Oe ~lOrs|—l@rzl KW Cost) gyue — x] =m,(hs—hp) kW Parallel to rom» iiss Wooten) Sensible Heat is lost from room Latent Heat is gain throughroom Room Sensible | Heat Factor (RSHF) p- lees} [@rs|+|@nz] Heating coil capacity (Qy.c) Que =Ms(hs—ho) kW Moisture added through space Thy = Ms(WR—Ws) ke/s RSH Humidity ratio, kevkeas => EET Coilline Ts | tt me PES ERE ErEr Dry bulb temperature, °C =>Winter Air Conditioning Cycles 1. Simple Winter Air Conditioning System (Full Fresh Air System) Exhaust air Return air Space (R) Heating coil Outside (Fresh air) Supply air Tr» RHe Parallel to room Room Load (Qn) fine (8 tine) @n=|@es|—|@ni] kw =m,(hs— hg) kW Note “Room Load Analysis” |" < Where, Sensible Heat is lost from room: Qp.s Latent Heat is gain through room:Qp 1 Qn =|Ors|—|@rz! Qp = tits(hs — x) — tas(Rp ~ hy) Qn =Ti,(hs— hg) > (=Room Load fost) Note also, Room Sensible Heat Factor (RSHF) Be lens| Conditioned Humidity ratio, kevkeas =>Winter Air Conditioning Cycles 2. Winter Air Conditioning System with Return Air Exhaust air, Return air Conditioned Space (R) Outside air (Fresh air) o supply air Tr, RHe Qas» QR condition ‘Mass balance: ‘Supply airrecirculatedair-+ freshair sue Ths = mig +h, Paral 10705 fine(SAne) 4) Room Load (Q) Qa=|Qrs|—l@rc| kW (lost) = m,(hs— hg) kw Room Sensible Heat Factor (RSHF) leasl RSHF = [@ns]+I@nz] Heating coil capacity (Qj c) Que =tis(hs— hy) kW Dry bulb temperature, °C => ei 5a tngT ting, Mixingcondition: Tyy = "&te Tete . tig Hing 9Solved ExampleSolved Example Example 1 A big hall is to be air conditioned to maintain an inside condition of 25°C and 50% relative humi seating eapacity is 600 persons. Heat gain from building is 220 KW, lighting 12 kW, sensible heat from person 58 Watt and 87 Watt latent, fresh alr must be 1 m?/min/person. Fresh air & mixed with return air before entering the cooling coil. Outside air temperature is 37°C dbt and 26°C wbt, air leaving the cooling coil at 14°C dbt. Find: a, Air flow rate entering the cooling coil. b, Relative humidity of air leaving the cooling coil. Apparatus dew point 4d. Cooling coil capacity. ©. Moisture removed through cooling coil per hour. {Moisture added through conditioned space per hour: g. By pass factor and contact factor of the cooling coil. h. Ventilation load. i, Number of cooling coil rows. Given: Room condition (R): Tz = 25 °C, RHg ~ 50% & Outside condition (0): Tap, = 37 °C,T wo, = 26°C Neersons = 600, — Qnuitding = 220 KW, Quigin= 12 KW, Qperson, = 58 W, Qperson, = 87 W Fresh Air: V, =1 m°/min/person ,T, = 14°C Require (a) m, (keg/s) (b) RH, (b) ADP ©) Occ (KW and TR) (6) Moisture removed through cooling coil per hour: sin, (kg /h) (Moisture removed through cooling coil per hour: zing (Rea/h) (©) BPF & CF () Ventilation load. () Number of rows of cooling coil: nSolved Example Solution Exhaust air Return air . Recirculated R Conditioned fecirculate air Cooling coil Space sh) Outside air Tp=25°C , supply air RH,=50% (Fresh air) Mixing condition rustaing + Cuight + Qpeopios = 220 +12 + 600 x 0.058 ~ 266.8 kW = 600 x 0.087 = 52.2 kW _? RonF On = On, + On, =266.8452.2=319 kW ait. Qn, = Opeopieg gad From Psychrometric chart get: m, 902 m?/kg AD 0.8 K/kg . — hs= 37.5 /kg et et : Humidity ratio, keviges p> Qu = tl hg — his) eet Oe 319 0.8 = 37.5) ***ka/s Dry bulb temperature, °C ==> ma, =Solved Example Solution Exhaust air Return air E Conditioned Recirculated R Space (R) air Cooling coil Pe . Outside air aya Eeneieess (eset) Supply air] — RH_=50% Mixing condition ¥, _ [(600 x 1)/60] m’, ae fe OOO 160] 7S a pigs % 0.902 mi/kg 1, = my +1, 2 tn, = 24 11.1 = 12.9 kg/s a tht inky _ 1h 974 12.9028 £ ua ”*~“=t=sS 3 a From Psychrometric chart get: Ing = 64 Kj keg a wy = 0.0134 kgy/kgan [ Ww, = 0.009 egy /kga0 Air Conditioning Chapter (5) by Assoc. Prof. Hany lsawy 23Solved Example Solution Exhaust air Conditioned Recirculated R air Cooling coil Space sh) Outside air Tr=25°C , (Fresh air) RH,=50% ©: Tay) = 37°C Mixing Tubs = 26°C condition a, Flowrate ofthe supply air; it, = 24kg/s b, Relative humidity of air leaving the cooling ¢ ‘From Psychrometric chart get RH, 92% ¢. Apparatus dew point: From Psychrometric chart get ADP = Tm = 11.4 °C Fluidity ratio, ka/kgas D> d. Cooling coil capacity (kW and TR): Qcg= tis hy — hs) = 24(64 — 37.5) = 636 kW =180.8TR Dry bulb temperature, °C =>Solved Example Solution Exhaust air Recirculated R air Cooling coil Outside air (Fresh air) ©: Tay) = 37°C Tyg = 26°C Mixing condition €. Moisture removed through cooling coil per hour : iy, = m,(Wy — ws) = 24(0.0131 — 0.009) = 0.0984 kg/s = 354.24 kg/h £ Moisture added through conditioned space per hour : ity = Tig Wp — Ws) = 24(0.0101 — 0.009) = 0.0264 kg/s ~ 95kg/h g. Bypass factor of the cooling ¢ BPF = 1m — AEM _ 9 136 me 305-11 we Contact factor of the cooling coil: CF = 1— BPF = 0.864 Conditioned Space (R) Tp=25°C , RH,=50% Qs» Aa Dry bulb temperature, °C => Fluidity ratio, ka/kgas D>Solved Example Solution Exhaust air E ciliated R Conditioned fecirculate air Cooling coil Seacen Outside air oes (Fresh air) RH,=50% oO: ass Qa Taby = 37°C Mixing Tubs = 26°C condition h. Ventilation load = Cooling coll load— Room Load 3 =Qcc —Qp = 636 kW -319 kW 2 + Ventilation load = 317 kW Pi @ Loads: é rin, (Riyg — hg) m a =24(64 — 50.8) = 316.8 kw ‘appe 2 Also Ventilation load = Queue. = 1it,(h, — hp) =11.1(79.5" 50.8) = 318.6 kW Errors due to accuracy in getting values from chart. Dry bulb temperature, °C => Air Condition by Hany Elsawy 26Solved Example Solution Exhaust air Return air . Recirculated R Conditioned fecirculate air Cooling coil Space sh) Outside air Tp=25°C , supply air RH,=50% (Fresh air) Mixing condition i Number of cooling coil rows = § BPF = 0.67" 2 0.136 = 0.67" 2 n= 4.98 = Srows £ a Dry bulb temperature, °C D> Air Cor chapter (5) by Assoc. Py 2