2020 8th International Conference on Information Technology
and Multimedia (ICIMU)
Design and Development of Machine Learning
Technique for Software Project Risk Assessment - A
Review
Mohamed Najah Mahdi1, Mohamed Zabil M.H2, Azlan Yusof2, Lim Kok Cheng2, Muhammad Sufyian Mohd Azmi2, Abdul
Rahim Ahmad
{ najah.mahdi, hazli, azlany, kokcheng, sufyian, abdrahim }@uniten.edu.my
1
Insitute of Informatics and Computing in Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional
2
College of Computing and Informatics, Universiti Tenaga Nasional
Abstract—Accurate assessment of software project risk is
amongst the key activities in a software project. It directly
impacts the time and cost of software projects. This paper
presents a literature review of designing & developing machine
learning techniques for software project risk assessment. The
results of the review have concluded prominent trends of
machine learning approaches, size metrics, and study findings
in the growth and advancement of machine learning in project
management. Besides that, this research provides a deeper
insight and an important framework for future work in the
software project risk assessment. Furthermore, we
demonstrated that the assessment of project risk using machine-
learning is more efficient in reducing a project's fault. It also
increases the probability for the software project's prediction
and response, provides a further way to reduce the probability
chances of failure effectively and to increase the software
development performance ratio.
Keywords— Software Project Management, formatting,
Machine Learning Technique, Assessment, Risk.
I. INTRODUCTION
Software project cost estimation relates to estimating the
effort required to create a unit of a software product. Lack of
proper estimation [1],[2] is cited as one of the major reasons
for the astounding failure rates of software projects. Although
there are definition of project success and failure in the
literature, there are long disagreements about how to assess
project progress. The views on what constitutes project
success and how project success is measured[1] are different.
Hughes, et al. [2], and PMI [3] differentiate between the
performance of the project and the performance factors of the
assessment of success or failure. Performance factors for
projects are considered as inputs contributing to performance
in projects. A good project is historically characterized in
terms of delivery, within an agreed timeline, of the desired
results, and using the chosen resources[4]. PMI [3] recognizes
projects that are effective in meeting the project objectives,
criteria, and aspirations of the stakeholder. The results of the
classical outcome measures, such as project cost (below and
on or above budget), length of the project (early, on or late),
and the quality of the outcome of the project (with less or
better than the necessary properties and functions), are defined
by researchers, such as Aladwani [5], Cates and Mollaghasemi
[6], Parsons [7] and Rosenfeld [8]. The numerous activities in
the software project planning phase can be grouped into two
major activities, namely effort estimation and risk
management [2]. Software effort estimation calculates the
effort that is required in a software project based on several
cost factors, while risk management activities include
identifying, addressing, and eliminating software project risks
before undesirable outcomes [3].
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This paper is further organized as follows: Section II
highlights the research questions. Section III discusses the
taxonomy of literature on software project risk assessment
using a machine learning technique. Section IV describes the
review and survey articles, summarize the current state of
understanding of software development, challenges in this
field of research and a new view of the software project risk
assessment using a machine learning technique. Finally, a
conclusion is presented in Section V.
II. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Software project management (SPM) assessment has been
addressed in many studies to identify the possible solutions to
its concomitant risks. Numerous studies have highlighted the
requirements for SPM assessment but inadequately covered
its effects and solutions. Thus, the main objectives of this
paper are to identify and to classify the methods and review of
these articles that would help the software project risk review
with the machine learning (ML) approaches to define and
explain the threats, advantages, and recommendations.
However, because of the huge amount of ML algorithms,
various machine study algorithms remain unanalyzed in this
paper. In particular, we focused on identifying the potential
attributes that were used as predictors of SPM assessment in
the literature and the prediction techniques that were used to
improve the accuracy of prediction. Two research questions
were formulated to understand the status. The first research
questions is what does the existing research literature reveal
about design & development of SPM assessment using
machine learning techniques? The second research questions
is how efficiently and successfully can these techniques be
applied?
III. DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT REVIEW
The review is divided into two categories, which are ML
methods and other methods used in software development
techniques and risk assessment.
A. Studies Conducted on Machine Learning Methods
Selected works were classified into broad categories
depending on the ML methods in software development
techniques. This section has fifteen articles of the ML methods
and that used many algorithms in the software development
techniques. Selected works were classified into broad
categories depending on the ML methods in software
development techniques and risk assessment.
The goal of Lochmann, et al. [9] is to make it as quick and
convenient as possible to implement and incorporate
consistency models in the production method. [9] proposes
continuous quality control to provide developers with
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 2020 8th International Conference on Information Technology
and Multimedia (ICIMU)
immediate feedback when quality problems are introduced.
This includes an ongoing assessment of quality. The aim is,
therefore, to make the assessment quickly and effortlessly
using a high-quality model. Furthermore, concentrate on
analyzing the trade-off utilizing broad, robust quality models
or oriented quality models using a specific range of quality
assurance steps.
The solution to the calculation of non-quantitative data by
Shivhare and Rath [10] and is applied in two steps, focused on
ML technics. The first phase focuses on selecting the optimum
characteristic set in high-dimensional information related to
past projects. For feature reductions, a theoretical study is
performed with a rough set theory. The second phase
estimates the effort based on the optimum first phase feature
set. The calculation is achieved differently with the use of the
techniques of the Naive Bayes classifier and Artificial Neural
Networks (ANN). In contrast to the neural networks
technologies, the classifier in Naive Bayes has obtained
greater performance for estimation.
The most reliable of the previously developed model is
merged by Dehghan, et al. [11] to create a current hybrid
model more accurately. The hybrid framework hires three
different attribute sets (1) attributes based on early metadata,
(2) naming, and (3) program job definition. In comparison to
previous model models, the model is also suitable for a wider
number of tasks, as it is not limited to just one kind of data
source that is not always available.
Hu, et al. [12] provides an analytical model that can
forecast and track the danger involved with software creation
overall, rather than relying solely on the specific factor:
project performance. In this analysis, a structured risk
assessment model was initially developed and then actual
cases were obtained from app developers to establish a risk
forecasting model. Two ML algorithms, ANN and Support
Vectror Machine (SVM), are contrasted to test the efficiency
of our model. The experiments demonstrate that SVM-based
risk prediction model performs better.
Fitzgerald, et al. [13] offers a tool-implemented
architecture that constructs automatic failure analysis models
utilizing ML classification algorithms to evaluate Firefox and
Netbeans results of various techniques. The calculation is
based on a cost-benefit model to determine the importance of
additional initial research. The importance of the more initial
study of this model relies on the probability it would perform
of avoiding failures and the potential effects of failures
associated with its effects. It is shown that automatic
prediction models have more utility than a series of baselines
for such failure forms and projects for realistic estimates of
these two parameters.
The empirical analysis of many projects that were
developed in different software industries using K-mean
technology is proposed using Ramaswamy, et al. [14] to
cluster them by defects. The paper offers a clustering method
for clustering ventures dependent on project performance. The
result is then formed to build the classifier model based on K-
fold cross-validation with different classification algorithms.
Random forest algorithms are the best precision compared
with other classificatory for the specified data collection. This
method of project management, based on effective data
mining technology, ensures that a company's success rate is
predicted accurately.
Manalif, et al. [15] incorporates the flippant reasoning that
can tackle scenario uncertainty and linguistic factors, to boost
the responsiveness of project risk evaluation tools with the aid
of the Professional COCOMO. The approach suggested is a
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simpler way that can be used to assist a project manager or
senior staff to enable connections with projects dependent on
decisions
A general context for implementing computer training to
assess and forecast product quality in broad product
organizations is given by Rana and Staron [16]. ISO 15939
illustrates how various software indicators can be used to
generate software quality models and can be used to analyze
and forecast output and satisfy their organizations' knowledge
requirements in terms of output. An example using bottom-up
approach is adopted, as ML techniques such as ANN may be
used to determine in which quality category a specific
software module/component falls at a given moment during
its creation.
Tariq, et al. [17] presents the general description of
assessments of commitment utilizing different ML methods
that have the latest patterns. The implementation of the latest
strategy promotes expense and energy mitigation. To measure
the project commitment and compare based on criteria such as
the right amount, mean absolute error, root means absolute
error and relative absolute error, the efficiency of the proposed
system is evaluated.
The grades for embedded applications engineering
ventures with an ANN and SVM are provided by Iwata, et al.
[18]. The paper discusses the classification effect in the
estimate of code development effort. It is especially necessary
to estimate the effort requirements for new software ventures.
Because outliers are damaging to estimates, many estimate
models are excluded. However, these outliers can be identified
in practice once the projects have been finalized, and therefore
during model creation and estimating the required effort
should not be excluded.
Minku and Yao [19] suggested a multi-target learning
issue for machine effort estimation model development. To
help explain the trade-offs between different output metrics by
constructing SEE models, multiple objective evolutionary
algorithms (MOEA) is used to concurrently automate these
steps. It shows that the measurements of performance are very
different and sometimes even show opposite trends. They are
then used to create SEE ensembles as a source of diversity. A
good deal can be achieved using an ensemble of MOEA
solutions between different measures.
A slightly greater degree than a misclassification of an
advanced project as a setback is discussed by Hu, et al. [20],
overviewing on project loss. In the software project risk
prediction, ensemble training, a technique that is well-known
for improved prediction performance in other areas, has still
not been fully studied. This study seeks to close the gaps in
research by examining methods used for cost-sensitive
analysis and classification. Comparative analyzes of T-tests
utilizing 327 samples for outsourced software ventures in 60
separate risk prediction frameworks indicate that the ideal
model is a standardized series of decision trees (DT) on a
bagging basis. Of course, DT has failed to provide accurate,
cost-sensitive analysis of the supported vector machine
(SVM), within the proposed context.
Review by Pospieszny, et al. [21] is intended to overcome
these shortcomings and close a void in the original project
development initiative life cycle between up-to-date testing
results and the future application in the operation of reliable
ML algae. This was achieved with the implementation of the
ISBSG dataset, intelligent data processing, a hybrid average
of three ML cross-validation algorithms. For organizations
designing or adopting information programs, the templates for
 2020 8th International Conference on Information Technology
and Multimedia (ICIMU)
effort and length estimates obtained are intended to include a
decision support resource.
Joseph [22] aims at creating an ML-based risk stimulator
system that provides the most relevant risk prompts for the
software development project based on specifications,
scenarios, and taxonomy tags. The reduction in the number of
prompts for a "keyword" quest is 50 percent. It is lower in
scenario, taxonomy, and specifications data to develop the ML
algorithm to generate risks, but requires an advanced array of
distributed ML jobs. As it is assumed that the taxonomies are
independent of risk triggers, the analysis can be treated
independently of each of these taxonomies.
The ANN-COA model was proposed by Desai and Desai
and Mohanty [23], that is to say. ANN learned to forecast
program cost estimates using a cuckoo optimization algorithm
(COA). The primary objective is to show the use of a new
ANN learning process to predict better software cost
estimation. The findings are root average square error and
mean relative error magnitude.
The International Software Benchmarking Standards
Group (ISBSG) Release 11 uses the industrial datasets Nassif,
et al. [24] to perform an objective analysis between neural
netbox model systems. The ISBSG Release 11 data sets
contain over 5,000 businesses around the globe. The main
features/issues of ISBSG datasets are 1. In the ISBSG project,
different programming languages, numerous life-cycle
product development models were built for different
platforms. 2. Various device scale measurements are used.
SLOC, IFPUG, COSMIC are also used. Calculating the
product engineering initiative is one of SPM's key activities.
The introduction of Schleier-Smith [25] contains tailored
feedback from millions of people, addresses questions within
a second and fresh knowledge in seconds. Produce in volume,
produce top performance from 10,000,000 sub-second
reaction times, and incorporate the latest features in a few
seconds in real-time. The program relies on innovative
function development, focusing on data scientists to develop
improvements that produce useful signals from raw
information.
Volf and Shmueli [26] explain how project gating systems
work and are used to keep the construction line clean, which
is the basic category of CI systems. Propose and test three
heuristics for the Gating device processing of submissions.
The first is that each application will be regularly reviewed,
demonstrating that this has an output adverse impact. The
second choice is to change the processing of the application
using the performance rate as a measure for the proportion of
the submissions to be screened. Display that this results in a
good outcome through the usage of screening at a high success
rate and continuous screening at a low stage. The third and last
heuristic evaluation evaluates ML leverages to optimize the
selection.
Liyi, et al. [27] have developed a project risk assessment
model for the LS-SVM. The simulation reveals that the
expected result of SVM is very practical. The Less Square
(LS-SVM) method was used to research the project danger
estimation model. Expert risk evaluation data are used to train
the developed LS-SVM regression model for the mapping
relationship between the danger and the characteristic. In the
test samples, the built LS-SVM and the BP neural network
were compared. The result demonstrated that the LS-SVM
model is highly accurate and widely generalized.
To predict the existence of software enhancement, Lopez-
Martin, et al. [28] suggests the introduction of two forms of
SVR known as т-SVR and v-SVR. For the training and
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development of μ-SVR and v-SVR, two data sets of software
projects were used. Following linear regression, the
estimation precision of the SVRs was achieved. Based on
statistical tests, results showed the statistical improvement of
a linear kernel SVR than the statistical regression model, when
software projects were upgraded on the Mid-Range platform
and coded in third-generation programming languages.
ESIM is an integrated hybrid intelligence model of a fast
messy genetic algorithm (FmGA) SVM, Chou, et al. [29]. The
SVM provides primarily learning and curve adaptation while
the fmGA reduces errors to a minimum. The empirical
findings in this study suggest that the suggested ESIM, as
compared to ANN and SVM, offers the manufacturing
companies superior precision, shorter training period, and less
overfitting estimation in the early phase of the ERP product
development project. The key aim of this work was to forecast
ERP's software creation by implementing an Evolutionary
SVM inference model (ESIM).
To define the relevant metrics to be used at a particular
time, Dahab et al. [?] propose to analyze and classify measures
during runtime using an SVM learning method. Determined
the mechanism for recommending to incorporate certain
measures that select metrics from the current plan or reorients
the measurement program. Improving the measurement plans
by flexibilities metrics. For project managers, that is an
essential prerequisite. This enables specific useful
measurements to be addressed to prevent measurements that
are not always relevant during a determined time frame.
For applications with a 4 percent defect average, Koroglu,
et al. [30] produce a prediction model with high accuracy. The
model utilizes the Random Forest, which has a greater
predictive ability in the situation than Naive Bayes, Logistic
Recovery, and Decision Trees. The goal of this project is to
incorporate the defect prediction into the continuous software
project development process and to the testing effort. The
method described in the context of a journal of practice. In
particular, data were obtained from seven older software
releases and additional features were used in the estimation of
new releases defects. Comparing the most reliable defect
indicator in the business with the different classification
methods, including the Naive Bayes, Decision Trees, and
Random Forest, and re-examined training results.
The theoretical approach to the evaluation is proposed by
Petkovic, et al. [31] and most notably, the prevention of the
outcomes of the software engineering collaboration focused
on evidence from a joint software engineering unit. provide
the following contributions: a) a comprehensive team activity
assessment data set, including over 40 objective and
measurable measurements collected from student teams
operating on class initiatives, was first established in detail; b)
an ML system refers to team activities and team outcomes by
using the algorithm of Random Forest to predict team
members.
Alsri, et al. [32] propose a neural network-based task
allocation model, where a suitable position can be identified
for a specified job, then the position can be located. The sites
involved may be used as an alternative to the appropriate site
or as alternate places to carry out different activities
concurrently. The suggested model offers project managers a
set of possible locations for choosing the appropriate Global
App Production sites for particular tasks. Often analyze and
test in conjunction with other methods the suggested work
allocation model. The alternate positions are chosen using a
methodology identical to that used in the k-NN-algorithm
 2020 8th International Conference on Information Technology
and Multimedia (ICIMU)
centered on the Euclidean distance of their N-dimensional
victors.
Basgalupp, et al. [33] propose the implementation of an
evolutionary LEGAL-Tree algorithm which develops
decision-making models to build a decision-taking tree
tailored to a collection of software effort data given by a broad,
global IT-enterprise. The results indicate that the statistically
sophisticated decision-making trees outperform those that are
evolutionarily influenced and the conventional logistic
regression.
Bakır, et al. [34] analyze and reflect on the embedded
context, the homogeneity of cost data across the device
domains. To this end, develop three experimental installations
to compare cross-domain-data models with domain-data
models. While the first experiment uses domain data for a
baseline, the second and third experiments deal with cross-
domain data with different training sizes. Different ML
techniques were applied in each configuration to make results
independent of the techniques used.
A mixture of methods is introduced by Helming, et al. [35]
for semiautomatic release preparation and semi-automatic role
assignment. As a consequence, the issue of iteration
preparation would be the semi-automated two-dimensional
approach, indicating a genetic algorithm for maximizing the
resulting plans in both sides of the equation and propose the
use of a neural network for the formation of a list organized
for every criterion by expertise. A genetic algorithm is also
used to optimize the discharge plan. The combined result is an
iteration plan, including the information, which the developer
works on which requirement.
The prediction model of story points is proposed in
Choetkiertikul, et al. [36], focused on two strong architectures
of deep learning: long-range memory and repeated highway
network. The prediction system is end-to-end training without
manual feature engineering from raw input data to prevision
outcomes. Offer an exhaustive story-based estimate dataset
with 23,313 outstanding questions from 16 open-source
projects. The empirical assessment shows that three common
baselines and six alternatives are consistently outperformed in
mean absoluteness, median absolute error, and standardized
accuracy.
B. Other Methods
This section reviews the other methods and how it’s used.
These articles were divided into various topics and
applications. Selected works were classified into broad
categories depending on the methods in software development
techniques and risk assessment.
The research design for research into communication
study in agile software development projects was described by
Niinimäki, et al. [37]. The aim is to analyze various methods
of data collection and interpretation for agile software testing
and, finally, to incorporate these approaches in a more detailed
study project on the application of agile engineering
techniques in global software development programs. The
research also expected to gather data from the teams' issue
trackers, assignment software, and version control systems.
Based on such details, we hope that the association between
behavior, psycho-subjective variables, and project
performance can be analyzed.
Gousios and Zaidman [38] explain the way project
proposals have been chosen, the features chosen have been
evaluated and an ML package for the R statistical context is
introduced. The main repository of the project is not shared
between potential contributors in the pull-based development
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model; instead, contributors fork and independently alter the
repository. If a collection is available, a pull request is made,
which determines the local branch that is to be merged in the
main repository with a branch.
To forecast cost deceleration utilizing data mining
techniques, Makris, et al. [39] pose a model classification The
model uses the budget and schedule for the initial planning of
an ICT project and then forecasts a cost slip in the project
category. There are three types in which a small slip is deemed
natural, medium slip needs to be recognized and big slip needs
intervention. Describe how data mining techniques may be
used to construct a classification model to estimate cost losses.
The model suggested takes data from a small range of project
parameters and classifies a project into one of three groups.
The need for sophisticated structures such as IoT, Fog, and
cloud utilizing suitable methods were discussed by
Gouthaman and Sankaranarayanan [40] as well as the value of
agile methodology. Consequently, a program was suggested
incorporating design and a structure for risk analysis to further
accomplish this goal. Included in that proposed system are
also machine learning techniques, which proves more
conducive to a continuous system. In comparison, for the
existing business risk assessment measures and applied with
IoT the outcomes cannot be sufficient. The IoT-based
software indicators will also be used for efficient efficiency.
De Andrés, et al. [41] recommend a robust quantile
regression method for risk avoidance to be routinely
integrated, whereby higher-order relies on the relationship
between the scale of the project and commitment of more risk-
sensitive decision-makers. An economy of scale may be seen
in a cubic quantity regression model. The method is shown
with an empirical application to a real project database. Say
that higher-order regression quantiles may vary dramatically
from conditional medians and demonstrate that converting or
multiplying an average normal is a naive expedient for taking
risk aversion into account.
Pa and SNSVSC [42] cascade the Fuzzy Logic Controllers
in a stage of two and six steps of the software effort
calculation. The proposed research is achieved by enhancing
the performance of the fluent logic controllers by enhancing
the case-based fuel controls with minimal size in the control
base. The effect is the cascade of fluid logic controllers. The
only way to find out the exact number of cascaded fuzzy logic
drivers is to do this. A subtractive clustering mechanism was
suggested to resolve this. A further reduction is rendered in
the rules for models produced through subtractive clustering.
Concerning the minimization of rule and different evaluation
criteria, fuzzy models developed using subtractive clustering
provide better estimates of the software development effort.
The method "regression fluid logic" is help for Nassif, et
al. [43]. Parameters of advanced and uneven output
measurement such as uniform precision, impact the size, and
mean, balanced relative errors are implemented for the
estimation of models and statistical research. The
methodology is considered to be "regression fluid logic."
Models have been equipped and evaluated using the
multinational ISBSG data collection of industrial ventures.
Tests showed the model efficiency was influenced by data
heteroscedasticity. It was noticed that fuzzy logic models were
very prone to outliers.
Huang [44] suggested an approach to the software project
development of CBR-C based clustering mechanisms (CBR-
Cs) to provide an effective cost estimate. The aim of the CBR-
C method is to that estimate error and time, and to allow
managers to recognize estimation processes quickly. To
 2020 8th International Conference on Information Technology
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identify appropriate apps required by managers to evaluate
critical functions, using the clustering approach to index
event. The classifier shall identify it first in a new situation.
Next, the two most similar cases are retrieved, and the cost
estimator inputs both cases with the new case. The analysis
indicates that the CBR-C method suggested offers a strong
framework for calculating the costs of designing projects in
software.
Wang, et al. [45] established an Earth-Moon software
project risk management model that takes into account
software development characteristics in line with the software
project lifecycle theory introduced. Wang and Wang et al.
This paper generalizes two forms of life cycles in risk
management for software applications, analyzes the
relationships, and then introduces the software project risk
management philosophical paradigm 'Earth-Moon.' Also
analyzing and solving the key technologies involved in the
new model.
Amasaki, et al. [46] use Cross-Project Defect Prediction
(CPDP) methods to identify and quantify the effects of data
simplification (DS). Experiments have been conducted and
have been contrasted with, and without, the predictive ability
of CPDP. Using an adaptive learning approach for the
machine commitment calculation, a framework for data
simplification was introduced. The experiments included 44
OSS projects, 4 predictive models, and two CPDP methods,
namely Burak filter selection and cross-project selection. The
simplification of the data has greatly enhanced the prevision
of cross-project collection results.
To forecast program effort using a user case point process,
Nassif, et al. [47] have suggested Treeboost Software size,
productivity, and complexity include the inputs for the model.
A multi-linear regression model was created and the
Treeboost model was evaluated using four performance
criteria: MMRE, PRED, MdMRE, and MSE against the multi-
linear regression model and the case point model. The
Treeboost model can be used to quantify program effort with
encouraging performance.
IV. DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In this paper, the used of ML technique and its application
in software project risk assessment are reviewed, including the
current evaluation of software project risk. Secondly, a
taxonomy can indicate study gaps. The mapping of the
literature on applications for project risk assessment into
separate categories highlights weak and strong research
coverage features. The taxonomy in this research
demonstrates, for example, the significance of classes of
individual applications in analysis and evaluation at the cost
of consolidated approaches and systems, and growth activities
(as is expressed in the abundance of their categories).
Following an appropriate analysis, the taxonomy further
demonstrates the absence of studies on the production of
project risk evaluations. The literature is a representative
study. Studies in this area seek to grow ML or share their
knowledge. To cope with new trends and to strengthen
inactive areas, statistical data on individual taxonomy
categories identify sectors engaged in the ML technique.
The taxonomy proposed in this review is a common
language, similar to taxonomies in other fields, for researchers
to convey and discuss emerging works such as development
papers, comparative studies, and software project risk
assessment review using ML technology. The research show
facets of the literature content: the reasons behind the creation
of digital project risk management utilizing ML technology,
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the obstacles to using such technologies effectively, and the
guidance about how such issues can be alleviated.
This section presents some recommendations for solving the
issues and challenges in software project risk assessment using
the ML technique. (see Figure. 1).
A. Recommendations for Software Effort Estimation
For effective software programs, measuring software
commitment is quite critical. Precise calculations of
computational effort are necessary if the project schedule and
expenditure are correct. To preserve its business position, a
specific budget is very essential to tech firms.
Clustering Methods has several potential avenues for
future work. In addition, to the suggestion of a more structured
upgrade methodology for cross-company projects, other
clustering approaches, base-students, project input attributes,
clustering software features, parameter values, and
(automated) tuning procedures can be discussed[48].
B. Recommendations for Expert Based Measures
Identifying Expert Stakeholders. The know-how of a
project includes expense, time, distance, efficiency and
resources management, is focused on the expert's
understanding, skills, experience and intuition (often
contributes to over-optimistic estimates). This reflects
collections of procedures, strategies, and activities that
produce and accumulate information required to carry out a
project. There are two levels of information relevant to
measures – micro and macro.
Software Process Model Recommendation Method. At the
early stage of the development phase project managers are
encouraged to select the right model for the software cycle for
a current project centered on existing information technology
evidence. The system casts a grouping question with the
protocol layout suggestion. Second, it analyzes the different
variations of the alternative classification and selection
algorithms and then uses the suggestion model with historical
software development data to forecast the method pattern for
a new software project with just a few data [50].
The Architecture of Personalized Recommendations Event
History. This recommendation provides an interface that
allows teams of data scientists to successfully participate in
ML initiatives. Working on the open-source implementation
such as Antelope which integrates the concept of event history
and provides a versatile software engineering framework and
utilizes many ML resources along with technology that has
been built here, and is capable of envisaging deeper
integrations including those with common data management
systems that only have to enforce an interface[51].
C. Recommendations for Management Software Process
Agile software development initiatives carried out in
broader project settings frequently have trouble achieving
performance, given overall system requirements that are
deemed reasonable. This may also be correlated with agile
communities that clash with non-agile crops contributing to
tension between agile and non-agile values[52]. The trends
can assist in defining disputes described above and include a
short-term solution for short-term changes and a long-term
strategy, to resolve disputes of values by utilizing Agile
strategies. Different societies converge at this stage and
therefore communicate and various belief structures encounter
one another. Such relationships may be fiscal, technical,
functional, organizational, or communicative.
 2020 8th International Conference on Information Technology
and Multimedia (ICIMU)
Value-Based Conflicts of Agile Software. Agile processes
are independent. The literature suggests that an organization
is a vital element of progress to become an agile organization.
What can be done when an agile project does not influence or
alter its project environment can be found in the literature very
little help. What can be said to track and control such conflicts
and interferences is no advice. This methodology combines
agile product creation, value-based disputes, and project
structures by Pechau [53], which define the challenges and
solutions encountered. My perspective is that of an agile
software development team, which operates in a non-trivial
project setting and can not substantially impact or alter. The
value structures of certain individuals and organizations are
part of this world and it is thus important to analyze agile
principles.
Little can be found on what can be done when an agile
project does not influence or alter its project environment in
the literature. What can be said to track and control such
conflicts and interferences has no advice as well. This
methodology combines agile product creation, value-based
disputes, and project structures by Pechau [53], which define
the challenges and solutions encountered. Our perspective is
that of an agile software development team, which operates in
a non-trivial project setting and can not substantially impact
or alter. The value structures of certain individuals and
organizations are part of this world and it is thus important to
analyze agile principles.
Automated Estimation Method for Agile. Automated story
card estimation system which effectively applies current ML
algorithms to historical projected human data [54]. This "Auto
Estimate" method enhances the most common manual
planning method of poker in agile environments[55].
Auto-Estimate utilizes functionality taken from story cards
in an agile environment. (a) Increase the accuracy of the
estimation by reducing the impact from poor estimation; (b)
Demonstrate that auto estimation improves poker planning in
the later part of the project; (c) Set the importance of writing
properly-structured story cards; and (d) Creating a simple data
collection estimation tool that requires no information other
than to be stored.
Project Control Through Computational Intelligence
Methods. Project control is related to the management of
numerical and linguistic data, noise caused by measurement
errors, appreciation of people, and vague concepts for
decision-making. It also examines schools and technological
tools to manage projects, as well as open-source software for
the application of computational intelligence techniques over
the past decades. Current tendencies and improvement areas,
valuing niche markets with high applicability around the
thematic goal are also analyzed[56]. The contribution is
related to the predicted necessity of constructing new models
and IT tools for project control which integrate ML-based
approaches and treatment of imprecision, vagueness, or
uncertainty in the information, using key performance
indicators linked to fundamental knowledge areas. The
implementation of new libraries for learning evaluation in
project control with open-source software tools opens a field
of research related to increasing technological integration with
IT project management tools.
Strategic Release Planning (SRP). SRP a crucial phase in
the creation of iterative applications. SRP requires the
distribution of release characteristics or specifications,
including complicated and soft constraints, such as time,
energy, price, or capital. The SRP-Plugin demonstrates that
software used as plug-ins for the commonly used application
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help boost production process efficiency[57]. This is a good
illustration. The plugin enhances the rich Visual Space
atmosphere with advanced release planning capacities, which
boost the efficiency of the release preparation, boost
profitability, and strengthen project stakeholders'
connectivity. SRP-Plugin strengthens Visual Lab, utilizing a
sound and comprehensive structured methodology, with
ReleasePlannerTM 's efficient release plan generation
capability. However, the development of release plans is just
the first move in wider concepts that seek to provide greater
support for decisions in the area of strategic release planning.
D. Recommendations for Risk Prediction
Risk assessment is essential for increasing the
performance rate of software-related initiatives irrespective of
their area of operation. Customer needs are still not discussed
in proven programs that undergo thorough monitoring[58].
The evaluation of program threats is a key element in
assessing the progress and failure of a project. Almost all
businesses use specialized instruments to thoroughly
recognize, reduce, and eliminate harm.
Intelligent Risk Prediction Model. How can we identify a
high-risk project in time? The existing models are mostly
based on such a hypothesis that all the cost of misclassification
is equal, which is not consistent with the reality that in the
domain of software project risk prediction, the cost of
predicting a fail-prone project as a success-prone project is
different from predicting a success-prone project as a fail-
prone project. To the best of our knowledge, the cost-sensitive
learning method has not yet been applied in the domain of
outsourced software project risk management though it has
been widely used in a variety of fields[59]. There are two main
research gaps in the research field of software project risk
prediction model: First, there are seldom researches of risk
prediction model specifically for an outsourced software
project. Secondly, although there is plenty of researches for
software project risk prediction, there are no researches about
software project risk prediction that introduced the cost-
sensitive learning method.
The Risk Predictive Models. Bayesian networks are
important methods in necessity engineering for the
automation of risk assessment. Using multiple classification
measures, the precision of the Bayesian models obtained is
calculated and compared. A tree improved network layout
shows efficient experimental efficiency across all data sets.
The relationships between the variables obtained, in addition
to that defined by requirement engineers, to assess the degree
of danger under a condition. In software creation, risk
management aims to define, measure, schedule, and respond
to possible threats to prevent their effect on the software
project.
V. CONCLUSIONS
Considerable research has been conducted on ML
approaches in the software project risk assessment. Work
distribution is constant over the years. The principal ML
methods used for automated effort calculation are ANN,
Fuzzy Logic, Genetic, and regression algorithms. The exact
measurement of effort is one of the main software
development practices. The period and complexity of the
program programs were directly impacted. This paper aims to
offer observations through the study and taxonomisation of
similar works. Different work on the software effort
estimation can draw specific patterns. These works are
approximately focusing on the types of academic findings and
 2020 8th International Conference on Information Technology
and Multimedia (ICIMU)
reports on ML science. An in-depth review of these articles
would help the software project risk review with
Recommendations for Software
Effort Estimation
 The Hybrid Model
 Use Case Point method
 Clustering Methods
Software Project
Recommendations for Expert Based
Measures
 Identifying Expert Stakeholders
Recommendatio
 Software Process Model
Recommendation Method
 The Architecture of Personalized
Recommendations Event History
Fig. 1. Categories of recommendations for Using Software Project Assessment
the ML approaches to define and explain the threats,
advantages, and recommendations. Although the literature
on project management explains the performance of
projects and loss, there is a lengthy tradition of
disagreements over whether project progress should be
calculated. Research has still to explore the estimation of
software effort based on machine learning approaches that
focus on risk assessment. Another factor is the use of
collective filtering methods to minimize the problem by
creating districts with the same stakeholders and to predict
whether a stakeholder is aware of the issue.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research is generously funded by Universiti Tenaga
Nasional (UNITEN) and UNITEN R&D Sdn. Bhd, under
TNB Seed Grant projects U-TC-RD-19-10 titled “Smart
Software Project Management Assessment System”.
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